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Filipović A, Džambaski Z, Bondžić AM, Bondžić BP. Visible-light promoted photoredox catalysis in flow: addition of biologically important α‑amino radicals to michael acceptors. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2023; 22:2259-2270. [PMID: 37340217 DOI: 10.1007/s43630-023-00448-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
Visible light promoted photoredox catalyzed formation of α-amino radicals from cyclic tertiary amine compounds and their subsequent addition to Michael acceptors performed in flow conditions allowed access to a wide range of functionalized N-aryl-substituted tetrahydroisoquinolines (THIQs) and N-aryl-substituted tetrahydro-β-carbolines (THBCs). Visible light in conjunction with Ru(bpy)3Cl2 photocatalyst allowed the formation and high reactivities of α-amino radicals in flow conditions at room temperature. These reactions gave valuable products with high efficiencies; some previously unavailable reaction pathways photo or thermal reaction conditions; i.e. direct synthesis of 1-substituted (THBCs) via α-amino radical path were successfully realized in flow. The use of custom-made FEP tube microreactor proved to be the key to succesfull α-amino-radical formation and overall reaction performance in flow. Three types of light transparent custom-made microfluidic devices were tested, among them glass/silicon and FEP type reactor showed very good results in the conversion of tested compounds. Plausible reaction mechanism is proposed in accordance with known principles of photo activation of tertiary amines. Visible light promoted C(sp3)-H functionalization of N-aryl-protected tetrahydroisoquinolines and N-aryl-protected tetrahydro-β-carbolines in microflow conditions via a-amino radical pathway with various coupling partners in excellent yields and efficiencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Filipović
- Institute of Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, Njegoševa 12, 11000, Belgrade, Republic of Serbia
| | - Zdravko Džambaski
- Institute of Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, Njegoševa 12, 11000, Belgrade, Republic of Serbia
| | - Aleksandra M Bondžić
- Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, P.O. Box 522, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Bojan P Bondžić
- Institute of Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, Njegoševa 12, 11000, Belgrade, Republic of Serbia.
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2
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A Comparative Study on Optofluidic Fenton Microreactors Integrated with Fe-Based Materials for Water Treatment. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:mi13071125. [PMID: 35888942 PMCID: PMC9317202 DOI: 10.3390/mi13071125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
The catalysts employed in catalytic reactors greatly affect the reaction efficiency of the reaction system and the reactor’s performance. This work presents a rapid comparative study on three kinds of Fe-based materials integrated into an optofluidic Fenton reactor for water treatment. The Fe-based sheets (FeSiB, FeNbCuSiB, and FeNi) were respectively implanted into the reaction chamber to degrade the organic dyes with the assistance of H2O2. In the experiment, by adjusting the hydrogen peroxide concentration, flow rate, and light irradiation, the applicable conditions of the Fe-based materials for the dye degradation could be evaluated quickly to explore the optimal design of the Fenton reaction system. The results indicated that FeNi (1j85) exhibits excellent degradability in the microreactor, the reaction rate can reach 23.4%/s at the flow rate of 330 μL/min, but its weak corrosion resistance was definitely demonstrated. Although the initial degradability of the microreactor by using FeNbCuSiB (1k107) was not as good as that of 1j85, it increased after being reused several times instead, and the degradation efficiency reached >98% after being reused five times. However, the FeSiB (1k101) material shows the worst degradability and recycling. Therefore, in contrast, 1k107 has the greatest potential to be used in Fenton reactors for practical water treatment.
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3
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Buglioni L, Raymenants F, Slattery A, Zondag SDA, Noël T. Technological Innovations in Photochemistry for Organic Synthesis: Flow Chemistry, High-Throughput Experimentation, Scale-up, and Photoelectrochemistry. Chem Rev 2022; 122:2752-2906. [PMID: 34375082 PMCID: PMC8796205 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 104.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Photoinduced chemical transformations have received in recent years a tremendous amount of attention, providing a plethora of opportunities to synthetic organic chemists. However, performing a photochemical transformation can be quite a challenge because of various issues related to the delivery of photons. These challenges have barred the widespread adoption of photochemical steps in the chemical industry. However, in the past decade, several technological innovations have led to more reproducible, selective, and scalable photoinduced reactions. Herein, we provide a comprehensive overview of these exciting technological advances, including flow chemistry, high-throughput experimentation, reactor design and scale-up, and the combination of photo- and electro-chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Buglioni
- Micro
Flow Chemistry and Synthetic Methodology, Department of Chemical Engineering
and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, Het Kranenveld, Bldg 14—Helix, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Flow
Chemistry Group, van ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences
(HIMS), Universiteit van Amsterdam (UvA), Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Fabian Raymenants
- Flow
Chemistry Group, van ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences
(HIMS), Universiteit van Amsterdam (UvA), Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Aidan Slattery
- Flow
Chemistry Group, van ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences
(HIMS), Universiteit van Amsterdam (UvA), Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan D. A. Zondag
- Flow
Chemistry Group, van ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences
(HIMS), Universiteit van Amsterdam (UvA), Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Timothy Noël
- Flow
Chemistry Group, van ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences
(HIMS), Universiteit van Amsterdam (UvA), Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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4
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Wan L, Jiang M, Cheng D, Liu M, Chen F. Continuous flow technology-a tool for safer oxidation chemistry. REACT CHEM ENG 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1re00520k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The advantages and benefits of continuous flow technology for oxidation chemistry have been illustrated in tube reactors, micro-channel reactors, tube-in-tube reactors and micro-packed bed reactors in the presence of various oxidants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Wan
- Engineering Center of Catalysis and Synthesis for Chiral Molecules, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Meifen Jiang
- Engineering Center of Catalysis and Synthesis for Chiral Molecules, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Dang Cheng
- Engineering Center of Catalysis and Synthesis for Chiral Molecules, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Minjie Liu
- Engineering Center of Catalysis and Synthesis for Chiral Molecules, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Fener Chen
- Engineering Center of Catalysis and Synthesis for Chiral Molecules, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Shanghai Engineering Center of Industrial Asymmetric Catalysis for Chiral Drugs, Shanghai 200433, China
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5
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Hermens JGH, Lepage ML, Kloekhorst A, Keller E, Bloem R, Meijer M, Feringa BL. Development of a modular photoreactor for the upscaling of continuous flow photochemistry. REACT CHEM ENG 2022; 7:2280-2284. [PMID: 36352841 PMCID: PMC9594834 DOI: 10.1039/d2re00310d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The upscaling of biphasic photochemical reactions is challenging because of the inherent constraints of liquid–gas mixing and light penetration. Using semi-permeable coaxial flow chemistry within a modular photoreactor, the photooxidation of the platform chemical furfural was scaled up to produce routinely 29 gram per day of biobased building block hydroxybutenolide, a precursor to acrylate alternatives. An easily-built, user-friendly modular photoreactor enables optimization and upscaling of flow photooxidation.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes G. H. Hermens
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Advanced Research Center Chemical Building Blocks Consortium (ARC CBBC), University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Mathieu L. Lepage
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Advanced Research Center Chemical Building Blocks Consortium (ARC CBBC), University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Arjan Kloekhorst
- Hanze University of Applied Sciences, Zernikeplein 11, 9747 AS Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Erik Keller
- Hanze University of Applied Sciences, Zernikeplein 11, 9747 AS Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Robin Bloem
- Hanze University of Applied Sciences, Zernikeplein 11, 9747 AS Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Maurice Meijer
- Hanze University of Applied Sciences, Zernikeplein 11, 9747 AS Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ben L. Feringa
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Advanced Research Center Chemical Building Blocks Consortium (ARC CBBC), University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
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6
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Bordier C, Escande V, Darcel C. Past and current routes to β-hydroperoxy alcohols: A functional group with high potential in organic synthesis. Tetrahedron 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2021.132379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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7
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Louvel D, De Dios Miguel T, Duc Vu N, Duguet N. The Chemistry of β‐Hydroxy Hydroperoxides. European J Org Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202100343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dan Louvel
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon1, CNRS, INSA, CPE-Lyon Institut de Chimie et Biochimie Moléculaires et Supramoléculaires, ICBMS UMR 5246, Equipe CAtalyse, SYnthèse et ENvironnement (CASYEN), Bâtiment Lederer 1 rue Victor Grignard 69100 Villeurbanne cedex France
| | - Thomas De Dios Miguel
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon1, CNRS, INSA, CPE-Lyon Institut de Chimie et Biochimie Moléculaires et Supramoléculaires, ICBMS UMR 5246, Equipe CAtalyse, SYnthèse et ENvironnement (CASYEN), Bâtiment Lederer 1 rue Victor Grignard 69100 Villeurbanne cedex France
| | - Nam Duc Vu
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon1, CNRS, INSA, CPE-Lyon Institut de Chimie et Biochimie Moléculaires et Supramoléculaires, ICBMS UMR 5246, Equipe CAtalyse, SYnthèse et ENvironnement (CASYEN), Bâtiment Lederer 1 rue Victor Grignard 69100 Villeurbanne cedex France
| | - Nicolas Duguet
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon1, CNRS, INSA, CPE-Lyon Institut de Chimie et Biochimie Moléculaires et Supramoléculaires, ICBMS UMR 5246, Equipe CAtalyse, SYnthèse et ENvironnement (CASYEN), Bâtiment Lederer 1 rue Victor Grignard 69100 Villeurbanne cedex France
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8
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Gambacorta G, Sharley JS, Baxendale IR. A comprehensive review of flow chemistry techniques tailored to the flavours and fragrances industries. Beilstein J Org Chem 2021; 17:1181-1312. [PMID: 34136010 PMCID: PMC8182698 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.17.90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to their intrinsic physical properties, which includes being able to perform as volatile liquids at room and biological temperatures, fragrance ingredients/intermediates make ideal candidates for continuous-flow manufacturing. This review highlights the potential crossover between a multibillion dollar industry and the flourishing sub-field of flow chemistry evolving within the discipline of organic synthesis. This is illustrated through selected examples of industrially important transformations specific to the fragrances and flavours industry and by highlighting the advantages of conducting these transformations by using a flow approach. This review is designed to be a compendium of techniques and apparatus already published in the chemical and engineering literature which would constitute a known solution or inspiration for commonly encountered procedures in the manufacture of fragrance and flavour chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido Gambacorta
- Department of Chemistry, University of Durham, Stockton Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | - James S Sharley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Durham, Stockton Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | - Ian R Baxendale
- Department of Chemistry, University of Durham, Stockton Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
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9
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Filipović A, DŽambaski Z, Vasiljević-Radović D, BondŽić BP. Visible light promoted photoredox C(sp 3)-H bond functionalization of tetrahydroisoquinolines in flow. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:2668-2675. [PMID: 33666639 DOI: 10.1039/d0ob02582h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A merger of organocatalysis and visible light photoredox catalysis performed in flow allowed access to a wide range of functionalized N-aryl-substituted tetrahydroisoquinolines (THIQs) in a formal C-H oxidation/Mannich reaction. Strecker type functionalization and copper-catalyzed alkynylation of several N-aryl-substituted THIQs were also successfully performed in flow, giving valuable products with high efficiencies. The use of custom-made porous polymeric type microreactors proved to be crucial regarding the C-H oxidation step and overall reaction performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Filipović
- University of Belgrade-Institute of Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy, Njegoševa 12, 11000 Belgrade, Republic of Serbia.
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10
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Neyt NC, Riley DL. Application of reactor engineering concepts in continuous flow chemistry: a review. REACT CHEM ENG 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1re00004g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The adoption of flow technology for the manufacture of chemical entities, and in particular pharmaceuticals, has seen rapid growth over the past two decades with the technology now blurring the lines between chemistry and chemical engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole C. Neyt
- Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Pretoria
- South Africa
| | - Darren L. Riley
- Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Pretoria
- South Africa
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11
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Patel RI, Sharma A, Sharma S, Sharma A. Visible light-mediated applications of methylene blue in organic synthesis. Org Chem Front 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0qo01182g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This review presents the manipulation of methylene blue in visible-light-assisted organic synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anoop Sharma
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee
- Roorkee-247667
- India
| | - Shivani Sharma
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee
- Roorkee-247667
- India
| | - Anuj Sharma
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee
- Roorkee-247667
- India
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12
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Hone CA, Kappe CO. Membrane Microreactors for the On-Demand Generation, Separation, and Reaction of Gases. Chemistry 2020; 26:13108-13117. [PMID: 32515835 PMCID: PMC7692882 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202001942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The use of gases as reagents in organic synthesis can be very challenging, particularly at a laboratory scale. This Concept takes into account recent studies to make the case that gases can indeed be efficiently and safely formed from relatively inexpensive commercially available reagents for use in a wide range of organic transformations. In particular, we argue that the exploitation of continuous flow membrane reactors enables the effective separation of the chemistry necessary for gas formation from the chemistry for gas consumption, with these two stages often containing incompatible chemistry. The approach outlined eliminates the need to store and transport excessive amounts of potentially toxic, reactive or explosive gases. The on‐demand generation, separation and reaction of a number of gases, including carbon monoxide, diazomethane, trifluoromethyl diazomethane, hydrogen cyanide, ammonia and formaldehyde, is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher A Hone
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW), Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Inffeldgasse 13, 8010, Graz, Austria.,Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - C Oliver Kappe
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW), Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Inffeldgasse 13, 8010, Graz, Austria.,Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010, Graz, Austria
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13
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Fang T, Lakey PSJ, Rivera-Rios JC, Keutsch FN, Shiraiwa M. Aqueous-Phase Decomposition of Isoprene Hydroxy Hydroperoxide and Hydroxyl Radical Formation by Fenton-like Reactions with Iron Ions. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:5230-5236. [PMID: 32479080 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c02094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Isoprene hydroxy hydroperoxides (ISOPOOH) formed by the photooxidation of isoprene under low-NO conditions play an important role in the formation and evolution of secondary organic aerosols, yet multiphase processes of ISOPOOH are poorly understood. By applying electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy, we observe that ISOPOOH undergoes aqueous-phase decomposition upon interacting with Fe(II) ions to form OH and organic radicals at room temperature. To reproduce the measured dependence of OH formation on the Fe concentrations by kinetic modeling, we postulate that Fe(II) ions react with ISOPOOH via Fenton-like reactions to form OH radicals with a rate constant of 7.3 × 10-18 cm3 s-1. At low concentrations, oxalate forms monocomplexes with Fe(II) ions, which can promote OH formation by ISOPOOH. However, at high concentrations, oxalate scavenges OH radicals, thereby lowering aqueous OH concentrations. These findings provide new insight for the atmospheric fate of ISOPOOH and reactive oxygen species generation in the aqueous phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Fang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Pascale S J Lakey
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Jean C Rivera-Rios
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Frank N Keutsch
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States.,Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Manabu Shiraiwa
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
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14
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Lanteri D, Quattrosoldi S, Soccio M, Basso A, Cavallo D, Munari A, Riva R, Lotti N, Moni L. Regioselective Photooxidation of Citronellol: A Way to Monomers for Functionalized Bio-Polyesters. Front Chem 2020; 8:85. [PMID: 32117900 PMCID: PMC7031484 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.00085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Dye-sensitized photooxygenation reaction of bio-based double bond-containing substrates is proposed as sustainable functionalization of terpenes and terpenoids to transform them into polyoxygenated compounds to be employed for the synthesis of new bio-based polyesters. As proof of concept, citronellol 1 has been regioselectively converted into diol 4 using singlet oxygen (1O2), a traceless reagent that can be generated from air, visible light and zeolite supported-photosensitizer (Thionine-NaY). With our synthetic approach, diol 4 has been obtained in two-steps, with good regioselectivity, using green reagents such as light and air, and finally a solvent-free oxidation step. From this compound, a citronellol-based copolyester of poly(butylene succinate) (PBS) has been synthesized and fully characterized. The results obtained evidence that the proposed copolymerization of PBS with the citronellol-based building blocks allows to obtain a more flexible and functionalizable material, by exploiting a largely available natural molecule modified through a green synthetic path.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deianira Lanteri
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Silvia Quattrosoldi
- Department of Civil, Chemical, Environmental and Materials Engineering, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Michelina Soccio
- Department of Civil, Chemical, Environmental and Materials Engineering, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Andrea Basso
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Dario Cavallo
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Andrea Munari
- Department of Civil, Chemical, Environmental and Materials Engineering, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Renata Riva
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Nadia Lotti
- Department of Civil, Chemical, Environmental and Materials Engineering, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Lisa Moni
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
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15
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Lee DS, Sharabi M, Jefferson-Loveday R, Pickering SJ, Poliakoff M, George MW. Scalable Continuous Vortex Reactor for Gram to Kilo Scale for UV and Visible Photochemistry. Org Process Res Dev 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.9b00475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Darren S. Lee
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park NG7 2RD, U.K
| | - Medhat Sharabi
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Nottingham, University Park NG7 2RD, U.K
| | - Richard Jefferson-Loveday
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Nottingham, University Park NG7 2RD, U.K
| | - Stephen J. Pickering
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Nottingham, University Park NG7 2RD, U.K
| | - Martyn Poliakoff
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park NG7 2RD, U.K
| | - Michael W. George
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park NG7 2RD, U.K
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, The University of Nottingham Ningbo China, 199 Taikang East Road, Ningbo 315100, China
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16
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Hamami ZE, Vanoye L, Fongarland P, de Bellefon C, Favre-Réguillon A. Improved Reactor Productivity for the Safe Photo-Oxidation of Citronellol Under Visible Light LED Irradiation. CHEMPHOTOCHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/cptc.201800201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zine Eddine Hamami
- Univ Lyon Laboratoire de Génie des Procédés Catalytiques (UMR 5285) CPE Lyon; 43 boulevard du 11 Novembre 1918 F-69100 Villeurbanne France
| | - Laurent Vanoye
- Univ Lyon Laboratoire de Génie des Procédés Catalytiques (UMR 5285) CPE Lyon; 43 boulevard du 11 Novembre 1918 F-69100 Villeurbanne France
| | - Pascal Fongarland
- Univ Lyon Laboratoire de Génie des Procédés Catalytiques (UMR 5285) CPE Lyon; 43 boulevard du 11 Novembre 1918 F-69100 Villeurbanne France
| | - Claude de Bellefon
- Univ Lyon Laboratoire de Génie des Procédés Catalytiques (UMR 5285) CPE Lyon; 43 boulevard du 11 Novembre 1918 F-69100 Villeurbanne France
| | - Alain Favre-Réguillon
- Univ Lyon Laboratoire de Génie des Procédés Catalytiques (UMR 5285) CPE Lyon; 43 boulevard du 11 Novembre 1918 F-69100 Villeurbanne France
- Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers EPN7-Equipe Chimie Générale; 2 rue Conté F-75003 Paris France
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17
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Hone CA, Kappe CO. The Use of Molecular Oxygen for Liquid Phase Aerobic Oxidations in Continuous Flow. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2018; 377:2. [PMID: 30536152 PMCID: PMC6290733 DOI: 10.1007/s41061-018-0226-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Molecular oxygen (O2) is the ultimate “green” oxidant for organic synthesis. There has been recent intensive research within the synthetic community to develop new selective liquid phase aerobic oxidation methodologies as a response to the necessity to reduce the environmental impact of chemical synthesis and manufacture. Green and sustainable chemical processes rely not only on effective chemistry but also on the implementation of reactor technologies that enhance reaction performance and overall safety. Continuous flow reactors have facilitated safer and more efficient utilization of O2, whilst enabling protocols to be scalable. In this article, we discuss recent advancements in the utilization of continuous processing for aerobic oxidations. The translation of aerobic oxidation from batch protocols to continuous flow processes, including process intensification (high T/p), is examined. The use of “synthetic air”, typically consisting of less than 10% O2 in N2, is compared to pure O2 (100% O2) as an oxidant source in terms of process efficiency and safety. Examples of homogeneous catalysis and heterogeneous (packed bed) catalysis are provided. The application of flow photoreactors for the in situ formation of singlet oxygen (1O2) for use in organic reactions, as well as the implementation of membrane technologies, green solvents and recent reactor solutions for handling O2 are covered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher A Hone
- Center for Continuous Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW), Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering (RCPE), Inffeldgasse 13, 8010, Graz, Austria.,Institute of Chemistry, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - C Oliver Kappe
- Center for Continuous Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW), Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering (RCPE), Inffeldgasse 13, 8010, Graz, Austria. .,Institute of Chemistry, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010, Graz, Austria.
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18
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Ramanjaneyulu BT, Vishwakarma NK, Vidyacharan S, Adiyala PR, Kim DP. Towards Versatile Continuous-Flow Chemistry and Process Technology Via New Conceptual Microreactor Systems. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/bkcs.11467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bandaru T. Ramanjaneyulu
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH); Pohang 37673 Korea
| | - Niraj K. Vishwakarma
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH); Pohang 37673 Korea
| | - Shinde Vidyacharan
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH); Pohang 37673 Korea
| | - Praveen Reddy Adiyala
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH); Pohang 37673 Korea
| | - Dong-Pyo Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH); Pohang 37673 Korea
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19
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Emmanuel N, Mendoza C, Winter M, Horn CR, Vizza A, Dreesen L, Heinrichs B, Monbaliu JCM. Scalable Photocatalytic Oxidation of Methionine under Continuous-Flow Conditions. Org Process Res Dev 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.7b00212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marc Winter
- Corning
Reactor Technologies, Corning SAS, 7 bis Avenue de Valvins, CS 70156 Samois sur Seine, 77215 Avon Cedex, France
| | - Clemens R. Horn
- Corning
Reactor Technologies, Corning SAS, 7 bis Avenue de Valvins, CS 70156 Samois sur Seine, 77215 Avon Cedex, France
| | - Alessandra Vizza
- Corning
Reactor Technologies, Corning SAS, 7 bis Avenue de Valvins, CS 70156 Samois sur Seine, 77215 Avon Cedex, France
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20
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Harnessing open-source technology for low-cost automation in synthesis: Flow chemical deprotection of silyl ethers using a homemade autosampling system. Tetrahedron Lett 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2017.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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21
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Mizuno K, Nishiyama Y, Ogaki T, Terao K, Ikeda H, Kakiuchi K. Utilization of microflow reactors to carry out synthetically useful organic photochemical reactions. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY C-PHOTOCHEMISTRY REVIEWS 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochemrev.2016.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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22
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Chandrasekhar D, Borra S, Nanubolu JB, Maurya RA. Visible Light Driven Photocascade Catalysis: Ru(bpy)3(PF6)2/TBHP-Mediated Synthesis of Fused β-Carbolines in Batch and Flow Microreactors. Org Lett 2016; 18:2974-7. [PMID: 27226119 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.6b01321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
1,2,3,4-Tetrahydro-β-carbolines were coupled with α-keto vinyl azides through an unprecedented visible light-Ru(bpy)3(PF6)2/TBHP mediated photocascade strategy that involves photosensitization, photoredox catalysis and [3 + 2] cycloaddition reaction. The scope and scale-up feasibility of the photocascade strategy was demonstrated by synthesizing 18 different fused β-carbolines in moderate to good yields using batch and continuous flow microreactor. This operationally simple synthetic protocol allows the formation of one C-C and two C-N new bonds in the overall transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ram Awatar Maurya
- Chemical Science and Technology Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology , Jorhat, Assam 785006, India
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23
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Cambié D, Bottecchia C, Straathof NJW, Hessel V, Noël T. Applications of Continuous-Flow Photochemistry in Organic Synthesis, Material Science, and Water Treatment. Chem Rev 2016; 116:10276-341. [PMID: 26935706 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 882] [Impact Index Per Article: 110.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Continuous-flow photochemistry in microreactors receives a lot of attention from researchers in academia and industry as this technology provides reduced reaction times, higher selectivities, straightforward scalability, and the possibility to safely use hazardous intermediates and gaseous reactants. In this review, an up-to-date overview is given of photochemical transformations in continuous-flow reactors, including applications in organic synthesis, material science, and water treatment. In addition, the advantages of continuous-flow photochemistry are pointed out and a thorough comparison with batch processing is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dario Cambié
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Micro Flow Chemistry and Process Technology, Eindhoven University of Technology , Den Dolech 2, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Cecilia Bottecchia
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Micro Flow Chemistry and Process Technology, Eindhoven University of Technology , Den Dolech 2, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Natan J W Straathof
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Micro Flow Chemistry and Process Technology, Eindhoven University of Technology , Den Dolech 2, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Volker Hessel
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Micro Flow Chemistry and Process Technology, Eindhoven University of Technology , Den Dolech 2, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Timothy Noël
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Micro Flow Chemistry and Process Technology, Eindhoven University of Technology , Den Dolech 2, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands.,Department of Organic Chemistry, Ghent University , Krijgslaan 281 (S4), 9000 Ghent, Belgium
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24
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Gemoets HPL, Su Y, Shang M, Hessel V, Luque R, Noël T. Liquid phase oxidation chemistry in continuous-flow microreactors. Chem Soc Rev 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cs00447k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 363] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
This review gives an exhaustive overview of the engineering principles, safety aspects and chemistry associated with liquid phase oxidation in continuous-flow microreactors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannes P. L. Gemoets
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry
- Micro Flow Chemistry & Process Technology
- Eindhoven University of Technology
- 5612 AZ Eindhoven
- The Netherlands
| | - Yuanhai Su
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry
- Micro Flow Chemistry & Process Technology
- Eindhoven University of Technology
- 5612 AZ Eindhoven
- The Netherlands
| | - Minjing Shang
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry
- Micro Flow Chemistry & Process Technology
- Eindhoven University of Technology
- 5612 AZ Eindhoven
- The Netherlands
| | - Volker Hessel
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry
- Micro Flow Chemistry & Process Technology
- Eindhoven University of Technology
- 5612 AZ Eindhoven
- The Netherlands
| | - Rafael Luque
- Departamento de Quimica Organica
- Universidad de Cordoba
- E14014 Cordoba
- Spain
| | - Timothy Noël
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry
- Micro Flow Chemistry & Process Technology
- Eindhoven University of Technology
- 5612 AZ Eindhoven
- The Netherlands
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25
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Kim H, Lee HJ, Kim DP. Flow-Assisted Synthesis of [10]Cycloparaphenylene through Serial Microreactions under Mild Conditions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 55:1422-6. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201509748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Heejin Kim
- Department of Synthetic and Biological Chemistry Graduate School of Engineering; Kyoto University; Nishikyo-ku Kyoto 615-8510 Japan
| | - Hyune-Jea Lee
- National Centre of Applied Microfluidic Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering, POSTECH; Pohang University of Science and Technology); Pohang 790-784 South Korea
| | - Dong-Pyo Kim
- National Centre of Applied Microfluidic Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering, POSTECH; Pohang University of Science and Technology); Pohang 790-784 South Korea
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26
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Kim H, Lee HJ, Kim DP. Flow-Assisted Synthesis of [10]Cycloparaphenylene through Serial Microreactions under Mild Conditions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201509748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Heejin Kim
- Department of Synthetic and Biological Chemistry Graduate School of Engineering; Kyoto University; Nishikyo-ku Kyoto 615-8510 Japan
| | - Hyune-Jea Lee
- National Centre of Applied Microfluidic Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering, POSTECH; Pohang University of Science and Technology); Pohang 790-784 South Korea
| | - Dong-Pyo Kim
- National Centre of Applied Microfluidic Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering, POSTECH; Pohang University of Science and Technology); Pohang 790-784 South Korea
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27
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Tiwari DK, Maurya RA, Nanubolu JB. Visible-Light/Photoredox-Mediated sp3
CH Functionalization and Coupling of Secondary Amines with Vinyl Azides in Flow Microreactors. Chemistry 2015; 22:526-30. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201504292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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28
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl J. Mallia
- Department
of Chemistry, Durham University, South Road, Durham, DH1
3LE, United Kingdom
| | - Ian R. Baxendale
- Department
of Chemistry, Durham University, South Road, Durham, DH1
3LE, United Kingdom
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29
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Gutmann B, Cantillo D, Kappe CO. Continuous-flow technology—a tool for the safe manufacturing of active pharmaceutical ingredients. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:6688-728. [PMID: 25989203 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201409318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 870] [Impact Index Per Article: 96.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In the past few years, continuous-flow reactors with channel dimensions in the micro- or millimeter region have found widespread application in organic synthesis. The characteristic properties of these reactors are their exceptionally fast heat and mass transfer. In microstructured devices of this type, virtually instantaneous mixing can be achieved for all but the fastest reactions. Similarly, the accumulation of heat, formation of hot spots, and dangers of thermal runaways can be prevented. As a result of the small reactor volumes, the overall safety of the process is significantly improved, even when harsh reaction conditions are used. Thus, microreactor technology offers a unique way to perform ultrafast, exothermic reactions, and allows the execution of reactions which proceed via highly unstable or even explosive intermediates. This Review discusses recent literature examples of continuous-flow organic synthesis where hazardous reactions or extreme process windows have been employed, with a focus on applications of relevance to the preparation of pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Gutmann
- Institute of Chemistry, University Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, A-8010 Graz (Austria) http://www.maos.net
| | - David Cantillo
- Institute of Chemistry, University Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, A-8010 Graz (Austria) http://www.maos.net
| | - C Oliver Kappe
- Institute of Chemistry, University Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, A-8010 Graz (Austria) http://www.maos.net.
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30
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Gutmann B, Cantillo D, Kappe CO. Kontinuierliche Durchflussverfahren: ein Werkzeug für die sichere Synthese von pharmazeutischen Wirkstoffen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201409318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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31
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Yamashita T, Inoue M, Yasuda M. Isolation of a Photochemically Unstable Product by Inner Filtering of Liquid–Liquid Slug Flow in a Microreactor. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2015. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20140329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Toshiaki Yamashita
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Miyakonojo College
| | - Motohiro Inoue
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Miyakonojo College
| | - Masahide Yasuda
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, University of Miyazaki
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32
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Mass transfer coefficient of slug flow for organic solvent-aqueous system in a microreactor. KOREAN J CHEM ENG 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s11814-014-0283-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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33
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34
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Chandrasekhar D, Borra S, Kapure JS, Shivaji GS, Srinivasulu G, Maurya RA. Visible-light photoredox catalysis: direct synthesis of fused β-carbolines through an oxidation/[3 + 2] cycloaddition/oxidative aromatization reaction cascade in batch and flow microreactors. Org Chem Front 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5qo00207a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Fused β-carbolines were synthesized via a visible light photoredox catalyzed oxidation/[3 + 2] cycloaddition/oxidative aromatization reaction cascade in batch and flow microreactors.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Chandrasekhar
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology
- Hyderabad-500007
- India
| | - Satheesh Borra
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology
- Hyderabad-500007
- India
| | | | | | - Gannoju Srinivasulu
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research
- Hyderabad-500035
- India
| | - Ram Awatar Maurya
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology
- Hyderabad-500007
- India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research
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35
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Gross U, Koos P, O'Brien M, Polyzos A, Ley SV. A General Continuous Flow Method for Palladium Catalysed Carbonylation Reactions Using Single and Multiple Tube-in-Tube Gas-Liquid Microreactors. European J Org Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201402804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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36
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Loponov KN, Lopes J, Barlog M, Astrova EV, Malkov AV, Lapkin AA. Optimization of a Scalable Photochemical Reactor for Reactions with Singlet Oxygen. Org Process Res Dev 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/op500181z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin N. Loponov
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3RA, United Kingdom
| | - Joao Lopes
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3RA, United Kingdom
| | - Maciej Barlog
- School
of Chemistry, Glasgow University, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | | | - Andrei V. Malkov
- Department
of Chemistry, Loughborough University, Loughborough LE11 3TU, United Kingdom
| | - Alexei A. Lapkin
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3RA, United Kingdom
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37
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He Z, Jamison TF. Continuous-flow synthesis of functionalized phenols by aerobic oxidation of Grignard reagents. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:3353-7. [PMID: 24554581 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201310572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2013] [Revised: 01/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Phenols are important compounds in chemical industry. An economical and green approach to phenol preparation by the direct oxidation of aryl Grignard reagents using compressed air in continuous gas-liquid segmented flow systems is described. The process tolerates a broad range of functional groups, including oxidation-sensitive functionalities such as alkenes, amines, and thioethers. By integrating a benzyne-mediated in-line generation of arylmagnesium intermediates with the aerobic oxidation, a facile three-step, one-flow process, capable of preparing 2-functionalized phenols in a modular fashion, is established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi He
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139 (USA)
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38
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He Z, Jamison TF. Continuous-Flow Synthesis of Functionalized Phenols by Aerobic Oxidation of Grignard Reagents. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201310572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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39
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Ziegenbalg D, Kreisel G, Weiß D, Kralisch D. OLEDs as prospective light sources for microstructured photoreactors. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3pp50302j pmid: 24752647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The use of OLEDs to initiate photochemical reactions is demonstrated for the first time by conducting photooxygenations in a modular microstructured photoreactor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Ziegenbalg
- Institut für Technische Chemie
- Universität Stuttgart
- 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Günter Kreisel
- Institut für Technische Chemie und Umweltchemie
- Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena
- 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Dieter Weiß
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare Chemie
- Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena
- 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Dana Kralisch
- Institut für Pharmazie
- LS für Pharmazeutische Technologie
- Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena
- 07745 Jena, Germany
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40
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Ziegenbalg D, Kreisel G, Weiß D, Kralisch D. OLEDs as prospective light sources for microstructured photoreactors. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2014; 13:1005-15. [DOI: 10.1039/c3pp50302j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The use of OLEDs to initiate photochemical reactions is demonstrated for the first time by conducting photooxygenations in a modular microstructured photoreactor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Ziegenbalg
- Institut für Technische Chemie
- Universität Stuttgart
- 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Günter Kreisel
- Institut für Technische Chemie und Umweltchemie
- Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena
- 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Dieter Weiß
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare Chemie
- Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena
- 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Dana Kralisch
- Institut für Pharmazie
- LS für Pharmazeutische Technologie
- Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena
- 07745 Jena, Germany
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41
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Murray PRD, Browne DL, Pastre JC, Butters C, Guthrie D, Ley SV. Continuous Flow-Processing of Organometallic Reagents Using an Advanced Peristaltic Pumping System and the Telescoped Flow Synthesis of (E/Z)-Tamoxifen. Org Process Res Dev 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/op4001548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Philip R. D. Murray
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Duncan L. Browne
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Julio C. Pastre
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
- Instituto
de Química, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, CP 6154, 13083-970 Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Chris Butters
- Vapourtec Ltd., Park Farm Business
Centre, Bury St. Edmunds IP28 6TS, United Kingdom
| | - Duncan Guthrie
- Vapourtec Ltd., Park Farm Business
Centre, Bury St. Edmunds IP28 6TS, United Kingdom
| | - Steven V. Ley
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
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42
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Pastre JC, Browne DL, O’Brien M, Ley SV. Scaling Up of Continuous Flow Processes with Gases Using a Tube-in-Tube Reactor: Inline Titrations and Fanetizole Synthesis with Ammonia. Org Process Res Dev 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/op400152r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Julio C. Pastre
- Whiffen
Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
- Instituto
de Química, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, CP 6154, 13083-970 Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Duncan L. Browne
- Whiffen
Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
| | - Matthew O’Brien
- School
of Physical and Geographical Sciences, Keele University, Lennard-Jones
Building, Keele, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, U.K
| | - Steven V. Ley
- Whiffen
Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
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43
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Baumann M, Baxendale IR. The rapid generation of isothiocyanates in flow. Beilstein J Org Chem 2013; 9:1613-9. [PMID: 24062820 PMCID: PMC3778409 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.9.184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2013] [Accepted: 07/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Isothiocyanates are versatile starting materials for a wide range of chemical reactions. However, their high nucleophilic susceptibility means they are best prepared and used immediately. We report here on a flow platform for the fast and efficient formation of isothiocyanates by the direct conversion of easily prepared chloroximes. To expedite this chemistry a flow insert cartridge containing two immobilised reagents is used to affect the chemical transformation which typically eliminates the requirements for any conventional work-up or purification of the reaction stream.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Baumann
- Department of Chemistry, University of Durham, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
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44
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongbo Zhao
- Bayer Technology & Engineering (Shanghai) Co., Ltd., 82 Mu Hua Road, Shanghai Chemical Industry Park, Shanghai 201507, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kuiling Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic
Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032,
People’s Republic of China
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45
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Noël T, Hessel V. Membrane microreactors: gas-liquid reactions made easy. CHEMSUSCHEM 2013; 6:405-407. [PMID: 23303711 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201200913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Getting phases together: Membrane microreactors provide new opportunities for gas-liquid reactions. The advantages of this microreactor concept are a large interfacial area, a greater flexibility with regard to flow rates, and the opportunity to immobilize a catalyst on the membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Noël
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Micro Flow Chemistry and Process Technology, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
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46
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Knowles JP, Elliott LD, Booker-Milburn KI. Flow photochemistry: Old light through new windows. Beilstein J Org Chem 2012; 8:2025-52. [PMID: 23209538 PMCID: PMC3511038 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.8.229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 317] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2012] [Accepted: 10/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Synthetic photochemistry carried out in classic batch reactors has, for over half a century, proved to be a powerful but under-utilised technique in general organic synthesis. Recent developments in flow photochemistry have the potential to allow this technique to be applied in a more mainstream setting. This review highlights the use of flow reactors in organic photochemistry, allowing a comparison of the various reactor types to be made.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan P Knowles
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol, BS8 1TS, UK
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Shvydkiv O, Limburg C, Nolan K, Oelgemöller M. Synthesis of Juglone (5-Hydroxy-1,4-Naphthoquinone) in a Falling Film Microreactor. J Flow Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1556/jfchem.2012.00022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Bartusik D, Aebisher D, Ghafari B, Lyons AM, Greer A. Generating singlet oxygen bubbles: a new mechanism for gas-liquid oxidations in water. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2012; 28:3053-60. [PMID: 22260325 PMCID: PMC3329934 DOI: 10.1021/la204583v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Laser-coupled microphotoreactors were developed to bubble singlet oxygen [(1)O(2) ((1)Δ(g))] into an aqueous solution containing an oxidizable compound. The reactors consisted of custom-modified SMA fiberoptic receptacles loaded with 150 μm silicon phthalocyanine glass sensitizer particles, where the particles were isolated from direct contact with water by a membrane adhesively bonded to the bottom of each device. A tube fed O(2) gas to the reactor chambers. In the presence of O(2), singlet oxygen was generated by illuminating the sensitizer particles with 669 nm light from an optical fiber coupled to the top of the reactor. The generated (1)O(2) was transported through the membrane by the O(2) stream and formed bubbles in solution. In solution, singlet oxygen reacted with probe compounds (9,10-anthracene dipropionate dianion, trans-2-methyl-2-pentanoate anion, N-benzoyl-D,L-methionine, or N-acetyl-D,L-methionine) to give oxidized products in two stages. The early stage was rapid and showed that (1)O(2) transfer occurred via bubbles mainly in the bulk water solution. The later stage was slow; it arose only from (1)O(2)-probe molecule contact at the gas/liquid interface. A mechanism is proposed that involves (1)O(2) mass transfer and solvation, where smaller bubbles provide better penetration of (1)O(2) into the flowing stream due to higher surface-to-volume contact between the probe molecules and (1)O(2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Bartusik
- Department of Chemistry, Brooklyn College, City University of New York, Brooklyn, New York 11210
| | - David Aebisher
- Department of Chemistry, Brooklyn College, City University of New York, Brooklyn, New York 11210
| | - BiBi Ghafari
- Department of Chemistry, College of Staten Island, City University of New York, Staten Island, New York 10314
| | - Alan M. Lyons
- Department of Chemistry, College of Staten Island, City University of New York, Staten Island, New York 10314
| | - Alexander Greer
- Department of Chemistry, Brooklyn College, City University of New York, Brooklyn, New York 11210
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Cranwell PB, O'Brien M, Browne DL, Koos P, Polyzos A, Peña-López M, Ley SV. Flow synthesis using gaseous ammonia in a Teflon AF-2400 tube-in-tube reactor: Paal–Knorr pyrrole formation and gas concentration measurement by inline flow titration. Org Biomol Chem 2012; 10:5774-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ob25407g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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