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Williams DM, Gungordu L, Jackson-Crawford A, Lowe M. Assessment of endocytic traffic and Ocrl function in the developing zebrafish neuroepithelium. J Cell Sci 2022; 135:276669. [PMID: 35979861 PMCID: PMC9592051 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.260339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Endocytosis allows cells to internalise a wide range of molecules from their environment and to maintain their plasma membrane composition. It is vital during development and for maintenance of tissue homeostasis. The ability to visualise endocytosis in vivo requires suitable assays to monitor the process. Here, we describe imaging-based assays to visualise endocytosis in the neuroepithelium of living zebrafish embryos. Injection of fluorescent tracers into the brain ventricles followed by live imaging was used to study fluid-phase or receptor-mediated endocytosis, for which we used receptor-associated protein (RAP, encoded by Lrpap1) as a ligand for low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein (LRP) receptors. Using dual-colour imaging combined with expression of endocytic markers, it is possible to track the progression of endocytosed tracers and to monitor trafficking dynamics. Using these assays, we reveal a role for the Lowe syndrome protein Ocrl in endocytic trafficking within the neuroepithelium. We also found that the RAP-binding receptor Lrp2 (encoded by lrp2a) appears to contribute only partially to neuroepithelial RAP endocytosis. Altogether, our results provide a basis to track endocytosis within the neuroepithelium in vivo and support a role for Ocrl in this process. This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel M Williams
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, The Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Lale Gungordu
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, The Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Anthony Jackson-Crawford
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, The Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Martin Lowe
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, The Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
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2
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Kaiser K, Bryja V. Choroid Plexus: The Orchestrator of Long-Range Signalling Within the CNS. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E4760. [PMID: 32635478 PMCID: PMC7369786 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21134760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is the liquid that fills the brain ventricles. CSF represents not only a mechanical brain protection but also a rich source of signalling factors modulating diverse processes during brain development and adulthood. The choroid plexus (CP) is a major source of CSF and as such it has recently emerged as an important mediator of extracellular signalling within the brain. Growing interest in the CP revealed its capacity to release a broad variety of bioactive molecules that, via CSF, regulate processes across the whole central nervous system (CNS). Moreover, CP has been also recognized as a sensor, responding to altered composition of CSF associated with changes in the patterns of CNS activity. In this review, we summarize the recent advances in our understanding of the CP as a signalling centre that mediates long-range communication in the CNS. By providing a detailed account of the CP secretory repertoire, we describe how the CP contributes to the regulation of the extracellular environment-in the context of both the embryonal as well as the adult CNS. We highlight the role of the CP as an important regulator of CNS function that acts via CSF-mediated signalling. Further studies of CP-CSF signalling hold the potential to provide key insights into the biology of the CNS, with implications for better understanding and treatment of neuropathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karol Kaiser
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Vitezslav Bryja
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
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Olstad EW, Ringers C, Hansen JN, Wens A, Brandt C, Wachten D, Yaksi E, Jurisch-Yaksi N. Ciliary Beating Compartmentalizes Cerebrospinal Fluid Flow in the Brain and Regulates Ventricular Development. Curr Biol 2019; 29:229-241.e6. [PMID: 30612902 PMCID: PMC6345627 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2018.11.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Revised: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Motile cilia are miniature, propeller-like extensions, emanating from many cell types across the body. Their coordinated beating generates a directional fluid flow, which is essential for various biological processes, from respiration to reproduction. In the nervous system, ependymal cells extend their motile cilia into the brain ventricles and contribute to cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flow. Although motile cilia are not the only contributors to CSF flow, their functioning is crucial, as patients with motile cilia defects develop clinical features, like hydrocephalus and scoliosis. CSF flow was suggested to primarily deliver nutrients and remove waste, but recent studies emphasized its role in brain development and function. Nevertheless, it remains poorly understood how ciliary beating generates and organizes CSF flow to fulfill these roles. Here, we study motile cilia and CSF flow in the brain ventricles of larval zebrafish. We identified that different populations of motile ciliated cells are spatially organized and generate a directional CSF flow powered by ciliary beating. Our investigations revealed that CSF flow is confined within individual ventricular cavities, with little exchange of fluid between ventricles, despite a pulsatile CSF displacement caused by the heartbeat. Interestingly, our results showed that the ventricular boundaries supporting this compartmentalized CSF flow are abolished during bodily movement, highlighting that multiple physiological processes regulate the hydrodynamics of CSF flow. Finally, we showed that perturbing cilia reduces hydrodynamic coupling between the brain ventricles and disrupts ventricular development. We propose that motile-cilia-generated flow is crucial in regulating the distribution of CSF within and across brain ventricles. Spatially organized motile cilia with rotational beats create directional CSF flow Ciliary beating, heartbeat, and locomotion generate distinct components of CSF flow Joint action of these components balances CSF compartmentalization and dispersion Disruption of ciliary beating leads to ventricular defects during brain development
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie W Olstad
- Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience and Centre for Neural Computation, The Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Olav Kyrres Gate 9, 7030 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Christa Ringers
- Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience and Centre for Neural Computation, The Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Olav Kyrres Gate 9, 7030 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Jan N Hansen
- Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience and Centre for Neural Computation, The Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Olav Kyrres Gate 9, 7030 Trondheim, Norway; Institute of Innate Immunity, Department of Biophysical Imaging, University Hospital, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Adinda Wens
- Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience and Centre for Neural Computation, The Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Olav Kyrres Gate 9, 7030 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Cecilia Brandt
- Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience and Centre for Neural Computation, The Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Olav Kyrres Gate 9, 7030 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Dagmar Wachten
- Institute of Innate Immunity, Department of Biophysical Imaging, University Hospital, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Emre Yaksi
- Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience and Centre for Neural Computation, The Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Olav Kyrres Gate 9, 7030 Trondheim, Norway; Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, St. Olavs University Hospital, Edvard Griegs Gate 8, 7030 Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Nathalie Jurisch-Yaksi
- Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience and Centre for Neural Computation, The Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Olav Kyrres Gate 9, 7030 Trondheim, Norway; Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, St. Olavs University Hospital, Edvard Griegs Gate 8, 7030 Trondheim, Norway.
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Fame RM, Chang JT, Hong A, Aponte-Santiago NA, Sive H. Directional cerebrospinal fluid movement between brain ventricles in larval zebrafish. Fluids Barriers CNS 2016; 13:11. [PMID: 27329482 PMCID: PMC4915066 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-016-0036-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) contained within the brain ventricles contacts neuroepithelial progenitor cells during brain development. Dynamic properties of CSF movement may limit locally produced factors to specific regions of the developing brain. However, there is no study of in vivo CSF dynamics between ventricles in the embryonic brain. We address CSF movement using the zebrafish larva, during the major period of developmental neurogenesis. METHODS CSF movement was monitored at two stages of zebrafish development: early larva [pharyngula stage; 27-30 h post-fertilization (hpf)] and late larva (hatching period; 51-54 hpf) using photoactivatable Kaede protein to calculate average maximum CSF velocity between ventricles. Potential roles for heartbeat in early CSF movement were investigated using tnnt2a mutant fish (tnnt2a (-/-)) and chemical [2,3 butanedione monoxime (BDM)] treatment. Cilia motility was monitored at these stages using the Tg(βact:Arl13b-GFP) transgenic fish line. RESULTS In wild-type early larva there is net CSF movement from the telencephalon to the combined diencephalic/mesencephalic superventricle. This movement directionality reverses at late larval stage. CSF moves directionally from diencephalic to rhombencephalic ventricles at both stages examined, with minimal movement from rhombencephalon to diencephalon. Directional movement is partially dependent on heartbeat, as indicated in assays of tnnt2a (-/-) fish and after BDM treatment. Brain cilia are immotile at the early larval stage. CONCLUSION These data demonstrate directional movement of the embryonic CSF in the zebrafish model during the major period of developmental neurogenesis. A key conclusion is that CSF moves preferentially from the diencephalic into the rhombencephalic ventricle. In addition, the direction of CSF movement between telencephalic and diencephalic ventricles reverses between the early and late larval stages. CSF movement is partially dependent on heartbeat. At early larval stage, the absence of motile cilia indicates that cilia likely do not direct CSF movement. These data suggest that CSF components may be compartmentalized and could contribute to specialization of the early brain. In addition, CSF movement may also provide directional mechanical signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryann M Fame
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Nine Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Jessica T Chang
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Nine Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA.,Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139-4307, USA
| | - Alex Hong
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139-4307, USA
| | | | - Hazel Sive
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Nine Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA. .,Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139-4307, USA.
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Chau KF, Springel MW, Broadbelt KG, Park HY, Topal S, Lun MP, Mullan H, Maynard T, Steen H, LaMantia AS, Lehtinen MK. Progressive Differentiation and Instructive Capacities of Amniotic Fluid and Cerebrospinal Fluid Proteomes following Neural Tube Closure. Dev Cell 2016; 35:789-802. [PMID: 26702835 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2015.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Revised: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
After neural tube closure, amniotic fluid (AF) captured inside the neural tube forms the nascent cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Neuroepithelial stem cells contact CSF-filled ventricles, proliferate, and differentiate to form the mammalian brain, while neurogenic placodes, which generate cranial sensory neurons, remain in contact with the AF. Using in vivo ultrasound imaging, we quantified the expansion of the embryonic ventricular-CSF space from its inception. We developed tools to obtain pure AF and nascent CSF, before and after neural tube closure, and to define how the AF and CSF proteomes diverge during mouse development. Using embryonic neural explants, we demonstrate that age-matched fluids promote Sox2-positive neurogenic identity in developing forebrain and olfactory epithelia. Nascent CSF also stimulates SOX2-positive self-renewal of forebrain progenitor cells, some of which is attributable to LIFR signaling. Our Resource should facilitate the investigation of fluid-tissue interactions during this highly vulnerable stage of early brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin F Chau
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Program in Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Mark W Springel
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Kevin G Broadbelt
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Hye-Yeon Park
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Salih Topal
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Melody P Lun
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Hillary Mullan
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Thomas Maynard
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Institute for Neuroscience, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC 20037, USA
| | - Hanno Steen
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Anthony S LaMantia
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Institute for Neuroscience, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC 20037, USA
| | - Maria K Lehtinen
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Program in Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Whish S, Dziegielewska KM, Møllgård K, Noor NM, Liddelow SA, Habgood MD, Richardson SJ, Saunders NR. The inner CSF-brain barrier: developmentally controlled access to the brain via intercellular junctions. Front Neurosci 2015; 9:16. [PMID: 25729345 PMCID: PMC4325900 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2015.00016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
In the adult the interface between the cerebrospinal fluid and the brain is lined by the ependymal cells, which are joined by gap junctions. These intercellular connections do not provide a diffusional restrain between the two compartments. However, during development this interface, initially consisting of neuroepithelial cells and later radial glial cells, is characterized by “strap” junctions, which limit the exchange of different sized molecules between cerebrospinal fluid and the brain parenchyma. Here we provide a systematic study of permeability properties of this inner cerebrospinal fluid-brain barrier during mouse development from embryonic day, E17 until adult. Results show that at fetal stages exchange across this barrier is restricted to the smallest molecules (286Da) and the diffusional restraint is progressively removed as the brain develops. By postnatal day P20, molecules the size of plasma proteins (70 kDa) diffuse freely. Transcriptomic analysis of junctional proteins present in the cerebrospinal fluid-brain interface showed expression of adherens junctional proteins, actins, cadherins and catenins changing in a development manner consistent with the observed changes in the permeability studies. Gap junction proteins were only identified in the adult as was claudin-11. Immunohistochemistry was used to localize at the cellular level some of the adherens junctional proteins of genes identified from transcriptomic analysis. N-cadherin, β - and α-catenin immunoreactivity was detected outlining the inner CSF-brain interface from E16; most of these markers were not present in the adult ependyma. Claudin-5 was present in the apical-most part of radial glial cells and in endothelial cells in embryos, but only in endothelial cells including plexus endothelial cells in adults. Claudin-11 was only immunopositive in the adult, consistent with results obtained from transcriptomic analysis. These results provide information about physiological, molecular and morphological-related permeability changes occurring at the inner cerebrospinal fluid-brain barrier during brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Whish
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Melbourne Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Kjeld Møllgård
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Natassya M Noor
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Melbourne Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Shane A Liddelow
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Melbourne Parkville, VIC, Australia ; Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Mark D Habgood
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Melbourne Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Norman R Saunders
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Melbourne Parkville, VIC, Australia
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