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Sharbafshaaer M, Gigi I, Lavorgna L, Esposito S, Bonavita S, Tedeschi G, Esposito F, Trojsi F. Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) in Mild Cognitive Impairment: Effects on Cognitive Functions-A Systematic Review. J Clin Med 2023; 12:6190. [PMID: 37834834 PMCID: PMC10573645 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12196190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is a non-invasive brain stimulation technique also used as a non-pharmacological intervention against cognitive impairment. The purpose of the present review was to summarize what is currently known about the effectiveness of rTMS intervention on different cognitive domains in patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and to address potential neuromodulation approaches in combination with electroencephalography (EEG) and neuroimaging, especially functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). In this systematic review, we consulted three main databases (PubMed, Science Direct, and Scopus), and Google Scholar was selected for the gray literature search. The PRISMA flowchart drove the studies' inclusion. The selection process ensured that only high-quality studies were included; after removing duplicate papers, explicit ratings were given based on the quality classification as high (A), moderate (B), or low (C), considering factors such as risks of bias, inaccuracies, inconsistencies, lack of direction, and publication bias. Seven full-text articles fulfilled the stated inclusion, reporting five double-blind, randomized, sham-controlled studies, a case study, and a randomized crossover trial. The results of the reviewed studies suggested that rTMS in MCI patients is safe and effective for enhancing cognitive functions, thus making it a potential therapeutic approach for MCI patients. Changes in functional connectivity within the default mode network (DMN) after targeted rTMS could represent a valuable indicator of treatment response. Finally, high-frequency rTMS over the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) has been shown to significantly enhance cognitive functions, such as executive performance, together with the increase of functional connectivity within frontoparietal networks. The main limitations were the number of included studies and the exclusion of studies using intermittent theta-burst stimulation, used in studies on Alzheimer's disease. Therefore, neuroimaging techniques in combination with rTMS have been shown to be useful for future network-based, fMRI-guided therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minoo Sharbafshaaer
- MRI Research Center, Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, Università degli Studi della Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (M.S.); (I.G.); (S.B.); (G.T.); (F.E.); (F.T.)
| | - Ilaria Gigi
- MRI Research Center, Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, Università degli Studi della Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (M.S.); (I.G.); (S.B.); (G.T.); (F.E.); (F.T.)
| | - Luigi Lavorgna
- First Division of Neurology, Università degli Studi della Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy;
| | - Sabrina Esposito
- First Division of Neurology, Università degli Studi della Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy;
| | - Simona Bonavita
- MRI Research Center, Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, Università degli Studi della Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (M.S.); (I.G.); (S.B.); (G.T.); (F.E.); (F.T.)
- First Division of Neurology, Università degli Studi della Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy;
| | - Gioacchino Tedeschi
- MRI Research Center, Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, Università degli Studi della Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (M.S.); (I.G.); (S.B.); (G.T.); (F.E.); (F.T.)
- First Division of Neurology, Università degli Studi della Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy;
| | - Fabrizio Esposito
- MRI Research Center, Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, Università degli Studi della Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (M.S.); (I.G.); (S.B.); (G.T.); (F.E.); (F.T.)
| | - Francesca Trojsi
- MRI Research Center, Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, Università degli Studi della Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (M.S.); (I.G.); (S.B.); (G.T.); (F.E.); (F.T.)
- First Division of Neurology, Università degli Studi della Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy;
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2
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Van Malderen S, Hehl M, Verstraelen S, Swinnen SP, Cuypers K. Dual-site TMS as a tool to probe effective interactions within the motor network: a review. Rev Neurosci 2023; 34:129-221. [PMID: 36065080 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2022-0020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Dual-site transcranial magnetic stimulation (ds-TMS) is well suited to investigate the causal effect of distant brain regions on the primary motor cortex, both at rest and during motor performance and learning. However, given the broad set of stimulation parameters, clarity about which parameters are most effective for identifying particular interactions is lacking. Here, evidence describing inter- and intra-hemispheric interactions during rest and in the context of motor tasks is reviewed. Our aims are threefold: (1) provide a detailed overview of ds-TMS literature regarding inter- and intra-hemispheric connectivity; (2) describe the applicability and contributions of these interactions to motor control, and; (3) discuss the practical implications and future directions. Of the 3659 studies screened, 109 were included and discussed. Overall, there is remarkable variability in the experimental context for assessing ds-TMS interactions, as well as in the use and reporting of stimulation parameters, hindering a quantitative comparison of results across studies. Further studies examining ds-TMS interactions in a systematic manner, and in which all critical parameters are carefully reported, are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanti Van Malderen
- Department of Movement Sciences, Movement Control & Neuroplasticity Research Group, Group Biomedical Sciences, KU Leuven, Heverlee 3001, Belgium.,Neuroplasticity and Movement Control Research Group, Rehabilitation Research Institute (REVAL), Hasselt University, Diepenbeek 3590, Belgium
| | - Melina Hehl
- Department of Movement Sciences, Movement Control & Neuroplasticity Research Group, Group Biomedical Sciences, KU Leuven, Heverlee 3001, Belgium.,Neuroplasticity and Movement Control Research Group, Rehabilitation Research Institute (REVAL), Hasselt University, Diepenbeek 3590, Belgium
| | - Stefanie Verstraelen
- Neuroplasticity and Movement Control Research Group, Rehabilitation Research Institute (REVAL), Hasselt University, Diepenbeek 3590, Belgium
| | - Stephan P Swinnen
- Department of Movement Sciences, Movement Control & Neuroplasticity Research Group, Group Biomedical Sciences, KU Leuven, Heverlee 3001, Belgium.,KU Leuven, Leuven Brain Institute (LBI), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Koen Cuypers
- Department of Movement Sciences, Movement Control & Neuroplasticity Research Group, Group Biomedical Sciences, KU Leuven, Heverlee 3001, Belgium.,Neuroplasticity and Movement Control Research Group, Rehabilitation Research Institute (REVAL), Hasselt University, Diepenbeek 3590, Belgium
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3
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Soloukey S, Vincent AJPE, Smits M, De Zeeuw CI, Koekkoek SKE, Dirven CMF, Kruizinga P. Functional imaging of the exposed brain. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1087912. [PMID: 36845427 PMCID: PMC9947297 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1087912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
When the brain is exposed, such as after a craniotomy in neurosurgical procedures, we are provided with the unique opportunity for real-time imaging of brain functionality. Real-time functional maps of the exposed brain are vital to ensuring safe and effective navigation during these neurosurgical procedures. However, current neurosurgical practice has yet to fully harness this potential as it pre-dominantly relies on inherently limited techniques such as electrical stimulation to provide functional feedback to guide surgical decision-making. A wealth of especially experimental imaging techniques show unique potential to improve intra-operative decision-making and neurosurgical safety, and as an added bonus, improve our fundamental neuroscientific understanding of human brain function. In this review we compare and contrast close to twenty candidate imaging techniques based on their underlying biological substrate, technical characteristics and ability to meet clinical constraints such as compatibility with surgical workflow. Our review gives insight into the interplay between technical parameters such sampling method, data rate and a technique's real-time imaging potential in the operating room. By the end of the review, the reader will understand why new, real-time volumetric imaging techniques such as functional Ultrasound (fUS) and functional Photoacoustic Computed Tomography (fPACT) hold great clinical potential for procedures in especially highly eloquent areas, despite the higher data rates involved. Finally, we will highlight the neuroscientific perspective on the exposed brain. While different neurosurgical procedures ask for different functional maps to navigate surgical territories, neuroscience potentially benefits from all these maps. In the surgical context we can uniquely combine healthy volunteer studies, lesion studies and even reversible lesion studies in in the same individual. Ultimately, individual cases will build a greater understanding of human brain function in general, which in turn will improve neurosurgeons' future navigational efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadaf Soloukey
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands,Department of Neurosurgery, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Marion Smits
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Chris I. De Zeeuw
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands,Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Dutch Academy for Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | | | | | - Pieter Kruizinga
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands,*Correspondence: Pieter Kruizinga,
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Kaklauskas A, Abraham A, Ubarte I, Kliukas R, Luksaite V, Binkyte-Veliene A, Vetloviene I, Kaklauskiene L. A Review of AI Cloud and Edge Sensors, Methods, and Applications for the Recognition of Emotional, Affective and Physiological States. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:7824. [PMID: 36298176 PMCID: PMC9611164 DOI: 10.3390/s22207824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Affective, emotional, and physiological states (AFFECT) detection and recognition by capturing human signals is a fast-growing area, which has been applied across numerous domains. The research aim is to review publications on how techniques that use brain and biometric sensors can be used for AFFECT recognition, consolidate the findings, provide a rationale for the current methods, compare the effectiveness of existing methods, and quantify how likely they are to address the issues/challenges in the field. In efforts to achieve the key goals of Society 5.0, Industry 5.0, and human-centered design better, the recognition of emotional, affective, and physiological states is progressively becoming an important matter and offers tremendous growth of knowledge and progress in these and other related fields. In this research, a review of AFFECT recognition brain and biometric sensors, methods, and applications was performed, based on Plutchik's wheel of emotions. Due to the immense variety of existing sensors and sensing systems, this study aimed to provide an analysis of the available sensors that can be used to define human AFFECT, and to classify them based on the type of sensing area and their efficiency in real implementations. Based on statistical and multiple criteria analysis across 169 nations, our outcomes introduce a connection between a nation's success, its number of Web of Science articles published, and its frequency of citation on AFFECT recognition. The principal conclusions present how this research contributes to the big picture in the field under analysis and explore forthcoming study trends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arturas Kaklauskas
- Department of Construction Management and Real Estate, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Sauletekio Ave. 11, LT-10223 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Ajith Abraham
- Machine Intelligence Research Labs, Scientific Network for Innovation and Research Excellence, Auburn, WA 98071, USA
| | - Ieva Ubarte
- Institute of Sustainable Construction, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Sauletekio Ave. 11, LT-10223 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Romualdas Kliukas
- Department of Applied Mechanics, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Sauletekio Ave. 11, LT-10223 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Vaida Luksaite
- Department of Construction Management and Real Estate, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Sauletekio Ave. 11, LT-10223 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Arune Binkyte-Veliene
- Institute of Sustainable Construction, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Sauletekio Ave. 11, LT-10223 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Ingrida Vetloviene
- Department of Construction Management and Real Estate, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Sauletekio Ave. 11, LT-10223 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Loreta Kaklauskiene
- Department of Construction Management and Real Estate, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Sauletekio Ave. 11, LT-10223 Vilnius, Lithuania
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5
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Faller J, Doose J, Sun X, Mclntosh JR, Saber GT, Lin Y, Teves JB, Blankenship A, Huffman S, Goldman RI, George MS, Brown TR, Sajda P. Daily prefrontal closed-loop repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) produces progressive EEG quasi-alpha phase entrainment in depressed adults. Brain Stimul 2022; 15:458-471. [PMID: 35231608 PMCID: PMC8979612 DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2022.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a non-invasive neuromodulation modality that can treat depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, or help smoking cessation. Research suggests that timing the delivery of TMS relative to an endogenous brain state may affect efficacy and short-term brain dynamics. OBJECTIVE To investigate whether, for a multi-week daily treatment of repetitive TMS (rTMS), there is an effect on brain dynamics that depends on the timing of the TMS relative to individuals' prefrontal EEG quasi-alpha rhythm (between 6 and 13 Hz). METHOD We developed a novel closed-loop system that delivers personalized EEG-triggered rTMS to patients undergoing treatment for major depressive disorder. In a double blind study, patients received daily treatments of rTMS over a period of six weeks and were randomly assigned to either a synchronized or unsynchronized treatment group, where synchronization of rTMS was to their prefrontal EEG quasi-alpha rhythm. RESULTS When rTMS is applied over the dorsal lateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and synchronized to the patient's prefrontal quasi-alpha rhythm, patients develop strong phase entrainment over a period of weeks, both over the stimulation site as well as in a subset of areas distal to the stimulation site. In addition, at the end of the course of treatment, this group's entrainment phase shifts to be closer to the phase that optimally engages the distal target, namely the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). These entrainment effects are not observed in the group that is given rTMS without initial EEG synchronization of each TMS train. CONCLUSIONS The entrainment effects build over the course of days/weeks, suggesting that these effects engage neuroplastic changes which may have clinical consequences in depression or other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josef Faller
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Jayce Doose
- Center for Biomedical Imaging, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Xiaoxiao Sun
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA; US DEVCOM Army Research Laboratory, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, 20115, USA
| | - James R Mclntosh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Golbarg T Saber
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Yida Lin
- Department of Computer Science, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Joshua B Teves
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Aidan Blankenship
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Sarah Huffman
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Robin I Goldman
- Center for Healthy Minds, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Mark S George
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA; Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center, Charleston, SC, 29401, USA
| | - Truman R Brown
- Center for Biomedical Imaging, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA; Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Paul Sajda
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA; Department of Radiology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA; Department of Electrical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA; Data Science Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA.
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6
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Tang DL, McDaniel A, Watkins KE. Disruption of speech motor adaptation with repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of the articulatory representation in primary motor cortex. Cortex 2021; 145:115-130. [PMID: 34717269 PMCID: PMC8650828 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2021.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
When auditory feedback perturbation is introduced in a predictable way over a number of utterances, speakers learn to compensate by adjusting their own productions, a process known as sensorimotor adaptation. Despite multiple lines of evidence indicating the role of primary motor cortex (M1) in motor learning and memory, whether M1 causally contributes to sensorimotor adaptation in the speech domain remains unclear. Here, we aimed to assay whether temporary disruption of the articulatory representation in left M1 by repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) impairs speech adaptation. To induce sensorimotor adaptation, the frequencies of first formants (F1) were shifted up and played back to participants when they produced “head”, “bed”, and “dead” repeatedly (the learning phase). A low-frequency rTMS train (.6 Hz, subthreshold, 12 min) over either the tongue or the hand representation of M1 (between-subjects design) was applied before participants experienced altered auditory feedback in the learning phase. We found that the group who received rTMS over the hand representation showed the expected compensatory response for the upwards shift in F1 by significantly reducing F1 and increasing the second formant (F2) frequencies in their productions. In contrast, these expected compensatory changes in both F1 and F2 did not occur in the group that received rTMS over the tongue representation. Critically, rTMS (subthreshold) over the tongue representation did not affect vowel production, which was unchanged from baseline. These results provide direct evidence that the articulatory representation in left M1 causally contributes to sensorimotor learning in speech. Furthermore, these results also suggest that M1 is critical to the network supporting a more global adaptation that aims to move the altered speech production closer to a learnt pattern of speech production used to produce another vowel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ding-Lan Tang
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, UK.
| | - Alexander McDaniel
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Kate E Watkins
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, UK
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Kurada HZ, Arıca-Akkök E, Özaydın-Aksun Z, Şener HÖ, Lavidor M. The impact of transparency on hemispheric lateralization of idiom comprehension: An rTMS study. Neuropsychologia 2021; 163:108062. [PMID: 34655650 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2021.108062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Previous neuropsychological data have equivocal suggestions concerning hemispheric involvement during idiom comprehension. The possible contribution of idioms transparency to the lateralization of figurative language comprehension has not been investigated using an interference technique. To analyse the cortical lateralization of idiom transparency processing, we employed inhibitory repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) to the left and right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) during the processing of opaque idioms, transparent idioms, and non-idiomatic literal phrases. Based on the Coarse Semantic Coding theory, we predicted a greater right hemisphere involvement when processing opaque than transparent idioms. Eighteen young healthy participants underwent rTMS pulses at 1 Hz frequency, 110% of motor threshold intensity for 15 min (900 pulses) in two sessions at one-week intervals. In a semantic decision task, participants judged the relatedness of an idiom and a target word. The target word was figuratively or literally related to the idiom, or unrelated. The study also included non-idiomatic sentences. We found that left DLPFC functions are more critical for comprehension of opaque rather than transparent idioms when referring to the figurative associations of the idioms. Opaque idioms, in the context of their figurative meaning, rely more heavily on left hemisphere resources. This finding suggests that opaque idioms are seemingly processed as one unit. Taken together, we believe that the transparency of idiomatic expressions may play an important role in modulating hemispheric functions involved in figurative language processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hazel Zeynep Kurada
- Hacettepe University, Department of Speech and Language Therapy, Ankara, Turkey; Ankara University, Linguistics Department, Ankara, Turkey.
| | | | - Zerin Özaydın-Aksun
- Ankara University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Ankara, Turkey
| | - H Özden Şener
- Ankara University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Michal Lavidor
- Bar Ilan University, Department of Psychology, and the Gonda Brain Research Center, Israel
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New Horizons on Non-invasive Brain Stimulation of the Social and Affective Cerebellum. THE CEREBELLUM 2021; 21:482-496. [PMID: 34270081 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-021-01300-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The cerebellum is increasingly attracting scientists interested in basic and clinical research of neuromodulation. Here, we review available studies that used either transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) or transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) to examine the role of the posterior cerebellum in different aspects of social and affective cognition, from mood regulation to emotion discrimination, and from the ability to identify biological motion to higher-level social inferences (mentalizing). We discuss how at the functional level the role of the posterior cerebellum in these different processes may be explained by a generic prediction mechanism and how the posterior cerebellum may exert this function within different cortico-cerebellar and cerebellar limbic networks involved in social cognition. Furthermore, we suggest to deepen our understanding of the cerebro-cerebellar circuits involved in different aspects of social cognition by employing promising stimulation approaches that have so far been primarily used to study cortical functions and networks, such as paired-pulse TMS, frequency-tuned stimulation, state-dependent protocols, and chronometric TMS. The ability to modulate cerebro-cerebellar connectivity opens up possible clinical applications for improving impairments in social and affective skills associated with cerebellar abnormalities.
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Rolle CE, Baumer FM, Jordan JT, Berry K, Garcia M, Monusko K, Trivedi H, Wu W, Toll R, Buckwalter MS, Lansberg M, Etkin A. Mapping causal circuit dynamics in stroke using simultaneous electroencephalography and transcranial magnetic stimulation. BMC Neurol 2021; 21:280. [PMID: 34271872 PMCID: PMC8283835 DOI: 10.1186/s12883-021-02319-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Motor impairment after stroke is due not only to direct tissue loss but also to disrupted connectivity within the motor network. Mixed results from studies attempting to enhance motor recovery with Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) highlight the need for a better understanding of both connectivity after stroke and the impact of TMS on this connectivity. This study used TMS-EEG to map the causal information flow in the motor network of healthy adult subjects and define how stroke alters these circuits. METHODS Fourteen stroke patients and 12 controls received TMS to two sites (bilateral primary motor cortices) during two motor tasks (paretic/dominant hand movement vs. rest) while EEG measured the cortical response to TMS pulses. TMS-EEG based connectivity measurements were derived for each hemisphere and the change in connectivity (ΔC) between the two motor tasks was calculated. We analyzed if ΔC for each hemisphere differed between the stroke and control groups or across TMS sites, and whether ΔC correlated with arm function in stroke patients. RESULTS Right hand movement increased connectivity in the left compared to the right hemisphere in controls, while hand movement did not significantly change connectivity in either hemisphere in stroke. Stroke patients with the largest increase in healthy hemisphere connectivity during paretic hand movement had the best arm function. CONCLUSIONS TMS-EEG measurements are sensitive to movement-induced changes in brain connectivity. These measurements may characterize clinically meaningful changes in circuit dynamics after stroke, thus providing specific targets for trials of TMS in post-stroke rehabilitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camarin E Rolle
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, 401 Quarry Road, MC: 5797, Stanford, CA, 94305-5797, USA.,Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.,Sierra-Pacific Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Centers (MIRECC), Palo Alto Veterans Health Care Administration, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Fiona M Baumer
- Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.,Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Joshua T Jordan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California At San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ketura Berry
- School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Madelleine Garcia
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Karen Monusko
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, 401 Quarry Road, MC: 5797, Stanford, CA, 94305-5797, USA
| | - Hersh Trivedi
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, 401 Quarry Road, MC: 5797, Stanford, CA, 94305-5797, USA
| | - Wei Wu
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, 401 Quarry Road, MC: 5797, Stanford, CA, 94305-5797, USA.,Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.,Sierra-Pacific Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Centers (MIRECC), Palo Alto Veterans Health Care Administration, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Russell Toll
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, 401 Quarry Road, MC: 5797, Stanford, CA, 94305-5797, USA.,Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.,Sierra-Pacific Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Centers (MIRECC), Palo Alto Veterans Health Care Administration, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Marion S Buckwalter
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Maarten Lansberg
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Amit Etkin
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, 401 Quarry Road, MC: 5797, Stanford, CA, 94305-5797, USA. .,Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA. .,Sierra-Pacific Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Centers (MIRECC), Palo Alto Veterans Health Care Administration, Palo Alto, CA, USA.
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10
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Hobot J, Klincewicz M, Sandberg K, Wierzchoń M. Causal Inferences in Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Research: Challenges and Perspectives. Front Hum Neurosci 2021; 14:586448. [PMID: 33584220 PMCID: PMC7873895 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2020.586448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is used to make inferences about relationships between brain areas and their functions because, in contrast to neuroimaging tools, it modulates neuronal activity. The central aim of this article is to critically evaluate to what extent it is possible to draw causal inferences from repetitive TMS (rTMS) data. To that end, we describe the logical limitations of inferences based on rTMS experiments. The presented analysis suggests that rTMS alone does not provide the sort of premises that are sufficient to warrant strong inferences about the direct causal properties of targeted brain structures. Overcoming these limitations demands a close look at the designs of rTMS studies, especially the methodological and theoretical conditions which are necessary for the functional decomposition of the relations between brain areas and cognitive functions. The main points of this article are that TMS-based inferences are limited in that stimulation-related causal effects are not equivalent to structure-related causal effects due to TMS side effects, the electric field distribution, and the sensitivity of neuroimaging and behavioral methods in detecting structure-related effects and disentangling them from confounds. Moreover, the postulated causal effects can be based on indirect (network) effects. A few suggestions on how to manage some of these limitations are presented. We discuss the benefits of combining rTMS with neuroimaging in experimental reasoning and we address the restrictions and requirements of rTMS control conditions. The use of neuroimaging and control conditions allows stronger inferences to be gained, but the strength of the inferences that can be drawn depends on the individual experiment's designs. Moreover, in some cases, TMS might not be an appropriate method of answering causality-related questions or the hypotheses have to account for the limitations of this technique. We hope this summary and formalization of the reasoning behind rTMS research can be of use not only for scientists and clinicians who intend to interpret rTMS results causally but also for philosophers interested in causal inferences based on brain stimulation research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Hobot
- Consciousness Lab, Psychology Institute, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
- Center of Functionally Integrative Neuroscience, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Michał Klincewicz
- Cognitive Science, Institute of Philosophy, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
- Department of Cognitive Science and Artificial Intelligence, Tilburg University, Tilburg, Netherlands
| | - Kristian Sandberg
- Center of Functionally Integrative Neuroscience, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Center of Functionally Integrative Neuroscience, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Michał Wierzchoń
- Consciousness Lab, Psychology Institute, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
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11
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Deschamps I, Courson M, Dick AS, Tremblay P. The phonological loop: is speech special? Exp Brain Res 2020; 238:2307-2321. [PMID: 32734355 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-020-05886-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
It has been proposed that the maintenance of phonological information in verbal working memory (vWM) is carried by a domain-specific short-term storage center-the phonological loop-which is composed of a phonological store and an articulatory rehearsal system. Several brain regions including the left posterior inferior frontal gyrus (pIFG) and anterior supramarginal gyri (aSMG) are thought to support these processes. However, recent behavioral evidence suggests that verbal and non-verbal auditory information may be processed as part of a unique domain general short-term storage center instead of through specialized subsystems such as the phonological loop. In the current study, we used a single-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)-delayed priming paradigm with speech (syllables) and acoustically complex non-speech sounds (bird songs) to examine whether the pIFG and aSMG are involved in the processing of verbal information or, alternatively, in the processing of any complex auditory information. Our results demonstrate that TMS delivered to both regions had an effect on performance for speech and non-speech stimuli, but the nature of the effect was different. That is, priming was reduced for the speech sounds because TMS facilitated the detection of different but not identical stimuli, and accuracy was decreased for non-speech sounds. Since TMS interfered with both speech and non-speech sounds, these findings support the existence of an auditory short-term storage center located within the dorsal auditory stream.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Deschamps
- Département de Réadaptation, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, 1050 Avenue de La Médecine, Office 4109, Quebec City, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
- CERVO Brain Research Centre, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Melody Courson
- Département de Réadaptation, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, 1050 Avenue de La Médecine, Office 4109, Quebec City, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
- CERVO Brain Research Centre, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | | | - Pascale Tremblay
- Département de Réadaptation, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, 1050 Avenue de La Médecine, Office 4109, Quebec City, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada.
- CERVO Brain Research Centre, Quebec City, QC, Canada.
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12
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Single-Pulse TMS over the Parietal Cortex Does Not Impair Sensorimotor Perturbation-Induced Changes in Motor Commands. eNeuro 2020; 7:ENEURO.0209-19.2020. [PMID: 32108021 PMCID: PMC7101479 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0209-19.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Intermittent exposure to a sensorimotor perturbation, such as a visuomotor rotation, is known to cause a directional bias on the subsequent movement that opposes the previously experienced perturbation. To date, it is unclear whether the parietal cortex is causally involved in this postperturbation movement bias. In a recent electroencephalogram study, Savoie et al. (2018) observed increased parietal activity in response to an intermittent visuomotor perturbation, raising the possibility that the parietal cortex could subserve this change in motor behavior. The goal of the present study was to causally test this hypothesis. Human participants (N = 28) reached toward one of two visual targets located on either side of a fixation point, while being pseudorandomly submitted to a visuomotor rotation. On half of all rotation trials, single-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) was applied over the right (N = 14) or left (N = 14) parietal cortex 150 ms after visual feedback provision. To determine whether TMS influenced the postperturbation bias, reach direction was compared on trials that followed rotation with (RS + 1) and without (R + 1) TMS. It was hypothesized that interfering with parietal activity would reduce the movement bias following rotated trials. Results revealed a significant and robust postrotation directional bias compared with both rotation and null rotation trials. Contrary to our hypothesis, however, neither left nor right parietal stimulation significantly impacted the postrotation bias. These data suggest that the parietal areas targeted here may not be critical for perturbation-induced motor output changes to emerge.
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13
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Caldwell DJ, Ojemann JG, Rao RPN. Direct Electrical Stimulation in Electrocorticographic Brain-Computer Interfaces: Enabling Technologies for Input to Cortex. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:804. [PMID: 31440127 PMCID: PMC6692891 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Electrocorticographic brain computer interfaces (ECoG-BCIs) offer tremendous opportunities for restoring function in individuals suffering from neurological damage and for advancing basic neuroscience knowledge. ECoG electrodes are already commonly used clinically for monitoring epilepsy and have greater spatial specificity in recording neuronal activity than techniques such as electroencephalography (EEG). Much work to date in the field has focused on using ECoG signals recorded from cortex as control outputs for driving end effectors. An equally important but less explored application of an ECoG-BCI is directing input into cortex using ECoG electrodes for direct electrical stimulation (DES). Combining DES with ECoG recording enables a truly bidirectional BCI, where information is both read from and written to the brain. We discuss the advantages and opportunities, as well as the barriers and challenges presented by using DES in an ECoG-BCI. In this article, we review ECoG electrodes, the physics and physiology of DES, and the use of electrical stimulation of the brain for the clinical treatment of disorders such as epilepsy and Parkinson’s disease. We briefly discuss some of the translational, regulatory, financial, and ethical concerns regarding ECoG-BCIs. Next, we describe the use of ECoG-based DES for providing sensory feedback and for probing and modifying cortical connectivity. We explore future directions, which may draw on invasive animal studies with penetrating and surface electrodes as well as non-invasive stimulation methods such as transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). We conclude by describing enabling technologies, such as smaller ECoG electrodes for more precise targeting of cortical areas, signal processing strategies for simultaneous stimulation and recording, and computational modeling and algorithms for tailoring stimulation to each individual brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Caldwell
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.,Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.,Center for Neurotechnology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Jeffrey G Ojemann
- Center for Neurotechnology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.,Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Rajesh P N Rao
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.,Center for Neurotechnology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.,Paul G. Allen School of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
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14
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Maeng LY, Murillo MF, Mu M, Lo MC, de la Rosa M, O'Brien JM, Freeman DK, Widge AS. Behavioral validation of a wireless low-power neurostimulation technology in a conditioned place preference task. J Neural Eng 2019; 16:026022. [PMID: 30620935 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/aafc72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Neurostimulation technologies are important for studying neural circuits and the connections that underlie neurological and psychiatric disorders. However, current methods come with limitations such as the restraint on movement imposed by the wires delivering stimulation. The objective of this study was to assess whether the e-Particle (EP), a novel wireless neurostimulator, could sufficiently stimulate the brain to modify behavior without these limitations. APPROACH Rats were implanted with the EP and a commercially available stimulating electrode. Animals received rewarding brain stimulation, and performance in a conditioned place preference (CPP) task was measured. To ensure stimulation-induced neuronal activation, immediate early gene c-fos expression was also measured. MAIN RESULTS The EP was validated in a commonly used CPP task by demonstrating that (1) wireless stimulation via the EP induced preference behavior that was comparable to that induced by standard wired electrodes and (2) neuronal activation was observed in projection targets of the stimulation site. SIGNIFICANCE The EP may help achieve a better understanding of existing brain stimulation methods while overcoming their limitations. Validation of the EP in a behavioral model suggests that the benefits of this technology may extend to other areas of animal research and potentially to human clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Y Maeng
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129, United States of America
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15
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Rinaldi A, Rinaldi C, Coelho Pereira JA, Lotti Margotti M, Bittencourt MN, Barcessat ARP, Fontani V, Rinaldi S. Radio electric asymmetric conveyer neuromodulation in depression, anxiety, and stress. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2019; 15:469-480. [PMID: 30858704 PMCID: PMC6387613 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s195466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to assess the efficacy of specific neuromodulation treatments performed with radio electric asymmetric conveyer (REAC) technology in the treatment of the symptomatic triad depression, anxiety, and stress by the use of a specific psychometric test such as the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale-42 items (DASS-42) version, which assesses simultaneously the severity of expression of this triad. PATIENTS AND METHODS The design of this study was planned to compare two populations that performed DASS-42 test twice within a similar period of time. The first population performed the first DASS test before the treatment and the second test about 3 months later, at the end of two specific REAC neuromodulation treatments, neuropostural optimization (NPO) and neuropsychophysical optimization (NPPO), that have previously shown an efficacy in the treatment of depression, anxiety and stress. The second population (untreated), used as the randomized control group, consisted of a similar group by gender and age, who performed the DASS-42 test in an online platform twice, with an interval of about 3 months between the first and second tests, similar to the interval between the two tests in the treated group. RESULTS The comparison between the treated group and the control group points out the REAC treatment efficacy in improving the quality of life. At the second DASS-42 test, self-administered about 3 months after the treatments, treated patients were positioned on average values of much milder severity in all the three clusters, depression, anxiety, and stress, while in untreated patients there was no significant difference between the mean values of the first and second DASS tests. CONCLUSION The results obtained in this study, evaluated with the DASS-42 test, confirm that REAC-NPO and REAC-NPPO neuromodulation treatments can be useful tools for the clinical treatment of depression, anxiety, and stress, as already proven by previous results evaluated with different psychometric tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianna Rinaldi
- Department of Neuro Psycho Physio Pathology and Neuro Psycho Physical Optimization, Rinaldi Fontani Institute, Florence, Italy, .,Research Department, Rinaldi Fontani Foundation, Florence, Italy,
| | - Chiara Rinaldi
- Department of Neuro Psycho Physio Pathology and Neuro Psycho Physical Optimization, Rinaldi Fontani Institute, Florence, Italy, .,Research Department, Rinaldi Fontani Foundation, Florence, Italy,
| | | | - Matteo Lotti Margotti
- Department of Neuro Psycho Physio Pathology and Neuro Psycho Physical Optimization, Rinaldi Fontani Institute, Florence, Italy, .,Research Department, Rinaldi Fontani Foundation, Florence, Italy,
| | | | | | - Vania Fontani
- Department of Neuro Psycho Physio Pathology and Neuro Psycho Physical Optimization, Rinaldi Fontani Institute, Florence, Italy, .,Research Department, Rinaldi Fontani Foundation, Florence, Italy,
| | - Salvatore Rinaldi
- Department of Neuro Psycho Physio Pathology and Neuro Psycho Physical Optimization, Rinaldi Fontani Institute, Florence, Italy, .,Research Department, Rinaldi Fontani Foundation, Florence, Italy,
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16
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Peviani V, Magnani FG, Ciricugno A, Vecchi T, Bottini G. Rubber Hand Illusion survives Ventral Premotor area inhibition: A rTMS study. Neuropsychologia 2018; 120:18-24. [PMID: 30266289 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2018.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Revised: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The sense of body ownership is a fundamental feature that refers to the ability to recognize our body as our own, allowing us to interact properly with the outside world. Usually, it is explored by means of the Rubber Hand Illusion (RHI) during which a dummy hand is incorporated in the mental representation of one's own body throughout a multisensory (visuo-tactile) integration mechanism. Particular attention has been paid to the neurofunctional counterparts of this mechanism highlighting the pivotal role of an occipito-parieto-frontal network involving the Ventral Premotor area (PMv). To date, the specific role of the PMv in generating the sense of ownership is still unknown. In this study, we aimed at exploring the role of PMv in generating and experiencing the RHI. Off-line repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) was applied to a group of 24 healthy participants whilst changes in proprioceptive judgment and self-reported illusion sensations were collected and analysed separately. The PMv was not directly implicated in generating the sense of ownership. Indeed, its inhibition affected the explicit detection of the visuo-tactile congruence without interfering with the illusion experience itself. We hypothesized that the conscious visuo-tactile congruence detection may be independent from the conscious illusion experience. Also, our results support the view that the RHI grounds on a complex interaction between bottom-up and top-down processes, as the visuo-tactile integration per se may be not sufficient to trigger the subjective illusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Peviani
- Department of Brain and Behavioural Sciences, University of Pavia, Via Bassi, 21, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | - F G Magnani
- Department of Brain and Behavioural Sciences, University of Pavia, Via Bassi, 21, 27100 Pavia, Italy; ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Piazza dell'Ospedale Maggiore 3, 20162 Milan, Italy; NeuroMi - Milan Center for Neuroscience, Milan, Italy.
| | - A Ciricugno
- Department of Brain and Behavioural Sciences, University of Pavia, Via Bassi, 21, 27100 Pavia, Italy; Brain Connectivity Center, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Via Mondino, 27100 Pavia Italy.
| | - T Vecchi
- Department of Brain and Behavioural Sciences, University of Pavia, Via Bassi, 21, 27100 Pavia, Italy; Brain Connectivity Center, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Via Mondino, 27100 Pavia Italy.
| | - G Bottini
- Department of Brain and Behavioural Sciences, University of Pavia, Via Bassi, 21, 27100 Pavia, Italy; ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Piazza dell'Ospedale Maggiore 3, 20162 Milan, Italy; NeuroMi - Milan Center for Neuroscience, Milan, Italy.
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17
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Functional brain mapping: overview of techniques and their application to neurosurgery. Neurosurg Rev 2018; 42:639-647. [DOI: 10.1007/s10143-018-1007-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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18
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Cattaneo L. Fancies and Fallacies of Spatial Sampling With Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS). Front Psychol 2018; 9:1171. [PMID: 30026721 PMCID: PMC6042252 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Cattaneo
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Biomedicina e Movimento, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
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19
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Jun J, Yoo S. Three Research Strategies of Neuroscience and the Future of Legal Imaging Evidence. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:120. [PMID: 29545740 PMCID: PMC5837991 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroscientific imaging evidence (NIE) has become an integral part of the criminal justice system in the United States. However, in most legal cases, NIE is submitted and used only to mitigate penalties because the court does not recognize it as substantial evidence, considering its lack of reliability. Nevertheless, we here discuss how neuroscience is expected to improve the use of NIE in the legal system. For this purpose, we classified the efforts of neuroscientists into three research strategies: cognitive subtraction, the data-driven approach, and the brain-manipulation approach. Cognitive subtraction is outdated and problematic; consequently, the court deemed it to be an inadequate approach in terms of legal evidence in 2012. In contrast, the data-driven and brain manipulation approaches, which are state-of-the-art approaches, have overcome the limitations of cognitive subtraction. The data-driven approach brings data science into the field and is benefiting immensely from the development of research platforms that allow automatized collection, analysis, and sharing of data. This broadens the scale of imaging evidence. The brain-manipulation approach uses high-functioning tools that facilitate non-invasive and precise human brain manipulation. These two approaches are expected to have synergistic effects. Neuroscience has strived to improve the evidential reliability of NIE, with considerable success. With the support of cutting-edge technologies, and the progress of these approaches, the evidential status of NIE will be improved and NIE will become an increasingly important part of legal practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinkwon Jun
- KIAS Transdisciplinary Research Program, Korea Institute for Advanced Study, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Soyoung Yoo
- Human Research Protection Center, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea.,Health Innovation Big Data Center, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
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20
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Not all visual symmetry is equal: Partially distinct neural bases for vertical and horizontal symmetry. Neuropsychologia 2017; 104:126-132. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Revised: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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21
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Lee W, Kim S, Kim B, Lee C, Chung YA, Kim L, Yoo SS. Non-invasive transmission of sensorimotor information in humans using an EEG/focused ultrasound brain-to-brain interface. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0178476. [PMID: 28598972 PMCID: PMC5466306 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0178476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
We present non-invasive means that detect unilateral hand motor brain activity from one individual and subsequently stimulate the somatosensory area of another individual, thus, enabling the remote hemispheric link between each brain hemisphere in humans. Healthy participants were paired as a sender and a receiver. A sender performed a motor imagery task of either right or left hand, and associated changes in the electroencephalogram (EEG) mu rhythm (8-10 Hz) originating from either hemisphere were programmed to move a computer cursor to a target that appeared in either left or right of the computer screen. When the cursor reaches its target, the outcome was transmitted to another computer over the internet, and actuated the focused ultrasound (FUS) devices that selectively and non-invasively stimulated either the right or left hand somatosensory area of the receiver. Small FUS transducers effectively allowed for the independent administration of stimulatory ultrasonic waves to somatosensory areas. The stimulation elicited unilateral tactile sensation of the hand from the receiver, thus establishing the hemispheric brain-to-brain interface (BBI). Although there was a degree of variability in task accuracy, six pairs of volunteers performed the BBI task in high accuracy, transferring approximately eight commands per minute. Linkage between the hemispheric brain activities among individuals suggests the possibility for expansion of the information bandwidth in the context of BBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wonhye Lee
- Incheon St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Incheon, Korea.,Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Suji Kim
- Center for Bionics, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Korea
| | - Byeongnam Kim
- Center for Bionics, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chungki Lee
- Center for Bionics, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yong An Chung
- Incheon St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Incheon, Korea
| | - Laehyun Kim
- Center for Bionics, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung-Schik Yoo
- Incheon St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Incheon, Korea.,Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America.,Center for Bionics, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Korea
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22
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Talkington WJ, Pollard BS, Olesh EV, Gritsenko V. Multifunctional Setup for Studying Human Motor Control Using Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation, Electromyography, Motion Capture, and Virtual Reality. J Vis Exp 2015. [PMID: 26384034 DOI: 10.3791/52906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The study of neuromuscular control of movement in humans is accomplished with numerous technologies. Non-invasive methods for investigating neuromuscular function include transcranial magnetic stimulation, electromyography, and three-dimensional motion capture. The advent of readily available and cost-effective virtual reality solutions has expanded the capabilities of researchers in recreating "real-world" environments and movements in a laboratory setting. Naturalistic movement analysis will not only garner a greater understanding of motor control in healthy individuals, but also permit the design of experiments and rehabilitation strategies that target specific motor impairments (e.g. stroke). The combined use of these tools will lead to increasingly deeper understanding of neural mechanisms of motor control. A key requirement when combining these data acquisition systems is fine temporal correspondence between the various data streams. This protocol describes a multifunctional system's overall connectivity, intersystem signaling, and the temporal synchronization of recorded data. Synchronization of the component systems is primarily accomplished through the use of a customizable circuit, readily made with off the shelf components and minimal electronics assembly skills.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J Talkington
- Department of Human Performance and Applied Exercise Science, Division of Physical Therapy, West Virginia University;
| | - Bradley S Pollard
- Department of Human Performance and Applied Exercise Science, Division of Physical Therapy, West Virginia University
| | - Erienne V Olesh
- Department of Human Performance and Applied Exercise Science, Division of Physical Therapy, West Virginia University
| | - Valeriya Gritsenko
- Department of Human Performance and Applied Exercise Science, Division of Physical Therapy, West Virginia University
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