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Capuana E, Lopresti F, Ceraulo M, La Carrubba V. Poly-l-Lactic Acid (PLLA)-Based Biomaterials for Regenerative Medicine: A Review on Processing and Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14061153. [PMID: 35335484 PMCID: PMC8955974 DOI: 10.3390/polym14061153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Synthetic biopolymers are effective cues to replace damaged tissue in the tissue engineering (TE) field, both for in vitro and in vivo application. Among them, poly-l-lactic acid (PLLA) has been highlighted as a biomaterial with tunable mechanical properties and biodegradability that allows for the fabrication of porous scaffolds with different micro/nanostructures via various approaches. In this review, we discuss the structure of PLLA, its main properties, and the most recent advances in overcoming its hydrophobic, synthetic nature, which limits biological signaling and protein absorption. With this aim, PLLA-based scaffolds can be exposed to surface modification or combined with other biomaterials, such as natural or synthetic polymers and bioceramics. Further, various fabrication technologies, such as phase separation, electrospinning, and 3D printing, of PLLA-based scaffolds are scrutinized along with the in vitro and in vivo applications employed in various tissue repair strategies. Overall, this review focuses on the properties and applications of PLLA in the TE field, finally affording an insight into future directions and challenges to address an effective improvement of scaffold properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Capuana
- Department of Engineering, University of Palermo, RU INSTM, Viale delle Scienze, 90128 Palermo, Italy; (E.C.); (M.C.); (V.L.C.)
| | - Francesco Lopresti
- Department of Engineering, University of Palermo, RU INSTM, Viale delle Scienze, 90128 Palermo, Italy; (E.C.); (M.C.); (V.L.C.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Manuela Ceraulo
- Department of Engineering, University of Palermo, RU INSTM, Viale delle Scienze, 90128 Palermo, Italy; (E.C.); (M.C.); (V.L.C.)
| | - Vincenzo La Carrubba
- Department of Engineering, University of Palermo, RU INSTM, Viale delle Scienze, 90128 Palermo, Italy; (E.C.); (M.C.); (V.L.C.)
- ATeN Center, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, 90128 Palermo, Italy
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Scaffaro R, Maio A, Sutera F, Gulino EF, Morreale M. Degradation and Recycling of Films Based on Biodegradable Polymers: A Short Review. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:E651. [PMID: 30970659 PMCID: PMC6523205 DOI: 10.3390/polym11040651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Revised: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The environmental performance of biodegradable materials has attracted attention from the academic and the industrial research over the recent years. Currently, degradation behavior and possible recyclability features, as well as actual recycling paths of such systems, are crucial to give them both durability and eco-sustainability. This paper presents a review of the degradation behaviour of biodegradable polymers and related composites, with particular concern for multi-layer films. The processing of biodegradable polymeric films and the manufacturing and properties of multilayer films based on biodegradable polymers will be discussed. The results and data collected show that: poly-lactic acid (PLA), poly-butylene adipate-co-terephthalate (PBAT) and poly-caprolactone (PCL) are the most used biodegradable polymers, but are prone to hydrolytic degradation during processing; environmental degradation is favored by enzymes, and can take place within weeks, while in water it can take from months to years; thermal degradation during recycling basically follows a hydrolytic path, due to moisture and high temperatures (β-scissions and transesterification) which may compromise processing and recycling; ultraviolet (UV) and thermal stabilization can be adequately performed using suitable stabilizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Scaffaro
- University of Palermo, Department of Engineering, Viale delle Scienze, 90128 Palermo, Italy.
| | - Andrea Maio
- University of Palermo, Department of Engineering, Viale delle Scienze, 90128 Palermo, Italy.
| | - Fiorenza Sutera
- University of Palermo, Department of Engineering, Viale delle Scienze, 90128 Palermo, Italy.
| | | | - Marco Morreale
- Kore University of Enna, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Cittadella Universitaria, 94100 Enna, Italy.
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Kostopoulos V, Kotrotsos A, Fouriki K. Graphene Nanoplatelet- and Hydroxyapatite-Doped Supramolecular Electrospun Fibers as Potential Materials for Tissue Engineering and Cell Culture. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E1674. [PMID: 30987205 PMCID: PMC6480389 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20071674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Revised: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Porous and fibrous artificial extracellular matrices (ECM) called scaffolds are considered to be promising avenues of research in the field of biomedical engineering, including tissue fabrication through cell culture. The current work deals with the fabrication of new matrix-type scaffolds through electrospinning, in order to support future three-dimensional tissue formation. The selected material for the fabrication of these scaffolds was a supramolecular polymer (SP) that is based on ureiodypyrimidone hydrogen bonding units (UPy). More precisely, pure SP and modified electrospun scaffolds with (a) graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs), (b) hydroxyapatite (HA), and (c) a mixture of both were fabricated for the needs of the current study. The aim of this work is to engineer and to characterize SP electrospun scaffolds (with and without fillers) and study whether the introduction of the fillers improve the physical and mechanical properties of them. The obtained results indicate that doping the SP scaffolds with GNPs led to improved apparent mechanical properties while HA seems to slightly deteriorate them. For all cases, doping provided thinner fibers with a more hydrophilic surface. Taking together, these types of SP scaffolds can be further studied as potential candidate for cell culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vassilis Kostopoulos
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Aeronautics, University of Patras, Patras University Campus, GR-26504 Patras, Greece.
- Foundation of Research and Technology, Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences (FORTH/ICE-HT), Stadiou Str., GR-26504 Patras, Greece.
| | - Athanasios Kotrotsos
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Aeronautics, University of Patras, Patras University Campus, GR-26504 Patras, Greece.
| | - Kalliopi Fouriki
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Aeronautics, University of Patras, Patras University Campus, GR-26504 Patras, Greece.
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Scaffaro R, Lopresti F, Marino A, Nostro A. Antimicrobial additives for poly(lactic acid) materials and their applications: current state and perspectives. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 102:7739-7756. [PMID: 30009322 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-9220-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Poly(lactic acid)-based antimicrobial materials received considerable attention as promising systems to control microbial growth. The remarkable physicochemical properties of PLA such as renewability, biodegradability, and US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval for clinical use open up interesting perspectives for application in food packaging and biomedical materials. Nowadays, there is an increasing consumer demands for fresh, high-quality, and natural foods packaged with environmentally friendly materials that prolong the shelf life. The incorporation of antimicrobial agents into PLA-based polymers is likely to lead to the next generation of packaging materials. The development of antimicrobial PLA materials as a delivery system or coating for biomedical devices is also advantageous in order to reduce possible dose-dependent side effects and limit the phenomena of antibiotic resistance. This mini-review summarizes the most recent advances made in antimicrobial PLA-based polymers including their preparation, biocidal action, and applications. It also highlights the potential of PLA systems as efficient stabilizers-carriers of various kinds of antimicrobial additives including essential oils and other natural compounds, active particles and nanoparticles, and conventional and synthetic molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Scaffaro
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile, Ambientale, Aerospaziale, dei Materiali, RU INSTM, Università di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze Ed. 6, 90128, Palermo, Italy
| | - Francesco Lopresti
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile, Ambientale, Aerospaziale, dei Materiali, RU INSTM, Università di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze Ed. 6, 90128, Palermo, Italy
| | - Andreana Marino
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche e Ambientali, Polo Annunziata, Università degli Studi di Messina, 98168, Messina, Italy
| | - Antonia Nostro
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche e Ambientali, Polo Annunziata, Università degli Studi di Messina, 98168, Messina, Italy.
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Scaffaro R, Maio A, Lopresti F, Botta L. Nanocarbons in Electrospun Polymeric Nanomats for Tissue Engineering: A Review. Polymers (Basel) 2017; 9:E76. [PMID: 30970753 PMCID: PMC6432463 DOI: 10.3390/polym9020076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Electrospinning is a versatile process technology, exploited for the production of fibers with varying diameters, ranging from nano- to micro-scale, particularly useful for a wide range of applications. Among these, tissue engineering is particularly relevant to this technology since electrospun fibers offer topological structure features similar to the native extracellular matrix, thus providing an excellent environment for the growth of cells and tissues. Recently, nanocarbons have been emerging as promising fillers for biopolymeric nanofibrous scaffolds. In fact, they offer interesting physicochemical properties due to their small size, large surface area, high electrical conductivity and ability to interface/interact with the cells/tissues. Nevertheless, their biocompatibility is currently under debate and strictly correlated to their surface characteristics, in terms of chemical composition, hydrophilicity and roughness. Among the several nanofibrous scaffolds prepared by electrospinning, biopolymer/nanocarbons systems exhibit huge potential applications, since they combine the features of the matrix with those determined by the nanocarbons, such as conductivity and improved bioactivity. Furthermore, combining nanocarbons and electrospinning allows designing structures with engineered patterns at both nano- and microscale level. This article presents a comprehensive review of various types of electrospun polymer-nanocarbon currently used for tissue engineering applications. Furthermore, the differences among graphene, carbon nanotubes, nanodiamonds and fullerenes and their effect on the ultimate properties of the polymer-based nanofibrous scaffolds is elucidated and critically reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Scaffaro
- Department of Civil, Environmental, Aerospace, Materials Engineering, RU INSTM, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Ed. 6, 90128 Palermo, Italy.
| | - Andrea Maio
- Department of Civil, Environmental, Aerospace, Materials Engineering, RU INSTM, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Ed. 6, 90128 Palermo, Italy.
| | - Francesco Lopresti
- Department of Civil, Environmental, Aerospace, Materials Engineering, RU INSTM, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Ed. 6, 90128 Palermo, Italy.
| | - Luigi Botta
- Department of Civil, Environmental, Aerospace, Materials Engineering, RU INSTM, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Ed. 6, 90128 Palermo, Italy.
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