1
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Hostrup M, Hansen ESH, Rasmussen SM, Jessen S, Backer V. Asthma and exercise-induced bronchoconstriction in athletes: Diagnosis, treatment, and anti-doping challenges. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2024; 34:e14358. [PMID: 36965010 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/27/2023]
Abstract
Athletes often experience lower airway dysfunction, such as asthma and exercise-induced bronchoconstriction (EIB), which affects more than half the athletes in some sports, not least in endurance sports. Symptoms include coughing, wheezing, and breathlessness, alongside airway narrowing, hyperresponsiveness, and inflammation. Early diagnosis and management are essential. Not only because untreated or poorly managed asthma and EIB potentially affects competition performance and training, but also because untreated airway inflammation can result in airway epithelial damage, remodeling, and fibrosis. Asthma and EIB do not hinder performance, as advancements in treatment strategies have made it possible for affected athletes to compete at the highest level. However, practitioners and athletes must ensure that the treatment complies with general guidelines and anti-doping regulations to prevent the risk of a doping sanction because of inadvertently exceeding specified dosing limits. In this review, we describe considerations and challenges in diagnosing and managing athletes with asthma and EIB. We also discuss challenges facing athletes with asthma and EIB, while also being subject to anti-doping regulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morten Hostrup
- The August Krogh Section, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Erik S H Hansen
- Centre for Physical Activity Research (CFAS), Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Søren M Rasmussen
- Centre for Physical Activity Research (CFAS), Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Medical Department, Nykøbing Falster Hospital, Nykøbing Falster, Denmark
| | - Søren Jessen
- The August Krogh Section, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Vibeke Backer
- Centre for Physical Activity Research (CFAS), Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head & Neck Surgery and Audiology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen, Denmark
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2
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Ge Y, Liu M, Deng X, Liao L. Derivatization-Enhanced Analysis of Glucocorticoids for Structural Characterization by Gas Chromatography-Orbitrap High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry. Molecules 2023; 29:200. [PMID: 38202782 PMCID: PMC10780989 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29010200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoids are classified in section S9 of the Prohibited List of the World Anti-Doping Agency, due to a potential risk to improving physical performance and causing harm to the health of athletes. Based on the similar physiological actions of glucocorticoids, both differentiating known glucocorticoids and identifying unknown glucocorticoids are important for doping control. Gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry plays an important role in structural characterization because of abundant structural diagnostic ions produced by electron ionization. It also provides a chance to study the fragmentation patterns. Thus, an enhanced derivatization procedure was optimized to produce trimethylsilylated glucocorticoids and structural diagnostic ions of nineteen trimethylsilylated glucocorticoids were obtained by gas chromatography-orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry. In our study, glucocorticoids were classified as: 3-keto-4-ene, 1,4-diene-3-keto, 3α-hydroxy with saturated A-ring, 21-hydroxy-20-keto and halo substituent glucocorticoids based on their structural difference. Structural diagnostic ions that contributed to structural characterization were specifically presented and the fragment patterns were demonstrated according to the above categories. This study not only gave new insights into the structural characterization of these glucocorticoids but also provided evidence for tracing unknown glucocorticoids or chemically modified molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Lei Liao
- Shanghai Anti-Doping Laboratory, Shanghai University of Sport, 399 Changhai Road, Shanghai 200438, China; (Y.G.); (M.L.)
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3
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Liu HC, Peng C, Wu MH, Hu G, Wang Z. Electrochemical sensor for determination of methylprednisolone as an anabolic steroid used in doping. INT J ELECTROCHEM SC 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijoes.2023.100068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
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4
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Wang W, Wazir MRWN, Geok SK, Gao Y, Xiong W. SENSOR FOR PREDNISOLONE DETECTION IN SPORTS DOPING. REV BRAS MED ESPORTE 2023. [DOI: 10.1590/1517-8692202329012022_0435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Introduction: Prednisolone causes pro-inflammatory impulses to be inhibited and anti-inflammatory signals to be promoted. As a result, it alters how the body's immune system reacts to certain diseases. The World Anti-Doping Agency, however, has banned SNP and other glucocorticosteroids. An electrochemical sensor can be developed using a gold nanocomposite, polypyrrole nanoparticles and synthesized carbon nanotubes (Au-PPy NPs@CNTs). Objective: Develop an electrochemical sensor to detect prednisolone. Method: Au-PPy NPs@CNTs nanocomposite was chemically synthesized with a modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE) surface. Results: According to SEM data, the nanocomposite was composed of amorphous Au NPs, and PPy NPs deposited in tubes strongly entangled in a CNTs network. The wide linear range and low detection limit of the Au-PPy NPs@CNTs/GCE as prednisolone sensors were attributed to the combined catalytic performance of the Au and PPy NPs@CNTs nanostructures. Conclusion: The results of prednisolone detection in each specimen using the amperometric method indicated good accuracy. The accuracy and precision of Au-PPy NPs@CNTs/GCE for prednisolone detection were explored in blood samples from 5 young athletes aged 20-24 years who used prednisolone tablets (RSD less than 4.25%). In addition to monitoring prednisolone concentrations in athletes’ serum, Au-PPy NPs@CNTs/GCE can be used as a reliable prednisolone sensor. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigating treatment outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenping Wang
- University Putra Malaysia, Malaysia; Shanxi Datong University, China
| | | | | | | | - Wei Xiong
- Science and Technology College Gannan Normal University, China
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5
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Riiser A, Stensrud T, Andersen LB. Glucocorticoids and physical performance: A systematic review with meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Front Sports Act Living 2023; 5:1108062. [PMID: 37033881 PMCID: PMC10076788 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2023.1108062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction This systematic review with meta-analysis investigates the effect of glucocorticoids on maximal and submaximal performance in healthy subjects. Methods We searched for randomised controlled trials investigating the effect of glucocorticoids on physical performance in Web of Science, Scopus, Medline, Embase and SportDiscus in March 2021. Risk of bias was assessed with the revised Cochrane Collaboration Risk of Bias Tool (RoB2). Data from random effect models are presented as standardized difference in mean (SDM) with 95% confidence interval. We included 15 studies comprising 175 subjects. Results Two studies had high risk of bias. Glucocorticoids had a small positive effect on maximal physical performance compared to placebo (SDM 0.300, 95% CI 0.080 to 0.520) and the SDM for the 13 included comparisons was not heterogeneous (I2 = 35%, p = 0.099). Meta regression found no difference in the effect of acute treatment vs. prolonged treatment or oral ingestion vs. inhalation (p > 0.124). In stratified analysis prolonged treatment (SDM 0.428, 95% CI 0.148 to 0.709) and oral ingestion (SDM 0.361, 95% CI 0.124 to 0.598) improved physical performance. Glucocorticoids improved aerobic performance (SDM 0.371, 95% CI 0.173 to 0.569) but not anaerobic performance (p = 0.135). Glucocorticoids did not change energy expenditure during submaximal performance (SDM 0.0.225 95% CI -0.771 to 0.112). Discussion This study indicates that glucocorticoids improves maximal performance and aerobic performance. Glucocorticoids did not affect the energy expenditure during submaximal performance. The conclusions are based on relatively few subjects leading to limited statistical power and uncertain estimates. Still, these results are consistent and should be of interest to WADA and anyone concerned about fair play. Systematic Review Registration Open Science Framework 2021-04-29 (https://osf.io/fc29t/).
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Affiliation(s)
- Amund Riiser
- Faculty of Teacher Education, Art and Sport, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Sogndal, Norway
- Correspondence: Amund Riiser
| | - Trine Stensrud
- Department of Sport Medicine, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Lars Bo Andersen
- Faculty of Teacher Education, Art and Sport, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Sogndal, Norway
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6
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Iannella L, Comunità F, Botrè F, Colamonici C, Curcio D, de la Torre X, Mazzarino M. Urinary excretion profile of prednisolone and prednisone after rectal administration: significance in antidoping analysis. Drug Test Anal 2022; 14:2007-2016. [PMID: 35921255 PMCID: PMC10087643 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The rectal administration of glucocorticoids, as well as any injectable, and oral ones, is currently prohibited by the World Anti-Doping Agency when occurs "in competition". A reporting level of 100 ng/mL for prednisolone and 300 ng/mL for prednisone was established to discriminate the allowed and the prohibited administration. Here, the urinary excretion profiles of prednisone and prednisolone were evaluated in five volunteers in therapy with glucocorticoid-based rectal formulations containing prednisone or prednisolone caproate. The urinary levels of the excreted target compounds were determined by LC-MS/MS following the procedure validated and currently in use in our laboratory to detect and quantitate glucocorticoids in urine. Predictably, the excretion trend of the analytes of interest were generally comparable to those obtained after oral administration, even if the excretion profile showed a broad inter-individual variability, with the absorption rate and the systemic bioavailability after rectal administration being strongly influenced by the type of formulations (suppository or rectal cream, in our case) as well as the physiological conditions of the absorption area. Results showed that the target compounds were detectable for at least 30 hours after drug administration. After suppository administration, prednisolone levels reached the maximum after 3 hours from drug administration, and then dropped below the reporting level after 15-21 hours; prednisone reached the maximum after 3 hours from drug administration, and then dropped below the reporting level after 12-15 hours. After cream administration both prednisone and prednisolone levels remained in a concentration below the reporting level throughout the entire monitored period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loredana Iannella
- Laboratorio Antidoping, Federazione Medico Sportiva Italiana, Rome, Italy
| | - Fabio Comunità
- Laboratorio Antidoping, Federazione Medico Sportiva Italiana, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Botrè
- Laboratorio Antidoping, Federazione Medico Sportiva Italiana, Rome, Italy.,REDs - Research and Expertise in anti-Doping sciences, ISSUL - Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Davide Curcio
- Laboratorio Antidoping, Federazione Medico Sportiva Italiana, Rome, Italy
| | - Xavier de la Torre
- Laboratorio Antidoping, Federazione Medico Sportiva Italiana, Rome, Italy
| | - Monica Mazzarino
- Laboratorio Antidoping, Federazione Medico Sportiva Italiana, Rome, Italy
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7
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Effect of Glucocorticoids on Athletic Performance: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Clin J Sport Med 2022; 32:e151-e159. [PMID: 34009793 DOI: 10.1097/jsm.0000000000000911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the effects of glucocorticoids in enhancing athletic performance. DESIGN At least 2 independent reviewers conducted study selection and extracted demographic and outcome data. Relevant outcomes were stratified by administration time frame and the specific type of drug used. Study quality was assessed using the Cochrane Risk-of-Bias tool and the Cochrane Grading of Recommendations Assessment Development and Education scale. Where appropriate, meta-analyses were performed. Data sources: Embase, MEDLINE, and SPORTDiscus were searched from their beginning to April 2020. PARTICIPANTS Participants of any sex and training status aged 18 to 65 years were included. INTERVENTIONS AND MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Any type of published randomized controlled trial (RCT) that examined any enhancement in sport as well as aerobic, anaerobic, or body compositional parameters for glucocorticoids compared with placebo. RESULTS There is low-to-moderate evidence suggesting that the administration of glucocorticoids may be more beneficial than placebo in enhancing athletic performance. short-term administration of glucocorticoids significantly improved time to exhaustion, maximal force, and total distance travelled. By contrast, acute administration of glucocorticoids predominantly yielded no changes to athletic performance, except for reductions in total work and maximal power output. CONCLUSIONS Although there is evidence suggesting glucocorticoids have ergogenic effects, these improvements may differ depending on the specific type of drug, dose, and the administration time frame and are also limited by small sample sizes. Therefore, there is a need for large, high-quality RCTs as this may influence future doping policy and athlete care.
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8
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Quattrocelli M, Zelikovich AS, Salamone IM, Fischer JA, McNally EM. Mechanisms and Clinical Applications of Glucocorticoid Steroids in Muscular Dystrophy. J Neuromuscul Dis 2021; 8:39-52. [PMID: 33104035 PMCID: PMC7902991 DOI: 10.3233/jnd-200556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoid steroids are widely used as immunomodulatory agents in acute and chronic conditions. Glucocorticoid steroids such as prednisone and deflazacort are recommended for treating Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy where their use prolongs ambulation and life expectancy. Despite this benefit, glucocorticoid use in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy is also associated with significant adverse consequences including adrenal suppression, growth impairment, poor bone health and metabolic syndrome. For other forms of muscular dystrophy like the limb girdle dystrophies, glucocorticoids are not typically used. Here we review the experimental evidence supporting multiple mechanisms of glucocorticoid action in dystrophic muscle including their role in dampening inflammation and myofiber injury. We also discuss alternative dosing strategies as well as novel steroid agents that are in development and testing, with the goal to reduce adverse consequences of prolonged glucocorticoid exposure while maximizing beneficial outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattia Quattrocelli
- Center for Genetic Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.,Molecular Cardiovascular Biology Division, Heart Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Aaron S Zelikovich
- Center for Genetic Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Isabella M Salamone
- Center for Genetic Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Julie A Fischer
- Center for Genetic Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Elizabeth M McNally
- Center for Genetic Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
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9
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Coll S, Monfort N, Alechaga É, Matabosch X, Pozo OJ, Pérez-Mañá C, Ventura R. Elimination profiles of prednisone and prednisolone after different administration routes: Evaluation of the reporting level and washout periods to ensure safe therapeutic administrations. Drug Test Anal 2020; 13:571-582. [PMID: 33161623 DOI: 10.1002/dta.2966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Prednisolone (PRED) and prednisone (PSONE) are prohibited in sports competitions when administered by systemic routes, and they are allowed by other routes for therapeutic purposes. There is no restriction of use in out-of-competition periods. The present study aimed to evaluate the urinary excretion of PRED, PSONE, and their most important metabolites after systemic and nonsystemic treatments in order to verify the suitability of the current reporting level of 30 ng/ml used to distinguish allowed and prohibited administrations and to establish washout periods for oral treatments performed in out-of-competition periods. PRED was studied after dermatological administration (5 mg/day for 5 days, n = 6 males) and oral administration (5 mg, n = 6 males; 10 mg, n = 2 males). PSONE was studied after oral administration (10 mg, n = 2 males; 30 mg, n = 1 male and 1 female). Concentrations in urine were measured using an LC-MS/MS method. Concentrations after dermatological treatment were low for all metabolites. After oral administration, concentrations were very high during the first 24 h after administration ranging from 1.6 to 2261 ng/ml and from 4.6 to 908 ng/ml for PRED and PSONE, respectively. Concentrations of most of the metabolites measured were lower than 30 ng/ml from 24 h after all oral administrations. New reporting levels are proposed for PRED and PSONE considering data of our study and other information published after nonsystemic administrations of the compounds. Washout periods of at least 24 h are recommended to ensure no false positives when oral treatments need to be performed in out-of-competition periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergi Coll
- Doping Control Research Group, Catalonian Antidoping Laboratory, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Núria Monfort
- Doping Control Research Group, Catalonian Antidoping Laboratory, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Élida Alechaga
- Doping Control Research Group, Catalonian Antidoping Laboratory, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Matabosch
- Doping Control Research Group, Catalonian Antidoping Laboratory, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Oscar J Pozo
- Integrative Pharmacology and Systems Neuroscience Group, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Clara Pérez-Mañá
- Human Pharmacology and Clinical Neurosciences Research Group, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Toxicology, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Rosa Ventura
- Doping Control Research Group, Catalonian Antidoping Laboratory, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
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10
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Coll S, Monfort N, Alechaga É, Matabosch X, Pérez-Mañá C, Ventura R. Elimination profiles of betamethasone after different administration routes: Evaluation of the reporting level and washout periods to ensure safe therapeutic administrations. Drug Test Anal 2020; 13:348-359. [PMID: 32949107 DOI: 10.1002/dta.2928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Betamethasone (BET) is prohibited in sports competitions when administered by systemic routes, and it is allowed by other routes for therapeutic purposes. In out-of-competition periods, there is no restriction of use. The present work aimed to assess the urinary excretion of BET and its metabolites after allowed and prohibited administrations to verify the suitability of the current reporting level of 30 ng/ml used to distinguish allowed and prohibited administrations and to establish washout periods for oral and intramuscular (IM) administrations when out-of-competition treatments are needed. BET was administered to healthy volunteers by different routes: topical (10 mg/day for 5 days, n = 6 males), intranasal (320 μg/day for 3 days, n = 4 males and 4 females), oral (0.5 mg, n = 8 males) or IM (6 mg, n = 6 males, or 12 mg, n = 4 males and 4 females). Urine and plasma samples collected before and after administration were analysed using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Among all studied metabolites, the parent drug was selected as the best discriminatory marker. After topical administration, BET concentrations were lower than 6.6 ng/ml. However, after intranasal treatment, some samples at concentrations close to or higher than 30 ng/ml were detected, suggesting the need to revise the current reporting level. Urinary concentrations after oral and intranasal administrations were similar, and after IM administration, concentrations were much higher. Taking into account all information, a urinary reporting level of 60 ng/ml is proposed. Washout periods of at least 48 and 96 h are recommended after oral and IM administrations, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergi Coll
- Doping Control Research Group, Catalonian Antidoping Laboratory, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Núria Monfort
- Doping Control Research Group, Catalonian Antidoping Laboratory, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Élida Alechaga
- Doping Control Research Group, Catalonian Antidoping Laboratory, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Matabosch
- Doping Control Research Group, Catalonian Antidoping Laboratory, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Clara Pérez-Mañá
- Human Pharmacology and Clinical Neurosciences Research Group, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Toxicology, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Rosa Ventura
- Doping Control Research Group, Catalonian Antidoping Laboratory, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
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11
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Redon B, Violleau C, Georges F, Marsicano G, Chaouloff F. The ergogenic impact of the glucocorticoid prednisolone does not translate into increased running motivation in mice. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2020; 111:104489. [PMID: 31706198 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2019.104489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids, such as prednisolone, are considered sport doping agents owing to their ergogenic properties. These are accounted for by peripheral mechanisms associated with energetic and anti-inflammatory processes. However, because glucocorticoids target brain tissues, it is likely that these ergogenic impacts are associated with central effects. One of these might be reward motivation, which relies on glucocorticoid receptor-expressing mesocorticolimbic dopaminergic neurons. In keeping with this possibility, this study has explored in mice whether repeated prednisolone administration (5 or 15 μg/ml of drinking water for 10 days) affected intrinsic motivation for running, a strong reinforcer in rodents. Running motivation was assessed by means of a cued-reward motivated instrumental task wherein wheel-running was conditioned by prior nose poke responses under fixed (FR), and then progressive (PR), ratio reinforcement schedules. Sub-chronic ingestion of prednisolone decreased the running distance covered during each rewarded sequence under FR schedules. This finding did not extend to wheel-running performances in mice provided free (i.e. unconditioned) wheel-running opportunities. Running motivation, as estimated under a PR reinforcement schedule, was found to be decreased (lowest concentration) or to remain unaffected (highest concentration) by prednisolone concentration. Lastly, an inter-individual analysis of the respective effects of prednisolone on muscular endurance (as assessed in the wire grid-hanging test) and on running motivation indicated that the former was not predictive of the latter. This observation suggests that prednisolone ergogenic impacts might occur without any concomitant increase in intrinsic exercise motivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bastien Redon
- Endocannabinoids & NeuroAdaptation, NeuroCentre INSERM U1215, 33077 Bordeaux, France; Université de Bordeaux, 33077 Bordeaux, France
| | - Claire Violleau
- Endocannabinoids & NeuroAdaptation, NeuroCentre INSERM U1215, 33077 Bordeaux, France; Université de Bordeaux, 33077 Bordeaux, France
| | - François Georges
- Université de Bordeaux, 33077 Bordeaux, France; Neurodegenerative Diseases Institute, CNRS UMR 5293, 33077 Bordeaux, France
| | - Giovanni Marsicano
- Endocannabinoids & NeuroAdaptation, NeuroCentre INSERM U1215, 33077 Bordeaux, France; Université de Bordeaux, 33077 Bordeaux, France
| | - Francis Chaouloff
- Endocannabinoids & NeuroAdaptation, NeuroCentre INSERM U1215, 33077 Bordeaux, France; Université de Bordeaux, 33077 Bordeaux, France.
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12
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Coll S, Monfort N, Alechaga É, Matabosch X, Pérez-Mañá C, Ventura R. Additional studies on triamcinolone acetonide use and misuse in sports: Elimination profile after intranasal and high-dose intramuscular administrations. Steroids 2019; 151:108464. [PMID: 31344406 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2019.108464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Triamcinolone acetonide (TA) is a glucocorticoid (GC) widely used in sports medicine. GCs are prohibited in sports competitions by oral, intramuscular (IM), intravenous and rectal administrations, and they are allowed by other routes considered of local action such as intranasal administration (INT). We examined the urinary profiles of TA and its metabolites after INT and high-dose IM administrations. We also measured concentrations of TA and cortisol (CORT) in plasma following IM administration. TA was administered to healthy volunteers using INT route (220 μg/day for 3 days, n = 4 males and 4 females) or IM route (single dose of 40 mg, n = 4 males and 4 females and single dose 80 mg, n = 4 males). Urine and plasma samples were collected before and after administration at different time periods, and were analysed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. TA concentrations in urine were constant during 23 days after IM injection (range 1.4-129.0 ng/mL), and were very low after INT administration (range 0.0-3.5 ng/mL). For 6β-hydroxy-triamcinolone, the main TA metabolite, higher concentrations were detected (0.0-93.7 ng/mL and 15.7-973.9 ng/mL after INT and IM administrations, respectively). On the other hand, TA was detected in all plasma samples collected during 23 days after IM administration (range 0.2-5.7 ng/mL). CORT levels were largely suppressed after IM injection, and were recovered in a dose-dependent manner. In view of the results obtained, we propose a reporting level of 5 ng/mL for TA to distinguish forbidden from allowed TA administrations in sports. We also suggest that other GCs with faster urinary elimination from the body should be considered for IM therapies in out-of-competition rather than TA, in order to reduce the possibility of reporting false adverse analytical findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergi Coll
- IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Doping Control Research Group, Catalonian Antidoping Laboratory, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Núria Monfort
- IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Doping Control Research Group, Catalonian Antidoping Laboratory, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Élida Alechaga
- IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Doping Control Research Group, Catalonian Antidoping Laboratory, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Matabosch
- IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Doping Control Research Group, Catalonian Antidoping Laboratory, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Clara Pérez-Mañá
- Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol (HUGTP-IGTP), Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Badalona, Spain; Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Toxicology, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain; IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Human Pharmacology and Clinical Neurosciences Research Group, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rosa Ventura
- IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Doping Control Research Group, Catalonian Antidoping Laboratory, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain.
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13
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Coll S, Monfort N, Matabosch X, Papakonstantinou K, Pérez‐Mañá C, Mateus JA, Ventura R. Budesonide use and misuse in sports: Elimination profiles of budesonide and metabolites after intranasal, high‐dose inhaled and oral administrations. Drug Test Anal 2019; 12:629-636. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sergi Coll
- IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute)Doping Control Research Group, Catalonian Antidoping Laboratory Barcelona Spain
- Department of Experimental and Health SciencesUniversitat Pompeu Fabra Barcelona Spain
| | - Núria Monfort
- IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute)Doping Control Research Group, Catalonian Antidoping Laboratory Barcelona Spain
| | - Xavier Matabosch
- IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute)Doping Control Research Group, Catalonian Antidoping Laboratory Barcelona Spain
| | - Katerina Papakonstantinou
- IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute)Doping Control Research Group, Catalonian Antidoping Laboratory Barcelona Spain
| | - Clara Pérez‐Mañá
- Department of Clinical PharmacologyHospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol (HUGTP‐IGTP) Badalona Spain
- Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics and ToxicologyAutonomous University of Barcelona Cerdanyola del Vallès Spain
| | - Julian A. Mateus
- IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute)Human Pharmacology and Clinical Neurosciences Research Group Barcelona Spain
| | - Rosa Ventura
- IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute)Doping Control Research Group, Catalonian Antidoping Laboratory Barcelona Spain
- Department of Experimental and Health SciencesUniversitat Pompeu Fabra Barcelona Spain
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14
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Coll S, Matabosch X, Llorente-Onaindia J, Carbó ML, Pérez-Mañá C, Monfort N, Monfort J, Ventura R. Elimination profile of triamcinolone hexacetonide and its metabolites in human urine and plasma after a single intra-articular administration. Drug Test Anal 2019; 11:1589-1600. [PMID: 31087549 DOI: 10.1002/dta.2614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Triamcinolone hexacetonide (THA) is a synthetic glucocorticoid (GC) used by intra-articular (IA) administration. GCs are prohibited in sports competitions by systemic routes, and they are allowed by other routes considered of local action (IA administration, among others). The aim of the present work was to study the metabolic profile of THA in urine and plasma following IA administration. Eight patients (4 males and 4 females) with knee osteoarthritis received an IA dose of THA (40 mg) in the knee joint. Spot urine and plasma samples were collected before injection and at different time periods up to day 23 and 10 post-administration, respectively. The samples were analysed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Neither THA nor specific THA metabolites were detected in urine. Triamcinolone acetonide (TA) and 6β-hydroxy-triamcinolone acetonide were the main urinary metabolites. Maximum concentrations wereobtained between 24 and 48 h after administration. Using the reporting level of 30 ng/mL to distinguish allowed from forbidden administrations of GCs, a large number of false adverse analytical findings would be reported up to day 4. On the other hand, TA was detected in all plasma samples collected up to day 10 after administration. THA was also detected in plasma but at lower concentrations. The detection of plasma THA would be an unequivocal proof to demonstrate IA use of THA. A reversible decrease was observed in plasma concentrations of cortisol in some of the patients, indicating a systemic effect of the drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergi Coll
- IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Catalonian Antidoping Laboratory, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Matabosch
- IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Catalonian Antidoping Laboratory, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jone Llorente-Onaindia
- IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Cell Research on Inflammation and Cartilage Group, Barcelona, Spain.,IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Rheumatology Department, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marcel Li Carbó
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Clara Pérez-Mañá
- Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Badalona, Spain.,Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Toxicology, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Nuria Monfort
- IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Catalonian Antidoping Laboratory, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Monfort
- IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Cell Research on Inflammation and Cartilage Group, Barcelona, Spain.,IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Rheumatology Department, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rosa Ventura
- IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Catalonian Antidoping Laboratory, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
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15
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Walter LM, Deguise MO, Meijboom KE, Betts CA, Ahlskog N, van Westering TLE, Hazell G, McFall E, Kordala A, Hammond SM, Abendroth F, Murray LM, Shorrock HK, Prosdocimo DA, Haldar SM, Jain MK, Gillingwater TH, Claus P, Kothary R, Wood MJA, Bowerman M. Interventions Targeting Glucocorticoid-Krüppel-like Factor 15-Branched-Chain Amino Acid Signaling Improve Disease Phenotypes in Spinal Muscular Atrophy Mice. EBioMedicine 2018; 31:226-242. [PMID: 29735415 PMCID: PMC6013932 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2018.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2018] [Revised: 04/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The circadian glucocorticoid-Krüppel-like factor 15-branched-chain amino acid (GC-KLF15-BCAA) signaling pathway is a key regulatory axis in muscle, whose imbalance has wide-reaching effects on metabolic homeostasis. Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a neuromuscular disorder also characterized by intrinsic muscle pathologies, metabolic abnormalities and disrupted sleep patterns, which can influence or be influenced by circadian regulatory networks that control behavioral and metabolic rhythms. We therefore set out to investigate the contribution of the GC-KLF15-BCAA pathway in SMA pathophysiology of Taiwanese Smn−/−;SMN2 and Smn2B/− mouse models. We thus uncover substantial dysregulation of GC-KLF15-BCAA diurnal rhythmicity in serum, skeletal muscle and metabolic tissues of SMA mice. Importantly, modulating the components of the GC-KLF15-BCAA pathway via pharmacological (prednisolone), genetic (muscle-specific Klf15 overexpression) and dietary (BCAA supplementation) interventions significantly improves disease phenotypes in SMA mice. Our study highlights the GC-KLF15-BCAA pathway as a contributor to SMA pathogenesis and provides several treatment avenues to alleviate peripheral manifestations of the disease. The therapeutic potential of targeting metabolic perturbations by diet and commercially available drugs could have a broader implementation across other neuromuscular and metabolic disorders characterized by altered GC-KLF15-BCAA signaling. SMA is a neuromuscular disease characterized by motoneuron loss, muscle abnormalities and metabolic perturbations. The regulatory GC-KLF15-BCAA pathway is dysregulated in serum and skeletal muscle of SMA mice during disease progression. Modulating GC-KLF15-BCAA signaling by pharmacological, dietary and genetic interventions improves phenotype of SMA mice.
Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a devastating and debilitating childhood genetic disease. Although nerve cells are mainly affected, muscle is also severely impacted. The normal communication between the glucocorticoid (GC) hormone, the protein KLF15 and the dietary branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) maintains muscle and whole-body health. In this study, we identified an abnormal activity of GC-KLF15- BCAA in blood and muscle of SMA mice. Importantly, targeting GC-KLF15-BCAA activity with an existing drug or a specific diet improved disease progression in SMA mice. Our research uncovers GCs, KLF15 and BCAAs as therapeutic targets to ameliorate SMA muscle and whole-body health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M Walter
- Institute of Neuroanatomy and Cell Biology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany; Center of Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
| | - Marc-Olivier Deguise
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Department of Medicine and Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Katharina E Meijboom
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Corinne A Betts
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Nina Ahlskog
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Tirsa L E van Westering
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Gareth Hazell
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Emily McFall
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Department of Medicine and Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Anna Kordala
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Suzan M Hammond
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Frank Abendroth
- Medical Research Council, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Lyndsay M Murray
- Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Hannah K Shorrock
- Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Domenick A Prosdocimo
- Case Cardiovascular Research Institute, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Saptarsi M Haldar
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Mukesh K Jain
- Case Cardiovascular Research Institute, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Thomas H Gillingwater
- Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Claus
- Institute of Neuroanatomy and Cell Biology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany; Center of Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
| | - Rashmi Kothary
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Department of Medicine and Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Matthew J A Wood
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Melissa Bowerman
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
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16
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Coll S, Matabosch X, Garrostas L, Perez-Maña C, Ventura R. Effect of glucocorticoid administration on the steroid profile. Drug Test Anal 2018; 10:947-955. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Revised: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sergi Coll
- Catalonian Anti-Doping Laboratory, Doping Control Research Group; IMIM, Hospital del Mar; Barcelona Spain
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences; Universitat Pompeu Fabra; Barcelona Spain
| | - Xavier Matabosch
- Catalonian Anti-Doping Laboratory, Doping Control Research Group; IMIM, Hospital del Mar; Barcelona Spain
| | - Lorena Garrostas
- Catalonian Anti-Doping Laboratory, Doping Control Research Group; IMIM, Hospital del Mar; Barcelona Spain
| | - Clara Perez-Maña
- Human Pharmacology and Clinical Neurosciences Research Group; IMIM; Barcelona Spain
- Autonomous University of Barcelona; Bellaterra Spain
| | - Rosa Ventura
- Catalonian Anti-Doping Laboratory, Doping Control Research Group; IMIM, Hospital del Mar; Barcelona Spain
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences; Universitat Pompeu Fabra; Barcelona Spain
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17
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Chen TT, Tseng YC, Huang TY, Chang-Chien GP, Hsu MC. Elimination profile of triamcinolone in urine following oral administration. Drug Test Anal 2017; 10:860-864. [PMID: 29155490 DOI: 10.1002/dta.2343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Revised: 09/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Triamcinolone (T) is a glucocorticoid commonly used to relieve inflammation and treat arthritis, severe allergies, and asthma; however, it is banned by the World Anti-Doping Agency in competition for athletes when administered orally, intravenously, intramuscularly, or rectally. The minimum required performance limit (MRPL) for urinary T is 30 ng/mL. However, the data about the urinary excretion of T after oral administration is limited. We investigate the elimination profile and determine whether single-dose administration of T would cause a positive doping result. Twelve healthy volunteers received a single-dose of 4-mg T rally, and urine samples were collected for 24 hours. A validated liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method was used to determine urinary T levels. Non-compartmental modeling was used to estimate the pharmacokinetic parameters. All the urinary T concentrations were much higher than the MRPL. The peak urinary T concentration was 3211.4 ± 860.3 ng/mL (mean ± SD), time to peak concentration was 1.7 ± 0.9 hours, and the estimated elimination half-life was 4.4 ± 2.8 hours. About 27.76% of the consumed dose was eliminated via urine within 24 hours of intake. After a single-dose oral administration, urinary T concentrations still exceeded the MRPL after 24 hours. This information could be useful for limiting the misuse of T. Athletes should be aware when using T in competition and acquire approval for a therapeutic use exemption prior to use. Moreover, the elimination profile of orally administered T may be crucial information for distinguishing different dosage routes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Ting Chen
- Department of Health and Leisure Management, Yuanpei University of Medical Technology, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | | | - Tai-Yuan Huang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Yuan's General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Guo-Ping Chang-Chien
- Super Micro Mass Research & Technology Center, Cheng Shiu University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Chich Hsu
- Department of Sports Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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18
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Analgesics and Sport Performance: Beyond the Pain-Modulating Effects. PM R 2017; 10:72-82. [PMID: 28782695 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmrj.2017.07.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Revised: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Analgesics are used widely in sport to treat pain and inflammation associated with injury. However, there is growing evidence that some athletes might be taking these substances in an attempt to enhance performance. Although the pharmacologic action of analgesics and their use in treating pain with and without anti-inflammatory effect is well established, their effect on sport performance is debated. The aim of this review was to evaluate the evidence of whether analgesics are capable of enhancing exercise performance and, if so, to what extent. Paracetamol has been suggested to improve endurance and repeated sprint exercise performance by reducing the activation of higher brain structures involved in pain and cognitive/affective processing. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs affect both central and peripheral body systems, but investigation on their ergogenic effect on muscle strength development has provided equivocal results. The therapeutic use of glucocorticoids is indubitable, but clear evidence exists for a performance-enhancing effect after short-term oral administration. Based on the evidence presented in this review article, the ergogenic benefit of analgesics may warrant further consideration by regulatory bodies. In contrast to the aforementioned analgesics, there is a paucity of research on the use of opioids such as tramadol on sporting performance. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE III.
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19
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Collomp K, Arlettaz A, Buisson C, Lecoq AM, Mongongu C. Glucocorticoid administration in athletes: Performance, metabolism and detection. Steroids 2016; 115:193-202. [PMID: 27643452 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2016.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
It is generally acknowledged in the sporting world that glucocorticoid (GC) use enhances physical performance. This pharmacological class is therefore banned by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) in in-competition samples after systemic but not local (defined as any route other than oral, intravenous, intramuscular or rectal) administration, which thus allows athletes to use GCs for therapeutic purposes. According to the 2016 WADA list, the urine reporting level for all GCs is set at 30ng/ml to distinguish between the authorized and banned routes of administration. The actual data on the ergogenic effects of GC intake are nevertheless fairly recent, with the first study showing improved physical performance with systemic GC administration dating back only to 2007. Moreover, the studies over the last decade coupling ergogenic and metabolic investigations in humans during and after GC intake have shown discrepant results. Similarly, urine discrimination between banned and authorized GC use remains complex, but it seems likely to be improved thanks to new analytical studies and the inclusion of the authorized GC uses (local routes of administration and out-of-competition samples) in the WADA monitoring program. In this review, we first summarize the current knowledge on the ergogenic and metabolic GC effects in humans during various types of exercise. We then present the antidoping legislation and methods of analysis currently used to detect GC abuse and conclude with some practical considerations and perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katia Collomp
- CIAMS, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France; CIAMS, Université Orléans, 45067 Orléans, France; Département des Analyses, Agence Française de Lutte contre le Dopage, 92290 Chatenay-Malabry, France.
| | - Alexandre Arlettaz
- CIAMS, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France; CIAMS, Université Orléans, 45067 Orléans, France
| | - Corinne Buisson
- Département des Analyses, Agence Française de Lutte contre le Dopage, 92290 Chatenay-Malabry, France
| | - Anne-Marie Lecoq
- CIAMS, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France; CIAMS, Université Orléans, 45067 Orléans, France
| | - Cynthia Mongongu
- Département des Analyses, Agence Française de Lutte contre le Dopage, 92290 Chatenay-Malabry, France
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20
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Bioanalytical techniques in discrimination between therapeutic and abusive use of drugs in sport. Bioanalysis 2016; 8:965-80. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.15.253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The discrimination between therapeutic and abusive use of drugs in sports is performed using threshold concentrations or reporting levels, and the detection of the substances in a sample is only reported as an adverse analytical finding when the concentration exceeds the threshold or the reporting level. In this paper, the strategies of discrimination and the analytical methods used for the main groups of substances where the distinction is needed (β-2 agonists, ephedrines, glucocorticoids and morphine) will be reviewed. Nowadays, LC–MS is the method of choice for the analysis of these substances and, in most of the cases, a simple dilution of the urine sample is performed before the chromatographic analysis.
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21
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Morrison-Nozik A, Anand P, Zhu H, Duan Q, Sabeh M, Prosdocimo DA, Lemieux ME, Nordsborg N, Russell AP, MacRae CA, Gerber AN, Jain MK, Haldar SM. Glucocorticoids enhance muscle endurance and ameliorate Duchenne muscular dystrophy through a defined metabolic program. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:E6780-9. [PMID: 26598680 PMCID: PMC4679037 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1512968112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Classic physiology studies dating to the 1930s demonstrate that moderate or transient glucocorticoid (GC) exposure improves muscle performance. The ergogenic properties of GCs are further evidenced by their surreptitious use as doping agents by endurance athletes and poorly understood efficacy in Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), a genetic muscle-wasting disease. A defined molecular basis underlying these performance-enhancing properties of GCs in skeletal muscle remains obscure. Here, we demonstrate that ergogenic effects of GCs are mediated by direct induction of the metabolic transcription factor KLF15, defining a downstream pathway distinct from that resulting in GC-related muscle atrophy. Furthermore, we establish that KLF15 deficiency exacerbates dystrophic severity and muscle GC-KLF15 signaling mediates salutary therapeutic effects in the mdx mouse model of DMD. Thus, although glucocorticoid receptor (GR)-mediated transactivation is often associated with muscle atrophy and other adverse effects of pharmacologic GC administration, our data define a distinct GR-induced gene regulatory pathway that contributes to therapeutic effects of GCs in DMD through proergogenic metabolic programming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Morrison-Nozik
- Case Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106
| | - Priti Anand
- Case Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106; Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | - Han Zhu
- Case Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106
| | - Qiming Duan
- Case Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106; Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | - Mohamad Sabeh
- Case Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106; Harrington Heart & Vascular Institute, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106
| | - Domenick A Prosdocimo
- Case Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106
| | | | - Nikolai Nordsborg
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Aaron P Russell
- Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition Research, School of Exercise and Nutrition Science, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC 3125, Australia
| | - Calum A MacRae
- Cardiovascular Division, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Anthony N Gerber
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, National Jewish Health and University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Denver, CO 80206
| | - Mukesh K Jain
- Case Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106; Harrington Heart & Vascular Institute, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106
| | - Saptarsi M Haldar
- Case Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106; Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158; Harrington Heart & Vascular Institute, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106; Department of Medicine and Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158
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22
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Papacosta E, Nassis GP, Gleeson M. Salivary hormones and anxiety in winners and losers of an international judo competition. J Sports Sci 2015; 34:1281-7. [PMID: 26584022 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2015.1111521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the responses of salivary hormones and salivary secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA) and anxiety in winners and losers during an international judo competition. Twenty-three trained, male, national-level judo athletes provided three saliva samples during a competition day: morning, in anticipation of competition after an overnight fast, mid-competition, and post-competition within 15 min post-fight for determination of salivary cortisol, salivary testosterone, salivary testosterone/cortisol ratio, SIgA absolute concentrations, SIgA secretion rate and saliva flow rate. The competitive state anxiety inventory questionnaire was completed by the athletes (n = 12) after the first saliva collection for determination of somatic anxiety, cognitive anxiety and self-confidence. Winners were considered 1-3 ranking place (n = 12) and losers (n = 11) below third place in each weight category. Winners presented higher anticipatory salivary cortisol concentrations (p = 0.03) and a lower mid-competition salivary testosterone/cortisol ratio (p = 0.003) compared with losers with no differences for salivary testosterone. Winners tended to have higher SIgA secretion rates (p = 0.07) and higher saliva flow rates (p = 0.009) at mid-competition. Higher levels of cognitive anxiety (p = 0.02) were observed in the winners, without differences according to the outcome in somatic anxiety and self-confidence. The results suggest that winners experienced higher levels of physiological arousal and better psychological preparedness in the morning, and as the competition progressed, the winners were able to control their stress response better.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Papacosta
- a Exercise Immunology Laboratory, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences , Loughborough University , Loughborough , United Kingdom
| | - George P Nassis
- b National Sports Medicine Programme-Excellence in Football Project , Aspetar , Doha , Qatar
| | - Michael Gleeson
- a Exercise Immunology Laboratory, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences , Loughborough University , Loughborough , United Kingdom
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23
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Matabosch X, Pozo OJ, Papaseit E, Farré M, Marcos J, Segura J, Ventura R. Detection and characterization of triamcinolone acetonide metabolites in human urine by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry after intramuscular administration. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2014; 28:1829-1839. [PMID: 25559453 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.6965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Revised: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 06/13/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Glucocorticosteroids are prohibited in sports when used by systemic administrations (e.g. intramuscular, IM), whereas they are allowed using other ways of administration. Strategies to discriminate between administrations routes have to be developed by doping control laboratories. For this reason, the metabolism of triamcinolone acetonide (TA), one of the most used glucocorticosteroids, was studied using liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS). METHODS Urine samples obtained after IM administration of TA were analyzed using two sample treatments: (a) hydrolysis with β-glucuronidase enzymes and liquid-liquid extraction under alkaline conditions, and (b) liquid-liquid extraction under acidic conditions. The extracts were analyzed by LC/MS/MS. RESULTS TA, commercially available metabolites (6β-hydroxytriamcinolone acetonide, 6β-OH-TA, and triamcinolone), and their C20-reduced derivatives showed characteristic fragmentation behavior. Besides common product ions and neutral losses for corticosteroids containing fluorine, additional characteristic neutral losses (58 Da, loss of acetone; 44 Da, loss of acetaldehyde) were observed in positive electrospray ionization. Based on that behavior, two complementary approaches were applied to detect TA metabolites: (a) open detection by precursor ion and neutral loss scan methods and (b) targeted detection by selected reaction monitoring methods (SRM) containing theoretical ion transitions of the potential metabolites. Two main compounds, TA and 6β-OH-TA, and nine minor potential metabolites, were detected by open screening methods. Using SRM, two additional metabolites were detected. Some of the metabolites were characterized using reference standards and, for the rest of metabolites, feasible structures were proposed based on mass spectrometric data. CONCLUSIONS Metabolites resulting from hydroxylation in C-6, oxidation of the 11-hydroxyl group, reduction of the Δ(4) double bond and oxidation of the side chain were detected. Some of them have not been previously described. Excretion profiles of the detected metabolites after IM administration are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Matabosch
- Bioanalysis Research Group, IMIM, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques, Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
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24
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Abstract
Affinity-based biosensors (ABBs) have started to be considered in sport medicine and doping control analysis because they are cheap, easy to use and sufficiently selective analytical devices, characterized by a reversible interaction with the analyte under investigation allowing the use of the same sensor for multiple analyses. In this review we describe the main categories of substances reported in the World Anti-Doping Agency Prohibited List and how ABBs may contribute to their detection. Although several ABBs proposed in the last few years display limit of detections that are in principle matching the World Anti-Doping Agency requirements, their application in the framework of 'traditional' antidoping tests seems quite unlikely, mainly because of the still insufficient selectivity especially in the case of 'pseudo-endogenous' compounds, and on the lack of complete information regarding potential matrix effects in real samples and following their routine use. At the same time, ABBs could contribute to fill a significant information gap concerning complementary evidence that can be obtained from their use 'on the spot', as well as to preselect a risk population of individuals to be targeted for a full antidoping test; while in sport medicine they could contribute to obtaining analytical information of physiological relevance from the measurement of specific parameters or markers before, during and after physical exercise.
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Zorgati H, Prieur F, Vergniaud T, Cottin F, Do MC, Labsy Z, Amarantini D, Gagey O, Lasne F, Collomp K. Ergogenic and metabolic effects of oral glucocorticoid intake during repeated bouts of high-intensity exercise. Steroids 2014; 86:10-5. [PMID: 24793567 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2014.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2013] [Revised: 02/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
All systemically administered glucocorticoids (GC) are prohibited in-competition, because of the potential ergogenic effects. Although short-term GC intake has been shown to improve performance during submaximal exercise, literature on its impact during brief intense exercise appears to be very scant. The purpose of this study was to examine the ergogenic and metabolic effects of prednisone during repeated bouts of high-intensity exercise. In a double-blind randomized protocol, ten recreational male athletes followed two 1-week treatments (Cor: prednisone, 60mg/day or Pla: placebo). At the end of each treatment, they hopped on their dominant leg for 30s three times consecutively and then hopped until exhaustion, with intervals of 5min of passive recovery. Blood and saliva samples were collected at rest and 3min after each exercise bout to determine the lactate, interleukin-6, interleukin-10, TNF-alpha, DHEA and testosterone values. The absolute peak force of the dominant leg was significantly increased by Cor but only during the first 30-s hopping bout (p<0.05), whereas time to exhaustion was not significantly changed after Cor treatment vs Pla (Pla: 119.9±24.7; Cor: 123.1±29.5s). Cor intake lowered basal and end-exercise plasma interleukin-6 and saliva DHEA (p<0.01) and increased interleukin-10 (p<0.01), whereas no significant change was found in blood lactate and TNF-alpha or saliva testosterone between Pla and Cor. According to these data, short-term glucocorticoid intake did not improve endurance performance during repeated bouts of high-intensity exercise, despite the significant initial increase in absolute peak force and anti-inflammatory effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houssem Zorgati
- Laboratoire CIAMS, EA 4532, Université Paris Sud - Université Orléans, France
| | - Fabrice Prieur
- Laboratoire CIAMS, EA 4532, Université Paris Sud - Université Orléans, France
| | - Thomas Vergniaud
- Laboratoire CIAMS, EA 4532, Université Paris Sud - Université Orléans, France
| | - François Cottin
- Laboratoire CIAMS, EA 4532, Université Paris Sud - Université Orléans, France
| | - Manh-Cuong Do
- Laboratoire CIAMS, EA 4532, Université Paris Sud - Université Orléans, France
| | - Zakaria Labsy
- Laboratoire CIAMS, EA 4532, Université Paris Sud - Université Orléans, France
| | | | - Olivier Gagey
- Laboratoire CIAMS, EA 4532, Université Paris Sud - Université Orléans, France
| | | | - Katia Collomp
- Laboratoire CIAMS, EA 4532, Université Paris Sud - Université Orléans, France; Département des Analyses, AFLD, France.
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Baudry S, Lanfranco F, Merletti R, Duchateau J, Minetto MA. Effects of Short-Term Dexamethasone Administration on Corticospinal Excitability. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2014; 46:695-701. [DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000000162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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27
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Glucocorticoids improve high-intensity exercise performance in humans. Eur J Appl Physiol 2013; 114:419-24. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-013-2784-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2013] [Accepted: 11/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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28
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Haldar SM, Jeyaraj D, Anand P, Zhu H, Lu Y, Prosdocimo DA, Eapen B, Kawanami D, Okutsu M, Brotto L, Fujioka H, Kerner J, Rosca MG, McGuinness OP, Snow RJ, Russell AP, Gerber AN, Bai X, Yan Z, Nosek TM, Brotto M, Hoppel CL, Jain MK. Kruppel-like factor 15 regulates skeletal muscle lipid flux and exercise adaptation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:6739-44. [PMID: 22493257 PMCID: PMC3340075 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1121060109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of skeletal muscle to enhance lipid utilization during exercise is a form of metabolic plasticity essential for survival. Conversely, metabolic inflexibility in muscle can cause organ dysfunction and disease. Although the transcription factor Kruppel-like factor 15 (KLF15) is an important regulator of glucose and amino acid metabolism, its endogenous role in lipid homeostasis and muscle physiology is unknown. Here we demonstrate that KLF15 is essential for skeletal muscle lipid utilization and physiologic performance. KLF15 directly regulates a broad transcriptional program spanning all major segments of the lipid-flux pathway in muscle. Consequently, Klf15-deficient mice have abnormal lipid and energy flux, excessive reliance on carbohydrate fuels, exaggerated muscle fatigue, and impaired endurance exercise capacity. Elucidation of this heretofore unrecognized role for KLF15 now implicates this factor as a central component of the transcriptional circuitry that coordinates physiologic flux of all three basic cellular nutrients: glucose, amino acids, and lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saptarsi M Haldar
- Harrington Heart and Vascular Institute and Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine and University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
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