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Aung SLL, Liu FY, Gou YN, Nwe ZM, Yu ZH, Deng JX. Morphological and phylogenetic analyses reveal two new Alternaria species (Pleosporales, Pleosporaceae) in Alternaria section from Cucurbitaceae plants in China. MycoKeys 2024; 107:125-139. [PMID: 39081831 PMCID: PMC11287080 DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.107.124814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Alternaria species are commonly found as saprophytes, endophytes and plant pathogens. During a survey of small-spored Alternaria in China, two new species were discovered from Cucurbitaceae plants collected in Hubei and Sichuan provinces. This study identified two new species of Alternaria using seven genes (ITS, GAPDH, TEF1, RPB2, Alt a 1, EndoPG, and OPA10-2) for phylogenetic analyses and morphological characteristics. The two new species A.jingzhouensis and A.momordicae were described and illustrated. Alternariajingzhouensis sp. nov., associated with Citrulluslanatus, is characterized by producing muriform, ellipsoidal, flask-shaped, rostrate, and beaked conidia. It differs from A.koreana, A.ovoidea, and A.baoshanensis by bearing conidia in a simple conidiogenous locus with occasionally longer beaks in a chain, and from A.momordicae sp. nov. by having shorter beaks. Alternariamomordicae sp. nov. from Momordicacharantia was distinct from A.koreana, A.ovoidea, and A.baoshanensis by producing muriform, long ellipsoid or ovoid to obclavate, sometimes inverted club-shaped conidia on a single conidiogenous locus with a wider body and longer beak in a chain, and distinct from A.jingzhouensis sp. nov. by a longer beak conidia. These two species were clearly distinguished from other species in the section Alternaria based on DNA based phylogeny and morphological characteristics. The morphological features were discussed and compared to relevant species in the present paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sein Lai Lai Aung
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, ChinaYangtze UniversityJingzhouChina
| | - Feng-Yin Liu
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, ChinaYangtze UniversityJingzhouChina
| | - Ya-Nan Gou
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, ChinaYangtze UniversityJingzhouChina
| | - Zin Mar Nwe
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, ChinaYangtze UniversityJingzhouChina
| | - Zhi-He Yu
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, ChinaYangtze UniversityJingzhouChina
| | - Jian-Xin Deng
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, ChinaYangtze UniversityJingzhouChina
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Tirrò G, Conti Taguali S, Pane A, Riolo M, Ezra D, Cacciola SO. Outbreak of Alternaria Black Spot of Pomegranate ( Punica granatum L.) in Italy as a Consequence of Unusual Climatic Conditions. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:2007. [PMID: 39065533 PMCID: PMC11280563 DOI: 10.3390/plants13142007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2024] [Revised: 07/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
Alternaria black spot of pomegranate (Punica granatum) was reported for the first time in Italy. In spring 2023, an outbreak of this disease was noticed in commercial pomegranate 'Wonderful' orchards of the municipality of Misterbianco (Sicily), following an unusually rainy period. A total of 30 randomly selected Alternaria isolates recovered from typical necrotic spots of leaves and fruits were characterized. Based on the colony morphology on solid agar media (PDA and MEA), isolates were separated into three distinct morphotypes (1, 2, and 3). The first two morphotypes comprised only isolates from fruits, while morphotype 3 comprised only isolates from leaves. Multigene phylogenetic analysis of four DNA regions, including internal transcribed spacer (ITS), translation elongation factor 1-α (EF-1α), glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), and a SCAR marker (OPA10-2), identified the isolates of morphotypes 1 and 2 as Alternaria alternata and morphotype 3 isolates as A. arborescens. In pathogenicity tests on unwounded leaves and fruit, the isolates of all three morphotypes produced symptoms on the leaves of three pomegranate cultivars, 'Acco', 'Wonderful', and 'Etna'. The symptoms on 'Acco' leaves were the least severe. Conversely, the fruits of 'Acco' were the most susceptible. The isolates of morphotypes 2 and 3 were not pathogenic on the fruits of 'Wonderful' and 'Etna'. This is the first report of Alternaria black spot in Italy and of A. arborescens associated with Alternaria black spot of pomegranate worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaetano Tirrò
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia 100, 95123 Catania, Italy; (G.T.); (S.C.T.); (A.P.); (S.O.C.)
| | - Sebastiano Conti Taguali
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia 100, 95123 Catania, Italy; (G.T.); (S.C.T.); (A.P.); (S.O.C.)
- Department of Agricultural Science, University Mediterranea of Reggio Calabria, 89122 Reggio Calabria, Italy
| | - Antonella Pane
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia 100, 95123 Catania, Italy; (G.T.); (S.C.T.); (A.P.); (S.O.C.)
| | - Mario Riolo
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia 100, 95123 Catania, Italy; (G.T.); (S.C.T.); (A.P.); (S.O.C.)
| | - David Ezra
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Agricultural Research Organization, ARO, The Volcani Institute, P.O. Box 15159, Rishon LeZion 7528809, Israel;
| | - Santa Olga Cacciola
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia 100, 95123 Catania, Italy; (G.T.); (S.C.T.); (A.P.); (S.O.C.)
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Yan S, Yu P, Liang G, Zhang D, Timko MP, Guo Q, Wu D. Three Alternaria Species, Including a New Species, Causing Leaf Spot Disease of Loquat ( Eriobotrya japonica) in China. PLANT DISEASE 2024:PDIS07231368RE. [PMID: 38301220 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-07-23-1368-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Loquat (Eriobotrya japonica) is an economically important subtropical fruit crop in China. Field surveys conducted in different loquat orchards located in Chongqing, Sichuan, and Fujian provinces between 2017 and 2020 resulted in a collection of 56 Alternaria-like isolates from trees exhibiting symptoms of loquat leaf spot. Multigene phylogenetic analyses using seven gene regions, namely, ITS, gapdh, RPB2, tef1, Alt a 1, endoPG, and OPA10-2, showed that all the isolates belonged to the genus Alternaria, and supporting morphological analysis identified them as members of species A. alternata, A. gaisen, and A. chongqingensis sp. nov. In vitro and in vivo pathogenicity tests showed all the identified species to be pathogenic and able to cause leaf spot disease on loquat. Moreover, comprehensive phylogenetic analyses employing all combinations of the above seven gene sequences revealed the capability of Alt a 1-tef1-endoPG to provide a well-resolved gene tree for Alternaria spp. at the species level. This study adds to the current knowledge on an unknown species (A. chongqingensis sp. nov.) and is the first report of A. gaisen in loquat worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Yan
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Institute of Fruit Science, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Science, Guiyang, Guizhou 550006, China
| | - Peng Yu
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Guolu Liang
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Danhua Zhang
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, U.S.A
| | - Michael P Timko
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, U.S.A
| | - Qigao Guo
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Di Wu
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
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Nwe ZM, Htut KN, Aung SLL, Gou YN, Huang CX, Deng JX. Two novel species and a new host record of Alternaria (Pleosporales, Pleosporaceae) from sunflower (Compositae) in Myanmar. MycoKeys 2024; 105:337-354. [PMID: 38883863 PMCID: PMC11179095 DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.105.123790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Sunflower (Helianthusannuus L.) is a widely cultivated, fast-growing crop known for its seeds and oil, with substantial ecological and economic importance globally. However, it faces challenges from leaf diseases caused by Alternaria species, which threaten its yield. Three small-spored Alternaria species were isolated from leaf spot and blight symptoms on sunflower in Myanmar. All the species were determined based on morphological characterization and a multi-locus phylogenetic assessment of seven genes, including the internal transcribed spacer of rDNA region (ITS), glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), RNA polymerase second largest subunit (RPB2), translation elongation factor 1-α (TEF1), Alternaria major allergen gene (Alt a 1), endopolygalacturonase gene (EndoPG), and an anonymous gene region (OPA10-2). The results introduced two new Alternaria species, A.myanmarensis sp. nov. and A.yamethinensis sp. nov., and a known species of A.burnsii, firstly reported from sunflower.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zin Mar Nwe
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China
| | - Khin Nayyi Htut
- MARA Key Laboratory of Sustainable Crop Production in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River (Co-Construction by Ministry and Province), Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China
| | - Sein Lai Lai Aung
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China
| | - Ya-Nan Gou
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China
| | - Cheng-Xin Huang
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China
| | - Jian-Xin Deng
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China
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Li E, Liu J, Zhang S, Xu B. Identification the Pathogen Cause a New Apple Leaf Blight in China and Determination the Controlling Efficacy for Five Botanical Fungicides. J Fungi (Basel) 2024; 10:255. [PMID: 38667926 PMCID: PMC11051572 DOI: 10.3390/jof10040255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Alternaria leaf blight has recently been described as an emerging fungal disease of apple trees which is causing the significant damage in the apple-growing areas of Tianshui and Jingning, Gansu, China. In the present study, the pathogen species involved in apple leaf blight and its biological characteristics were identified, and the inhibitory activity of different botanical fungicides against the pathogen was evaluated in vitro. Four strains were isolated from the symptomatic areas of necrotic apple leaves, and initially healthy leaves showed similar symptoms to those observed in orchards after inoculation with the ABL2 isolate. The ABL2 isolate was identified as Alternaria tenuissima based on the morphological characteristics of its colonies, conidiophores, and conidia, and this was also confirmed by multi-gene sequence (ITS, OPA10-2, Alta-1, and endoPG) analysis and phylogenic analysis. The optimum temperature, pH, carbon source, and nitrogen source for the growth of A. tenuissima mycelia were 28 °C, 6-7, soluble starch, and soy flour, respectively. In addition, the botanical fungicide eugenol exhibited the highest inhibitory effect on the mycelial growth and conidia germination of A. tenuissima, and the median effective concentration (EC50) values were 0.826 and 0.755 μg/mL, respectively. The protective and curative efficacy of eugenol were 86.85% and 76.94% after inoculation in detached apple leaves at a concentration of 4 μg/mL. Our research provides new insights into the control of apple leaf blight disease by applying botanical fungicides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enchen Li
- College of Plant Protection, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (E.L.); (J.L.)
- Gansu Provincial Biocontrol Engineering Laboratory of Crop Diseases and Pests, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Jia Liu
- College of Plant Protection, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (E.L.); (J.L.)
- Gansu Provincial Biocontrol Engineering Laboratory of Crop Diseases and Pests, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Shuwu Zhang
- College of Plant Protection, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (E.L.); (J.L.)
- Gansu Provincial Biocontrol Engineering Laboratory of Crop Diseases and Pests, Lanzhou 730070, China
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Arid Land Crop Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Bingliang Xu
- College of Plant Protection, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (E.L.); (J.L.)
- Gansu Provincial Biocontrol Engineering Laboratory of Crop Diseases and Pests, Lanzhou 730070, China
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Arid Land Crop Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
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Schmey T, Tominello-Ramirez CS, Brune C, Stam R. Alternaria diseases on potato and tomato. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2024; 25:e13435. [PMID: 38476108 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Alternaria spp. cause different diseases in potato and tomato crops. Early blight caused by Alternaria solani and brown spot caused by Alternaria alternata are most common, but the disease complex is far more diverse. We first provide an overview of the Alternaria species infecting the two host plants to alleviate some of the confusion that arises from the taxonomic rearrangements in this fungal genus. Highlighting the diversity of Alternaria fungi on both solanaceous hosts, we review studies investigating the genetic diversity and genomes, before we present recent advances from studies elucidating host-pathogen interactions and fungicide resistances. TAXONOMY Kingdom Fungi, Phylum Ascomycota, Class Dothideomycetes, Order Pleosporales, Family Pleosporaceae, Genus Alternaria. BIOLOGY AND HOST RANGE Alternaria spp. adopt diverse lifestyles. We specifically review Alternaria spp. that cause disease in the two solanaceous crops potato (Solanum tuberosum) and tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). They are necrotrophic pathogens with no known sexual stage, despite some signatures of recombination. DISEASE SYMPTOMS Symptoms of the early blight/brown spot disease complex include foliar lesions that first present as brown spots, depending on the species with characteristic concentric rings, which eventually lead to severe defoliation and considerable yield loss. CONTROL Good field hygiene can keep the disease pressure low. Some potato and tomato cultivars show differences in susceptibility, but there are no fully resistant varieties known. Therefore, the main control mechanism is treatment with fungicides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Schmey
- TUM School of Life Science Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Christopher S Tominello-Ramirez
- Department of Phytopathology and Crop Protection, Institute of Phytopathology, Christian Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Carolin Brune
- TUM School of Life Science Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Remco Stam
- Department of Phytopathology and Crop Protection, Institute of Phytopathology, Christian Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany
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Ahmad T, Xing F, Cao C, Liu Y. Characterization and toxicological potential of Alternaria alternata associated with post-harvest fruit rot of Prunus avium in China. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1273076. [PMID: 38380098 PMCID: PMC10877066 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1273076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Post-harvest fruit rot caused by Alternaria species is one of the most important threats to the fruit industry. Post-harvest rot on sweet cherry (Prunus avium) fruit was observed in the fruit markets of the Haidian district of Beijing, China. The fungal isolates obtained from the infected sweet cherry fruits matched the descriptions of Alternaria alternata based on the morphology and multi-gene (ITS, endo-PG, and Alta1) sequence analysis. Pathogenicity tests indicated that ACT-3 was the most virulent isolate, exhibiting typical post-harvest fruit rot symptoms. Physiological studies revealed that the optimal conditions for the growth of ACT-3 were temperature of 28°C, water activity of 0.999, and pH of 8 with 87, 85, and 86 mm radial growth of ACT-3 on a potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium, respectively, at 12 days post-inoculation (dpi). Moreover, the fungus showed the highest growth on a Martin agar medium (MAM) modified (85 mm) and a PDA medium (84 mm) at 12 dpi. The proliferation of the fungus was visualized inside the fruit tissues by confocal and scanning electron microscope (SEM), revealing the invasion and destruction of fruit tissues. Alternaria mycotoxins, tenuazonic acid (TeA), and alternariol (AOH) were detected in five representative isolates by HPLC analysis. The highest concentrations of TeA (313 μg/mL) and AOH (8.9 μg/mL) were observed in ACT-6 and ACT-3 isolates, respectively. This study is the first to present a detailed report on the characteristics and proliferation of A. alternata associated with sweet cherry fruit rot and the detection of toxic metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanvir Ahmad
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Foshan University, National Technical Center (Foshan) for Quality Control of Famous and Special Agricultural Products (CAQS-GAP-KZZX043), Guangdong Key Laboratory of Food Intelligent Manufacturing, Foshan, Guangdong, China
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fuguo Xing
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Changyu Cao
- School of Life Sciences and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong, China
| | - Yang Liu
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Foshan University, National Technical Center (Foshan) for Quality Control of Famous and Special Agricultural Products (CAQS-GAP-KZZX043), Guangdong Key Laboratory of Food Intelligent Manufacturing, Foshan, Guangdong, China
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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Park J, Kim S, Jo M, An S, Kim Y, Yoon J, Jeong MH, Kim EY, Choi J, Kim Y, Park SY. Isolation and Identification of Alternaria alternata from Potato Plants Affected by Leaf Spot Disease in Korea: Selection of Effective Fungicides. J Fungi (Basel) 2024; 10:53. [PMID: 38248962 PMCID: PMC10820076 DOI: 10.3390/jof10010053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Brown leaf spot disease caused by Alternaria spp. is among the most common diseases of potato crops. Typical brown spot symptoms were observed in commercial potato-cultivation areas of northern Korea from June to August 2020-2021. In total, 68 isolates were collected, and based on sequence analysis of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region, the collected isolates were identified as Alternaria spp. (80.9%). Phylogenetic analysis revealed that a majority of these isolates clustered within a clade that included A. alternata. Additionally, the ITS region and rpb2 yielded the most informative sequences for the identification of A. alternata. Pathogenicity tests confirmed that the collected pathogens elicited symptoms identical to those observed in the field. In pathogenicity tests performed on seven commercial cultivars, the pathogens exhibited strong virulence in both wound and non-wound inoculations. Among the cultivars tested, Arirang-1ho, Arirang-2ho, and Golden Ball were resistant to the pathogens. Furthermore, among the fungicides tested in vitro, mancozeb and difenoconazole were found to be effective for inhibiting mycelial growth. In summary, our findings suggest that A. alternata plays a critical role in leaf disease in potato-growing regions and emphasise the necessity of continuous monitoring and management to protect against this disease in Korea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyoon Park
- Department of Plant Medicine, Sunchon National University, Sunchon 57922, Republic of Korea; (J.P.); (S.K.); (M.J.); (S.A.); (Y.K.); (J.Y.); (M.-H.J.)
- Interdisciplinary Program in IT-Bio Convergence System (BK21 Plus), Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Republic of Korea
| | - Seoyeon Kim
- Department of Plant Medicine, Sunchon National University, Sunchon 57922, Republic of Korea; (J.P.); (S.K.); (M.J.); (S.A.); (Y.K.); (J.Y.); (M.-H.J.)
- Interdisciplinary Program in IT-Bio Convergence System (BK21 Plus), Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Republic of Korea
| | - Miju Jo
- Department of Plant Medicine, Sunchon National University, Sunchon 57922, Republic of Korea; (J.P.); (S.K.); (M.J.); (S.A.); (Y.K.); (J.Y.); (M.-H.J.)
- Interdisciplinary Program in IT-Bio Convergence System (BK21 Plus), Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunmin An
- Department of Plant Medicine, Sunchon National University, Sunchon 57922, Republic of Korea; (J.P.); (S.K.); (M.J.); (S.A.); (Y.K.); (J.Y.); (M.-H.J.)
- Interdisciplinary Program in IT-Bio Convergence System (BK21 Plus), Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngjun Kim
- Department of Plant Medicine, Sunchon National University, Sunchon 57922, Republic of Korea; (J.P.); (S.K.); (M.J.); (S.A.); (Y.K.); (J.Y.); (M.-H.J.)
| | - Jonghan Yoon
- Department of Plant Medicine, Sunchon National University, Sunchon 57922, Republic of Korea; (J.P.); (S.K.); (M.J.); (S.A.); (Y.K.); (J.Y.); (M.-H.J.)
| | - Min-Hye Jeong
- Department of Plant Medicine, Sunchon National University, Sunchon 57922, Republic of Korea; (J.P.); (S.K.); (M.J.); (S.A.); (Y.K.); (J.Y.); (M.-H.J.)
| | - Eun Young Kim
- Crop Cultivation and Environment Research Division, National Institute of Crop Science, Rural Development Administration, Suwon 16429, Republic of Korea;
| | - Jaehyuk Choi
- Department of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea;
| | - Yangseon Kim
- Department of Research and Development, Center for Industrialization of Agricultural and Livestock Microorganisms, Jeongeup-si 56212, Republic of Korea;
| | - Sook-Young Park
- Department of Plant Medicine, Sunchon National University, Sunchon 57922, Republic of Korea; (J.P.); (S.K.); (M.J.); (S.A.); (Y.K.); (J.Y.); (M.-H.J.)
- Interdisciplinary Program in IT-Bio Convergence System (BK21 Plus), Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Republic of Korea
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He J, Li DW, Cui WL, Huang L. Seven new species of Alternaria (Pleosporales, Pleosporaceae) associated with Chinese fir, based on morphological and molecular evidence. MycoKeys 2024; 101:1-44. [PMID: 38222042 PMCID: PMC10787357 DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.101.115370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Chinese fir (Cunninghamialanceolata) is a special fast-growing commercial tree species in China and has significant ecological and economic value. However, it experienced damage from leaf blight caused by pathogenic fungi of the genus Alternaria. To determine the diversity of Alternaria species associated with leaf blight of Chinese fir in China, infected leaves were collected from five major cultivation provinces (Fujian, Henan, Hunan, Jiangsu and Shandong provinces). A total of 48 fungal strains of Alternaria were obtained. Comparison of morphology and phylogenetic analyses, based on nine loci (ITS, SSU, LSU, GAPDH, RPB2, TEF1, Alt a1, endoPG and OPA10-2) of the representative isolates as well as the pairwise homoplasy index tests, revealed that the fungal strains belonged to seven undescribed taxa of Alternaria, which are described here and named as Alternariacunninghamiicolasp. nov., A.dongshanqiaoensissp. nov., A.hunanensissp. nov., A.kunyuensissp. nov., А. longqiaoensissp. nov., A.shandongensissp. nov. and A.xinyangensissp. nov. In order to prove Koch's postulates, pathogenicity tests on detached Chinese fir leaves revealed significant pathogenicity amongst these species, of which A.hunanensis is the most pathogenic to Chinese fir. This study represents the first report of A.cunninghamiicola, A.dongshanqiaoensis, A.hunanensis, A.kunyuensis, A.longqiaoensis, A.shandongensis and A.xinyangensis causing leaf blight on Chinese fir. Knowledge obtained in this study enhanced our understanding of Alternaria species causing leaf blight on Chinese fir and was crucial for the disease management and the further studies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao He
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210037, ChinaNanjing Forestry UniversityNanjingChina
| | - De-Wei Li
- The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station Valley Laboratory, Windsor, CT 06095, USAThe Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station Valley LaboratoryWindsorUnited States of America
| | - Wen-Li Cui
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210037, ChinaNanjing Forestry UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Lin Huang
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210037, ChinaNanjing Forestry UniversityNanjingChina
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Castañares E, Dinolfo MI, Patriarca A, Stenglein SA. SRAP markers as an alternative tool for Alternaria classification. Food Microbiol 2023; 116:104370. [PMID: 37689421 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2023.104370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023]
Abstract
Alternaria is one of the main fungal contaminants of cereal grains worldwide with the potential to produce mycotoxins hazardous to human and animal health. Many studies have been carried out to characterize Alternaria sp.-grp. using traditional morphology or polyphasic approach, but a good correlation between morphological sp.-grp., molecular, and chemotaxonomic groups has not always been achieved. For this reason, this study aimed to investigate the usefulness of a cheaper alternative tool, SRAP markers, in identifying Alternaria sp.-grps. obtained from Argentinean barley grains and to compare it with preliminary characterization using morphological traits, phylogeny, and metabolite profiles. Fifty-three Alternaria isolates from barley grains of the main producing regions of Argentina were analyzed with four combinations of SRAP markers. The UPGMA dendrogram, based on the Simple Matching similarity coefficient, revealed three distinct groups. SRAP markers allowed the separation of Alternaria from Infectoriae sections in agreement with the results of a polyphasic approach previously made. Besides, isolates of A. arborescens sp.-grp. were clustered in a separate group from isolates of A. tenuissima and A. alternata sp.-grp., which were grouped in the same cluster. SRAP markers are a recommended tool for classifying Alternaria isolates because of its simplicity, reliability, and cost-effectiveness compared to other molecular markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Castañares
- Laboratorio de Biología Funcional y Biotecnología (BIOLAB)-CICBA-INBIOTEC-CONICET, Facultad de Agronomía, UNCPBA, Av. República de Italia 780, Azul, 7300, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - M I Dinolfo
- Laboratorio de Biología Funcional y Biotecnología (BIOLAB)-CICBA-INBIOTEC-CONICET, Facultad de Agronomía, UNCPBA, Av. República de Italia 780, Azul, 7300, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - A Patriarca
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Laboratorio de Microbiología de Alimentos, CONICET, Instituto de Micología y Botánica (INMIBO), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Applied Mycology Group, Environment and AgriFood Theme, Cranfield University, College Road, Bedford, MK43 0AL, United Kingdom
| | - S A Stenglein
- Laboratorio de Biología Funcional y Biotecnología (BIOLAB)-CICBA-INBIOTEC-CONICET, Facultad de Agronomía, UNCPBA, Av. República de Italia 780, Azul, 7300, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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11
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Ghoneem KM, Al-Askar AA, El-Gamal SMA, Rashad EM, Elsherbiny EA, Ibrahim SD, Marey SA, Saber WIA. Lytic and Molecular Evidence of the Widespread Coriander Leaf Spot Disease Caused by Alternaria dauci. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:3872. [PMID: 38005769 PMCID: PMC10674545 DOI: 10.3390/plants12223872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
Coriandrum sativum L. is a globally significant economic herb with medicinal and aromatic properties. While coriander leaf blight disease was previously confined to India and the USA, this study presents new evidence of its outbreak in Africa and the Middle East caused by Alternaria dauci. Infected leaves display irregular chlorotic to dark brown necrotic lesions along their edges, resulting in leaf discoloration, collapse, and eventual death. The disease also impacts inflorescences and seeds, significantly reducing seed quality. Koch's postulates confirmed the pathogenicity of the fungus through the re-isolation of A. dauci from artificially infected leaves, and its morphology aligns with typical A. dauci features. Notably, this study identified strong lytic activity (cellulase: 23.76 U, xylanase: 12.83 U, pectinase: 51.84 U, amylase: 9.12 U, and proteinase: 5.73 U), suggesting a correlation with pathogenicity. Molecular characterization using ITS (ON171224) and the specific Alt-a-1 gene (OR236142) supports the fungal morphology. This research provides the first comprehensive documentation of the pathological, lytic, and molecular evidence of A. dauci leaf blight disease on coriander. Future investigations should prioritize the development of resistant coriander varieties and sustainable disease management strategies, including the use of advanced molecular techniques for swift and accurate disease diagnosis to protect coriander from the devastating impact of A. dauci.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid M. Ghoneem
- Department of Seed Pathology Research, Plant Pathology Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center (ARC), Giza 12619, Egypt; (K.M.G.); (E.M.R.)
| | - Abdulaziz A. Al-Askar
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Seham M. A. El-Gamal
- Department of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research, Horticulture Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center (ARC), Giza 12619, Egypt;
| | - Ehsan M. Rashad
- Department of Seed Pathology Research, Plant Pathology Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center (ARC), Giza 12619, Egypt; (K.M.G.); (E.M.R.)
| | - Elsherbiny A. Elsherbiny
- Department of Biology, Rheinland-Pfälzische Technische Universität Kaiserslautern (RPTU), 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Shafik D. Ibrahim
- Department of Genome Mapping, Agricultural Genetic Engineering Research Institute (AGERI), Agricultural Research Center (ARC), Giza 12619, Egypt;
| | | | - WesamEldin I. A. Saber
- Microbial Activity Unit, Department of Microbiology, Soils, Water and Environment Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center (ARC), Giza 12619, Egypt
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12
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Molnár A, Knapp DG, Lovas M, Tóth G, Boldizsár I, Váczy KZ, Kovács GM. Untargeted metabolomic analyses support the main phylogenetic groups of the common plant-associated Alternaria fungi isolated from grapevine (Vitis vinifera). Sci Rep 2023; 13:19298. [PMID: 37935846 PMCID: PMC10630412 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-46020-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Alternaria, a cosmopolitan fungal genus is a dominant member of the grapevine (Vitis vinifera) microbiome. Several Alternaria species are known to produce a variety of secondary metabolites, which are particularly relevant to plant protection and food safety in field crops. According to previous findings, the majority of Alternaria species inhabiting grapevine belong to Alternaria sect. Alternaria. However, the phylogenetic diversity and secondary metabolite production of the distinct Alternaria species has remained unclear. In this study, our aim was to examine the genetic and metabolic diversity of endophytic Alternaria isolates associated with the above-ground tissues of the grapevine. Altogether, 270 Alternaria isolates were collected from asymptomatic leaves and grape clusters of different grapevine varieties in the Eger wine region of Hungary. After analyses of the nuclear ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and RNA polymerase second largest subunit (rpb2) sequences, 170 isolates were chosen for further analyses. Sequences of the Alternaria major allergen gene (Alt a 1), endopolygalacturonase (endoPG), OPA10-2, and KOG1058 were also included in the phylogenetic analyses. Identification of secondary metabolites and metabolite profiling of the isolates were performed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry (HR-MS/MS). The multilocus phylogeny results revealed two distinct groups in grapevine, namely A. alternata and the A. arborescens species complex (AASC). Eight main metabolites were identified in all collected Alternaria isolates, regardless of their affiliation to the species and lineages. Multivariate analyses of untargeted metabolites found no clear separations; however, a partial least squares-discriminant analysis model was able to successfully discriminate between the metabolic datasets from isolates belonging to the AASC and A. alternata. By conducting univariate analysis based on the discriminant ability of the metabolites, we also identified several features exhibiting large and significant variation between A. alternata and the AASC. The separation of these groups may suggest functional differences, which may also play a role in the functioning of the plant microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Molnár
- Centre for Research and Development, Eszterházy Károly Catholic University, Leányka utca 6, Eger, 3300, Hungary.
- Department of Plant Anatomy, Institute of Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/C, Budapest, 1117, Hungary.
| | - Dániel G Knapp
- Department of Plant Anatomy, Institute of Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/C, Budapest, 1117, Hungary
- Department of Forestry and Wood Technology, Linnaeus University, Växjö, Sweden
| | - Miklós Lovas
- Centre for Research and Development, Eszterházy Károly Catholic University, Leányka utca 6, Eger, 3300, Hungary
- Hevesy György PhD School of Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, H-1117, Hungary
| | - Gergő Tóth
- Department of Plant Anatomy, Institute of Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/C, Budapest, 1117, Hungary
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Semmelweis University, Hőgyes Endre U. 9, Budapest, 1092, Hungary
| | - Imre Boldizsár
- Department of Plant Anatomy, Institute of Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/C, Budapest, 1117, Hungary
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Semmelweis University, Üllői út 26, Budapest, 1085, Hungary
| | - Kálmán Zoltán Váczy
- Centre for Research and Development, Eszterházy Károly Catholic University, Leányka utca 6, Eger, 3300, Hungary
| | - Gábor M Kovács
- Department of Plant Anatomy, Institute of Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/C, Budapest, 1117, Hungary
- Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Budapest, 1525, Hungary
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13
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Lan Y, Yan Z, Duan T. Luobuma Leaf Spot Disease Caused by Alternaria tenuissima in China. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:1062. [PMID: 37998868 PMCID: PMC10671953 DOI: 10.3390/jof9111062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Luobuma (Apocynum venetum and Poacynum hendersonni) is widely cultivated for environmental conservation, medicinal purposes and the textile industry. In 2018, a severe leaf spot disease that attacked the leaves of Luobuma was observed in plants cultivated in Yuzhong County, Gansu Province, China. Symptoms of the disease appeared as white or off-white spots surrounded by brown margins on the leaves of A. venetum. The spots expanded and covered a large area of the leaf, presenting as "cankers" with progression of the disease, leading to leaf death. The initial symptoms of the disease on P. hendersonni were similar to the symptoms of A. venetum, with a larger disease spot than A. venetum, and the spot was black and thicker. The aim of this study was to identify the fungal species and evaluate the effectiveness of fungicides (hymexazol and zhongshengmycin) against the pathogen in vitro. The fungi species that caused the new disease was identified as Alternaria tenuissima based on the morphological characteristics, pathogenicity tests, and phylogenetic analysis of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (gpd), translation elongation factor 1-alpha (TEF) and the histone 3 (H3) gene sequences. The findings showed that hymexazol fungicide can be used to control leaf spot disease. This is the first report on Luobuma leaf spot disease caused by A. tenuissima in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanru Lan
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730020, China
- Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou 730020, China
- College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730020, China
| | - Zhichen Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730020, China
- Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou 730020, China
- College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730020, China
| | - Tingyu Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730020, China
- Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou 730020, China
- College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730020, China
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Waqas M, Prencipe S, Guarnaccia V, Spadaro D. Molecular Characterization and Pathogenicity of Alternaria spp. Associated with Black Rot of Sweet Cherries in Italy. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:992. [PMID: 37888248 PMCID: PMC10607616 DOI: 10.3390/jof9100992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Black rot is limiting the production of sweet cherries in Italy. Dark brown to black patches and sunken lesions on fruits are the most common symptoms of Alternaria black rot on sweet cherry fruits. We isolated 180 Alternaria spp. from symptomatic cherry fruits 'Kordia', 'Ferrovia', and 'Regina' harvested in Northern Italy, over three years, from 2020 to 2022. The aim was to identify and characterize a selection of forty isolates of Alternaria spp. based on morphology, pathogenicity, and combined analysis of rpb2, Alt-a1, endoPG and OPA10-2. The colonies were dark greyish in the center with white margins. Ellipsoidal or ovoid shaped conidia ranging from 19.8 to 21.7 μm in length were observed under a microscope. Based on the concatenated session of four gene regions, thirty-three out of forty isolates were identified as A. arborescens species complex (AASC), and seven as A. alternata. Pathogenicity was evaluated on healthy 'Regina' sweet cherry fruits. All the tested strains were pathogenic on their host. This study represents the first characterization of Alternaria spp. associated with black rot of cherries in Italy and, to the best of our knowledge, it is also the first report of AASC as an agent of black rot of sweet cherries in Italy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Waqas
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences (DISAFA), University of Torino, Largo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, TO, Italy; (M.W.); (S.P.); (V.G.)
| | - Simona Prencipe
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences (DISAFA), University of Torino, Largo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, TO, Italy; (M.W.); (S.P.); (V.G.)
| | - Vladimiro Guarnaccia
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences (DISAFA), University of Torino, Largo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, TO, Italy; (M.W.); (S.P.); (V.G.)
- AGROINNOVA—Interdepartmental Centre for Innovation in the Agro-environmental Sector, University of Torino, Largo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, TO, Italy
| | - Davide Spadaro
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences (DISAFA), University of Torino, Largo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, TO, Italy; (M.W.); (S.P.); (V.G.)
- AGROINNOVA—Interdepartmental Centre for Innovation in the Agro-environmental Sector, University of Torino, Largo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, TO, Italy
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15
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Liu H, Park S, Sang H. Identification and Fungicide Control of Bipolaris sorokiniana Causing Leaf Spot and Blight on Common Hop ( Humulus lupulus) in Korea. PLANT DISEASE 2023; 107:2939-2943. [PMID: 37189044 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-04-23-0752-sc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Hop (Humulus lupulus) is a perennial herbaceous vine belonging to the family Cannabaceae. This crop is commercially grown for the brewing industry for its bitter and aromatic flavor, as well as its antiseptic properties. In June 2021, leaf spot and blight was observed on common hop plants in Buan-gun, Jeollabuk-do, South Korea. The typical symptoms were small to large, dark-brown, necrotic lesions with yellow halos on the leaves. This study aimed to clarify the causal agent of this disease. Two fungal species, Alternaria alternata and Bipolaris sorokiniana, were isolated from the diseased leaf samples and identified by combining morphological observations and phylogenetic analysis using sequence datasets of internal transcribed spacer (ITS), Alt a1, rpb2, endoPG, and OPA10-2; and ITS, gpd, and tef1, respectively. Pathogenicity of the fungal isolates on detached leaves and living plants revealed that B. sorokiniana is the causal pathogen of this disease, while A. alternata is potentially a saprophyte. Fungicide sensitivity of the pathogen B. sorokiniana was further estimated in vitro using three classes of fungicides represented by fluxapyroxad, pyraclostrobin, and hexaconazole. The effective concentrations that inhibited 50% of spore germination (EC50) were 0.72, 1.90, and 0.68 μg ml-1, respectively. Moreover, all of these fungicides were able to control B. sorokiniana on detached common hop leaves at their recommended concentrations. In conclusion, this study reports leaf spot and blight of common hop caused by B. sorokiniana for the first time and proposes potential fungicides for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haifeng Liu
- Department of Integrative Food, Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea
| | - Sanghoon Park
- Hop&Hope, Agricultural Co. Ltd., Buan-gun 56319, Jeollabuk-do, Korea
| | - Hyunkyu Sang
- Department of Integrative Food, Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea
- Kumho Life Science Laboratory, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea
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Gou Y, Aung SLL, Guo Z, Li Z, Shen S, Deng J. Four New Species of Small-Spored Alternaria Isolated from Solanum tuberosum and S. lycopersicum in China. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:880. [PMID: 37754988 PMCID: PMC10532295 DOI: 10.3390/jof9090880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Small-spored Alternaria species have been frequently isolated from diseased leaves of Solanum plants. To clarify the diversity of small-spored Alternaria species, a total of 118 strains were obtained from leaf samples of S. tuberosum and S. lycopersicum in six provinces of China during 2022-2023. Based on morphological characterization and multi-locus phylogenetic analysis of the internal transcribed spacer of the rDNA region (ITS), glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), translation elongation factor 1 alpha (TEF1), RNA polymerase second largest subunit (RPB2), Alternaria major allergen gene (Alt a 1), endopolygalacturonase gene (EndoPG) and an anonymous gene region (OPA10-2), seven species were determined, including four novel species and three known species (A. alternata, A. gossypina and A. arborescens). The novel species were described and illustrated as A. longxiensis sp. nov., A. lijiangensis sp. nov., A. lycopersici sp. nov. and A. solanicola sp. nov.. In addition, the pathogenicity of the seven species was evaluated on potato leaves. The species exhibited various aggressiveness, which could help in disease management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Gou
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China; (Y.G.); (S.L.L.A.); (Z.G.); (Z.L.); (S.S.)
- MARA Key Laboratory of Sustainable Crop Production in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River (Co-Construction by Ministry and Province), Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China
| | - Sein Lai Lai Aung
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China; (Y.G.); (S.L.L.A.); (Z.G.); (Z.L.); (S.S.)
- MARA Key Laboratory of Sustainable Crop Production in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River (Co-Construction by Ministry and Province), Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China
| | - Zhuanjun Guo
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China; (Y.G.); (S.L.L.A.); (Z.G.); (Z.L.); (S.S.)
- MARA Key Laboratory of Sustainable Crop Production in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River (Co-Construction by Ministry and Province), Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China
| | - Zhi Li
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China; (Y.G.); (S.L.L.A.); (Z.G.); (Z.L.); (S.S.)
| | - Shulin Shen
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China; (Y.G.); (S.L.L.A.); (Z.G.); (Z.L.); (S.S.)
| | - Jianxin Deng
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China; (Y.G.); (S.L.L.A.); (Z.G.); (Z.L.); (S.S.)
- MARA Key Laboratory of Sustainable Crop Production in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River (Co-Construction by Ministry and Province), Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China
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Dettman JR, Eggertson QA, Kim NE. Species diversity and molecular characterization of Alternaria section Alternaria isolates collected mainly from cereal crops in Canada. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1194911. [PMID: 37303811 PMCID: PMC10249498 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1194911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Alternaria is often one on the most abundant fungal genera recovered from a wide array of plant hosts and environmental substrates. Many species within the sub-generic Alternaria section Alternaria are common plant pathogens that cause pre-harvest losses due to reduced productivity and post-harvest losses due to spoilage and contamination with mycotoxins. As certain species of Alternaria may have distinct mycotoxin profiles, and very broad host ranges, understanding the distribution of species by geography and host is critical for disease prediction, toxicological risk assessment, and guiding regulatory decisions. In two previous reports, we performed phylogenomic analyses to identify highly informative molecular markers for Alternaria section Alternaria, and validated their diagnostic ability. Here, we perform molecular characterization of 558 section Alternaria strains, collected from 64 host genera in 12 countries, using two of these section-specific loci (ASA-10 and ASA-19) along with the RNA polymerase II second largest subunit (rpb2) gene. The majority of strains (57.4%) originated from various cereal crops in Canada, which formed the main focus of our study. Phylogenetic analyses were used to classify strains into section Alternaria species/lineages, demonstrating that the most common species on Canadian cereal crops are Alternaria alternata and A. arborescens. Further population genetic analyses were consistent with A. alternata being a widely distributed species with relatively low levels of geographic isolation (i.e., Canadian isolates did not form distinct clades when compared to other regions). Our expanded sampling of A. arborescens has greatly increased the known diversity of this group, with A. arborescens isolates forming at least three distinct phylogenetic lineages. Proportionally, A. arborescens is more prevalent in Eastern Canada than in Western Canada. Sequence analyses, putative hybrids, and mating-type distributions provided some evidence for recombination events, both within and between species. There was little evidence for associations between hosts and genetic haplotypes of A. alternata or A. arborescens.
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Masigol H, Grossart HP, Taheri SR, Mostowfizadeh-Ghalamfarsa R, Pourmoghaddam MJ, Bouket AC, Khodaparast SA. Utilization of Low Molecular Weight Carbon Sources by Fungi and Saprolegniales: Implications for Their Ecology and Taxonomy. Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11030782. [PMID: 36985355 PMCID: PMC10052706 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11030782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Contributions of fungal and oomycete communities to freshwater carbon cycling have received increasing attention in the past years. It has been shown that fungi and oomycetes constitute key players in the organic matter cycling of freshwater ecosystems. Therefore, studying their interactions with dissolved organic matter is crucial for understanding the aquatic carbon cycle. Therefore, we studied the consumption rates of various carbon sources using 17 fungal and 8 oomycete strains recovered from various freshwater ecosystems using EcoPlate™ and FF MicroPlate™ approaches. Furthermore, phylogenetic relationships between strains were determined via single and multigene phylogenetic analyses of the internal transcribed spacer regions. Our results indicated that the studied fungal and oomycete strains could be distinguished based on their carbon utilization patterns, as indicated by their phylogenetic distance. Thereby, some carbon sources had a higher discriminative strength to categorize the studied strains and thus were applied in a polyphasic approach. We concluded that studying the catabolic potential enables a better understanding of taxonomic relationships and ecological roles of fungal vs. oomycete strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Masigol
- Plankton and Microbial Ecology, Leibniz Institute for Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), 16775 Neuglobsow, Germany; (H.M.); (S.R.T.)
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht 4199613776, Iran; (M.J.P.); (S.A.K.)
| | - Hans-Peter Grossart
- Plankton and Microbial Ecology, Leibniz Institute for Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), 16775 Neuglobsow, Germany; (H.M.); (S.R.T.)
- Institute for Biochemistry and Biology, Potsdam University, 14469 Potsdam, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-(0)-3308269991
| | - Seyedeh Roksana Taheri
- Plankton and Microbial Ecology, Leibniz Institute for Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), 16775 Neuglobsow, Germany; (H.M.); (S.R.T.)
| | | | - Mohammad Javad Pourmoghaddam
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht 4199613776, Iran; (M.J.P.); (S.A.K.)
| | - Ali Chenari Bouket
- East Azarbaijan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Centre, Plant Protection Research Department, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Tabriz 5355179854, Iran;
| | - Seyed Akbar Khodaparast
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht 4199613776, Iran; (M.J.P.); (S.A.K.)
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Prencipe S, Meloni GR, Nari L, Schiavon G, Spadaro D. Pathogenicity, Molecular Characterization, and Mycotoxigenic Potential of Alternaria spp. Agents of Black Spots on Fruit and Leaves of Pyrus communis in Italy. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2023; 113:309-320. [PMID: 36167507 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-03-22-0103-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Brown and black spots, caused by Stemphylium and Alternaria species, are important fungal diseases affecting European pear (Pyrus communis) in orchards. Both fungal genera cause similar symptoms, which could favor misidentification, but Alternaria spp. are increasingly reported due to the changing climatic conditions. In this study, Alternaria spp. were isolated from symptomatic leaves and fruits of European pear, and their pathogenicity was evaluated on pear fruits from cultivar Abate Fétel, and molecular and chemical characterization were performed. Based on maximum likelihood phylogenetic analysis, 15 of 46 isolates were identified as A. arborescens species complex (AASC), 27 as A. alternata, and four as Alternaria sp. Both species were isolated from mature fruits and leaves. In pathogenicity assays on pear fruits, all isolates reproduced the symptoms observed in the field, by both wound inoculation and direct penetration. All but one isolate produced Alternaria toxins on European pears, including tenuazonic acid and alternariol (89.1% of the isolates), alternariol monomethyl ether (89.1%), altertoxin I (80.4%), altenuene (50.0%), and tentoxin (2.2%). These isolates also produced at least two mycotoxins, and 43.5% produced four mycotoxins, with an average total concentration of the Alternaria toxins exceeding 7.58 × 106 ng/kg. Our data underline the potential risks for human health related to the high mycotoxin content found on fruits affected by black spot. This study also represents the first report of AASC as an agent of black spot on European pear in Italy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Prencipe
- Department of Agricultural, Forestry and Food Sciences (DiSAFA), University of Torino, via Paolo Braccini 2, 10095, Grugliasco, TO, Italy
| | - Giovanna Roberta Meloni
- Department of Agricultural, Forestry and Food Sciences (DiSAFA), University of Torino, via Paolo Braccini 2, 10095, Grugliasco, TO, Italy
- Centre of Competence for the Innovation in the Agro-Environmental Sector - AGROINNOVA, University of Turin, via Paolo Braccini 2, 10095, Grugliasco, TO, Italy
| | - Luca Nari
- Fondazione Agrion - Via Falicetto, 24, 12030, Manta, CN, Italy
| | - Giada Schiavon
- Department of Agricultural, Forestry and Food Sciences (DiSAFA), University of Torino, via Paolo Braccini 2, 10095, Grugliasco, TO, Italy
- Centre of Competence for the Innovation in the Agro-Environmental Sector - AGROINNOVA, University of Turin, via Paolo Braccini 2, 10095, Grugliasco, TO, Italy
| | - Davide Spadaro
- Department of Agricultural, Forestry and Food Sciences (DiSAFA), University of Torino, via Paolo Braccini 2, 10095, Grugliasco, TO, Italy
- Centre of Competence for the Innovation in the Agro-Environmental Sector - AGROINNOVA, University of Turin, via Paolo Braccini 2, 10095, Grugliasco, TO, Italy
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Species of the Genera Neopestalotiopsis and Alternaria as Dominant Pathogen Species Attacking Mastic Trees (Pistacia lentiscus var. Chia). MICROBIOLOGY RESEARCH 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/microbiolres14010010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Between 2018 and 2021, several mastic trees (Pistacia lentiscus var. Chia) sampled in the field and the nursery of the Chios Mastiha Growers Association (CMGA) were analyzed to determine the cause of dominant diseases. Symptoms included defoliation, leaf, and twig blight, wilting and/or apoplexy of trees and apoplexy of young hardwood cuttings. Moreover, brown discoloration had also been observed on older woody parts of the trees such as branches and tree trunks. Several pathogens have been isolated and identified as the causing agents. Neopestalotiopsis and Alternaria species were isolated consistently from necrotic tissues of mastic trees (branches, twigs, and leaves) in the field and the nursery. All fungal isolates’ pathogenicity was confirmed by applying Koch’s postulates on young mastic trees under glasshouse conditions. Fungal pathogens were identified by sequence analyses of the ITS, β-tubulin, and histone gene regions. Alternaria species were analyzed further by sequencing the endopolygalacturonase (endoPG) and the Alternaria major allergen (Alta1) genes. More specifically, the isolates were identified as Neopestalotiopsis clavispora, Alternaria arborescens, and A. alternata based on morphological features and sequence analyses. This is the first report of N. clavispora, A. arborescens, and A. alternata on P. lentiscus var. Chia.
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Liu Z, Zhang R, Sun D, Tuerdi M, Zhu T, Chen X. Alternaria alternata Causing Brown Spot Disease on Walnut in Xinjiang, China. PLANT DISEASE 2023; 107:2224. [PMID: 36607331 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-07-22-1536-pdn] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Walnut is one of the Xinjiang's characteristic dried fruits and the main source of income for farmers in walnut growing areas. In September 2019, Juglans regia leaves with brown spots were observed in a 10 hm2 orchard in Hotan area, the diseased leaf rate reached more than 25%. The leaf lesions were suborbicular to irregular, black-brown, 3 to 8 mm in diameter, with distinct dark borders. Colonies were isolated from 10 diseased leaves collected from two trees in the orchard. Leaf sections (4 × 4 mm) from diseased leaves were surface disinfested with 75% ethyl alcohol for 30 s and 2% NaClO for 3 min, washed with sterile water three times and then plated on potato dextrose agar (PDA) and incubated at 27℃ with a 12h/12h light/dark photoperiod for 4 days. A total of 7 fungal isolates were obtained by single-spore isolation. All the colonies were dark olivaceous on the PDA plates, with loose, cottony mycelium. On potato carrot agar (PCA), all fungal isolates produced conidial chains with numerous secondary chains. The conidia were ellipsoid or obpyriform with 0-3 longitudinal septa and 2-4 transverse septa, measuring 20.6 to 35.8 × 6.8 to 11.2 μm (25.5 ± 0.4 × 8.7 ± 0.2 μm, n=50). The morphological characteristics of the seven fungal isolates were consistent with the A. alternata descriptions of Simmons (2007). DNA was extracted from 50 mg of mycelia for the representative isolate HLP17-7. The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region was PCR amplified using the universal primers ITS1 / ITS4 (White et al.1990), the partial coding sequence of endopolygalacturonase (endoPG) and the partial region of the histone 3 (H3) were amplified using primers PG2b / PG3 (Andrew et al. 2009) and H3-1a / H3-1b (Glass and Donaldson 1995) respectively. The products were sequenced and deposited in GenBank database under the accession numbers MW514319 [ITS], ON806938 endoPG, MW489301 [H3]. ITS, endoPG and H3 sequences had 99.81% (1/535 nt difference), 99.78% (1/448 nt difference) and 100% (0/417 nt difference) homology with homologous sequences of A. alternata strains (KP124306 [ITS], KP124006 [endoPG], MK085979 [H3]), respectively. During the early autumn, pathogenicity tests were carried out on the healthy mature leaves of seven-year-old Juglans regia plants in the field. Thirty leaves (five leaves per plant) were wounded with a sterile needle and then sprayed with a spore suspension prepared from 10-day-old PDA culture. Five wounded leaves per plant were sprayed with sterile water as control. All the treated leaves were covered with clear plastic bags for 3 days, and the experiment was replicated three times. On the 8th day after inoculation, brown spots appeared on the inoculated leaves, but no spots were observed in the control. Morphological observation and gene sequencing confirmed that the original fungal pathogen was re-isolated from the inoculated leaves. No colony was isolated from the control leaves. The pathogen causing the brown spot was identified as A. alternata based on morphological features and sequence analysis. A. alternata has been reported previously in Sichuan (Yang et al., 2017) causing brown spot in walnut. Xinjiang is dry with little rain and abundant sunshine, so there are few diseases on walnuts. However, the occurrence of brown spot disease has alarmed fruit farmers, walnuts are still at the risk of A. alternata infections even in dry environment with little rain. To our knowledge, this is the first report of A. alternata causing brown spot in walnut in Xinjiang, China. References: Andrew, M., et al. 2009. Mycologia. 101:95 Glass, M. L., and Donaldson, G. C. 1995. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 61:1323. Simmons, E. G. 2007. Alternaria: An Identification Manual. CBS Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Utrecht, The Netherlands. White, T. J., et al. 1990. Page 315 in: PCR Protocols: A Guide to Methods and Applications. Academic Press, San Diego, CA. Yang, L., et al. 2017. Forest Research. 30(6):1004-1008.
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Alternaria alternata, the Causal Agent of a New Needle Blight Disease on Pinus bungeana. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:jof9010071. [PMID: 36675892 PMCID: PMC9861761 DOI: 10.3390/jof9010071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pinus bungeana, an endangered and native coniferous tree species in China, has considerable timber and horticulture value. However, little is known about needle diseases in P. bungeana. A needle blight of P. bungeana has been observed in Hebei Province, China. P. bungeana inoculated with mycelial plugs of fungal isolates presented symptoms similar to those observed under field conditions. Ten virulent fungal isolates were identified as a small-spored Alternaria species based on morphological observations. Maximum likelihood and Bayesian phylogenetic analyses carried out with multilocus sequence typing of eight regions (SSU, LSU, ITS, gapdh, tef1, Alt a 1, endoPG, OPA10-2) assigned the pathogen to Alternaria alternata. This is the first report of A. alternata causing needle blight on P. bungeana in China.
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Li JF, Jiang HB, Jeewon R, Hongsanan S, Bhat DJ, Tang SM, Lumyong S, Mortimer PE, Xu JC, Camporesi E, Bulgakov TS, Zhao GJ, Suwannarach N, Phookamsak R. <i>Alternaria</i>: update on species limits, evolution, multi-locus phylogeny, and classification. STUDIES IN FUNGI 2023. [DOI: 10.48130/sif-2023-0001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
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Qin W, Zhao J, Qiao GH, Liu J, Tan X. First report of leaf blight caused by Alternaria alternata on Platanus acerifolia in China. PLANT DISEASE 2022; 107:1945. [PMID: 36350728 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-05-22-1164-pdn] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Platanus acerifolia Willd. is widely planted in cities in China due to its strong adaptability to different environmental conditions. In August 2021, light brown, oval to circular, sunken spots were observed on leaves of P. acerifolia trees with 8-35% incidence, leading to severe necrosis and abscission of leaves on a street in Haidian district of Beijing (116°29'84''E, 39°95'93''N). Small pieces (5 mm×5 mm) were taken from the margin of diseased tissues, disinfected with 0.3% sodium hypochlorite for 2 min and 70% ethanol for 40 s, rinsed with sterile water, then plated on potato dextrose agar (PDA) and incubated at 28°C. After 4 days, representative isolates were transferred to new PDA plates. Four isolates with similar morphological characteristics were obtained and deposited in the culture collection (ID: DAA3, DAA5, DAA6 and DAA7) of our laboratory. Colonies on PDA were dense, fluffy, and light to dark gray, with a prominent white margin. Conidia formed in chains on the branched conidiophores, and were obpyriform to ellipsoid, 19.5-32.3×5.5-10.2 μm (average=26.4×7.1 µm, n=30) in size, with 3 to 5 transversal and 1 to 3 longitudinal septa. These morphological characteristics matched those of Alternaria spp. (Simmons 2007). Genomic DNA was extracted with modified CTAB method and the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region, translation elongation factor 1-α (EF1-α), RNA polymerase II largest subunit (RPB2), glyceraldehyde 3 - dehydrogenase (GPD), endopolygalacturonase (EndoPG), as well as Alternaria major allergen (Alt a1) genes were amplified with primer pairs ITS1/ITS4 (White et al. 1990), EF1-728F/EF1-986R (Carbone and Kohn 1999), RPB2-5F/RPB2-7cR (Liu et al. 1999), gpd1/gpd2 (Berbee et al. 1999), PG3/PG2b (Andrew et al. 2009), and Alt-for/Alt-rev (Hong et al. 2005), respectively. The obtained sequences were deposited in GenBank (accession numbers: OM228653-OM228656, OM221523-OM221542). In a BLAST search, the sequences were 100% identical with corresponding sequences of A. alternata. Phylogenetic analysis based on combined sequences using maximum parsimony method showed that the four isolates clustered together with the type strain CBS 916.96 of A. alternata. For pathogenicity test, three healthy leaves of three one-year-old P. acerifolia plants were wounded with a sterile needle and inoculated with 20 µl of spore suspension (106 conidia/ml). Plants inoculated with sterile water were treated as control. The pathogenicity test was also conducted on the unwounded leaves. After 8 days of inoculation at 25°C and 90% RH with a 12-h photoperiod, the symptoms on spore suspension-inoculated leaves were similar to those observed on trees in the street, whereas the control leaves remained symptomless. Lesions on wounded leaves were larger than those on unwounded leaves. The assay was repeated twice with consistent results. The pathogen was re-isolated from symptomatic leaf tissues and identified based on morphological and rDNA-ITS sequencing, thus, fulfilling Koch's postulates. Examples of other tree species where Alternaria alternata has been reported to cause leaf blight were Ophiopogon japonicas in China (Wang et al. 2021) and Pistacia terebinthus in Spain (López-Moral et al. 2018). To our knowledge, this is the first report of A. alternata causing leaf blight on P. acerifolia in China. The identification could provide information for developing effective disease management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wentao Qin
- Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences Institute of Plant and Environmental Protection, 572845, No. 9, dawn Garden Road, Haidian District, Beijing, Beijing, China, 100097
- China;
| | - Juan Zhao
- Institute of Plant and Environment Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry SciencesBeijing, China, 100097;
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Rabaaoui A, Masiello M, Somma S, Crudo F, Dall’Asta C, Righetti L, Susca A, Logrieco AF, Namsi A, Gdoura R, Werbrouck SPO, Moretti A. Phylogeny and mycotoxin profiles of pathogenic Alternaria and Curvularia species isolated from date palm in southern Tunisia. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1034658. [DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1034658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.), is a widely cultivated crop across North Africa, with about 300 thousand tons of fruits produced per year, in Tunisia. A wide range of fungal pathogens has been associated with leaf spots of date palm, Alternaria species being the most frequently reported. Symptomatic leaves of Deglet Nour variety were randomly collected in six localities in Tunisia. We used a polyphasic approach to identify 45 Alternaria and five Curvularia strains isolated from date palm, confirming their pathogenicity. Sequencing of allergen Alt-a1, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (gpd) and calmodulin genes allowed us to group 35 strains in Alternaria Section, and 10 strains in Ulocladioides section. Based on sequencing analyses of Internal Transcribed Spacer, gpd and elongation factor genomic regions, all Curvularia strains were identified as Curvularia spicifera. All Alternaria and Curvularia species tested on date palm plantlets proved to be pathogenic, fulfilling Koch’s postulates. Although no significant differences were observed among the species, the highest mean disease severity index was observed in A. arborescens, while the lowest corresponded to C. spicifera. The capability of these strains to produce mycotoxins in vitro was evaluated. None of the A. consortialis strains produced any known Alternaria mycotoxin, whereas more than 80% of the strains included in Alternaria section Alternaria produced variable amounts of multiple mycotoxins such as alternariol, alternariol monomethyl ether, altenuene, tenuazonic acid and tentoxin. Curvularia spicifera strains produced detectable traces of fumonisins B. This work reports a first comprehensive multidisciplinary study of mycotoxigenic Alternaria species and C. spicifera associated with leaf spot disease on date palm.
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Phylogenetic Analysis and Toxigenic Profile of Alternaria Species Isolated from Chickpeas (Cicer arietinum) in Argentina. DIVERSITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/d14110924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Chickpeas are a very important legume due to their nutritional richness and high protein content and they are used as food for humans and as fodder for livestock. However, they are susceptible to fungal infections and mycotoxin contamination. The Alternaria genus was among the main fungi isolated from chickpea samples in Argentina. The species within this genus are able to produce several mycotoxins such as alternariol (AOH), alternariol monomethyl ether (AME), and tenuazonic acid (TA). So, the objectives of this study were to identify the Alternaria spp. found in the chickpea samples and to determine their toxigenic potential in vitro. A phylogenetic analysis of 32 Alternaria strains was carried out based on the combined sequences of the tef1, gpd, and Alt a1 genes. All Alternaria strains clustered into the section Alternaria and were identified as A. alternata and A. arborescens. Further, the toxigenic profile of each strain was determined in a ground rice–corn steep liquor medium and analysed by HPLC. Most strains were able to co-produce AOH, AME, and TA. These results indicate a potential risk for human health when consuming chickpeas since this legume could be contaminated with Alternaria and its mycotoxins, which are not yet regulated in food.
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Behiry SI, Philip B, Salem MZM, Amer MA, El-Samra IA, Abdelkhalek A, Heflish A. Urtica dioica and Dodonaea viscosa leaf extracts as eco-friendly bioagents against Alternaria alternata isolate TAA-05 from tomato plant. Sci Rep 2022; 12:16468. [PMID: 36183011 PMCID: PMC9526714 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-20708-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the tomato’s acutely devastating diseases is Alternaria leaf spot, lowering worldwide tomato production. In this study, one fungal isolate was isolated from tomatoes and was assigned to Alternaria alternata TAA-05 upon morphological and molecular analysis of the ITS region and 18SrRNA, endoPG, Alt a1, and gapdh genes. Also, Urtica dioica and Dodonaea viscosa methanol leaf extracts (MLEs) were utilized as antifungal agents in vitro and compared to Ridomil, a reference chemical fungicide. The in vitro antifungal activity results revealed that Ridomil (2000 µg/mL) showed the highest fungal growth inhibition (FGI) against A. alternata (96.29%). Moderate activity was found against A. alternata by D. viscosa and U. dioica MLEs (2000 µg/mL), with an FGI value of 56.67 and 54.81%, respectively. The abundance of flavonoid and phenolic components were identified by HPLC analysis in the two plant extracts. The flavonoid compounds, including hesperidin, quercetin, and rutin were identified using HPLC in D. viscosa MLE with concentrations of 11.56, 10.04, and 5.14 µg/mL of extract and in U. dioica MLE with concentrations of 12.45, 9.21, and 5.23 µg/mL, respectively. α-Tocopherol and syringic acid, were also identified in D. viscosa MLE with concentrations of 26.13 and 13.69 µg/mL, and in U. dioica MLE, with values of 21.12 and 18.33 µg/mL, respectively. Finally, the bioactivity of plant extracts suggests that they play a crucial role as antifungal agents against A. alternata. Some phenolic chemicals, including coumaric acid, caffeic acid, ferulic acid, and α-tocopherol, have shown that they may be utilized as environmentally friendly fungicidal compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Said I Behiry
- Agricultural Botany Department, Faculty of Agriculture (Saba Basha), Alexandria University, Alexandria, 21531, Egypt
| | - Bassant Philip
- Agricultural Botany Department, Faculty of Agriculture (Saba Basha), Alexandria University, Alexandria, 21531, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Z M Salem
- Forestry and Wood Technology Department, Faculty of Agriculture (El-Shatby), Alexandria University, Alexandria, 21545, Egypt.
| | - Mostafa A Amer
- Agricultural Botany Department, Faculty of Agriculture (Saba Basha), Alexandria University, Alexandria, 21531, Egypt
| | - Ibrahim A El-Samra
- Agricultural Botany Department, Faculty of Agriculture (Saba Basha), Alexandria University, Alexandria, 21531, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Abdelkhalek
- Plant Protection and Biomolecular Diagnosis Department, ALCRI, City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications, New Borg El Arab City, 21934, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Heflish
- Agricultural Botany Department, Faculty of Agriculture (Saba Basha), Alexandria University, Alexandria, 21531, Egypt
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Characterization of Alternaria and Colletotrichum Species Associated with Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) in Maharashtra State of India. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8101040. [PMID: 36294605 PMCID: PMC9604645 DOI: 10.3390/jof8101040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungal pathogens are a major constraint affecting the quality of pomegranate production around the world. Among them, Alternaria and Colletotrichum species cause leaf spot, fruit spot or heart rot (black rot), and fruit rot (anthracnose) or calyx end rot, respectively. Accurate identification of disease-causing fungal species is essential for developing suitable management practices. Therefore, characterization of Alternaria and Colletotrichum isolates representing different geographical regions, predominantly Maharashtra-the Indian hub of pomegranate production and export-was carried out. Fungal isolates could not be identified based on morphological characteristics alone, hence were subjected to multi-gene phylogeny for their accurate identification. Based on a maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree, Alternaria isolates were identified as within the A. alternata species complex and as A. burnsii, while Colletotrichum isolates showed genetic closeness to various species within the C. gloeosporioides species complex. Thus, the current study reports for the first time that, in India, the fruit rots of pomegranate are caused by multiple species and not a single species of Alternaria and Colletotrichum alone. Since different species have different epidemiology and sensitivity toward the commercially available and routinely applied fungicides, the precise knowledge of the diverse species infecting pomegranate, as provided by the current study, is the first step towards devising better management strategies.
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Li J, Phookamsak R, Jiang H, Bhat DJ, Camporesi E, Lumyong S, Kumla J, Hongsanan S, Mortimer PE, Xu J, Suwannarach N. Additions to the Inventory of the Genus Alternaria Section Alternaria (Pleosporaceae, Pleosporales) in Italy. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8090898. [PMID: 36135624 PMCID: PMC9501253 DOI: 10.3390/jof8090898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The genus Alternaria is comprised of well-known plant pathogens causing various important diseases in plants, as well as being common allergens in animals and humans. Species of Alternaria can be found as saprobes associated with various dead plant materials. This research aims to enhance the taxonomy of saprobic species in the genus Alternaria found on grasses and herbaceous plants from Italy, based on multi-locus phylogenetic analyses of a concatenated ITS, LSU, SSU, tef1-α, rpb2, gapdh and Alt-a1 DNA sequence dataset combined with morphological characteristics. Multi-locus phylogenetic analyses demonstrated six novel species belonging to the genus Alternaria sect. Alternaria as: A. muriformispora sp. nov., A. obpyriconidia sp. nov., A. ovoidea sp. nov., A. pseudoinfectoria sp. nov., A. rostroconidia sp. nov. and A. torilis sp. nov. Detailed morphological descriptions, illustrations and an updated phylogenetic relationship of taxa in the genus Alternaria sect. Alternaria are provided herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junfu Li
- Honghe Center for Mountain Futures, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Honghe 654400, China
- Department of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
- East and Central Asia Regional Office, World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF), Kunming 650201, China
- Centre for Mountain Futures (CMF), Kunming Institute of Botany, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Rungtiwa Phookamsak
- Honghe Center for Mountain Futures, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Honghe 654400, China
- Department of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
- East and Central Asia Regional Office, World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF), Kunming 650201, China
- Centre for Mountain Futures (CMF), Kunming Institute of Botany, Kunming 650201, China
- Research Center of Microbial Diversity and Sustainable Utilization, Faculty of Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Hongbo Jiang
- Honghe Center for Mountain Futures, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Honghe 654400, China
- Department of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
- East and Central Asia Regional Office, World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF), Kunming 650201, China
- Centre for Mountain Futures (CMF), Kunming Institute of Botany, Kunming 650201, China
| | | | - Erio Camporesi
- Società per gli Studi Naturalistici della Romagna, C.P. 143, 48012 Bagnacavallo, RA, Italy
| | - Saisamorn Lumyong
- Research Center of Microbial Diversity and Sustainable Utilization, Faculty of Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Academy of Science, The Royal Society of Thailand, Bangkok 10300, Thailand
| | - Jaturong Kumla
- Research Center of Microbial Diversity and Sustainable Utilization, Faculty of Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Sinang Hongsanan
- Research Center of Microbial Diversity and Sustainable Utilization, Faculty of Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Peter E. Mortimer
- Honghe Center for Mountain Futures, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Honghe 654400, China
| | - Jianchu Xu
- Honghe Center for Mountain Futures, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Honghe 654400, China
- Department of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
- East and Central Asia Regional Office, World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF), Kunming 650201, China
- Centre for Mountain Futures (CMF), Kunming Institute of Botany, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Nakarin Suwannarach
- Research Center of Microbial Diversity and Sustainable Utilization, Faculty of Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +66-86-512-7518
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Förster H, Luo Y, Hou L, Adaskaveg JE. Mutations in Sdh Gene Subunits Confer Different Cross-Resistance Patterns to SDHI Fungicides in Alternaria alternata Causing Alternaria Leaf Spot of Almond in California. PLANT DISEASE 2022; 106:1911-1918. [PMID: 34978879 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-09-21-1913-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Alternaria leaf spot caused by Alternaria alternata and A. arborescens is a common disease of almond in California. Succinate dehydrogenase inhibitors (SDHIs) are widely used for its management; however, we observed reduced performance of SDHI fungicides at some field sites. Thus, we evaluated the sensitivity to boscalid of 520 isolates of the main pathogen A. alternata collected from major production areas between 2006 and 2019, and also evaluated the sensitivity of a subset of 204 isolates to six members of the SDHIs belonging to six subgroups. Additionally, 97 isolates (14 sensitive and 83 with reduced sensitivity) of the 204 were used to determine the molecular mechanisms of resistance. A wide range of in vitro concentrations to effectively inhibit mycelial growth by 50% (EC50 values) was determined for each fungicide using the spiral gradient dilution method. Some isolates were highly resistant (EC50 values >10 μg/ml) to boscalid (a pyridine-carboxamide), pyraziflumid (a pyrazine-carboxamide), and fluxapyroxad (a pyrazole-4-carboxamide), but not to fluopyram (a pyridinyl-ethyl-benzamide), isofetamid (a phenyl-oxo-ethyl thiophene amide), and pydiflumetofen (a N-methoxy-(phenyl-ethyl)-pyrazole-carboxamide). There was no strong cross resistance among the fungicides tested, including for the two pyrazole-4-carboxamides fluxapyroxad and penthiopyrad (tested for 33 of the 204 isolates). The comparison of EC50 values for fluopyram and isofetamid resulted in the highest coefficient of determination (R2 = 0.582) among 10 pairwise comparisons between subgroups. Sequence analyses of the 97 isolates revealed five mutations in SdhB, SdhC, or SdhD subunits of the Sdh target gene among 73 isolates with reduced sensitivity to at least one SDHI. No mutations were detected in the 14 sensitive isolates and in 10 of the 83 isolates with reduced sensitivity. The most common mutation (59 isolates) was H134R in SdhC. Other mutations included H277Y (eight isolates) and H277L (two isolates) in SdhB, as well as G79R (two isolates) and S135R (two isolates) in SdhC. Mutations H277Y in SdhB and S135R in SdhC were only present in isolates collected in 2012 or earlier. Both conferred mostly high levels of resistance to boscalid and also reduced sensitivity to pyraziflumid, fluxapyroxad, and isofetamid with intermediate EC50 levels. Mutations H277L in SdhB, as well as H134R and G79R in SdhC, found in isolates obtained after 2012 had very similar resistance phenotypes with different levels of resistance to boscalid, pyraziflumid, and fluxapyroxad, whereas sensitivity to fluopyram, isofetamid, and pydiflumetofen was mostly less affected. Our data for SDHI fungicides do not support the classical concept of positive cross resistance within a single mode of action. Because some mutations conferred resistance to multiple SDHI subgroups, however, resistance management needs to consider all SDHIs as a homogenous group that should be mixed or rotated with other modes of action to delay development of resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helga Förster
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521
| | - Yong Luo
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521
| | - Lingling Hou
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521
| | - James E Adaskaveg
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521
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Gao R, Liu R, Sun C. A marine fungus Alternaria alternata FB1 efficiently degrades polyethylene. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 431:128617. [PMID: 35359103 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.128617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Huge quantities of plastic wastes have been accumulating in the environment causing serious ecological problems and significantly impacting the global carbon cycling. Plastic pollutions have been recognized as the most common and durable marine contaminants. Consequently, the marine environment is becoming a hot spot to screen microorganisms possessing potential plastic degradation capabilities. Here, by screening hundreds of plastic waste-associated samples, we isolated a fungus (named Alternaria alternata FB1) that possessing a prominent capability of colonizing on the polyethylene (PE) film. Through Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) observation, we found this fungus could efficiently degrade the PE film and formed numerous obvious holes in the plastic surface. Moreover, the Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) imaging detected absorption peak in the vicinity of 1715 cm-1, indicating the formation of carbonyl bonds (-CO-). Through X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) analysis, we found that the PE film treated by strain FB1 for 28 days showed an evident reduced relative crystallinity degree, resulting in a decrease from 62.79% to 52.02%. Strikingly, the molecular weight of PE film decreased 95% after 120 days treatment by strain FB1. Using GC-MS, we further clarified that a four-carbon product (named Diglycolamine) accounted for 93.28% of all degradation products. We defined 153 enzymes that potentially involved in the degradation of PE through a transcriptomic method. The degradation capabilities of two representative enzymes including a laccase (with a molecular weight about 59.49 kDa) and a peroxidase (with a molecular weight about 36.7 kDa) were verified. Lastly, a complete biodegradation process of PE was proposed. Given the extreme paucity of microorganisms and enzymes for effective degradation of PE in the present time, our study provides a compelling candidate for further investigation of degradation mechanisms and development of biodegradation products of PE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongrong Gao
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology & Center of Deep Sea Research, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China; College of Earth Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Center of Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Rui Liu
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology & Center of Deep Sea Research, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China; Center of Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Chaomin Sun
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology & Center of Deep Sea Research, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China; College of Earth Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Center of Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China.
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Du H, Ahmad T, He M, Moosa A, Zheng Y, Chengrong N, Xing F, Liu Y. First record of Leaf Spot of Ficus religiosa Caused by Alternaria alternata in Pakistan. PLANT DISEASE 2022; 106:3211. [PMID: 35536212 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-12-21-2715-pdn] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Ficus religiosa (L.) belongs to the family Moraceae, native to India and commonly known as 'Peepal'. It has high medicinal value due to its antibacterial, antiviral and antioxidant properties (Singh et al., 2015; Kalpana et al., 2009). In August 2021, leaf spots were observed on F. religiosa trees in Pabbi forest park Kharian (32°50'01.4"N 73°50'17.7"E), District Gujrat, Pakistan. The disease incidence was recorded approximately 30%. The leaf spots were irregular in shape, brown in colour, 3-9 mm in size and encircled by yellowish halo. In severe condition, the spots coalesced and produced necrotic areas on leaf surface (Figure 1). The samples (n=21) were collected based on symptoms and infected leaf segments were excised into small pieces, surface disinfected with 1% NaClO for 20s and rinsed 3 times with sterilized distilled water. The pieces were plated on Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) medium and incubated at 28°C for 7 days. All the pure cultures were obtained through single spore method on PDA and preserved in 30% glycerol at -80°C. The colonies were olive green to dark brown with white margin and later turned dark olive or black with enormous sporulation. Conidia (n=24) were obclavate, ovoid, brown in colour and measuring 10.2 to 34.1 µm long x 5.9 to 12.3 µm wide with 1 to 6 transverse and 1 to 3 longitudinal septa (Figure 2). Based on these characteristics, the pathogen was identified as Alternaria alternata (Gilardi, G., et al. 2019). For molecular identification, the Internal Transcribed Spacers (ITS) region, endopolygalacturonase (endoPG) gene and major allergen (Alt a1) gene were amplified using ITS1/4 (White et al. 1990), PG3/PG2b (Andrew et al. 2009) and Alt-4for/Alt-4rev (Lawrence et al. 2013) primers respectively. Based on molecular characteristics, all isolates were identified as A. alternata. The sequences of the representative isolate FLB-1 were submitted in the GenBank with the accession numbers OL514181 for ITS, OK315658 for endoPG and OK315659 for Alt al showing 100% similarity with ITS accession KP124298, and endoPG accession AY205020 and 99.7% with Alt al accession KP123847 sequences of CBS106.24 A. alternata after BLASTn queries. The Phylogenetic reconstruction based on maximum likelihood, using Mega X (Kumar et al. 2018) and FLB-1 grouped with A. alternata (Figure 3). Pathogenicity test was performed on nine months old healthy F. religiosa (L.) seedlings (n=12) to fulfil the Koch's postulates. The leaves were pinpricked and sprayed with FLB-1 conidial suspension (107 spores/ml) by using atomizer (Bajwa et al., 2010). The leaves of F. religiosa (L.) seedlings (n=12) sprayed with sterilized distilled water served as control. All the seedlings were incubated at 25 ± 3°C in the glasshouse. The experiment was performed three times under the same conditions. The typical symptoms appeared on inoculated leaves after 7-14 days that were similar to the symptoms observed on original infected F. religiosa (L.) trees. In the control treatment leaves remained asymptomatic (Figure 4). The pathogen from the artificial infected leaves was re-isolated and identified as A. alternata based on morphological and molecular characteristics. To our knowledge, this is the first report of leaf spot of F. religiosa (L.) caused by A. alternata in Pakistan. The leaves of F. religiosa (L.) are commonly used in Asia for different purposes and this leaf spot disease may represent a significant threat to F. religiosa (L.) tree health.
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Affiliation(s)
- HaoLan Du
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 12661, Institute of Food Science and Technology / Key Laboratory of Agro-products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China;
| | - Tanvir Ahmad
- University of Agriculture Faisalabad, 66724, Department of plant pathology, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 12661, Institiute of Food Sciencea and Technology, Haidian District, Beijing, China;
| | - Mingjun He
- Foshan University, 47868, School of Food Science and Engineering /South China Food Safety Research center, Foshan, Guangdong, China;
| | - Anam Moosa
- University of Agriculture Faisalabad, 66724, Plant Pathology, Department of Plant Pathology 38040 University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan, 38040;
| | - Yongquan Zheng
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Institute of Plant Protection, 243827, State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests , Beijing, Beijing, China;
| | - Nie Chengrong
- Foshan University, 47868, School of Food Science and Engineering, Foshan, Guangdong, China;
| | - Fuguo Xing
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 12661, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Beijing, China;
| | - Yang Liu
- Foshan University, 47868, School of Food Science and Engineering, No.33 Guangyun Road, Shishan town, Nanhai District, Foshan, China, 528000;
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Abstract
Alternaria alternata is a common species of fungus frequently isolated from plants as both an endophyte and a pathogen. Although the current definition of A. alternata rests on a foundation of morphological, genetic and genomic analyses, doubts persist regarding the scope of A. alternata within the genus due to the varied symbiotic interactions and wide host range observed in these fungi. These doubts may be due in large part to the history of unstable taxonomy in Alternaria, based on limited morphological characters for species delimitation and host specificity associated with toxins encoded by genes carried on conditionally dispensable chromosomes. This review explores the history of Alternaria taxonomy, focusing in particular on the use of nutritional mode and host associations in species delimitation, with the goal of evaluating A. alternata as it currently stands based on taxonomic best practice. Given the recombination detected among isolates of A. alternata, different symbiotic associations in this species should not be considered phylogenetically informative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mara DeMers
- Plant and Microbial Biology Department, College of Biological Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
- *Correspondence: Mara DeMers,
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Ivanović Ž, Blagojević J, Jovanović G, Ivanović B, Žeželj D. New Insight in the Occurrence of Early Blight Disease on Potato Reveals High Distribution of Alternaria solani and Alternaria protenta in Serbia. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:856898. [PMID: 35401443 PMCID: PMC8984275 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.856898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Early blight is an economically important disease of potato worldwide. Understanding which fungal pathogens are the causal agents of early blight and their distribution on the same host is essential to finding the best strategy for the control of this disease. Previous studies have shown that Alternaria solani is the main early blight pathogen parasitizing potato. Here, we analyzed genetic and phenotypic diversity in isolates of Alternaria spp. covering all potato production areas in Serbia. We showed that the four species of Alternaria were found in areas with different distributions of the species. The occurrence of Alternaria spp. was studied by analyzing isolates from symptomatic potato leaves during multiyear sampling. In addition to Alternaria solani, we detected three more large-spored species identified as A. linariae (syn. A. tomatophila), A. protenta, and A. grandis that were involved in early blight disease on naturally infected potato leaves in Serbia. Differentiation of species was supported by phylogeny obtained from the DNA sequences of the GAPDH, calmodulin and Rpb2 genes. Our findings present a new perspective into the population structure of large-spored Alternaria species associated with early blight disease. Within the groups of large-spored Alternaria present in Serbia, evidence of A. protenta at high frequency reveals new insight into the contribution of Alternaria species in early blight disease. This work opens new perspectives for early blight management, while the distribution of different species on the same host suggests that the etiology of disease could depend on crop organization and the presence of other Alternaria hosts in close proximity to potato plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Žarko Ivanović
- Department of Plant Disease, Institute for Plant Protection and Environment, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jovana Blagojević
- Department of Plant Disease, Institute for Plant Protection and Environment, Belgrade, Serbia
| | | | | | - Danica Žeželj
- Department of Plant Disease, Institute for Plant Protection and Environment, Belgrade, Serbia
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Gong X, Kuang W, Zheng X, Zhang L, Sun X, Ma J, Cui R. First report of Alternaria alternata causing leaf spot on Nelumbo nucifera plants in China. PLANT DISEASE 2022; 106:2999. [PMID: 35253483 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-07-21-1471-pdn] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
White lotus (Nelumbo nucifera) is an aquatic plant of the Nymphaeaceae family that primarily serves as an ornamental plant and is an important cash crop in China. In May 2020, an unknown leaf disease affecting these plants was first detected in White Lotus Science and Technology Expo Park in Guangchang County, Fuzhou City, Jiangxi Province (26.79° N, 116.31° E). The disease caused approximately 30-40% of leaves to die, and led to 15 to 20% in seed yield losses. This disease was characterized by the formation of irregular yellow-brown to dark-brown spots during the initial phases of infection. As the disease is developing, these spots expanded until they were generally round and brown to purple-brown in color, with a yellow halo surrounding the expanding spots. In an effort to characterize the causative pathogen, a small ~5×5 mm leaf tissue section from the boundary between normal and diseased tissue was collected, and sterilized with the following regimes: 30 s with 75% ethanol, soaked in 0.1% mercuric chloride for 30 s, washed thrice with sterile water, and transferred onto potato dextrose agar (PDA) plate, and placed in an illumination incubator (12 h light/dark) at 28 °C± 1°C for 5 days. Seven pure cultures were obtained from ten diseased leaves. For pathogenicity testing, a hyphal inoculation strategy was employed, with all studies being conducted at the Plant Pathology Laboratory of Jiangxi Agricultural University. Five mm discs were selected from three separate cultures and one control (PDA). Healthy leaves of lotus seeds were treated with 4 treatments per leaf including three separate cultures and one control that were treated with the test pathogen. The experiments were repeated three times with three biological replicates. Healthy leaves were covered with moisturized sterile cotton balls and fixed to the leaf surface with transparent tape. The inoculated lotus seedlings were kept in greenhouse incubator at 28 °C± 3°C and relative humidity of 70 to 80%. Following a 14-day incubation period, brown spots began to manifest at all sites inoculated with the test pathogen whereas the control spots remained healthy. Diseased spots were then separated. The same pathogen was once again successfully isolated and identified microscopically, thus fulfilling Koch's postulates. Six isolates were characterized. Ovoid or elliptical conidia were brown to light-brown in color with a short beak, 1-5 diaphragms, and 0-3 mediastinum. The diameter of these conidia were thick (13.8-44.0×7.5-16.3 µm; average: 24.0×11.9 µm, n=50). These morphological characteristics were consistent with Alternaria alternata. The ITS4/ITS5, EF1-728F/EF1-986R, AltF/AltR, OPA10-2R/OPA10-2L, EPGF/EPGR and KOG1058F2/KOG1058R2 primer sets were then used to conduct molecular identification by amplifying key transcription elongation factor and internal transcriptional spacer regions, yielding sequences that were 99%-100% similar to Alternaria alternata (GenBank No: MK396606, MT178329, MN184998, MN894688, MT849815 and KP125234). Sequences were deposited in GenBank with accession numbers MW898580 (ITS, 620 bp), MW981281 (EF1-α, 284 bp), MZ514094 (Alt a1, 477 bp), MZ514095 (OPA10-2, 716 bp), MZ514096 (endoPG, 465 bp) and MZ514097 (KOG1058, 877 bp). Nelumbo nucifera is an important aquatic cash crop in China, and this is the first study we are aware of demonstrating the presence of a leaf disease caused by Alternaria alternata in Nelumbo nucifera plants anywhere in the world. These findings may offer a foundation for efforts to prevent diseases caused by Alternaria alternata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Gong
- Jiangxi Agricultural University, 91595, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China;
| | - Weigang Kuang
- Jiangxi Agricultural University, 91595, College of Agronomy, NO 1101, Zhimin Avenue, Economic and Technological Development District, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China, 330045;
| | - Xingwen Zheng
- Guangchang White Lotus Research Institute, Guangchang, Jiangxi, China;
| | - Lianhu Zhang
- Jiangxi Agricultural University, 91595, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China;
| | - Xiaotang Sun
- Jiangxi Agricultural University, 91595, College of Agronomy, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China;
| | - Jian Ma
- Jiangxi Agricultural University, 91595, College of Agronomy, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China;
| | - RuQiang Cui
- Jiangxi Agricultural University, 91595, College of Agronomy, Zhimin Road, Nanchang, China, 330045;
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Yu X, Zhang J, Zhang X, Yang X, Xu X, Lin J, Bing H, Wang X, Zhao J, Xiang W. Identification and Pathogenicity of Fungi Associated with Leaf Spot of Muskmelon in Eastern Shandong Province, China. PLANT DISEASE 2022; 106:872-890. [PMID: 34645310 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-06-21-1126-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Leaf spot is a serious disease in the growth and development of muskmelon, which can affect its quality and yield. Over the past years, Malianzhuang Muskmelon Base, the main muskmelon producing area in Shandong Province, China, has been seriously affected by leaf spot. Since 2018, symptomatic leaves were collected from 11 production areas of this base to determine the pathogens of muskmelon foliar diseases. Two-hundred fungal strains were isolated and 10 genera and 17 species were identified based on morphological characteristics and multilocus phylogenetic analysis (ITS, GADPH, RPB2, HIS3, EF-1α, and LSU). The most frequently isolated species from each sampling area was Alternaria tenuissima with 77 strains, followed by A. alternata. Pathogenicity experiments showed that A. alternata, A. tenuissima, Fusarium neocosmosporiellum (formerly Neocosmospora vasinfecta), F. acuminatum, Exserohilum rostratum, Bipolaris sorokiniana, and Stagonosporopsis cucurbitacearum (formerly Didymella bryoniae) could cause symptoms highly similar to those of infected leaves observed under natural conditions in the field. Therefore, these fungal isolates are considered to be the primary pathogens causing muskmelon leaf spot, and A. tenuissima and A. alternata were the most common and virulent pathogens in this study. In addition, this is the first study of F. neocosmosporiellum, F. acuminatum, E. rostratum, and B. sorokiniana as pathogens associated to muskmelon leaf spot in China as well as the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Yu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology of Heilongjiang Province, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, P.R. China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology of Heilongjiang Province, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, P.R. China
| | - Xue Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology of Heilongjiang Province, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, P.R. China
| | - Xilang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology of Heilongjiang Province, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, P.R. China
| | - Xi Xu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology of Heilongjiang Province, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, P.R. China
| | - Jiaying Lin
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology of Heilongjiang Province, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, P.R. China
| | - Hui Bing
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology of Heilongjiang Province, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, P.R. China
| | - Xiangjing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology of Heilongjiang Province, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, P.R. China
| | - Junwei Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology of Heilongjiang Province, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, P.R. China
| | - Wensheng Xiang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology of Heilongjiang Province, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, P.R. China
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, P.R. China
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Li JF, Jiang HB, Jeewon R, Hongsanan S, Bhat DJ, Tang SM, Mortimer PE, Xu JC, Camporesi E, Bulgakov TS, Zhao GJ, Suwannarach N, Phookamsak R. <i>Alternaria</i>: update on species limits, evolution, multi-locus phylogeny, and classification. STUDIES IN FUNGI 2022. [DOI: 10.48130/sif-2022-0023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
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Mehta N, Jadhav R, Baghela A. Molecular Taxonomy and Multigene Phylogeny of Filamentous Fungi. Fungal Biol 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-83749-5_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Oettl S, Bosello M, Marschall K, Gallmetzer A, Reyes-Domínguez Y, Kreutz C, Tollinger M, Robatscher P, Oberhuber M. (3ξ,4ξ,5ξ,6ξ,7ξ,11ξ)-3,6-Dihydroxy-8-oxo-9-eremophilene-12-oic Acid, a New Phytotoxin of Alternaria alternata ssp. tenuissima Isolates Associated with Fruit Spots on Apple ( Malus × domestica Borkh.). JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:14445-14458. [PMID: 34808059 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c02847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Alternaria sp. infections on apple (Malus × domestica Borkh.) lead to impaired fruit quality and yield losses by leaf blotches and fruit spots, caused by host-specific toxins (HSTs) of the Alternaria apple pathotype like AM-toxins. Fungal isolates were obtained during severe outbreaks on cv. Gala, Golden Delicious, and Cripps Pink(cov)/Rosy Glow(cov) in South Tyrol and other regions in northern Italy. The isolates were tested for pathogenicity using in vitro assays with detached apple leaves. Conidial suspensions of pathogenic isolates were shown to provoke necrotic lesions also in apple seedlings and on fruits. Detached-leaf assay-guided fractionation of the isolates' culture supernatant and a high-resolution liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis tentatively identified 27 known Alternaria phytotoxins and a new putative toxin, (3ξ,4ξ,5ξ,6ξ,7ξ,11ξ)-3,6-dihydroxy-8-oxo-9-eremophilene-12-oic acid (1). The constitution and the relative configuration of the ring stereocenters of 1 were elucidated by NMR spectroscopy, revealing unique structural features among Alternaria phytotoxins. Indeed, molecular analysis revealed the lack of the toxin-related genes AMT1, AMT4, and AMT14 in all isolates from the region, suggesting that Alternaria apple blotch in the area was associated with another metabolite (1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Oettl
- Laimburg Research Centre, Laimburg 6─Pfatten (Vadena), Auer (Ora) 39040, Italy
| | - Mattia Bosello
- Laimburg Research Centre, Laimburg 6─Pfatten (Vadena), Auer (Ora) 39040, Italy
| | - Klaus Marschall
- Laimburg Research Centre, Laimburg 6─Pfatten (Vadena), Auer (Ora) 39040, Italy
| | - Andreas Gallmetzer
- Laimburg Research Centre, Laimburg 6─Pfatten (Vadena), Auer (Ora) 39040, Italy
| | | | - Christoph Kreutz
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Martin Tollinger
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Peter Robatscher
- Laimburg Research Centre, Laimburg 6─Pfatten (Vadena), Auer (Ora) 39040, Italy
| | - Michael Oberhuber
- Laimburg Research Centre, Laimburg 6─Pfatten (Vadena), Auer (Ora) 39040, Italy
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Fontaine K, Fourrier-Jeandel C, Armitage AD, Boutigny AL, Crépet M, Caffier V, Gnide DC, Shiller J, Le Cam B, Giraud M, Ioos R, Aguayo J. Identification and pathogenicity of Alternaria species associated with leaf blotch disease and premature defoliation in French apple orchards. PeerJ 2021; 9:e12496. [PMID: 34917421 PMCID: PMC8643104 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.12496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Leaf blotch caused by Alternaria spp. is a common disease in apple-producing regions. The disease is usually associated with one phylogenetic species and one species complex, Alternaria alternata and the Alternaria arborescens species complex (A. arborescens SC), respectively. Both taxa may include the Alternaria apple pathotype, a quarantine or regulated pathogen in several countries. The apple pathotype is characterized by the production of a host-selective toxin (HST) which is involved in pathogenicity towards the apple. A cluster of genes located on conditionally dispensable chromosomes (CDCs) is involved in the production of this HST (namely AMT in the case of the apple pathotype). Since 2016, leaf blotch and premature tree defoliation attributed to Alternaria spp. have been observed in apple-producing regions of central and south-eastern France. Our study aimed to identify the Alternaria species involved in apple tree defoliation and assess the presence of the apple pathotype in French orchards. From 2016 to 2018, 166 isolates were collected and identified by multi-locus sequence typing (MLST). This analysis revealed that all these French isolates belonged to either the A. arborescens SC or A. alternata. Specific PCR detection targeting three genes located on the CDC did not indicate the presence of the apple pathotype in France. Pathogenicity was assessed under laboratory conditions on detached leaves of Golden Delicious and Gala apple cultivars for a representative subset of 28 Alternaria isolates. All the tested isolates were pathogenic on detached leaves of cultivars Golden Delicious and Gala, but no differences were observed between the pathogenicity levels of A. arborescens SC and A. alternata. However, the results of our pathogenicity test suggest that cultivar Golden Delicious is more susceptible than Gala to Alternaria leaf blotch. Implications in the detection of the Alternaria apple pathotype and the taxonomic assignment of Alternaria isolates involved in Alternaria leaf blotch are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kévin Fontaine
- ANSES, Laboratoire de la Santé des Végétaux, Unité de Mycologie, USC INRAE, Malzéville, France
| | - Céline Fourrier-Jeandel
- ANSES, Laboratoire de la Santé des Végétaux, Unité de Mycologie, USC INRAE, Malzéville, France
| | - Andrew D. Armitage
- Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Chatham Maritime, Kent, United Kingdom
| | - Anne-Laure Boutigny
- ANSES, Laboratoire de la Santé des Végétaux, Unité Bactériologie, Virologie et OGM, Angers, France
| | | | - Valérie Caffier
- Université d’Angers, Institut Agro, INRAE, IRHS, SFR QUASAV, Angers, France
| | - Dossi Carine Gnide
- ANSES, Laboratoire de la Santé des Végétaux, Unité de Mycologie, USC INRAE, Malzéville, France
| | - Jason Shiller
- Université d’Angers, Institut Agro, INRAE, IRHS, SFR QUASAV, Angers, France
| | - Bruno Le Cam
- Université d’Angers, Institut Agro, INRAE, IRHS, SFR QUASAV, Angers, France
| | - Michel Giraud
- Centre opérationnel de Lanxade, CTIFL, Prigonrieux, France
| | - Renaud Ioos
- ANSES, Laboratoire de la Santé des Végétaux, Unité de Mycologie, USC INRAE, Malzéville, France
| | - Jaime Aguayo
- ANSES, Laboratoire de la Santé des Végétaux, Unité de Mycologie, USC INRAE, Malzéville, France
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Zelmat L, Mansi JM, Aouzal S, Gaboun F, Khayi S, Ibriz M, El Guilli M, Mentag R. Genetic Diversity and Population Structure of Moroccan Isolates Belong to Alternaria spp. Causing Black Rot and Brown Spot in Citrus. Int J Genomics 2021; 2021:9976969. [PMID: 34859097 PMCID: PMC8632404 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9976969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Alternaria alternata is one of the most important fungi causing various diseases on citrus worldwide. In Morocco, Alternaria black rot (ABR) and Alternaria brown spot (ABS) are two major diseases causing serious losses in commercial cultivars of citrus. The aim of the present work was to study the genetic diversity and the population structure of isolates belonging to sect. Alternaria obtained from infected citrus fruits, collected from seven provinces at different locations in Morocco (markets, packinghouses, and orchards). Forty-five isolates were analyzed by sequence-related amplified polymorphism (SRAP) markers, and cluster analysis of DNA fragments was performed using UPGMA method and Jaccard coefficient. Cluster analysis revealed that isolates were classified in four distinct groups. AMOVA revealed also a large extent of variation within sect. Alternaria isolates (99%). The results demonstrate that no correlation was found among SRAP pattern, host, and geographical origin of these isolates. Population structure analyses showed that the Alternaria isolates from the same collection origin had almost a similar level of admixture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lamyaa Zelmat
- Plant Pathology and Postharvest Quality laboratory, Plant Protection Research Unit, Regional Center of Agricultural Research of Kénitra, National Institue of Agricultural Research, El Menzeh Km 9, 14000, Kénitra, Morocco
- Biotechnology Research Unit, Regional Center of Agricultural Research of Rabat, National Institute of Agricultural Research, Avenue Ennasr, BP 415 Rabat Principale, 10090, Rabat, Morocco
- Department of Biology, Genetics and Biometrics Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences, Ibn Tofail University, Kénitra, Morocco
| | - Joseph Mbasani Mansi
- Biotechnology Research Unit, Regional Center of Agricultural Research of Rabat, National Institute of Agricultural Research, Avenue Ennasr, BP 415 Rabat Principale, 10090, Rabat, Morocco
- Department of Biology, Higher Institute of Medical Techniques (ISTM) Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Sarra Aouzal
- Biotechnology Research Unit, Regional Center of Agricultural Research of Rabat, National Institute of Agricultural Research, Avenue Ennasr, BP 415 Rabat Principale, 10090, Rabat, Morocco
- Agro-Food and Health Laboratory, Faculty of Science and Techniques, Hassan First University of Settat, Settat, Morocco
| | - Fatima Gaboun
- Biotechnology Research Unit, Regional Center of Agricultural Research of Rabat, National Institute of Agricultural Research, Avenue Ennasr, BP 415 Rabat Principale, 10090, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Slimane Khayi
- Biotechnology Research Unit, Regional Center of Agricultural Research of Rabat, National Institute of Agricultural Research, Avenue Ennasr, BP 415 Rabat Principale, 10090, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Mohammed Ibriz
- Department of Biology, Genetics and Biometrics Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences, Ibn Tofail University, Kénitra, Morocco
| | - Mohammed El Guilli
- Plant Pathology and Postharvest Quality laboratory, Plant Protection Research Unit, Regional Center of Agricultural Research of Kénitra, National Institue of Agricultural Research, El Menzeh Km 9, 14000, Kénitra, Morocco
| | - Rachid Mentag
- Biotechnology Research Unit, Regional Center of Agricultural Research of Rabat, National Institute of Agricultural Research, Avenue Ennasr, BP 415 Rabat Principale, 10090, Rabat, Morocco
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Alternaria koreana sp. nov., a new pathogen isolated from leaf spot of ovate-leaf Atractylodes in South Korea. Mol Biol Rep 2021; 49:413-420. [PMID: 34739692 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06887-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A new species within the genus Alternaria was isolated from the leaf spot of Atractylodes ovata in the Mungyeong and Hwabuk-myeon districts of the Gyeongbuk province of Korea. The leaves showed disease symptoms such as circular or irregular leaf spots and brown to dark brown with gray spots at the center. The leaves also showed that concentric rings were surrounded with yellow halos. METHODS AND RESULTS Phylogenetic analysis was conducted using the sequence dataset of the internal transcribed spacer region and part of the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. The RNA polymerase II second largest subunit, endopolygalacturonase, Alternaria major allergen gene, anonymous gene region, and translation elongation factor 1-alpha genes were used as well. Results showed that present fungal isolates were distinct from other species of the sect. Alternaria. Morphologically, the present isolates also differed from other members of the sect. Alternaria in their production of solitary conidia or conidial chains (two units) and conidial body features. Similarly, it exhibited moderate pathogenicity in the host plant. CONCLUSIONS This study described and illustrated A. koreana as a new species and the causal agent of the leaf-spot disease on A. ovata in Korea.
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Castañares E, da Cruz Cabral L, Dinolfo MI, Andersen B, Stenglein SA, Patriarca A. Alternaria in malting barley: Characterization and distribution in relation with climatic conditions and barley cultivars. Int J Food Microbiol 2021; 357:109367. [PMID: 34482184 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2021.109367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Alternaria is one of the main fungal genera affecting the quality of barley grains. In this study, a polyphasic approach was carried out to characterise the Alternaria population infecting different cultivars of barley grains from the major producing regions of Argentina in the 2014 and 2015 seasons. Its relationship with Fusarium and correlations between predominant species, barley cultivars, and climatic conditions in the growing regions were evaluated. Alternaria incidence exceeded that of Fusarium in all the barley samples and was higher in the drier season (21% in 2014 and 42% in 2015 vs. 6% and 4%, respectively). The main Alternaria species-groups identified were present in both growing seasons in similar frequencies (A. tenuissima sp.-grp., 83.4% in 2014 and 81.7% in 2015; A. infectoria sp.-grp., 11.7% in 2014 and 11.3% in 2015). The dominant Alternaria species-group isolated and identified based on morphological characteristics, DNA sequencing, and metabolite profile was A. tenuissima (72.9%), followed by A. infectoria (14.6%). An association between their frequency and field temperature was observed; A. tenuissima sp.-grp. was more frequent in northern localities, where higher temperatures were registered, while the opposite was observed for A. infectoria sp.-grp. A smaller percentage of A. arborescens sp.-grp. (5%), A. alternata sp.-grp. (3.9%) and A. vaccinii (1.4%) were also identified. Both secondary metabolite profiles and phylogenetic analysis were useful to distinguish isolates from Alternaria section Alternaria and section Infectoriae. Regarding metabolite profiles, alternariol was the most frequent compound produced by isolates of the section Alternaria. Infectopyrones and novae-zelandins were produced by most of the isolates from section Infectoriae. The barley cultivars analysed in this study did not show a particular susceptibility regarding the Alternaria population composition, except for Andreia, which presented the highest frequency of contamination with A. tenuissima sp.-grp. The rest of the cultivars, when grown in different regions, showed different proportion of the Alternaria sp.-grps., suggesting that other factors were determinant in their distribution. The results obtained in the present study will be a valuable tool for health authorities to assess the need for regulations on Alternaria mycotoxins, given the high incidence of Alternaria spp. in barley and the diversity of metabolites that might contaminate the grains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliana Castañares
- Laboratorio de Biología Funcional y Biotecnología (BIOLAB)-INBIOTEC-CONICET-CICBA, Facultad de Agronomía, UNCPBA, Azul 7300, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Lucía da Cruz Cabral
- CONICET - Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires (IEGEBA), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Maria I Dinolfo
- Laboratorio de Biología Funcional y Biotecnología (BIOLAB)-INBIOTEC-CONICET-CICBA, Facultad de Agronomía, UNCPBA, Azul 7300, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Birgitte Andersen
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Sebastián A Stenglein
- Laboratorio de Biología Funcional y Biotecnología (BIOLAB)-INBIOTEC-CONICET-CICBA, Facultad de Agronomía, UNCPBA, Azul 7300, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Andrea Patriarca
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Laboratorio de Microbiología de Alimentos, CONICET, Instituto de Micología y Botánica (INMIBO), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Anderson VM, Wendt KL, Najar FZ, McCall LI, Cichewicz RH. Building Natural Product Libraries Using Quantitative Clade-Based and Chemical Clustering Strategies. mSystems 2021; 6:e0064421. [PMID: 34698546 PMCID: PMC8547436 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00644-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The success of natural product-based drug discovery is predicated on having chemical collections that offer broad coverage of metabolite diversity. We propose a simple set of tools combining genetic barcoding and metabolomics to help investigators build natural product libraries aimed at achieving predetermined levels of chemical coverage. It was found that such tools aided in identifying overlooked pockets of chemical diversity within taxa, which could be useful for refocusing collection strategies. We have used fungal isolates identified as Alternaria from a citizen-science-based soil collection to demonstrate the application of these tools for assessing and carrying out predictive measurements of chemical diversity in a natural product collection. Within Alternaria, different subclades were found to contain nonequivalent levels of chemical diversity. It was also determined that a surprisingly modest number of isolates (195 isolates) was sufficient to afford nearly 99% of Alternaria chemical features in the data set. However, this result must be considered in the context that 17.9% of chemical features appeared in single isolates, suggesting that fungi like Alternaria might be engaged in an ongoing process of actively exploring nature's metabolic landscape. Our results demonstrate that combining modest investments in securing internal transcribed spacer (ITS)-based sequence information (i.e., establishing gene-based clades) with data from liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (i.e., generating feature accumulation curves) offers a useful route to obtaining actionable insights into chemical diversity coverage trends in a natural product library. It is anticipated that these outcomes could be used to improve opportunities for accessing bioactive molecules that serve as the cornerstone of natural product-based drug discovery. IMPORTANCE Natural product drug discovery efforts rely on libraries of organisms to provide access to diverse pools of compounds. Actionable strategies to rationally maximize chemical diversity, rather than relying on serendipity, can add value to such efforts. Readily implementable biological (i.e., ITS sequence analysis) and chemical (i.e., mass spectrometry-based feature and scaffold measurements) diversity assessment tools can be employed to monitor and adjust library development tactics in real time. In summary, metabolomics-driven technologies and simple gene-based specimen barcoding approaches have broad applicability to building chemically diverse natural product libraries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria M. Anderson
- Natural Products Discovery Group, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, USA
- Institute for Natural Products Applications and Research Technologies, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Karen L. Wendt
- Natural Products Discovery Group, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, USA
- Institute for Natural Products Applications and Research Technologies, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Fares Z. Najar
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, USA
- Chemistry and Biochemistry Bioinformatics Core, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Laura-Isobel McCall
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, USA
- Laboratories of Molecular Anthropology and Microbiome Research, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Robert H. Cichewicz
- Natural Products Discovery Group, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, USA
- Institute for Natural Products Applications and Research Technologies, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, USA
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Leslie JF, Moretti A, Mesterházy Á, Ameye M, Audenaert K, Singh PK, Richard-Forget F, Chulze SN, Ponte EMD, Chala A, Battilani P, Logrieco AF. Key Global Actions for Mycotoxin Management in Wheat and Other Small Grains. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:725. [PMID: 34679018 PMCID: PMC8541216 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13100725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins in small grains are a significant and long-standing problem. These contaminants may be produced by members of several fungal genera, including Alternaria, Aspergillus, Fusarium, Claviceps, and Penicillium. Interventions that limit contamination can be made both pre-harvest and post-harvest. Many problems and strategies to control them and the toxins they produce are similar regardless of the location at which they are employed, while others are more common in some areas than in others. Increased knowledge of host-plant resistance, better agronomic methods, improved fungicide management, and better storage strategies all have application on a global basis. We summarize the major pre- and post-harvest control strategies currently in use. In the area of pre-harvest, these include resistant host lines, fungicides and their application guided by epidemiological models, and multiple cultural practices. In the area of post-harvest, drying, storage, cleaning and sorting, and some end-product processes were the most important at the global level. We also employed the Nominal Group discussion technique to identify and prioritize potential steps forward and to reduce problems associated with human and animal consumption of these grains. Identifying existing and potentially novel mechanisms to effectively manage mycotoxin problems in these grains is essential to ensure the safety of humans and domesticated animals that consume these grains.
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Affiliation(s)
- John F. Leslie
- Throckmorton Plant Sciences Center, Department of Plant Pathology, 1712 Claflin Avenue, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA;
| | - Antonio Moretti
- Institute of the Science of Food Production, National Research Council (CNR-ISPA), Via Amendola 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy;
| | - Ákos Mesterházy
- Cereal Research Non-Profit Ltd., Alsókikötő sor 9, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary;
| | - Maarten Ameye
- Department of Plant and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (M.A.); (K.A.)
| | - Kris Audenaert
- Department of Plant and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (M.A.); (K.A.)
| | - Pawan K. Singh
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), Apdo. Postal 6-641, Mexico 06600, DF, Mexico;
| | | | - Sofía N. Chulze
- Research Institute on Mycology and Mycotoxicology (IMICO), National Scientific and Technical Research Council-National University of Río Cuarto (CONICET-UNRC), 5800 Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina;
| | - Emerson M. Del Ponte
- Departamento de Fitopatologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa 36570-900, MG, Brazil;
| | - Alemayehu Chala
- College of Agriculture, Hawassa University, P.O. Box 5, Hawassa 1000, Ethiopia;
| | - Paola Battilani
- Department of Sustainable Crop Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environmental Sciences, Universitá Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, via E. Parmense, 84-29122 Piacenza, Italy;
| | - Antonio F. Logrieco
- Institute of the Science of Food Production, National Research Council (CNR-ISPA), Via Amendola 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy;
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Dettman JR, Eggertson Q. Phylogenomic analyses of Alternaria section Alternaria: A high-resolution, genome-wide study of lineage sorting and gene tree discordance. Mycologia 2021; 113:1218-1232. [PMID: 34637684 DOI: 10.1080/00275514.2021.1950456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The genus Alternaria contains a diversity of saprobic and pathogenic species that can be found in a wide range of environments. Alternaria is currently divided into 26 subgeneric sections, and the "small-spored" Alternaria section Alternaria includes many species that are economically important agricultural pathogens. Recognizing that a stable framework for systematics and species identification is essential for management and regulation purposes, this section has experienced much taxonomic debate and systematic revision in recent years. Molecular phylogenetic studies have challenged the reliability of using morphological characteristics to differentiate Alternaria species but have also suggested that commonly used molecular markers for fungal phylogenetics may not be sufficiently informative at this taxonomic level. To allow the assessment of molecular variation and evolutionary history at a genome-wide scale, we present an overview and analysis of phylogenomic resources for Alternaria section Alternaria. We review the currently available genomic resources and report five newly sequenced genomes. We then perform multiple comparative genomic analyses, including macrosynteny assessment and inference of phylogenetic relationships using a variety of data sets and analysis methods. Fine-scale, genome-wide phylogenetic reconstruction revealed incomplete lineage sorting and the genomic distribution of gene/species tree discordance. Based on these patterns, we propose a list of candidate genes that may be developed into informative markers that are diagnostic for the main lineages. This overview identifies gaps in knowledge and can guide future genome sequencing efforts for this important group of plant pathogenic fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy R Dettman
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 960 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0C6, Canada
| | - Quinn Eggertson
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 960 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0C6, Canada
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Ntasiou P, Samaras A, Karaoglanidis G. Apple Fruit Core Rot Agents in Greece and Control with Succinate Dehydrogenase Inhibitor Fungicides. PLANT DISEASE 2021; 105:3072-3081. [PMID: 33673771 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-11-20-2422-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Core rot is a major postharvest disease of apple fruit that occurs worldwide and is caused by a complex of fungi. Despite the importance of the disease, little is known about its etiology in Greece. In this study, 325 fungal isolates obtained from fruit with core rot symptoms were identified to the species level using morphological characteristics and phylogenetic analysis. Fungal identification revealed that Alternaria alternata was the major disease agent (57.8% of the isolates), followed by Kalmusia variispora (27.8%), Botrytis cinerea (12%), and Fusarium spp. (3.3%). K. variispora is reported for the first time as an agent of core rot of apple and its pathogenicity was confirmed by artificial inoculation tests. In addition to disease etiology, field experiments were performed at two different orchards for 3 consecutive years (2017 to 2019). Experiments were conducted to determine the effectiveness of several classes of fungicides and the timing of application for control of the disease. Greater efficacy was achieved when fungicides were applied at the petal fall stage (flowers fading BBCH 67), while the most effective fungicides were the succinate dehydrogenase inhibitors fluxapyroxad, fluopyram, adepidyn, and penthiopyrad. The results of this study are expected to contribute to the optimization of disease management and reduce the yield losses caused by core rot pathogens in Greece.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiota Ntasiou
- Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Environment, Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Anastasios Samaras
- Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Environment, Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - George Karaoglanidis
- Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Environment, Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
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DeShields JB, Kc AN. Morphological and Molecular Characterization of Alternaria spp. Isolated from European Pears. PLANT DISEASE 2021; 105:2531-2540. [PMID: 33434041 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-10-20-2143-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In a recent survey of post-harvest rot pathogens in European pear in Southern Oregon, Alternaria spp. were frequently isolated from orchard samples of pear flowers and fruits. Morphological differences were observed within the isolated cultures. A preliminary NCBI BLAST search analysis using sequences of the ATPase locus across 94 isolates of Alternaria spp. obtained from pear fruit rots revealed three major Alternaria sections: sect. Alternata, sect. Infectoriae, and sect. Ulocladioides. Thirteen isolates were selected based on their genetic and morphological diversity across three Alternaria sections and were subjected to multilocus phylogenetic analysis using sequences from plasma membrane ATPase, calmodulin, and Alt a1 loci. Within sect. Alternata, four Alternaria arborescens isolates and one A. destruens isolate were identified; within sections Infectoriae and Ulocladioides, one A. rosae isolate and two A. botrytis isolates were identified, respectively. The remaining five isolates could not be identified based on the available sequences for the three loci used in this study. In addition to the phylogenetic analysis, pathogenicity assays revealed differential responses to these isolates on four pear cultivars: Anjou, Bartlett, Comice, and Bosc. Inoculation of isolates within Alternaria sect. Alternata resulted in fruit lesions across all cultivars, with Bosc pear being significantly susceptible (P < 0.0001). Isolates within Alternaria sect. Ulocladioides caused rots on Anjou and Bosc pears, while isolates within Alternaria sect. Infectoriae developed rots on Bosc pear only. This study suggests that there is differential susceptibility of pear cultivars to Alternaria rots, and the severity of post-harvest rot depends on the type of Alternaria spp. and cultivar predominant in a region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph B DeShields
- Southern Oregon Research and Extension Center, Oregon State University, Central Point, OR 97502
| | - Achala N Kc
- Southern Oregon Research and Extension Center, Oregon State University, Central Point, OR 97502
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Wang F, Saito S, Michailides TJ, Xiao CL. Phylogenetic, Morphological, and Pathogenic Characterization of Alternaria Species Associated With Fruit Rot of Mandarin in California. PLANT DISEASE 2021; 105:2606-2617. [PMID: 33373282 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-10-20-2145-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Alternaria rot caused by Alternaria species is one of the major postharvest diseases of mandarin fruit in California. The aims of this study were to identify these Alternaria species via phylogenetic analyses and morphological characteristics and test their pathogenicity on mandarin. Decayed mandarin fruits exhibiting Alternaria rot symptoms were collected from three citrus fruit packinghouses in the Central Valley of California. In total, 177 Alternaria isolates were obtained from decayed fruit and preliminarily separated into three groups representing three species (A. alternata, A. tenuissima, and A. arborescens) based on the colony characterization and sporulation patterns. To further identify these isolates, phylogenetic analysis was conducted based on DNA sequences of the second largest subunit of RNA polymerase II (RPB2), plasma membrane ATPase (ATPase), and Calmodulin gene regions in combination with morphological characters. Of the 177 isolates, 124 (70.1%) were identified as A. alternata, and 53 (29.9%) were A. arborescens. The isolates initially identified as A. tenuissima based on the morphological characteristics could not be separated from those of A. alternata in phylogenetic analysis and thus considered A. alternata. Pathogenicity tests showed that both Alternaria species were pathogenic on mandarin fruit at both 5°C and 20°C. Our results indicated that two Alternaria species, A. alternata and A. arborescens, were responsible for Alternaria rot of mandarin fruit in California, with A. arborescens causing fruit rot on mandarin being reported for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Wang
- U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), San Joaquin Valley Agricultural Sciences Center, Parlier, CA 93648
| | - Seiya Saito
- U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), San Joaquin Valley Agricultural Sciences Center, Parlier, CA 93648
| | - Themis J Michailides
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California Davis, Kearney Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Parlier, CA 93648
| | - Chang-Lin Xiao
- U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), San Joaquin Valley Agricultural Sciences Center, Parlier, CA 93648
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Alam MW, Malik A, Rehman A, Sarwar M, Muhammad S, Hameed A, Alsamadany H, Alzahrani Y, Ahmed Z. First Report of Alternaria alternata Causing Fruit Rot on Fig ( Ficus carica) in Pakistan. PLANT DISEASE 2021; 105:PDIS01210090PDN. [PMID: 33616426 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-01-21-0090-pdn] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M W Alam
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Lahore, Pakistan
| | - A Malik
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Lahore, Pakistan
| | - A Rehman
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan
| | - M Sarwar
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Lahore, Pakistan
| | - S Muhammad
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Lahore, Pakistan
| | - A Hameed
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan
| | - H Alsamadany
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Y Alzahrani
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Z Ahmed
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan
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