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Brauna-Morževska E, Stoddard FL, Bankina B, Kaņeps J, Bimšteine G, Petrova I, Neusa-Luca I, Roga A, Fridmanis D. Evaluation of pathogenicity of Botrytis species isolated from different legumes. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1069126. [PMID: 37051088 PMCID: PMC10083380 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1069126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Fungi of genus Botrytis are important pathogens of legumes, causing gray mold and chocolate spot diseases. The use of molecular methods to identify pathogens has resulted in the discovery of several new Botrytis species and new associations of pathogens with diseases. Thus, chocolate spot of faba bean is now associated with at least four species: B. fabae, B. cinerea, B. pseudocinerea and B. fabiopsis. Species of Botrytis differ in host plant, pathogenicity, fungicide resistance and other relevant properties that affect disease control. The aim of this study was to identify the species of Botrytis isolated from different legume crops and to evaluate their in vitro pathogenicity. Between 2014 and 2019, 278 isolates of Botrytis were obtained from infected legumes in Latvia. A phylogenetic analysis was carried out by sequencing three nuclear genes, RPB2, HSP60, and G3PDH, considered to be diagnostic for species in this genus. A set of 21 representative isolates was selected for pathogenicity tests on detached leaves of faba bean, field pea, lupin and soybean using 5-mm mycelium-agar plugs. The diameter of the formed lesions under the inoculated plug was measured crosswise each day. The datasets were subjected to analysis of variance with the split-plot design of the experiment and repeated-measures model. Six species were identified: B. cinerea, B. fabae, B. pseudocinerea, B. fabiopsis, B. euroamericana and B. medusae. In addition to the expected combinations of host and pathogen, naturally occurring infections of B. fabiopsis were found on chickpea, B. euroamericana on faba bean and B. medusae in lupin seeds. Species and isolate had significant effects on pathogenicity on all crops tested. Several isolates were pathogenic on two or more host species: two of B. pseudocinerea, two of B. cinerea, two of B. fabiopsis and the one of B. medusae. One isolate of B. pseudocinerea and two of B. fabiopsis caused primary lesions on all five host species. The results show that these Botrytis species have a broad host range that should be borne in mind when planning crop sequences and rotations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elīna Brauna-Morževska
- Institute of Soil and Plant Sciences, Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies, Jelgava, Latvia
| | - Frederick L. Stoddard
- Viikki Plant Science Centre, and Helsinki Sustainability Science Centre, Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Biruta Bankina
- Institute of Soil and Plant Sciences, Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies, Jelgava, Latvia
| | - Jānis Kaņeps
- Institute of Soil and Plant Sciences, Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies, Jelgava, Latvia
| | - Gunita Bimšteine
- Institute of Soil and Plant Sciences, Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies, Jelgava, Latvia
| | - Irina Petrova
- Institute of Soil and Plant Sciences, Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies, Jelgava, Latvia
| | - Ingrīda Neusa-Luca
- Institute of Soil and Plant Sciences, Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies, Jelgava, Latvia
| | - Ance Roga
- Human Genetics and Disease Mechanisms, Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, Riga, Latvia
| | - Dāvids Fridmanis
- Human Genetics and Disease Mechanisms, Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, Riga, Latvia
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2
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Zhou Y, Song J, Wang Y, Yang L, Wu M, Li G, Zhang J. Biological characterization of the melanin biosynthesis gene Bcscd1 in the plant pathogenic fungus Botrytis cinerea. Fungal Genet Biol 2022; 160:103693. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2022.103693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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3
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Mehta N, Jadhav R, Baghela A. Molecular Taxonomy and Multigene Phylogeny of Filamentous Fungi. Fungal Biol 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-83749-5_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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4
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Riquelme D, Aravena Z, Valdés-Gómez H, Latorre BA, Díaz GA, Zoffoli JP. Characterization of Botrytis cinerea and B. prunorum From Healthy Floral Structures and Decayed 'Hayward' Kiwifruit During Post-Harvest Storage. PLANT DISEASE 2021; 105:2129-2140. [PMID: 33258430 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-04-20-0878-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Gray mold is the primary postharvest disease of 'Hayward' kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa) in Chile, with a prevalence of 33.1% in 2016 and 7.1% in 2017. Gray mold develops during postharvest storage, which is characterized by a soft, light to brown watery decay that is caused by Botrytis cinerea and B. prunorum. However, there is no information on the role of B. prunorum during the development and storage of kiwifruit in Chile. For this purpose, asymptomatic flowers and receptacles were collected throughout fruit development and harvest from five orchards over two seasons in the Central Valley of Chile. Additionally, diseased kiwifruits were selected after storage for 100 days at 0°C and 2 days at 20°C. Colonies of Botrytis sp. with high and low conidial production were consistently obtained from apparently healthy petals, sepals, receptacles, and styles and diseased kiwifruit. Morphological and phylogenetic analysis of three partial gene sequences encoding glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, heat shock protein 60, and DNA-dependent RNA polymerase subunit II were able to identify and separate B. cinerea and B. prunorum species. Consistently, B. cinerea was predominantly isolated from all floral parts and fruit in apparently healthy tissue and diseased kiwifruit. During full bloom, the highest colonization by B. cinerea and B. prunorum was obtained from petals, followed by sepals. In storage, both Botrytis species were isolated from the diseased fruit (n = 644), of which 6.8% (n = 44) were identified as B. prunorum. All Botrytis isolates grew from 0°C to 30°C in vitro and were pathogenic on kiwifruit leaves and fruit. Notably, B. cinerea isolates were always more virulent than B. prunorum isolates. This study confirms the presence of B. cinerea and B. prunorum colonizing apparently healthy flowers and floral parts in fruit and causing gray mold during kiwifruit storage in Chile. Therefore, B. prunorum plays a secondary role in the epidemiology of gray mold developing in kiwifruit during cold storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danae Riquelme
- Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Facultad de Agronomía e Ingeniería Forestal, Departamento de Fruticultura y Enología, Santiago 7820244, Chile
- Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, INIA-La Platina, Santiago 8831314, Chile
| | - Zdenka Aravena
- Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Facultad de Agronomía e Ingeniería Forestal, Departamento de Fruticultura y Enología, Santiago 7820244, Chile
| | - Héctor Valdés-Gómez
- Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Facultad de Agronomía e Ingeniería Forestal, Departamento de Fruticultura y Enología, Santiago 7820244, Chile
| | - Bernardo A Latorre
- Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Facultad de Agronomía e Ingeniería Forestal, Departamento de Fruticultura y Enología, Santiago 7820244, Chile
| | - Gonzalo A Díaz
- Universidad de Talca, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Departamento de Producción Agrícola, Talca 3460000, Chile
| | - Juan Pablo Zoffoli
- Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Facultad de Agronomía e Ingeniería Forestal, Departamento de Fruticultura y Enología, Santiago 7820244, Chile
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5
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Plesken C, Pattar P, Reiss B, Noor ZN, Zhang L, Klug K, Huettel B, Hahn M. Genetic Diversity of Botrytis cinerea Revealed by Multilocus Sequencing, and Identification of B. cinerea Populations Showing Genetic Isolation and Distinct Host Adaptation. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:663027. [PMID: 34025700 PMCID: PMC8131559 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.663027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Botrytis cinerea is a world-wide occurring plant pathogen, causing pre- and post-harvest gray mold rot on a large number of fruit, vegetable, and flower crops. B. cinerea is closely related to Botrytis pseudocinerea, another broad host range species which often occurs in sympatry with B. cinerea, and to several host-specific species including Botrytis fabae and Botrytis calthae. B. cinerea populations have been shown to be genetically heterogeneous, and attempts have been made to correlate genetic markers to virulence and host adaptation. Here, we present the development of a multilocus sequence typing (MLST) scheme, with 10 genes selected for high variability and phylogenetic congruence, to evaluate the genetic diversity of B. cinerea, B. fabae, and B. pseudocinerea. Using PacBio-assisted simultaneous mass sequencing of PCR products, MLST analysis of about 100 strains from diverse geographical origins and years of isolation was performed, which resulted in high-resolution strain differentiation and robust species separation. Several B. cinerea strains formed an as yet unknown population, referred to as group B, which was well separated from all other B. cinerea strains. Furthermore, the gene cluster for biosynthesis of the phytotoxin botcinic acid was missing in B. cinerea B strains. B. cinerea strains from the monocot Iris pseudacorus were found to form a genetically distinct population, and contained an intact gene cluster for production of the red pigment bikaverin, which is usually degenerated in B. cinerea. Remarkably, these strains were much more aggressive on Iris than other B. cinerea strains, which is the first unequivocal example for host specialization in B. cinerea. Our data reveal new insights into the genetic diversity of B. cinerea and provide evidence for intraspecific differentiation and different degrees of host adaptation of this polyphagous necrotrophic pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Plesken
- Department of Biology, University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Patrick Pattar
- Department of Biology, University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Bianka Reiss
- Department of Plant Physiology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Zinnia Naoshin Noor
- Department of Biology, University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Lisha Zhang
- Center of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Klaus Klug
- Department of Biology, University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Bruno Huettel
- Max Planck Genome Centre Cologne, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Matthias Hahn
- Department of Biology, University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany
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6
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Garfinkel AR. The History of Botrytis Taxonomy, the Rise of Phylogenetics, and Implications for Species Recognition. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2021; 111:437-454. [PMID: 32976058 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-06-20-0211-ia] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Botrytis is one of the oldest, most well studied, and most economically important fungal taxa. Nonetheless, many species in this genus have remained obscured for nearly 300 years because of the difficulty in distinguishing these species by conventional mycological methods. Aided by the use of phylogenetic tools, the genus is currently undergoing a taxonomic revolution. The number of putative species in the genus has nearly doubled over the last 10 years and more species are likely to be discovered in the future. The implementation of phylogenetic species recognition concepts in Botrytis is providing for more resolution on the relatedness among species than ever before, and this has helped to overcome issues in historical species recognition using morphology, sexual crosses, and pathogenicity tests. Meanwhile, the use of genetic tools is helping to reveal surprising insight into this archetypal necrotroph's behavior, making these approaches increasingly important in species recognition and identification. As Botrytis taxonomy continues to evolve at a rapid pace, researchers should be encouraged to continue to employ the powerful tool of phylogenetics while considering how it fits into a larger framework of classical Botrytis species recognition. Starting points for discussion on how to move forward with Botrytis species recognition are included herein, with an emphasis on the implications and utility of new species descriptions.
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7
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He SQ, Wen ZH, Bai B, Jing ZQ, Wang XW. Botrytis polygoni, a new species of the genus Botrytis infecting Polygonaceae in Gansu, China. Mycologia 2020; 113:78-91. [PMID: 33125292 DOI: 10.1080/00275514.2020.1809288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A new species, Botrytis polygoni, was isolated from several species of Polygonaceae in 2011 and 2012 in Tongwei County, Gansu Province, China. The species infects Fagopyrum esculentum, F. tataricum, and Fallopia convolvulus, causing brown leaf spots and large blotches with concentric rings in the field. Botrytis polygoni is morphologically characterized by conidia spherical, unicellular, hyaline to pale brown or brown, (10.2-)14.3-21.4(-23.5) μm; and sclerotia black, spherical to subspherical, allantoid, or irregular-shaped, 0.2-4.1 × 0.1-3.0 mm. Comparison of the nuc rDNA internal transcribed spacer region (ITS1-5.8S-ITS2) sequences confirmed its placement in the genus Botrytis. Phylogenetic analysis based on the protein-coding genes glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (G3PDH), heat shock protein 60 (HSP60), and DNA-dependent RNA polymerase subunit II (RPB2) showed that the new species is clustered close but separate from Botrytis pyriformis, which was distant from 37 other Botrytis species and 17 undescribed species. Pathogenicity tests showed that the new species has aggressive pathogenicity to four species of Polygonaceae, specifically Fag. tataricum, Fal. convolvulus, Polygonum sibiricum, and Pol. aviculare, weak pathogenicity to Vicia faba in the Fabaceae, and no pathogenicity to eight other tested plants: Amaranthus retroflexus, Cirsium arvense, Convolvulus arvensis, Kalanchoe blossfeldiana, Lagopsis supine, Mentha canadensis, Plantago asiatica, and Raphanus sativus.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Q He
- Institute of Plant Protection, Gansu Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Lanzhou 730070, China.,Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Pests in Tianshui, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, P. R. China , Tianshui 741200, Gansu, China
| | - Z H Wen
- Technical Center, Lanzhou Customs , Lanzhou, 730010, China
| | - B Bai
- Institute of Agricultural Quality Standards and Testing Technology, Gansu Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Lanzhou 730070, China.,Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-products (Lanzhou), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs , P. R. China, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Z Q Jing
- Institute of Plant Protection, Gansu Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Lanzhou 730070, China.,Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Pests in Tianshui, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, P. R. China , Tianshui 741200, Gansu, China
| | - X W Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100101, China
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8
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Esterio M, Osorio-Navarro C, Carreras C, Azócar M, Copier C, Estrada V, Rubilar M, Auger J. Botrytis prunorum Associated to Vitis vinifera Blossom Blight in Chile. PLANT DISEASE 2020; 104:2324-2329. [PMID: 32609075 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-09-19-2055-sc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Table grapes are highly susceptible to Botrytis cinerea infections during the bloom period. After reaching the flower development stage, B. cinerea remains quiescent until berry ripening or gives rise to blossom blight under specific climate conditions. A research study was conducted on the Chilean Central Valley during the 2018-2019 growing season. Flowers of Vitis vinifera cv. Thompson Seedless were collected and B. cinerea was isolated together to a second and morphologically different species, characterized by white mycelium and low to no sporulation (11.4% of total isolates). Three randomly selected isolates within this population were genetically examined and identified as Botrytis prunorum based on a phylogenetic multilocus approach using partial regions of genes RPB2, HSP60, and G3PDH or NEP1 and NEP2. Pathogenicity tests showed that B. prunorum infects and causes wilting in healthy table grape flowers. B. prunorum isolates were able to infect Thompson Seedless berries, inducing lesions between 13.11 and 41.53% with respect to the lesion diameter generated by B. cinerea B05.10. The fungicide sensitivity was evaluated. The three genetically characterized isolates were sensitive to boscalid and to cyprodinil/fludioxonil mixture with a mean EC50 value of 5.5 µg/ml and 0.065 µg/ml, respectively. However, loss of sensitivity to fenhexamid was determined, with a mean EC50 value of 5.13 µg/ml. Our understanding about blossom blight in V. vinifera has been limited to B. cinerea. Here we associated B. prunorum as a second causal agent of this disease in Chile. This data represents a first approach to the epidemiological characteristics of B. prunorum associated with blossom blight in table grapes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Esterio
- Departamento de Sanidad Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudio Osorio-Navarro
- Departamento de Sanidad Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudia Carreras
- Departamento de Sanidad Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Madelaine Azócar
- Departamento de Sanidad Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Charleen Copier
- Departamento de Sanidad Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Verónica Estrada
- Departamento de Sanidad Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mauricio Rubilar
- Departamento de Sanidad Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jaime Auger
- Departamento de Sanidad Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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9
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Azevedo DMQ, Martins SDS, Guterres DC, Martins MD, Araújo L, Guimarães LMS, Alfenas AC, Furtado GQ. Diversity, prevalence and phylogenetic positioning of Botrytis species in Brazil. Fungal Biol 2020; 124:940-957. [PMID: 33059846 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2020.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Botrytis is a necrotrophic fungal genus of great economic importance worldwide. Together, the Botrytis species are able to infect over one thousand host plant species, including dicotyledons and monocotyledons. As the identification of Botrytis species in Brazil has mostly been based only on morphological characterization and comparisons of the rDNA ITS region, which is not informative in the genus, its diversity remains unknown. Thus, in this study we determined the diversity and prevalence of Botrytis spp. in Brazil by multilocus phylogeny. Phylogenetic reconstruction of the genus was performed using the nuclear genes glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (G3PDH), heat-shock protein 60 (HSP60) and RNA polymerase II second largest subunit (RPB2). From analyses of 56 Botrytis isolates obtained from different hosts and geographical regions in Brazil, we found that Botrytis cinerea is the most prevalent species with considerable intraspecific genetic diversity detected by nuclear genes. Two new hosts to B. cinerea and eight host never previously reported in Brazil were found. We also reported for the first time the occurrence of Botrytispseudocinerea associated with Accasellowiana (Myrtaceae). Due to the new phylogenetic positioning of Botrytispelargonii and Botrytiseucalypti, a taxonomic review of these species was suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daiana M Q Azevedo
- Departamento de Fitopatologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-900, Viçosa, MG, Brazil.
| | - Sarah D S Martins
- Departamento de Fitopatologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-900, Viçosa, MG, Brazil.
| | - Débora C Guterres
- Departamento de Fitopatologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-900, Viçosa, MG, Brazil.
| | - Mateus D Martins
- Departamento de Fitopatologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-900, Viçosa, MG, Brazil.
| | - Leonardo Araújo
- Empresa de Pesquisa Agropecuária e Extensão Rural de Santa Catarina, 88600-000, São Joaquim, SC, Brazil.
| | - Lúcio M S Guimarães
- Departamento de Fitopatologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-900, Viçosa, MG, Brazil.
| | - Acelino C Alfenas
- Departamento de Fitopatologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-900, Viçosa, MG, Brazil.
| | - Gleiber Q Furtado
- Departamento de Fitopatologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-900, Viçosa, MG, Brazil.
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Zhong S, Zhang J, Zhang GZ. Botrytis polyphyllae: A New Botrytis Species Causing Gray Mold on Paris polyphylla. PLANT DISEASE 2019; 103:1721-1727. [PMID: 31094656 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-07-18-1284-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Paris polyphylla is an important perennial medicinal plant in China. A disease similar to gray mold on P. polyphylla occurred at the seedling stage in March 2016 and 2017 in Tengchong city, Yunnan Province of China. The disease resulted in up to 50% mortality in serious cases. Isolates from diseased plants grew 10.6 mm/day at 20°C on PDA. After 21 days, sclerotia were spherical to elliptical (0.4-2.5 × 0.3-1.8 mm). Conidia from diseased tissues were hyaline to pale brown, long, ovoid, unicellular, and measured 15.1-24.5 × 8.8-13.4 μm; conidiophores were 526-1,064 ×12-15 μm. Isolates did not form conidiophores or conidia on PDA or MYA. A phylogenetic analysis based on G3PDH, RPB2, and HSP60 sequence data supported assignment of three representative isolates as a new species of Botrytis. Based on morphological, phylogenetic characteristics and Koch's Postulates, the causal agent of gray mold on P. polyphylla was identified as a novel species, Botrytis polyphyllae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Zhong
- 1 Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- 2 State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology and Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Guo-Zhen Zhang
- 1 Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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11
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Garfinkel AR, Coats KP, Sherry DL, Chastagner GA. Genetic analysis reveals unprecedented diversity of a globally-important plant pathogenic genus. Sci Rep 2019; 9:6671. [PMID: 31040332 PMCID: PMC6491473 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-43165-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Genus Botrytis contains approximately 35 species, many of which are economically-important and globally-distributed plant pathogens which collectively infect over 1,400 plant species. Recent efforts to genetically characterize genus Botrytis have revealed new species on diverse host crops around the world. In this study, surveys and subsequent genetic analysis of the glyceraldehyde-3-phosate dehydrogenase (G3PDH), heat-shock protein 60 (HSP60), DNA-dependent RNA polymerase subunit II (RPB2), and necrosis and ethylene-inducing proteins 1 and 2 (NEP1 and NEP2) genes indicated that Botrytis isolates collected from peony fields in the United States contained more species diversity than ever before reported on a single host, including up to 10 potentially novel species. Together, up to 16 different phylogenetic species were found in association with peonies in the Pacific Northwest, which is over a third of the total number of species that are currently named. Furthermore, species were found on peonies in Alaska that have been described on other host plants in different parts of the world, indicating a wider geographic and host distribution than previously thought. Lastly, some isolates found on peony share sequence similarity with unnamed species found living as endophytes in weedy hosts, suggesting that the isolates found on peony have flexible lifestyles as recently discovered in the genus. Selected pathogenicity, growth, and morphological characteristics of the putatively new Botrytis species were also assessed to provide a basis for future formal description of the isolates as new species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea R Garfinkel
- Washington State University Puyallup Research and Extension Center, 2606 W, Pioneer, Puyallup, WA, 98371, USA.
| | - Katie P Coats
- Washington State University Puyallup Research and Extension Center, 2606 W, Pioneer, Puyallup, WA, 98371, USA
| | - Don L Sherry
- Washington State University Puyallup Research and Extension Center, 2606 W, Pioneer, Puyallup, WA, 98371, USA
| | - Gary A Chastagner
- Washington State University Puyallup Research and Extension Center, 2606 W, Pioneer, Puyallup, WA, 98371, USA
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12
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Garfinkel AR, Lorenzini M, Zapparoli G, Chastagner GA. Botrytis euroamericana, a new species from peony and grape in North America and Europe. Mycologia 2017; 109:495-507. [PMID: 28849988 DOI: 10.1080/00275514.2017.1354169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
A novel species of Botrytis isolated from peony in Alaska, USA, and grape in Trento District, Italy, was identified based on morphology, pathogenicity, and sequence data. The grape and peony isolates share sequence homology in the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (G3PDH), heat shock protein 60 (HSP60), DNA-dependent RNA polymerase subunit II (RPB2), and necrosis- and ethylene-inducing protein 1 and 2 (NEP1 and NEP2) genes that place them in a distinct group closely related to B. aclada, a globally distributed pathogen of onions. Genetic results were corroborated with morphological and pathogenicity trials that included two isolates of B. cinerea and two isolates of B. paeoniae from peony in Alaska and one isolate of B. aclada. The authors observed differences in colony and conidia morphology and ability to cause lesions on different host tissues that suggest that the grape and peony isolates represent a distinct species. Most notably, the grape and peony isolates did not colonize onion bulbs, whereas B. aclada readily produced lesions and prolific sporulation on onion tissue. The new species Botrytis euroamericana is described herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea R Garfinkel
- a Washington State University Puyallup Research and Extension Center , Puyallup , Washington 98371
| | - Marilinda Lorenzini
- b Dipartimento di Biotecnologie , Università degli Studi di Verona , 37134 Verona , Italy
| | - Giacomo Zapparoli
- b Dipartimento di Biotecnologie , Università degli Studi di Verona , 37134 Verona , Italy
| | - Gary A Chastagner
- a Washington State University Puyallup Research and Extension Center , Puyallup , Washington 98371
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Rupp S, Plesken C, Rumsey S, Dowling M, Schnabel G, Weber RWS, Hahn M. Botrytis fragariae, a New Species Causing Gray Mold on Strawberries, Shows High Frequencies of Specific and Efflux-Based Fungicide Resistance. Appl Environ Microbiol 2017; 83:e00269-17. [PMID: 28235878 PMCID: PMC5394320 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00269-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Botrytis cinerea causes pre- and postharvest decay of many fruit and vegetable crops. A survey of German strawberry fields revealed Botrytis strains that differed from B. cinerea in diagnostic PCR markers and growth appearance. Phylogenetic analyses showed that these strains belong to an undescribed species in Botrytis clade 2, named Botrytisfragariae sp. nov. Isolates of Bfragariae were detected in strawberry fields throughout Germany, sometimes at frequencies similar to those of B. cinerea, and in the southeastern United States. Bfragariae was isolated from overwintering strawberry tissue but not from freshly infected fruit. Bfragariae invaded strawberry tissues with an efficiency similar to or lower than that of B. cinerea but showed poor colonization of inoculated nonhost plant tissues. These data and the exclusive occurrence of this fungus on strawberry plants indicate that Bfragariae is host specific and has a tissue preference different from that of B. cinerea Various fungicide resistance patterns were observed in Bfragariae populations. Many Bfragariae strains showed resistance to one or several chemical classes of fungicides and an efflux-based multidrug resistance (MDR1) phenotype previously described in B. cinerea Resistance-related mutations in Bfragariae were identical or similar to those of B. cinerea for carbendazim (E198A mutation in tubA), azoxystrobin (G143A in cytB), iprodione (G367A+V368F in bos1), and MDR1 (gain-of-function mutations in the transcription factor mrr1 gene and overexpression of the drug efflux transporter gene atrB). The widespread occurrence of Bfragariae indicates that this species is adapted to fungicide-treated strawberry fields and may be of local importance as a gray mold pathogen alongside B. cinereaIMPORTANCE Gray mold is the most important fruit rot on strawberries worldwide and requires fungicide treatments for control. For a long time, it was believed to be caused only by Botrytis cinerea, a ubiquitous pathogen with a broad host range that quickly develops fungicide resistance. We report the discovery and description of a new species, named Botrytisfragariae, that is widely distributed in commercial strawberry fields in Germany and the southeastern United States. It was observed on overwintering tissue but not on freshly infected fruit and seems host specific on the basis of its occurrence and artificial infection tests. Bfragariae has also developed resistance to several fungicides that is caused by mutations similar to those known in B. cinerea, including an efflux-based multidrug resistance. Our data indicate that Bfragariae could be of practical importance as a strawberry pathogen in some regions where its abundance is similar to that of B. cinerea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Rupp
- Department of Biology, University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Cecilia Plesken
- Institute for Biology I, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Sibylle Rumsey
- Department of Biology, University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Madeline Dowling
- Department of Plant & Environmental Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, USA
| | - Guido Schnabel
- Department of Plant & Environmental Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, USA
| | - Roland W S Weber
- Esteburg Fruit Research and Advisory Centre, Jork, Germany
- Department of Food Science, Aarhus University, Årslev, Denmark
| | - Matthias Hahn
- Department of Biology, University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany
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Botrytis eucalypti, a novel species isolated from diseased Eucalyptus seedlings in South China. Mycol Prog 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11557-016-1229-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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