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Mengis T, Herger N, Heggli I, Devan J, Spirig JM, Laux CJ, Brunner F, Farshad M, Distler O, Dudli S. Bone marrow stromal cells in Modic type 1 changes promote neurite outgrowth. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1286280. [PMID: 37965581 PMCID: PMC10641389 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1286280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The pain in patients with Modic type 1 changes (MC1) is often due to vertebral body endplate pain, which is linked to abnormal neurite outgrowth in the vertebral body and adjacent endplate. The aim of this study was to understand the role of MC1 bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) in neurite outgrowth. BMSCs can produce neurotrophic factors, which have been shown to be pro-fibrotic in MC1, and expand in the perivascular space where sensory vertebral nerves are located. The study involved the exploration of the BMSC transcriptome in MC1, co-culture of MC1 BMSCs with the neuroblastoma cell line SH-SY5Y, analysis of supernatant cytokines, and analysis of gene expression changes in co-cultured SH-SY5Y. Transcriptomic analysis revealed upregulated brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) signaling-related pathways. Co-cultures of MC1 BMSCs with SH-SY5Y cells resulted in increased neurite sprouting compared to co-cultures with control BMSCs. The concentration of BDNF and other cytokines supporting neuron growth was increased in MC1 vs. control BMSC co-culture supernatants. Taken together, these findings show that MC1 BMSCs provide strong pro-neurotrophic cues to nearby neurons and could be a relevant disease-modifying treatment target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Mengis
- Center of Experimental Rheumatology, Department of Rheumatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rheumatology, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Nick Herger
- Center of Experimental Rheumatology, Department of Rheumatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rheumatology, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Irina Heggli
- Center of Experimental Rheumatology, Department of Rheumatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rheumatology, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Jan Devan
- Center of Experimental Rheumatology, Department of Rheumatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rheumatology, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - José Miguel Spirig
- Department of Orthopedics, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Christoph J. Laux
- Department of Orthopedics, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Florian Brunner
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rheumatology, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Mazda Farshad
- Department of Orthopedics, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Oliver Distler
- Center of Experimental Rheumatology, Department of Rheumatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Dudli
- Center of Experimental Rheumatology, Department of Rheumatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rheumatology, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
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Canterini S, Camuso S. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor in main neurodegenerative diseases. Neural Regen Res 2023; 18:554-555. [DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.350199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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El Sayed NS, Kandil EA, Ghoneum MH. Probiotics Fermentation Technology, a Novel Kefir Product, Ameliorates Cognitive Impairment in Streptozotocin-Induced Sporadic Alzheimer's Disease in Mice. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:5525306. [PMID: 34306309 PMCID: PMC8282381 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5525306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by cognitive impairment. Gut microbiota dysfunction (dysbiosis) is implicated in the pathology of AD and is associated with several detrimental consequences, including neurotransmitter depletion, oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis, and insulin resistance, which all contribute to the onset of AD. The objective of this study was to assess the effectiveness of Probiotics Fermentation Technology (PFT), a kefir product, in alleviating AD symptoms via regulation of the gut microbiota using a streptozotocin- (STZ-) induced AD mouse model and to compare its activity with simvastatin, which has been proven to effectively treat AD. Mice received one intracerebroventricular injection of STZ (3 mg/kg). PFT (100, 300, 600 mg/kg) and simvastatin (20 mg/kg) were administered orally for 3 weeks. PFT supplementation mitigated STZ-induced neuronal degeneration in the cortex and hippocampus, restored hippocampal acetylcholine levels, and improved cognition in a dose-dependent manner. These effects were accompanied by reductions in oxidative damage, proinflammatory cytokine expression, apoptosis, and tau hyperphosphorylation. Moreover, PFT hindered amyloid plaque accumulation via the enhancement of insulin-degrading enzyme. These beneficial effects were comparable to those produced by simvastatin. The results suggest that PFT can alleviate AD symptoms by regulating the gut microbiota and by inhibiting AD-related pathological events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nesrine S. El Sayed
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Esraa A. Kandil
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mamdooh H. Ghoneum
- Department of Surgery, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Shityakov S, Hayashi K, Störk S, Scheper V, Lenarz T, Förster CY. The Conspicuous Link between Ear, Brain and Heart-Could Neurotrophin-Treatment of Age-Related Hearing Loss Help Prevent Alzheimer's Disease and Associated Amyloid Cardiomyopathy? Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11060900. [PMID: 34204299 PMCID: PMC8235707 DOI: 10.3390/biom11060900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most common cause of dementia in the elderly, is a neurodegenerative disorder associated with neurovascular dysfunction and cognitive decline. While the deposition of amyloid β peptide (Aβ) and the formation of neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) are the pathological hallmarks of AD-affected brains, the majority of cases exhibits a combination of comorbidities that ultimately lead to multi-organ failure. Of particular interest, it can be demonstrated that Aβ pathology is present in the hearts of patients with AD, while the formation of NFT in the auditory system can be detected much earlier than the onset of symptoms. Progressive hearing impairment may beget social isolation and accelerate cognitive decline and increase the risk of developing dementia. The current review discusses the concept of a brain-ear-heart axis by which Aβ and NFT inhibition could be achieved through targeted supplementation of neurotrophic factors to the cochlea and the brain. Such amyloid inhibition might also indirectly affect amyloid accumulation in the heart, thus reducing the risk of developing AD-associated amyloid cardiomyopathy and cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey Shityakov
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care, Emergency and Pain Medicine, University Hospital Würzburg, D-97080 Würzburg, Germany;
- Infochemistry Scientific Center, Laboratory of Chemoinformatics, ITMO University, 191002 Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Kentaro Hayashi
- Advanced Stroke Center, Shimane University Hospital, 89-1 Enya, Shimane, Izumo 693-8501, Japan;
| | - Stefan Störk
- Comprehensive Heart Failure Q9 Center, University of Würzburg, D-97080 Würzburg, Germany;
| | - Verena Scheper
- Department of Otolaryngology, Hannover Medical School and Cluster of Excellence “Hearing4All”, 30625 Hannover, Germany;
| | - Thomas Lenarz
- Department of Otolaryngology, Hannover Medical School and Cluster of Excellence “Hearing4All”, 30625 Hannover, Germany;
- Correspondence: (T.L.); (C.Y.F.)
| | - Carola Y. Förster
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care, Emergency and Pain Medicine, University Hospital Würzburg, D-97080 Würzburg, Germany;
- Correspondence: (T.L.); (C.Y.F.)
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Towards the endotyping of the sleep-pain interaction: a topical review on multitarget strategies based on phenotypic vulnerabilities and putative pathways. Pain 2021; 162:1281-1288. [PMID: 33105436 DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000002124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Postu PA, Tiron A, Tiron CE, Gorgan DL, Mihasan M, Hritcu L. Conifer Essential Oils Reversed Amyloid Beta1-42 Action by Modulating BDNF and ARC Expression in The Rat Hippocampus. CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS-DRUG TARGETS 2021; 21:85-94. [PMID: 33655878 DOI: 10.2174/1871527320666210303111537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The conifer species Pinus halepensis (Pinaceae) and Tetraclinis articulata (Cupressaceae) are widely used in traditional medicine due to their health beneficial properties. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to investigate the mechanisms by which P. halepensis and T. articulata essential oils (1% and 3%) could exhibit neuroprotective effects in an Alzheimer's disease (AD) rat model, induced by intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) administration of amyloid beta1-42 (Aβ1-42). METHOD The essential oils were administered by inhalation to the AD rat model, once daily, for 21 days. DNA fragmentation was assessed through Cell Death Detection ELISA kit. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), activity-regulated cytoskeleton-associated protein (ARC) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) gene expressions were determined by RT-qPCR analysis, while BDNF and ARC protein expressions were assessed using immunohistochemistry technique. RESULTS Our data showed that both essential oils substantially attenuated memory impairments, with P. halepensis mainly stimulating ARC expression and T. articulata mostly enhancing BDNF expression. Also, the inhalation of essential oils reduced IL-1β expression and induced positive effects against DNA fragmentation associated with Aβ1-42-induced toxicity, further contributing to the cognitive improvement in the rats with AD-like model. CONCLUSION Our findings provide further evidence that these essential oils and their chemical constituents could be natural agents of therapeutic interest against Aβ1-42-induced neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Alexandra Postu
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Biology, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iasi, Romania,Center for Fundamental Research and Experimental Development in Translation Medicine—TRANSCEND, Regional Institute of Oncology, Iasi, Romania
| | - Adrian Tiron
- Center for Fundamental Research and Experimental Development in Translation Medicine—TRANSCEND, Regional Institute of Oncology, Iasi, Romania
| | - Crina Elena Tiron
- Center for Fundamental Research and Experimental Development in Translation Medicine—TRANSCEND, Regional Institute of Oncology, Iasi, Romania
| | - Dragoș Lucian Gorgan
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Biology, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iasi, Romania
| | - Marius Mihasan
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Biology, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iasi, Romania
| | - Lucian Hritcu
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Biology, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iasi, Romania
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The Role of Vesicle Trafficking Defects in the Pathogenesis of Prion and Prion-Like Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21197016. [PMID: 32977678 PMCID: PMC7582986 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21197016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Prion diseases are fatal and transmissible neurodegenerative diseases in which the cellular form of the prion protein ‘PrPc’, misfolds into an infectious and aggregation prone isoform termed PrPSc, which is the primary component of prions. Many neurodegenerative diseases, like Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and polyglutamine diseases, such as Huntington’s disease, are considered prion-like disorders because of the common characteristics in the propagation and spreading of misfolded proteins that they share with the prion diseases. Unlike prion diseases, these are non-infectious outside experimental settings. Many vesicular trafficking impairments, which are observed in prion and prion-like disorders, favor the accumulation of the pathogenic amyloid aggregates. In addition, many of the vesicular trafficking impairments that arise in these diseases, turn out to be further aggravating factors. This review offers an insight into the currently known vesicular trafficking defects in these neurodegenerative diseases and their implications on disease progression. These findings suggest that these impaired trafficking pathways may represent similar therapeutic targets in these classes of neurodegenerative disorders.
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Wang X, Li X, Huang B, Yang L, Chen K, Zhao D, Luo X, Wang Y. Downregulation of miR-33 Has Protective Effect Against Aβ₂₅₋₃₅-Induced Injury in SH-SH-SY5Y Cells. Med Sci Monit 2020; 26:e921026. [PMID: 32119650 PMCID: PMC7067051 DOI: 10.12659/msm.921026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Alzheimer disease (AD) is a significant health issue for the elderly, and there are at present no clinically effective anti-AD agents. Prevention of Aβ-induced neurotoxicity is proposed as a possible modality for treatment of AD. miR-33 has been proven to promote Aβ secretion and impair Aβ clearance in neural cells. The present study assessed whether miR-33 is involved in AD pathology. Material/Methods miR-33 level was detected by qRT-PCR. The Akt/mTOR pathway was analyzed by Western blot analysis. Neuron inflammation and oxidative stress were measured using commercial detection kits. Flow cytometry and Western blot assay were conducted to assess cell apoptosis, and Western blot assay was used to assess synaptic protein levels. Results miR-33 expression level was markedly upregulated in SH-SY5Y cells treated with Aβ25–35. miR-33 knockdown suppressed inflammation, oxidative stress, and cell apoptosis. In addition, miR-33 knockdown improved synaptic plasticity, and the protective effect of miR-33 knockdown was discovered through suppressing activation of the Akt/mTOR signaling pathway. Conclusions Taken together, these findings suggest that miR-33 knockdown protects against Aβ25–35-induced inflammation, oxidative stress, apoptosis, and synaptic damage by suppressing activation of the Akt/mTOR pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoping Wang
- Department of Neurology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China (mainland)
| | - Xiaojia Li
- Department of Neurology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China (mainland)
| | - Bin Huang
- Department of Neurology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China (mainland)
| | - Lili Yang
- Department of Neurology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China (mainland)
| | - Kai Chen
- Department of Neurology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China (mainland)
| | - Dongdong Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China (mainland)
| | - Xiangdong Luo
- Department of Neurology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China (mainland)
| | - Yingji Wang
- Department of Geriatric Endocrinology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China (mainland)
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Zhai Y, Ma Y, Liu J, Zhu Y, Xie K, Yu L, Zhang H. Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Alleviates Ropivacaine-Induced Neuronal Damage by Enhancing the Akt Signaling Pathway. Med Sci Monit 2019; 25:10154-10163. [PMID: 31885368 PMCID: PMC6951110 DOI: 10.12659/msm.918479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is one of the neurotrophic factors that modulate critical metabolic activities, including apoptosis, proliferation, and differentiation modulation. Although numerous studies have focused on the damaging effects of BDNF on neurons, the underlying relationship between these effects remains unclear. In the present study, we investigated the protective effect of BDNF on neuronal injury induced by ropivacaine and assessed whether it is related to the Akt signaling pathway. MATERIAL AND METHODS Human neuroblastoma cell line SH-SY5Y cells were stimulated with ropivacaine at different concentrations to induce neuronal injury. MTT analysis, flow cytometry, immunohistochemistry, qRT-PCR, and Western blot were used to investigate the proliferation activity, apoptotic level, and expression of Akt, PCNA, Bax, Bcl-2, and cleaved caspase-3, collectively demonstrating the underlying regulatory mechanisms. RESULTS Compared with the control group, the morphological damage and proliferation inhibition of SH-SY5Y cells induced by ropivacaine were dose-dependent and time-dependent, accompanied by a significant decrease in Akt expression. We treated cells with BDNF or SC79, which is a selective cell-permeable small molecule Akt activator. The results showed that, compared to the ropivacaine group, the morphological damage of neurons was alleviated; cell proliferation activity was enhanced; apoptotic rate was reduced; PCNA, Bcl-2, and phosphorylated Akt expression levels were increased; and Bax and caspase-3 gene and protein expression were decreased. We were able to reverse these effects by administering API-2, an Akt inhibitor. CONCLUSIONS BDNF can alleviate ropivacaine-induced neuronal injury by activating Akt signaling pathway, consequently modulating the proliferation and apoptosis of neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongyi Zhai
- Department of Rehabilitation, Linzi District People's Hospital, Zibo, Shandong, China (mainland)
| | - Yong Ma
- Department of Anesthesiology, People's Liberation Army 970 Hospital, Yantai, Shandong, China (mainland)
| | - Jingying Liu
- Department of Obstetrics, Yantaishan Hospital, Yantai, Shandong, China (mainland)
| | - Yulin Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Yantanshan Hospital, Yantai, Shandong, China (mainland)
| | - Kun Xie
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China (mainland)
| | - Lingzhi Yu
- Department of Pain, Jinan Central Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China (mainland)
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, People's Liberation Army 970 Hospital, Yantai, Shandong, China (mainland)
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Gessi S, Merighi S, Bencivenni S, Battistello E, Vincenzi F, Setti S, Cadossi M, Borea PA, Cadossi R, Varani K. Pulsed electromagnetic field and relief of hypoxia-induced neuronal cell death: The signaling pathway. J Cell Physiol 2019; 234:15089-15097. [PMID: 30656694 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.28149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Low-energy low-frequency pulsed electromagnetic fields (PEMFs) exert several protective effects, such as the regulation of kinases, transcription factors as well as cell viability in both central and peripheral biological systems. However, it is not clear on which bases they affect neuroprotection and the mechanism responsible is yet unknown. In this study, we have characterized in nerve growth factor-differentiated pheochromocytoma PC12 cells injured with hypoxia: (i) the effects of PEMF exposure on cell vitality; (ii) the protective pathways activated by PEMFs to relief neuronal cell death, including adenylyl cyclase, phospholipase C, protein kinase C epsilon and delta, p38, ERK1/2, JNK1/2 mitogen-activated protein kinases, Akt and caspase-3; (iii) the regulation by PEMFs of prosurvival heat-shock proteins of 70 (HSP70), cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and Bcl-2 family proteins. The results obtained in this study show a protective effect of PEMFs that are able to reduce neuronal cell death induced by hypoxia by modulating p38, HSP70, CREB, BDNF, and Bcl-2 family proteins. Specifically, we found a rapid activation (30 min) of p38 kinase cascade, which in turns enrolles HSP70 survival chaperone molecule, resulting in a significant CREB phosphorylation increase (24 hr). In this cascade, later (48 hr), BDNF and the antiapoptotic pathway regulated by the Bcl-2 family of proteins are recruited by PEMFs to enhance neuronal survival. This study paves the way to elucidate the mechanisms triggered by PEMFs to act as a new neuroprotective approach to treat cerebral ischemia by reducing neuronal cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Gessi
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Stefania Merighi
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Serena Bencivenni
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | | | - Fabrizio Vincenzi
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | | | | | - Pier Andrea Borea
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | | | - Katia Varani
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.,University Center for Studies on Gender Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
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γ-Synuclein Induces Human Cortical Astrocyte Proliferation and Subsequent BDNF Expression and Release. Neuroscience 2019; 410:41-54. [PMID: 31078687 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.04.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
γ-Synuclein (γ-syn) is expressed by astrocytes in the human nervous system, and increased extracellularly in the brain and cerebrospinal fluid of individuals diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease. Upregulation of γ-syn also coincides with proliferation of glioblastomas and other cancers. In order to better understand regulation and function of extracellular γ-syn, primary human cortical astrocytes were treated with γ-syn conditioned media at various physiological concentrations (50, 100, 150 nM) after cell synchronization. Additionally, extracellular brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), a neuroprotective growth factor released by astrocytes that has been shown to be decreased extracellularly in neurodegenerative disease, was observed in response to γ-syn treatment. Analysis of 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) and propidium iodide through flow cytometry 24 h after release from synchronization revealed an increase in G2/M phase of the cell cycle with 100 nM γ-syn during initial cell division, an effect that was reversed at 48 h. However, increased extracellular BDNF was observed at 48 h with 100 nM and 150 nM γ-syn treatment with no difference between controls at 24 h. Further analysis of cell cycle markers with immunocytochemistry of BrdU and Ki67 after treatment with 100 nM γ-syn confirmed increased initial cell proliferation and decreased non-proliferating cells. Western blot analysis demonstrated increased γ-syn levels after 100 nM treatment at 24 and 48 h, and increased pro-BDNF, mature BDNF and cell viability at 48 h. The results demonstrate that γ-syn internalization by human cortical astrocytes causes upregulation of the cell cycle, followed by subsequent BDNF expression and release.
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AS1949490, an inhibitor of 5′-lipid phosphatase SHIP2, promotes protein kinase C-dependent stabilization of brain-derived neurotrophic factor mRNA in cultured cortical neurons. Eur J Pharmacol 2019; 851:69-79. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2019.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Revised: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Bruggeman KF, Wang Y, Maclean FL, Parish CL, Williams RJ, Nisbet DR. Temporally controlled growth factor delivery from a self-assembling peptide hydrogel and electrospun nanofibre composite scaffold. NANOSCALE 2017; 9:13661-13669. [PMID: 28876347 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr05004f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Tissue-specific self-assembling peptide (SAP) hydrogels designed based on biologically relevant peptide sequences have great potential in regenerative medicine. These materials spontaneously form 3D networks of physically assembled nanofibres utilising non-covalent interactions. The nanofibrous structure of SAPs is often compared to that of electrospun scaffolds. These electrospun nanofibers are produced as sheets that can be engineered from a variety of polymers that can be chemically modified to incorporate many molecules including drugs and growth factors. However, their macroscale morphology limits them to wrapping and bandaging applications. Here, for the first time, we combine the benefits of these systems to describe a two-component composite scaffold from these biomaterials, with the design goal of providing a hydrogel scaffold that presents 3D structures, and also has temporal control over drug delivery. Short fibres, cut from electrospun scaffolds, were mixed with our tissue-specific SAP hydrogel to provide a range of nanofibre sizes found in the extracellular matrix (10-300 nm in diameter). The composite material maintained the shear-thinning and void-filling properties of SAP hydrogels that have previously been shown to be effective for minimally invasive material injection, cell delivery and subsequent in vivo integration. Both scaffold components were separately loaded with growth factors, important signaling molecules in tissue regeneration whose rapid degradation limits their clinical efficacy. The two biomaterials provided sequential growth factor delivery profiles: the SAP hydrogel provided a burst release, with the release rate decreasing over 12 hours, while the electrospun nanofibres provided a more constant, sustained delivery. Importantly, this second release commenced 6 days later. The design rules established here to provide temporally distinct release profiles can enable researchers to target specific stages in regeneration, such as the acute immune response versus sustained protection and survival of cells following injury. In summary, this novel composite material combines the physical advantages of SAP hydrogels and electrospun nanofibres, while additionally providing a superior vehicle for the stabilisation and controlled delivery of growth factors necessary for optimal tissue repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiara F Bruggeman
- Laboratory of Advanced Biomaterials, Research School of Engineering, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.
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Yulug B, Hanoglu L, Kilic E. The neuroprotective effect of focused ultrasound: New perspectives on an old tool. Brain Res Bull 2017; 131:199-206. [PMID: 28458041 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2017.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Transcranial focused ultrasound (tFUS) is a novel technique that can noninvasively modulate the cortical function. Moreover, there are rapidly replicating evidence suggesting the role of tFUS for targeted neuroprotective drug delivery by increasing the permeability of the central nervous system barrier that results with increased neuroprotective activity. In contrast to the indirect neuroprotective effect, there is rare evidence suggesting the direct parenchymal neuroprotective effect of transcranial focused ultrasound (tFUS). In the light of these findings, we aimed to review the direct and indirect neuroprotective effect of FUS in various animal models of Stroke, Parkinson's Disease, Alzheimer's Disease and Major Depressive Disorder. METHODS A literary search was conducted, utilizing search terms "animal", "focused ultrasound", "neuroprotection", "Alzheimer's Disease", "Parkinson's Disease ", "Stroke", "Neurodegenerative disease" and "Major Depressive Disorder". Items were excluded if they failed to: (1) include patients, (2) editorials, and letters. RESULTS This mini-review article presents an up-to-date review of the neuroprotective effects of tFUS in animal studies and suggests the dual neurotherapeutic role of tFUS in various neurodegenerative diseases. CONCLUSION Future well-conducted human studies are emergently needed to assess the neuroprotective effects of FUS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burak Yulug
- Department of Neurology, University of Istanbul-Medipol, Istanbul, Turkey; Regenerative and Restorative Medical Research Center, Experimental Neurology Laboratuary, University of Istanbul-Medipol, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Physiology, University of Istanbul-Medipol, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Lutfu Hanoglu
- Department of Neurology, University of Istanbul-Medipol, Istanbul, Turkey; Regenerative and Restorative Medical Research Center, Experimental Neurology Laboratuary, University of Istanbul-Medipol, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Physiology, University of Istanbul-Medipol, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ertugrul Kilic
- Regenerative and Restorative Medical Research Center, Experimental Neurology Laboratuary, University of Istanbul-Medipol, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Physiology, University of Istanbul-Medipol, Istanbul, Turkey
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15
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Najafi A, Asadi E, Moawad AR, Mikaeili S, Amidi F, Adutwum E, Safa M, Sobhani AG. Supplementation of freezing and thawing media with brain-derived neurotrophic factor protects human sperm from freeze-thaw-induced damage. Fertil Steril 2016; 106:1658-1665.e4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2016.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Revised: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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16
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Yoon JY, Yang KJ, Park SN, Kim DK, Kim JD. The effect of dexamethasone/cell-penetrating peptide nanoparticles on gene delivery for inner ear therapy. Int J Nanomedicine 2016; 11:6123-6134. [PMID: 27895484 PMCID: PMC5117898 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s114241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Dexamethasone (Dex)-loaded PHEA-g-C18-Arg8 (PCA) nanoparticles (PCA/Dex) were developed for the delivery of genes to determine the synergistic effect of Dex on gene expression. The cationic PCA nanoparticles were self-assembled to create cationic micelles containing an octadecylamine (C18) core with Dex and an arginine 8 (Arg8) peptide shell for electrostatic complexation with nucleic acids (connexin 26 [Cx26] siRNA, green fluorescent protein [GFP] DNA or brain-derived neurotrophic factor [BDNF] pDNA). The PCA/Dex nanoparticles conjugated with Arg8, a cell-penetrating peptide that enhances permeability through a round window membrane in the inner ear for gene delivery, exhibited high uptake efficiency in HEI-OC1 cells. This potential carrier co-delivering Dex and the gene into inner ear cells has a diameter of 120-140 nm and a zeta potential of 20-25 mV. Different types of genes were complexed with the Dex-loaded PCA nanoparticle (PCA/Dex/gene) for gene expression to induce additional anti-inflammatory effects. PCA/Dex showed mildly increased expression of GFP and lower mRNA expression of inflammatory cytokines (IL1b, IL12, and INFr) than did Dex-free PCA nanoparticles and Lipofectamine® reagent in HEI-OC1 cells. In addition, after loading Cx26 siRNA onto the surface of PCA/Dex, Cx26 gene expression was downregulated according to real-time polymerase chain reaction for 24 h, compared with that using Lipofectamine reagent. After loading BDNF DNA into PCA/Dex, increased expression of BDNF was observed for 30 h, and its signaling pathway resulted in an increase in phosphorylation of Akt, observed by Western blotting. Thus, Dex within PCA/Dex/gene nanoparticles created an anti-inflammatory effect and enhanced gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Young Yoon
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, BK 21 Plus Program, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Guseong-Dong, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon
| | - Keum-Jin Yang
- Clinical Research Institute, St Mary's Hospital, Daejeon
| | - Shi-Nae Park
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Kee Kim
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Duk Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, BK 21 Plus Program, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Guseong-Dong, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon
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17
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Urnukhsaikhan E, Mishig-Ochir T, Kim SC, Park JK, Seo YK. Neuroprotective Effect of Low Frequency-Pulsed Electromagnetic Fields in Ischemic Stroke. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2016; 181:1360-1371. [PMID: 27761795 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-016-2289-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Low frequency-pulsed electromagnetic fields (LF-PEMFs) affect many biological processes; however, the fundamental mechanisms responsible for these effects remain unclear. Our study aimed to investigate the effect of LF-PEMFs on neuroprotection after ischemic stroke. C57B6 mice were exposed to LF-PEMF (F = 60 Hz, Bm = 10 mT) after photothrombotic occlusion. We measured the BDNF/TrkB/Akt signaling pathway, pro-apoptotic and pro-survival protein and gene expressions, and the expression of inflammatory mediators and performed behavioral tests in both LF-PEMF-treated and untreated ischemic stroke mice. Our results showed that LF-PEMF treatment promotes activation of the BDNF/TrkB/Akt signaling pathway. Subsequently, pro-survival proteins were significantly increased, while pro-apoptotic proteins and inflammatory mediators were decreased in ischemic stroke mice after LF-PEMF treatment. The results demonstrated that LF-PEMF exposure has a neuroprotective effect after ischemic stroke in mice during the recovery process.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Soo-Chan Kim
- Graduate School of Bio and Information Technology, Hankyong National University, Anseong-si, Kyonggi-do, South Korea
| | - Jung-Keug Park
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Dongguk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Kwon Seo
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Dongguk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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18
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Kim HJ, Kim DJ, Shin EJ, Lee BH, Choi SH, Hwang SH, Rhim H, Cho IH, Kim HC, Nah SY. Effects of gintonin-enriched fraction on hippocampal cell proliferation in wild-type mice and an APPswe/PSEN-1 double Tg mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Neurochem Int 2016; 101:56-65. [PMID: 27765516 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2016.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Revised: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
We previously showed that gintonin, an exogenous lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) receptor ligand, attenuated β-amyloid plaque formation in the cortex and hippocampus, and restored β-amyloid-induced memory dysfunction. Both endogenous LPA and LPA receptors play a key role in embryonic brain development. However, little is known about whether gintonin can induce hippocampal cell proliferation in adult wild-type mice and an APPswe/PSEN-1 double Tg mouse model of Alzheimer's disease (AD). In the present study, we examined the effects of gintonin on the proliferation of hippocampal neural progenitor cells (NPCs) in vitro and its effects on the hippocampal cell proliferation in wild-type mice and a transgenic AD mouse model. Gintonin treatment increased 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation in hippocampal NPCs in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Gintonin (0.3 μg/ml) increased the immunostaining of glial fibrillary acidic protein, NeuN, and LPA1 receptor in hippocampal NPCs. However, the gintonin-induced increase in BrdU incorporation and immunostaining of biomarkers was blocked by an LPA1/3 receptor antagonist and Ca2+ chelator. Oral administration of the gintonin-enriched fraction (50 and 100 mg/kg) increased hippocampal BrdU incorporation and LPA1/3 receptor expression in adult wild-type and transgenic AD mice. The present study showed that gintonin could increase the number of hippocampal neurons in adult wild-type mice and a transgenic AD mouse model. Our results indicate that gintonin-mediated hippocampal cell proliferation contributes to the gintonin-mediated restorative effect against β-amyloid-induced hippocampal dysfunction. These results support the use of gintonin for the prevention or treatment of neurodegenerative diseases such as AD via promotion of hippocampal neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeon-Joong Kim
- Ginsentology Research Laboratory and Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Joong Kim
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chunchon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Ju Shin
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chunchon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Hwan Lee
- Ginsentology Research Laboratory and Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Hye Choi
- Ginsentology Research Laboratory and Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Hee Hwang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, College of Health Sciences, Sangji University, Wonju 26339, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyewhon Rhim
- Center for Neuroscience, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Ik-Hyun Cho
- Department of Convergence Medical Science, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyoung-Chun Kim
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chunchon 24341, Republic of Korea.
| | - Seung-Yeol Nah
- Ginsentology Research Laboratory and Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea.
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19
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Wei S. Potential therapeutic action of natural products from traditional Chinese medicine on Alzheimer's disease animal models targeting neurotrophic factors. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2016; 30:490-501. [PMID: 27414248 DOI: 10.1111/fcp.12222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Revised: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder in which the death of brain cells leads to memory loss and cognitive decline. To reduce the death rate and improve the biological activity of neurocytes, neurotrophic factors (NTFs) exhibit therapeutic effect on AD. However, therapeutic application of exogenous NTFs in treatment of AD is largely limited due to short half-life, poor stability, etc. Various extracts of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) have been shown to exhibit therapeutic effects on AD, and some of these effects are associated with regulation on the expression of nerve growth factor, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) and their associated receptors. This article reviews the progress on promotion of Panax ginseng, Rehmannia glutinosa Libosch., Epimedium, Polygala tenuifolia Willd, and seven other TCMs on secretion of NTFs during AD, with a view to preparation development and clinical application of these TCMs on AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyong Wei
- Southwest University Rongchang Campus, No. 160 Xueyuan Road, Rongchang, Chongqing, 402460, China
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20
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Zhao JH, Zhang HY, Zhang XF, Dong X, Liu QB, Liu YL, Huang YD, Zhang QP, Luo G, Ma ZJ, Yi XN. The protective effect and underlying mechanism of Hainan papaya water extract against neuronal apoptosis induced by Aβ40. ASIAN PAC J TROP MED 2016; 9:707-12. [PMID: 27393103 DOI: 10.1016/j.apjtm.2016.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Revised: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate whether Hainan papayas has protective effects in an Aβ40-induced primary neuron injury model and elucidate the underlying molecular mechanism. METHODS Cultured primary neurons from the dorsal root ganglia (DRG) of Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were treated with 20 μM Aβ40 peptide, 100 μg/L Hainan papaya water extract, peptide plus extract, or culture medium for 24 h. Cell viability was measured by MTT assay, and neuronal apoptosis was evaluated by DAPI staining. ERK signaling pathway-associated molecule activation and changes in Bax expression were analyzed by Western blotting and immunofluorescence. RESULTS A cell viability rate of (44.11 ± 6.59)% in the Aβ40 group was rescued to (79.13 ± 6.64)% by adding different concentrations of the extract. DAPI showed pyknotic nuclei in 39.5% of Aβ40-treated cells; the fraction dropped to 17.4% in the 100 μg/L extract group. ERK phosphorylation was observed in the Aβ40 group but was ameliorated by pretreatment with 100 μg/L extract. Hainan papaya water extract also prevented Aβ40-induced phosphorylation of MEK, RSK1 and CREB associated with ERK signaling and downregulated Bax expression in the neurons. CONCLUSION The results suggest that Hainan papaya water extract has protective effects on neurons; the mechanism may be related to suppression of ERK signaling activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiu-Hong Zhao
- Department of Anatomy, Hainan Medical College, Haikou 571199, China
| | - Hai-Ying Zhang
- Department of Anatomy, Hainan Medical College, Haikou 571199, China
| | - Xian-Fang Zhang
- Department of Anatomy, Hainan Medical College, Haikou 571199, China
| | - Xu Dong
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Hainan Medical College, Haikou 571199, China
| | - Qi-Bing Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Hainan Medical College, Haikou 571101, China
| | - Yue-Li Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Hainan Medical College, Haikou 571101, China
| | - Yi-Di Huang
- Department of Anatomy, Hainan Medical College, Haikou 571199, China
| | - Quan-Peng Zhang
- Department of Anatomy, Hainan Medical College, Haikou 571199, China
| | - Gang Luo
- Department of Anatomy, Hainan Medical College, Haikou 571199, China
| | - Zhi-Jian Ma
- Department of Anatomy, Hainan Medical College, Haikou 571199, China; Neuroscience Research Institute, Hainan Medical College, Haikou 571199, China
| | - Xi-Nan Yi
- Department of Anatomy, Hainan Medical College, Haikou 571199, China; Neuroscience Research Institute, Hainan Medical College, Haikou 571199, China.
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21
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GU XINYI, CAI ZHENGXU, CAI MING, LIU KUN, LIU DAN, ZHANG QINSONG, TAN JING, MA QIANG. Protective effect of paeoniflorin on inflammation and apoptosis in the cerebral cortex of a transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Mol Med Rep 2016; 13:2247-52. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.4805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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22
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Jia DP, Wang S, Zhang BC, Fang F. Paraptosis triggers mitochondrial pathway-mediated apoptosis in Alzheimer's disease. Exp Ther Med 2015; 10:804-808. [PMID: 26622397 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2015.2531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
In previous years, increasing evidence has indicated that paraptosis and mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis may be associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the association between paraptosis and mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis, and the pathological processes underlying AD, remain elusive. In the present study, the β-amyloid precursor protein gene, and the gene mutations PS1M146L and L286V, were transfected to an SH-SY5Y cell line to establish an AD cell model. Subsequently, an MTT assay was used to examine the cell viability of the AD cell model, while a TUNEL assay was employed to observe the number of positively stained apoptotic cells. Cytoplasmic vacuolization was examined using light microscopy and images were photographed. Furthermore, western blot analysis was utilized to detect the expression of golden biomarkers of the mitochondrial pathway, including Bcl-2 and Bax. The paraptosis inhibitor, cycloheximide, was selected to treat the AD model cells in order to observe the association between paraptosis and mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis. The results indicated that the decrease in the cell viability of the AD cells was initiated at 24 h, as compared with the normal cells (P<0.05). TUNEL-positive stained cells were observed at 48 h, which was later compared with the cell death initiation. In addition, examination of cytoplasmic vacuolization using microscopy indicated that there were a small number of paraptosis cells present at 24 h. The expression levels of Bcl-2 was significantly decreased, while Bax was significantly increased at 48 h. Furthermore, cycloheximide treatment was demonstrated to significantly increase Bcl-2 expression, while decreasing Bax expression (P>0.05). In conclusion, the occurrence of paraptosis was demonstrated in the early pathological stages of AD, which may subsequently damage the mitochondria and trigger mitochondrial pathway-mediated apoptosis. Thus, paraptosis may trigger programmed cell death directly, or indirectly through the regulation of Bcl-2 and Bax protein expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Pei Jia
- Department of Neurological Rehabilitation, Nanyang City Center Hospital, Nanyang, Henan 473003, P.R. China
| | - Song Wang
- Department of Neurological Rehabilitation, Nanyang City Center Hospital, Nanyang, Henan 473003, P.R. China
| | - Bao-Chao Zhang
- Department of Neurological Rehabilitation, Nanyang City Center Hospital, Nanyang, Henan 473003, P.R. China
| | - Fang Fang
- Department of Neurological Rehabilitation, Nanyang City Center Hospital, Nanyang, Henan 473003, P.R. China
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