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Schwertz H, Middleton EA. Autophagy and its consequences for platelet biology. Thromb Res 2023; 231:170-181. [PMID: 36058760 PMCID: PMC10286736 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2022.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy, the continuous recycling of intracellular building blocks, molecules, and organelles is necessary to preserve cellular function and homeostasis. In this context, it was demonstrated that autophagy plays an important role in megakaryopoiesis, the development and differentiation of hematopoietic progenitor cells into megakaryocytes. Furthermore, in recent years, autophagic proteins were detected in platelets, anucleate cells generated by megakaryocytes, responsible for hemostasis, thrombosis, and a key cell in inflammation and host immune responses. In the last decade studies have indicated the occurrence of autophagy in platelets. Moreover, autophagy in platelets was subsequently demonstrated to be involved in platelet aggregation, adhesion, and thrombus formation. Here, we review the current knowledge about autophagy in platelets, its function, and clinical implications. However, at the advent of platelet autophagy research, additional discoveries derived from evolving work will be required to precisely define the contributions of autophagy in platelets, and to expand the ever increasing physiologic and pathologic roles these remarkable and versatile blood cells play.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hansjörg Schwertz
- Molecular Medicine Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; Division of Occupational Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; Department of Occupational Medicine, Billings Clinic Bozeman, Bozeman, MT 59718, USA.
| | - Elizabeth A Middleton
- Molecular Medicine Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; Division of Pulmonary Medicine and Critical Care, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
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2
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Zhou Y, Chen Y, Li J, Fu Z, Chen Q, Zhang W, Luo H, Xie M. The development of endoplasmic reticulum-related gene signatures and the immune infiltration analysis of sepsis. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1183769. [PMID: 37346041 PMCID: PMC10280294 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1183769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Sepsis is a complex condition involving multiorgan failure, resulting from the hosts' deleterious systemic immune response to infection. It is characterized by high mortality, with limited effective detection and treatment options. Dysregulated endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is directly involved in the pathophysiology of immune-mediated diseases. Methods Clinical samples were obtained from Gene Expression Omnibus datasets (i.e., GSE65682, GSE54514, and GSE95233) to perform the differential analysis in this study. A weighted gene co-expression network analysis algorithm combining multiple machine learning algorithms was used to identify the diagnostic biomarkers for sepsis. Gene Ontology (GO) analysis, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment, and the single-sample gene set enrichment analysis algorithm were used to analyze immune infiltration characteristics in sepsis. PCR analysis and western blotting were used to demonstrate the potential role of TXN in sepsis. Results Four ERRGs, namely SET, LPIN1, TXN, and CD74, have been identified as characteristic diagnostic biomarkers for sepsis. Immune infiltration has been repeatedly proved to play a vital role both in sepsis and ER. Subsequently, the immune infiltration characteristics result indicated that the development of sepsis is mediated by immune-related function, as four diagnostic biomarkers were strongly associated with the immune infiltration landscape of sepsis. The biological experiments in vitro and vivo demonstrate TXN is emerging as crucial player in maintaining ER homeostasis in sepsis. Conclusion Our research identified novel potential biomarkers for sepsis diagnosis, which point toward a potential strategy for the diagnosis and treatment of sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, First People’s Hospital of Linping District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yifang Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, First People’s Hospital of Linping District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jianbo Li
- Department of Pharmacy, First People’s Hospital of Linping District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zailin Fu
- Department of Pharmacy, First People’s Hospital of Linping District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qian Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, First People’s Hospital of Linping District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, First People’s Hospital of Linping District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Huan Luo
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Chongqing General Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Minghua Xie
- Department of Pharmacy, First People’s Hospital of Linping District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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Ginsenoside Rg3 alleviates septic liver injury by regulating the lncRNA TUG1/miR-200c-3p/SIRT1 axis. J Inflamm (Lond) 2021; 18:31. [PMID: 34930287 PMCID: PMC8686388 DOI: 10.1186/s12950-021-00296-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Studies have shown that ginsenoside R3 (Rg3) plays a protective role in sepsis-induced organ injuries and mitochondrial dysfunction. Long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) taurine-upregulated gene 1 (TUG1) is regarded as a regulator in sepsis. However, the association between TUG1 and Rg3 remains elusive. Methods A sepsis mouse model was established by caecal ligation and puncture (CLP), and liver injury was induced by haematoxylin-eosin (H&E) staining. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was used to induce hepatocyte damage. The expression levels of TUG1, microRNA (miR)-200a-3p, and silencing information regulator 1 (SIRT1) were examined by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT–PCR) assays. Cell viability was monitored using the Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assay. MitoSOX Red staining and CBIC2 (JC-1) dye were employed to detect mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) and mitochondrial transmembrane potential (MTP) levels, respectively. The interaction between miR-200a-3p and TUG1 or SIRT1 was confirmed via dual-luciferase reporter or RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP) assay. Results Rg3 upregulated TUG1 expression in liver tissues of CLP mice and LPS-induced hepatocytes. Rg3 could activate autophagy to improve mitochondrial dysfunction in LPS-treated hepatocytes, which was partially reversed by TUG1 depletion or miR-200a-3p overexpression. Importantly, TUG1 targeted miR-200a-3p to activate the SIRT1/AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) pathway in LPS-treated hepatocytes. Moreover, gain of TUG1 ameliorated mitochondrial dysfunction in LPS-treated hepatocytes by sequestering miR-200a-3p. Conclusion Our study revealed that Rg3 increased TUG1 expression and reduced miR-200a-3p expression to stimulate the SIRT1/AMPK pathway, thereby enhancing autophagy to improve sepsis-induced liver injury and mitochondrial dysfunction. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12950-021-00296-2.
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Schwertz H, Rowley JW, Portier I, Middleton EA, Tolley ND, Campbell RA, Eustes AS, Chen K, Rondina MT. Human platelets display dysregulated sepsis-associated autophagy, induced by altered LC3 protein-protein interaction of the Vici-protein EPG5. Autophagy 2021; 18:1534-1550. [PMID: 34689707 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2021.1990669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Platelets mediate central aspects of host responses during sepsis, an acute profoundly systemic inflammatory response due to infection. Macroautophagy/autophagy, which mediates critical aspects of cellular responses during inflammatory conditions, is known to be a functional cellular process in anucleate platelets, and is essential for normal platelet functions. Nevertheless, how sepsis may alter autophagy in platelets has never been established. Using platelets isolated from septic patients and matched healthy controls, we show that during clinical sepsis, the number of autophagosomes is increased in platelets, most likely due to an accumulation of autophagosomes, some containing mitochondria and indicative of mitophagy. Therefore, autophagy induction or early-stage autophagosome formation (as compared to decreased later-stage autophagosome maturation or autophagosome-late endosome/lysosome fusion) is normal or increased. This was consistent with decreased fusion of autophagosomes with lysosomes in platelets. EPG5 (ectopic P-granules autophagy protein 5 homolog), a protein essential for normal autophagy, expression did increase, while protein-protein interactions between EPG5 and MAP1LC3/LC3 (which orchestrate the fusion of autophagosomes and lysosomes) were significantly reduced in platelets during sepsis. Furthermore, data from a megakaryocyte model demonstrate the importance of TLR4 (toll like receptor 4), LPS-dependent signaling for regulating this mechanism. Similar phenotypes were also observed in platelets isolated from a patient with Vici syndrome: an inherited condition caused by a naturally occurring, loss-of-function mutation in EPG5. Together, we provide evidence that autophagic functions are aberrant in platelets during sepsis, due in part to reduced EPG5-LC3 interactions, regulated by TLR4 engagement, and the resultant accumulation of autophagosomes.Abbreviations: ACTB: beta actin; CLP: cecal ligation and puncture; Co-IP: co-immunoprecipitation; DAP: death associated protein; DMSO: dimethyl sulfoxide; EPG5: ectopic P-granules autophagy protein 5 homolog; ECL: enhanced chemiluminescence; HBSS: Hanks' balanced salt solution; HRP: horseradish peroxidase; ICU: intensive care unit; LPS: lipopolysaccharide; LAMP1: lysosomal associated membrane protein 1; MAP1LC3/LC3: microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3; MTOR: mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase; MKs: megakaryocytes; PFA: paraformaldehyde; PBS: phosphate-buffered saline; PLA: proximity ligation assay; pRT-PCR: quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction; RT: room temperature; SQSTM1/p62: sequestosome 1; SDS-PAGE: sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis; TLR4: toll like receptor 4; TEM: transmission electron microscopy; WGA: wheat germ agglutinin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hansjörg Schwertz
- Molecular Medicine Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.,Work Wellness Clinic, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.,Division of Occupational Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.,Occupational Medicine, Billings Clinic Bozeman, Bozeman, MT, USA
| | - Jesse W Rowley
- Molecular Medicine Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.,Division of Pulmonary Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Irina Portier
- Molecular Medicine Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Middleton
- Molecular Medicine Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.,Division of Pulmonary Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Neal D Tolley
- Molecular Medicine Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Robert A Campbell
- Molecular Medicine Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.,Departments of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Alicia S Eustes
- Molecular Medicine Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa in Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Karin Chen
- Molecular Medicine Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, and Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Matthew T Rondina
- Molecular Medicine Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.,Departments of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, George E. Wahlen Salt Lake City VAMC, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
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Ge Y, Huang M, Dong N, Yao YM. Effect of Interleukin-36β on Activating Autophagy of CD4+CD25+ Regulatory T cells and Its Immune Regulation in Sepsis. J Infect Dis 2020; 222:1517-1530. [PMID: 32421784 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) play an essential role in sepsis-induced immunosuppression. How, the effects of interleukin 36 (IL-36) cytokines on CD4+CD25+ Tregs and their underlying mechanism(s) in sepsis remain unknown. METHODS Our study was designed to investigate the impacts of IL-36 cytokines on murine CD4+CD25+ Tregs in presence of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and in a mouse model of sepsis induced by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). IL-36-activated autophagy was evaluated by autophagy markers, autophagosome formation, and autophagic flux. RESULTS IL-36α, IL-36β, and IL-36γ were expressed in murine CD4+CD25+ Tregs. Stimulation of CD4+CD25+ Tregs with LPS markedly up-regulated the expression of these cytokines, particularly IL-36β. IL-36β strongly suppressed CD4+CD25+ Tregs under LPS stimulation and in septic mice challenged with CLP, resulting in the amplification of T-helper 1 response and the proliferation of effector T cells. Mechanistic studies revealed that IL-36β triggered autophagy of CD4+CD25+ Tregs. These effects were significantly attenuated in the presence of the autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine or Beclin1 knockdown. In addition, early IL-36β administration reduced the mortality rate in mice subjected to CLP. Depletion of CD4+CD25+ Tregs before the onset of sepsis obviously abrogated IL-36β-mediated protection against sepsis. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that IL-36β diminishes the immunosuppressive activity of CD4+CD25+ Tregs by activating the autophagic process, thereby contributing to improvement of the host immune response and prognosis in sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Ge
- Department of General Intensive Care Unit, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Man Huang
- Department of General Intensive Care Unit, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Ning Dong
- Trauma Research Center, Fourth Medical Center of the Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong-Ming Yao
- Department of General Intensive Care Unit, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China.,Trauma Research Center, Fourth Medical Center of the Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease, the Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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Kumar V. Sepsis roadmap: What we know, what we learned, and where we are going. Clin Immunol 2019; 210:108264. [PMID: 31655168 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2019.108264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Sepsis is a life-threatening condition originating as a result of systemic blood infection causing, one or more organ damage due to the dysregulation of the immune response. In 2017, the world health organization (WHO) declared sepsis as a disease of global health priority, needing special attention due to its high prevalence and mortality around the world. Most of the therapeutics targeting sepsis have failed in the clinics. The present review highlights the history of the sepsis, its immunopathogenesis, and lessons learned after the failure of previously used immune-based therapies. The subsequent section, where to go describes in details the importance of the complement system (CS), autophagy, inflammasomes, and microbiota along with their targeting to manage sepsis. These systems are interconnected to each other, thus targeting one may affect the other. We are in an urgent need for a multi-targeting therapeutic approach for sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Kumar
- Children's Health Queensland Clinical Unit, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Mater Research, University of Queensland, ST Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4078, Australia; School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, ST Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4078, Australia.
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Yin X, Xin H, Mao S, Wu G, Guo L. The Role of Autophagy in Sepsis: Protection and Injury to Organs. Front Physiol 2019; 10:1071. [PMID: 31507440 PMCID: PMC6716215 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is a systemic inflammatory disease with infection, and autophagy has been shown to play an important role in sepsis. This review summarizes the main regulatory mechanisms of autophagy in sepsis and its latest research. Recent studies have shown that autophagy can regulate innate immune processes and acquired immune processes, and the regulation of autophagy in different immune cells is different. Mitophagy can select damaged mitochondria and remove it to deal with oxidative stress damage. The process of mitophagy is regulated by other factors. Non-coding RNA is also an important factor in the regulation of autophagy. In addition, more and more studies in recent years have shown that autophagy plays different roles in different organs. It tends to be protective in the lungs, heart, kidneys, and brain, and tends to be damaging in skeletal muscle. We also mentioned that some drugs can regulate autophagy. The process of modulating autophagy through drug intervention appears to be a new potential hope for the treatment of sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Yin
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The Second Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huang Xin
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The Second Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuai Mao
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The Second Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guangping Wu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The Second Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liheng Guo
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The Second Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
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8
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Targeting ATG4 in Cancer Therapy. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11050649. [PMID: 31083460 PMCID: PMC6562779 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11050649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a lysosome-mediated degradation pathway that enables the degradation and recycling of cytoplasmic components to sustain metabolic homoeostasis. Recently, autophagy has been reported to have an astonishing number of connections to cancer, as tumor cells require proficient autophagy in response to metabolic and therapeutic stresses to sustain cell proliferation. Autophagy-related gene 4 (ATG4) is essential for autophagy by affecting autophagosome formation through processing full-length microtubule-associated protein 1A/1B-light chain 3 (pro-LC3) and lipidated LC3. An increasing amount of evidence suggests that ATG4B expression is elevated in certain types of cancer, implying that ATG4B is a potential anticancer target. In this review, we address the central roles of ATG4B in the autophagy machinery and in targeted cancer therapy. Specifically, we discuss how pharmacologically inhibiting ATG4B can benefit cancer therapies.
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Ge Y, Xu X, Liang Q, Xu Y, Huang M. α-Mangostin suppresses NLRP3 inflammasome activation via promoting autophagy in LPS-stimulated murine macrophages and protects against CLP-induced sepsis in mice. Inflamm Res 2019; 68:471-479. [PMID: 30927050 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-019-01232-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The major mechanism of sepsis is immunosuppression caused by host response dysfunction. It has been found that α-Mangostin (α-M) is a potential candidate as a treatment for multiple inflammatory and immune disorders. To date, the role of α-M in host response during sepsis remains unexplored. METHODS AND RESULTS Herein, we examined the effect of α-M on macrophages-mediated host response in the presence of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and the vital organ function, inflammatory response, and survival rate in septic mice. In murine peritoneal macrophages, α-M induced autophagy and then inhibited LPS-stimulated NLRP3 inflammasome activation, as well as interleukin-1β (IL-1β) production. Moreover, α-M improved phagocytosis and killing of macrophages, and increased M2 macrophages numbers after LPS stimulation. Furthermore, in vivo experiment suggested that α-M reduced serum levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interferon-γ (IFN-γ), IL-1β, alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), and creatinine (Cr), whilst increased that of interleukin-10 (IL-10) in caecal ligation and puncture (CLP) mice. CONCLUSION Taken together, these findings showed that α-M-mediated macrophages autophagy contributed to NLRP3 inflammasome inactivation and α-M exerted organ protection in septic mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Ge
- Department of General Intensive Care Unit, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310052, China
| | - Xin Xu
- Department of General Intensive Care Unit, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310052, China
| | - Qiqiang Liang
- Department of General Intensive Care Unit, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310052, China
| | - Yongshan Xu
- Department of General Intensive Care Unit, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310052, China
| | - Man Huang
- Department of General Intensive Care Unit, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310052, China.
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Abstract
Sepsis was known to ancient Greeks since the time of great physician Hippocrates (460-377 BC) without exact information regarding its pathogenesis. With time and medical advances, it is now considered as a condition associated with organ dysfunction occurring in the presence of systemic infection as a result of dysregulation of the immune response. Still with this advancement, we are struggling for the development of target-based therapeutic approach for the management of sepsis. The advancement in understanding the immune system and its working has led to novel discoveries in the last 50 years, including different pattern recognition receptors. Inflammasomes are also part of these novel discoveries in the field of immunology which are <20 years old in terms of their first identification. They serve as important cytosolic pattern recognition receptors required for recognizing cytosolic pathogens, and their pathogen-associated molecular patterns play an important role in the pathogenesis of sepsis. The activation of both canonical and non-canonical inflammasome signaling pathways is involved in mounting a proinflammatory immune response via regulating the generation of IL-1β, IL-18, IL-33 cytokines and pyroptosis. In addition to pathogens and their pathogen-associated molecular patterns, death/damage-associated molecular patterns and other proinflammatory molecules involved in the pathogenesis of sepsis affect inflammasomes and vice versa. Thus, the present review is mainly focused on the inflammasomes, their role in the regulation of immune response associated with sepsis, and their targeting as a novel therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Kumar
- Children's Health Queensland Clinical Unit, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Mater Research, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia,
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia,
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Atalan N, Acar L, Yapici N, Kudsioglu T, Ergen A, Yilmaz SG, Isbir T. The Relationship Between Sepsis-induced Immunosuppression and Serum Toll-like Receptor 9 Level. In Vivo 2018; 32:1653-1658. [PMID: 30348730 PMCID: PMC6365731 DOI: 10.21873/invivo.11428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Our aim was to determine serum TLR-9 levels in sepsis and evaluate the relationship between sepsis and serum TLR-9 levels. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study group consisted of 80 consecutive patients with sepsis and 100 healthy individuals. The demographic characteristics, co-morbidities and hemodynamic data of all patients were recorded. RESULTS TLR-9 serum levels in sepsis were statistically significantly lower compared to the control group. It was also seen that when the lactate level was >5 mmol/l in patients in the sepsis group, the serum TLR-9 levels were substantially higher. CONCLUSION There is a relationship between sepsis-induced immunosuppression and serum TLR-9 levels. The host immunity system can be activated by means of TLR-9-related systems, while hyperlactatemia may play a stimulating role in the re-activation of the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazan Atalan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Marmara University Vocational School of Health Services, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Leyla Acar
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Aziz Sancar Institute of Experimental Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Nihan Yapici
- Department of Anesthesiology, Dr Siyami Ersek Thoracic and Cardiovascular Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Turkan Kudsioglu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Dr Siyami Ersek Thoracic and Cardiovascular Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Arzu Ergen
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Aziz Sancar Institute of Experimental Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Seda Gulec Yilmaz
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Health Science Institute, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Turgay Isbir
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey
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12
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Zhang P, Wang Y, Liu XR, Hong SR, Yao J. Downregulated Tim-3 expression is responsible for the incidence and development of colorectal cancer. Oncol Lett 2018; 16:1059-1066. [PMID: 29963183 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.8697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the role of T cell immunoglobulin domain and mucin-3 (Tim-3) in its gene and protein forms in colorectal cancer (CRC), and to verify the significance of Tim-3 expression in patients with CRC. A prospective analysis of 258 patients with CRC and 246 normal controls was conducted between December 2012 and June 2015. Intestinal samples were collected, including of CRC tissues, paracancerous tissues and normal colon mucosa tissues. Peripheral venous blood samples were also collected. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification, reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) and western blot analysis was performed for the detection and evaluation of Tim-3 gene and protein in various tissues. PCR analysis indicated that the T and G alleles of -882C/T and 4259T/G are associated with a significantly increased risk of CRC. Following the confirmation of Tim-3 expression in CRC tissues, RT-qPCR detection and western blot analysis revealed clear downregulation of Tim-3 mRNA and protein expression in the blood and tissue samples obtained from patients with CRC, as compared with in the corresponding control samples. Similar trends of decreased Tim-3 mRNA levels and protein expression were observed in CRC tissues compared with in the paracancerous and the normal colon mucosa tissues. In addition, the mRNA and protein expression levels in the paracancerous tissues were lower than those in the normal colon mucosa tissues. Furthermore, significantly lower Tim-3 mRNA levels were observed in patients with a tumor size >5 cm, a poor differentiation degree, higher tumor-node-metastasis stage (stage III-IV), and lymph node and distant metastasis. Collectively, genetic changes to Tim-3, expressed as polymorphisms in Tim-3, and decreased mRNA/protein expression may be partially responsible for the incidence and development of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Zhang
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese Medicine and Western Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, P.R. China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, P.R. China
| | - Xue-Rong Liu
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, P.R. China
| | - Shi-Ru Hong
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, P.R. China
| | - Jian Yao
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese Medicine and Western Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, P.R. China
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Overcoming the Warburg Effect: Is it the key to survival in sepsis? J Crit Care 2018; 43:197-201. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrc.2017.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Revised: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Chung M, Lee Y, Shen H, Cheng P, Huang Y, Lin Y, Huang Y, Lam K. Activation of autophagy is involved in the protective effect of 17β-oestradiol on endotoxaemia-induced multiple organ dysfunction in ovariectomized rats. J Cell Mol Med 2017; 21:3705-3717. [PMID: 28714586 PMCID: PMC5706505 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Oestrogens have been reported to attenuate acute inflammation in sepsis. In this study, the effects of long-term oestrogen replacement with 17β-oestradiol (E2 ) on endotoxaemia-induced circulatory dysfunction and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome were evaluated in ovariectomized (Ovx) rats. E2 (50 μg/kg, s.c., 3 times/week) was administered for 8 weeks, followed by the induction of endotoxaemia by intravenous infusion of lipopolysaccharides (LPS; 30 mg/kg/4 hrs). Oestrogen deficiency induced by ovariectomy for 9 weeks augmented the LPS-induced damage, including endotoxic shock, myocardial contractile dysfunction, renal dysfunction and rhabdomyolysis. Cardiac levels of NF-κB p65, iNOS and oxidized glutathione, free radical production in skeletal muscles, myoglobin deposition in renal tubules, and plasma levels of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, TNF-α, and IL-6 were more pronounced in the Ovx + LPS group than in the Sham + LPS group. Long-term treatment of E2 prevented this amplified damage in Ovx rats. Six hours after LPS initiation, activation of the autophagic process, demonstrated by increases in Atg12 and LC3B-II/LC3B-I ratios, and induction of haem oxygenase (HO)-1 and heat-shock protein (HSP) 70 protein expression in myocardium were increased significantly in the Ovx + E2 + LPS group. These results suggest that activation of autophagy and induction of HO-1 and HSP70 contribute to the protective effect of long-term E2 replacement on multiple organ dysfunction syndrome in endotoxaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming‐Tzeung Chung
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyTri‐Service General Hospital Songshan BranchNational Defense Medical CenterTaipeiTaiwan, ROC
- Department of Gynecology and ObstetricsTaipei City Hospital Ren‐Ai BranchTaipeiTaiwan, ROC
| | - Yen‐Mei Lee
- Department of PharmacologyNational Defense Medical CenterTaipeiTaiwan, ROC
| | - Hsin‐Hsueh Shen
- Department of PharmacologyNational Defense Medical CenterTaipeiTaiwan, ROC
| | - Pao‐Yun Cheng
- Department of Physiology and BiophysicsNational Defense Medical CenterTaipeiTaiwan, ROC
| | - Yu‐Chen Huang
- Department of PharmacologyNational Defense Medical CenterTaipeiTaiwan, ROC
| | - Yu‐Ju Lin
- Department of PharmacologyNational Defense Medical CenterTaipeiTaiwan, ROC
| | - Yu‐Yang Huang
- Department of PharmacologyNational Defense Medical CenterTaipeiTaiwan, ROC
| | - Kwok‐Keung Lam
- Department of PharmacologyTaipei Medical UniversityTaipeiTaiwan, ROC
- Department of AnesthesiologyCatholic Mercy HospitalHsinchuTaiwan, ROC
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15
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CD155 blockade improves survival in experimental sepsis by reversing dendritic cell dysfunction. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 490:283-289. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.06.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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16
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Deng D, Li X, Liu C, Zhai Z, Li B, Kuang M, Li P, Shang S, Song Y, Cen Y, Qin R, Lu Y, Zhao Y, Cheng H, Zheng J, Zhou H. Systematic investigation on the turning point of over-inflammation to immunosuppression in CLP mice model and their characteristics. Int Immunopharmacol 2017; 42:49-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2016.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Revised: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 11/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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