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Sana SS, Chandel AKS, Raorane CJ, Aly Aly Saad M, Kim SC, Raj V, Sangkil Lee. Recent advances in nano and micro formulations of Ginsenoside to enhance their therapeutic efficacy. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 134:156007. [PMID: 39276537 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2024.156007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 09/17/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Ginsenosides, the main component of Panax ginseng, have long been recognized for their therapeutic benefits and are thought to have neuroprotective, antidiabetic, anti-depressant, antioxidant, anti-cancer, and anti-stress properties. However, due to their low water solubility, low biomembrane permeability, gastrointestinal dysfunction, and total metabolism in the body, ginsenosides have a poor absorption profile that has hindered the therapeutic potential of these organic molecules. METHODS Initially, we broadly illuminated the several techniques of extraction of Ginsenosides using Panax quinquefolius and Panax ginseng. Subsequently, we focused on different delivery methods to improve the stability, permeability, and solubility of natural chemicals, which raises the bioavailability of ginsenoside. Lastly, we explained significance of a variety of nano and microscale delivery systems, including liposomes, ethosomes, transfersomes, metal/metal oxide systems, micro/nanoemulsions, polymeric micro/nanoparticles (NPs), liposomes, transfersomes, and micelles to increase the bioavailability of ginsenosides. RESULTS The utilization of micro/nanoscale delivery methods, such as liposome-based delivery, polymer micro/nanoparticle distribution, and micro/nanoemulsion, to increase the bioavailability of ginsenosides has recently advanced, and we have emphasized these advances in this study. Furthermore, the disadvantages of ginsenosides were also discussed, including the challenges associated with putting these delivery systems into practice in clinical settings and suggestions for further research. CONCLUSION In summary, ginsenosides-based administration has several benefits that make it a potentially useful substance for a range of therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siva Sankar Sana
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | - Mohamed Aly Aly Saad
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Tech Shenzhen Institute (GTSI), Shenzhen, Guangdong 518052, China
| | - Seong-Cheol Kim
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea.
| | - Vinit Raj
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangkil Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Zhang P, Zhang H, Ma C, Lv Q, Yu H, Zhang Q. Effect of ginseng stem leaf extract on the production performance, meat quality, antioxidant status, immune function, and lipid metabolism of broilers. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1463613. [PMID: 39301282 PMCID: PMC11410782 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1463613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2024] [Accepted: 08/26/2024] [Indexed: 09/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction The present study explores the effect of ginseng stem leaf (GSL) extract on the production performance, meat quality, antioxidant status, immune function, and lipid metabolism of white feathered broilers. Methods There were 6 replicates in each group, with 10 broilers in each replicate. In the 42 day trial, 300 AA broilers were randomly divided into five groups: control group (CON), 1.25% GSL extract group (GSL-L), 2.5% GSL group (GSL-M), 5% GSL group (GSL-H), and 45 mg/kg chlortetracycline group (CTC). Results The results showed that different doses of GSL extract could improve the body weight, feed to gain ratio (F/G), average daily feed intake (ADFI), average daily gain (ADG), and meat quality of broilers. Compared with the control group, the addition of different doses of GSL improved the antioxidant and immune abilities of broilers to varying degrees, and the effect of GSL extract was significant in the GSL-H group (p < 0.05). In addition, medium and high doses of GSL extract significantly reduced the blood triglyceride (TG) and total cholesterol (TC) contents of broilers (p < 0.05). Discussion Adding GSL extract to the feed has a positive impact on the body weight, meat quality, antioxidant capacity, immunity, and blood lipids of broilers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhang
- College of Life Engineering, Shenyang Institute of Technology, Fushun, China
| | - Haoyue Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Chuanjie Ma
- College of Life Engineering, Shenyang Institute of Technology, Fushun, China
| | - Qiufeng Lv
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Haiyang Yu
- Liaoning Zhongqing Xinze Biotechnology Co. Ltd., Huludao, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Liaoning Zhongqing Xinze Biotechnology Co. Ltd., Huludao, China
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Kim TH. Ginsenosides for the treatment of insulin resistance and diabetes: Therapeutic perspectives and mechanistic insights. J Ginseng Res 2024; 48:276-285. [PMID: 38707641 PMCID: PMC11068994 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2024.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a systemic disorder of energy metabolism characterized by a sustained elevation of blood glucose in conjunction with impaired insulin action in multiple peripheral tissues (i.e., insulin resistance). Although extensive research has been conducted to identify therapeutic targets for the treatment of DM, its global prevalence and associated mortailty rates are still increasing, possibly because of challenges related to long-term adherence, limited efficacy, and undesirable side effects of currently available medications, implying an urgent need to develop effective and safe pharmacotherapies for DM. Phytochemicals have recently drawn attention as novel pharmacotherapies for DM based on their clinical relevance, therapeutic efficacy, and safety. Ginsenosides, pharmacologically active ingredients primarily found in ginseng, have long been used as adjuvants to traditional medications in Asian countries and have been reported to exert promising therapeutic efficacy in various metabolic diseases, including hyperglycemia and diabetes. This review summarizes the current pharmacological effects of ginsenosides and their mechanistic insights for the treatment of insulin resistance and DM, providing comprehensive perspectives for the development of novel strategies to treat DM and related metabolic complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Hyun Kim
- Drug Information Research Institute, Muscle Physiome Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Sun M, Ji Y, Zhou S, Chen R, Yao H, Du M. Ginsenoside Rb3 inhibits osteoclastogenesis via ERK/NF-κB signaling pathway in vitro and in vivo. Oral Dis 2023; 29:3460-3471. [PMID: 35976062 DOI: 10.1111/odi.14352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of the study was to determine the anti-osteoclastogenic potential of ginsenoside Rb3 for the treatment of periodontitis. METHODS The anti-osteoclastogenic effect was determined using RANKL-induced RAW264.7 cells and murine bone marrow-derived macrophages followed by TRAP and phalloidin staining. Expression of osteoclastogenesis-related genes and proteins were examined by qPCR and WB. Activation of signaling pathways was detected by WB and IHC techniques. Experimental periodontitis rat model was built up by gingival injections of P. gingivalis LPS. After 21 days of Rb3 treatment, rats were sacrificed for micro-CT, IHC, H&E, and TRAP staining analyses. RESULTS Rb3 dramatically inhibits RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis. Nfatc1, Mmp9, Ctsk, Acp5 mRNA, and MMP9, CTSK proteins were dose-dependently downregulated by Rb3 pretreatment. WB results revealed that Rb3 suppressed activations of p38 MAPK, ERK, and p65 NF-κB, and the inhibition of ERK was most pronounced. Consistently, IHC analysis revealed that p-ERK was highly expressed in alveolar bone surface, blood vessels, odontoblasts, and gingival epithelia, which were notably suppressed by Rb3 treatment. H&E staining and micro-CT analyses showed that Rb3 significantly attenuated gingivitis and alveolar bone resorption in rats. CONCLUSION Rb3 inhibits RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis and attenuates P. gingivalis LPS-induced gingivitis and alveolar bone resorption in rats via ERK/NF-κB signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minmin Sun
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Engineering Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- School of Stomatology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Yaoting Ji
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Engineering Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shuhui Zhou
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Engineering Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Rourong Chen
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Engineering Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hantao Yao
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Engineering Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Minquan Du
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Engineering Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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Liu QY, Chen ZM, Li DW, Li AF, Ji Y, Li HY, Yang WD. Toxicity and potential underlying mechanism of Karenia selliformis to the fish Oryzias melastigma. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2023; 262:106643. [PMID: 37549486 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2023.106643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
Karenia selliformis can produce toxins such as gymnodimines, and form microalgal blooms causing massive mortality of marine life such as fish and shellfish, and resulting in serious economic losses. However, there are a few of studies on the toxic effects of K. selliformis on marine organisms and the underlying mechanisms, and it is not clear whether the toxins produced by K. selliformis affect fish survival through the food chain. In this study, a food chain was simulated and composed by K. selliformis-brine shrimp-marine medaka to investigate the possibility of K. selliformis toxicity transmission through the food chain, in which fish behavior, histopathology and transcriptomics changes were observed after direct or indirect exposure (through the food chain) of K. selliformis. We found that both direct and indirect exposure of K. selliformis could affect the swimming behavior of medaka, manifested as decreased swimming performance and increased "frozen events". Meanwhile, exposure to K. selliformis caused pathological damage to the intestine and liver tissues of medaka to different degree. The effect of direct exposure to K. selliformis on swimming behavior and damage to fish tissues was more severe. In addition, K. selliformis exposure induced significant changes in the expression of genes related to energy metabolism, metabolic detoxification and immune system in medaka. These results suggest that toxins produced by K. selliformis can be transferred through the food chain, and that K. selliformis can destroy the intestinal integrity of medaka and increase the absorption of toxins, leading to energy metabolism disorders in fish, affecting the metabolic detoxification capacity of the liver. Our finding provides novel insight into the toxicity of K. selliformis to marine fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin-Yuan Liu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Eutrophication and Control of Harmful Algal Blooms of Guangdong Higher Education Institute, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Zi-Min Chen
- College of Life Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Eutrophication and Control of Harmful Algal Blooms of Guangdong Higher Education Institute, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Da-Wei Li
- College of Life Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Eutrophication and Control of Harmful Algal Blooms of Guangdong Higher Education Institute, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Ai-Feng Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Ying Ji
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Hong-Ye Li
- College of Life Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Eutrophication and Control of Harmful Algal Blooms of Guangdong Higher Education Institute, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Wei-Dong Yang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Eutrophication and Control of Harmful Algal Blooms of Guangdong Higher Education Institute, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
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Wang HP, Fan CL, Lin ZZ, Yin Q, Zhao C, Peng P, Zhang R, Wang ZJ, Du J, Wang ZB. Screening of Potential α-Glucosidase Inhibitors from the Roots and Rhizomes of Panax Ginseng by Affinity Ultrafiltration Screening Coupled with UPLC-ESI-Orbitrap-MS Method. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28052069. [PMID: 36903317 PMCID: PMC10004417 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28052069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Panax ginseng was a traditional Chinese medicine with various pharmacological activities and one of its important activities was hypoglycemic activity; therefore, panax ginseng has been used in China as an adjuvant in the treatment of diabetes mellitus. In vivo and in vitro tests have revealed that ginsenosides, which are derived from the roots and rhizomes of panax ginseng have anti-diabetic effects and produce different hypoglycemic mechanisms by acting on some specific molecular targets, such as SGLT1, GLP-1, GLUTs, AMPK, and FOXO1. α-Glucosidase is another important hypoglycemic molecular target, and its inhibitors can inhibit the activity of α-Glucosidase so as to delay the absorption of dietary carbohydrates and finally reduce postprandial blood sugar. However, whether ginsenosides have the hypoglycemic mechanism of inhibiting α-Glucosidase activity, and which ginsenosides exactly attribute to the inhibitory effect as well as the inhibition degree are not clear, which needs to be addressed and systematically studied. To solve this problem, affinity ultrafiltration screening coupled with UPLC-ESI-Orbitrap-MS technology was used to systematically select α-Glucosidase inhibitors from panax ginseng. The ligands were selected through our established effective data process workflow based on systematically analyzing all compounds in the sample and control specimens. As a result, a total of 24 α-Glucosidase inhibitors were selected from panax ginseng, and it was the first time that ginsenosides were systematically studied for the inhibition of α-Glucosidase. Meanwhile, our study revealed that inhibiting α-Glucosidase activity probably was another important mechanism for ginsenosides treating diabetes mellitus. In addition, our established data process workflow can be used to select the active ligands from other natural products using affinity ultrafiltration screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Ping Wang
- Scientific Research Institute of Beijing Tongrentang Co., Ltd., Beijing 100011, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel./Fax: +86-10-87632655
| | - Chun-Lan Fan
- Beijing Tongrentang Technology Development Co., Ltd., Beijing 100079, China
| | - Zhao-Zhou Lin
- Beijing Tongrentang Technology Development Co., Ltd., Beijing 100079, China
| | - Qiong Yin
- Scientific Research Institute of Beijing Tongrentang Co., Ltd., Beijing 100011, China
| | - Chen Zhao
- Scientific Research Institute of Beijing Tongrentang Co., Ltd., Beijing 100011, China
| | - Ping Peng
- Scientific Research Institute of Beijing Tongrentang Co., Ltd., Beijing 100011, China
| | - Run Zhang
- Beijing Zhongyan Tongrentang Pharmaceutical R & D Co., Ltd., Beijing 100000, China
| | - Zi-Jian Wang
- Scientific Research Institute of Beijing Tongrentang Co., Ltd., Beijing 100011, China
| | - Jing Du
- Scientific Research Institute of Beijing Tongrentang Co., Ltd., Beijing 100011, China
| | - Zhi-Bin Wang
- Scientific Research Institute of Beijing Tongrentang Co., Ltd., Beijing 100011, China
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Shen Q, Zhong YT, Liu XX, Hu JN, Qi SM, Li K, Wang Z, Zhu HY, Li XD, Wang YP, Li W. Platycodin D ameliorates hyperglycaemia and liver metabolic disturbance in HFD/STZ-induced type 2 diabetic mice. Food Funct 2023; 14:74-86. [PMID: 36504256 DOI: 10.1039/d2fo03308a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
In this work, we investigated the ameliorative effects of platycodin D (PD), a major active chemical ingredient isolated from the roots of Platycodon grandiflorum (PG), on high-fat diet (HFD)/streptozotocin (STZ)-induced type 2 diabetes (T2D) mice. PD treatment (2.5 and 5.0 mg kg-1) improved HFD-induced body weight gain. PD administration also decreased the fasting blood glucose (FBG) level and improved glucose and insulin tolerance levels. These data collectively showed that PD could maintain glucose homeostasis. In addition, the diabetic mice with PD treatment also showed fewer pathological changes in liver tissues and improved hepatic functional indexes with respect to the levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and recovery of abnormal liver function caused by T2D. Except for these, PD decreased the decomposition of hepatic glycogen. The results from western blot analysis showed that PD treatment might regulate the hepatic gluconeogenesis pathway with the increased phosphorylation/expression of AMPK and decreased expressions of PCK1 and G6Pase. In the aspect of lipid metabolism, PD decreased the whole-body lipid levels, including total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), and high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and reduced the hepatic fat accumulation induced by T2D through the AMPK/ACC/CPT-1 fatty acid anabolism pathway. In addition, the results of molecular docking showed that PD may have a potential direct effect on AMPK and other key glycolipid metabolism proteins. To summarize, PD modulation of hepatic glycolipid metabolism abnormalities is promising for T2D therapy in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Shen
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China. .,National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Ginseng Breeding and Development, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Yu-Te Zhong
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China.
| | - Xiang-Xiang Liu
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China. .,Center for Life Science, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Jun-Nan Hu
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China.
| | - Si-Min Qi
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China.
| | - Ke Li
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China.
| | - Zi Wang
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China.
| | - Hong-Yan Zhu
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China.
| | - Xin-Dian Li
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China.
| | - Ying-Ping Wang
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China. .,National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Ginseng Breeding and Development, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Wei Li
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China. .,National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Ginseng Breeding and Development, Changchun 130118, China
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Han S, You L, Hu Y, Wei S, Liu T, Cho JY, Hu W. Ginsenoside F2 enhances glucose metabolism by modulating insulin signal transduction in human hepatocarcinoma cells. J Ginseng Res 2022; 47:420-428. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2022.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
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Li MX, Wei QQ, Lu HJ. Progress on the Elucidation of the Antinociceptive Effect of Ginseng and Ginsenosides in Chronic Pain. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:821940. [PMID: 35264958 PMCID: PMC8899510 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.821940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) is a traditional Oriental herbal drug widely used in East Asia. Its main active ingredients are ginsenosides whose constituents are known to have various pharmacological activities such as anticancer, antinociception, and neuroprotection. The analgesic effects of ginsenosides, such as Rg1, Rg2, and Rb1, as well as compound K, are well known and the analgesic mechanism of action in inflammatory pain models is thought to be the down regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokine expression (TNF-α IL-1β, and IL-6). Several studies have also demonstrated that ginsenosides regulate neuropathic pain through the modulation of estrogen receptors. Recently, an increasing number of pathways have emerged in relation to the antinociceptive effect of ginseng and ginsenosides. Therefore, this review presents our current understanding of the effectiveness of ginseng in chronic pain and how its active constituents regulate nociceptive responses and their mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Xian Li
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Technical Fiber Composites for Safety and Protection, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Qian-Qi Wei
- Department of Infectious Diseases, General Hospital of Tibet Military Command, Xizang, China
| | - Huan-Jun Lu
- Institute of Pain Medicine and Special Environmental Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, China
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Aminifard T, Razavi BM, Hosseinzadeh H. The effects of ginseng on the metabolic syndrome: An updated review. Food Sci Nutr 2021; 9:5293-5311. [PMID: 34532035 PMCID: PMC8441279 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.2475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome is a group of risk factors including high blood glucose, dyslipidemia, high blood pressure, and high body weight. It can increase the risk of diabetes and cardiovascular disorders, which are the important reasons for death around the world. Nowadays, there are numerous demands for herbal medicine because of less harmful effects and more useful effects in comparison with chemical options. Ginseng is one of the most famous herbs used as a drug for a variety of disorders in humans. The antihyperlipidemia, antihypertension, antihyperglycemic, and anti-obesity effects of ginseng and its active constituents such as ginsenosides have been shown in different studies. In this review article, the different in vitro, in vivo, and human studies concerning the effects of ginseng and its active constituents in metabolic syndrome have been summarized. According to these studies, ginseng can control metabolic syndrome and related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahereh Aminifard
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and ToxicologySchool of PharmacyMashhad University of Medical SciencesMashhadIran
| | - Bibi Marjan Razavi
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and ToxicologySchool of PharmacyMashhad University of Medical SciencesMashhadIran
- Targeted Drug Delivery Research CenterPharmaceutical Technology InstituteMashhad University of Medical SciencesMashhadIran
| | - Hossein Hosseinzadeh
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and ToxicologySchool of PharmacyMashhad University of Medical SciencesMashhadIran
- Pharmaceutical Research CenterPharmaceutical Technology InstituteMashhad University of Medical SciencesMashhadIran
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Yang XY, Wang WX, Huang YX, Yue SJ, Zhang BY, Gao H, Zhang L, Yan D, Tang YP. Network Pharmacology-Based Dissection of the Active Ingredients and Protective Mechanism of the Salvia Miltiorrhiza and Panax Notoginseng Herb Pair against Insulin Resistance. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:17276-17288. [PMID: 34278114 PMCID: PMC8280704 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c01209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The Salvia miltiorrhiza and Panax notoginseng herb pair (DQ) has been widely utilized in traditional Chinese medicine for the longevity and for preventing and treating cardio-cerebrovascular diseases. Often associated with cardio-cerebrovascular diseases are comorbidities such as insulin resistance. However, the protective mechanisms of DQ against insulin resistance remain not well understood. Through network pharmacology analysis, a total of 94 candidate active compounds selected from DQ (61 from S. miltiorrhiza Bunge and 33 from P. notoginseng (Burk.) F. H. Chen) interacted with 52 corresponding insulin resistance-related targets, which mainly involved insulin resistance and the AMPK signaling pathway. Furthermore, the contribution index calculation results indicated 25 compounds as the principal components of this herb pair against insulin resistance. Among them, ginsenoside F2, protocatechuic acid, and salvianolic acid B were selected and validated to promote glucose consumption through activating AMPK phosphorylation and upregulating GLUT4 in insulin-resistant cell model (HepG2/IR) cells. These findings indicated that DQ has the potential for repositioning in the treatment of insulin resistance mainly through the AMPK signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Yu Yang
- Department
of Pharmacy, Beijing Key Laboratory of Bio-characteristic Profiling
for Evaluation of Rational Drug Use, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100038, China
| | - Wen-Xiao Wang
- Key
Laboratory of Shaanxi Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine
for TCM Compatibility, Shaanxi University
of Chinese Medicine, Xi’an 712046, China
| | - Yu-Xi Huang
- Key
Laboratory of Shaanxi Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine
for TCM Compatibility, Shaanxi University
of Chinese Medicine, Xi’an 712046, China
| | - Shi-Jun Yue
- Key
Laboratory of Shaanxi Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine
for TCM Compatibility, Shaanxi University
of Chinese Medicine, Xi’an 712046, China
| | - Bai-Yang Zhang
- Key
Laboratory of Shaanxi Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine
for TCM Compatibility, Shaanxi University
of Chinese Medicine, Xi’an 712046, China
| | - Huan Gao
- Key
Laboratory of Shaanxi Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine
for TCM Compatibility, Shaanxi University
of Chinese Medicine, Xi’an 712046, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department
of Pharmacy, Beijing Key Laboratory of Bio-characteristic Profiling
for Evaluation of Rational Drug Use, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100038, China
| | - Dan Yan
- Capital
Medical University Affiliated Beijing Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Yu-Ping Tang
- Key
Laboratory of Shaanxi Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine
for TCM Compatibility, Shaanxi University
of Chinese Medicine, Xi’an 712046, China
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Wang M, Jiang R, Liu J, Xu X, Sun G, Zhao D, Sun L. 20(s)‑ginseonside‑Rg3 modulation of AMPK/FoxO3 signaling to attenuate mitochondrial dysfunction in a dexamethasone‑injured C2C12 myotube‑based model of skeletal atrophy in vitro. Mol Med Rep 2021; 23:306. [PMID: 33649814 PMCID: PMC7974265 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2021.11945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Muscle atrophy, a side effect from administration of the anti‑inflammatory medication dexamethasone (DEX), is preventable by concomitant administration of the major monomeric constituent of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer, 20(S)‑ginsenoside Rg3 (S‑Rg3). Putative S‑Rg3‑associated prevention of DEX‑induced muscle atrophy may involve S‑Rg3 mitigation of DEX‑induced mitochondrial dysfunction. In the present study, MTT assays revealed enhanced cell viability following S‑Rg3 treatment of DEX‑injured C2C12 myotubes. Subsequent PCR and western blotting results demonstrated S‑Rg3‑induced reduction of expression of muscle atrophy F‑box protein (atrogin‑1) and muscle RING‑finger protein‑1, proteins previously linked to muscle atrophy. Additionally, S‑Rg3 treatment of DEX‑injured myotubes led to aggregation of Rg3 monomers in cells and dose‑dependent increases in cellular mitochondrial basal respiratory oxygen consumption rate and intracellular ATP levels compared with their levels in untreated DEX‑injured myotubes. In addition, S‑Rg3 treatment significantly reversed DEX‑induced reductions of expression of key mitochondrial respiratory electron transport chain subunits of protein complexes II, III and V in DEX‑injured myotube cells. Furthermore, S‑Rg3 alleviation of mitochondrial dysfunction associated with DEX‑induced injury of C2C12 myotubes was linked to S‑Rg3‑associated decreases in both forkhead box O3 (FoxO3) protein expression and phosphorylation of AMP‑activated protein kinase (AMPK). Collectively, these results implicate S‑Rg3 modulation of signaling within the AMPK‑FoxO3 pathway as a putative mechanism underlying S‑Rg3 alleviation of DEX‑induced muscle atrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manying Wang
- Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Rui Jiang
- Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Jianzeng Liu
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Xiaohao Xu
- Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Guang Sun
- Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Daqing Zhao
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Active Substances and Biological Mechanisms of Ginseng Efficacy, Ministry of Education, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Liwei Sun
- Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Active Substances and Biological Mechanisms of Ginseng Efficacy, Ministry of Education, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
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Kang Z, Zhonga Y, Wu T, Huang J, Zhao H, Liu D. Ginsenoside from ginseng: a promising treatment for inflammatory bowel disease. Pharmacol Rep 2021; 73:700-711. [PMID: 33462754 PMCID: PMC8180475 DOI: 10.1007/s43440-020-00213-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is an autoimmune disease mediated by immune disorder and termed as one of the most refractory diseases by the Word Health Organization. Its morbidity has increased steadily over the past half century worldwide. Environmental, genetic, infectious, and immune factors are integral to the pathogenesis of IBD. Commonly known as the king of herbs, ginseng has been consumed in many countries for the past 2000 years. Its active ingredient ginsenosides, as the most prominent saponins of ginseng, have a wide range of pharmacological effects. Recent studies have confirmed that the active components of Panax ginseng have anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects on IBD, including regulating the balance of immune cells, inhibiting the expression of cytokines, as well as activating Toll-like receptor 4, Nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor (NLRP), mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling, and so on. Accumulated evidence indicates that ginsenosides may serve as a potential novel therapeutic drug or health product additive in IBD prevention and treatment in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zengping Kang
- Graduate School, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, 330004, Jiangxi, China
| | - Youbao Zhonga
- Graduate School, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, 330004, Jiangxi, China.,Experimental Animal Science and Technology Center, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, 330004, Jiangxi, China
| | - Tiantian Wu
- Graduate School, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, 330004, Jiangxi, China
| | - Jiaqi Huang
- Graduate School, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, 330004, Jiangxi, China
| | - Haimei Zhao
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1688 Meiling Road, Nanchang, 330004, Jiangxi, China.
| | - Duanyong Liu
- Science and Technology College, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1689 Meiling Road, Nanchang, 330004, Jiangxi, China.
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14
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Phu HT, Thuan DTB, Nguyen THD, Posadino AM, Eid AH, Pintus G. Herbal Medicine for Slowing Aging and Aging-associated Conditions: Efficacy, Mechanisms and Safety. Curr Vasc Pharmacol 2020; 18:369-393. [PMID: 31418664 DOI: 10.2174/1570161117666190715121939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Aging and aging-associated diseases are issues with unsatisfactory answers in the medical field. Aging causes important physical changes which, even in the absence of the usual risk factors, render the cardiovascular system prone to some diseases. Although aging cannot be prevented, slowing down the rate of aging is entirely possible to achieve. In some traditional medicine, medicinal herbs such as Ginseng, Radix Astragali, Ganoderma lucidum, Ginkgo biloba, and Gynostemma pentaphyllum are recognized by the "nourishing of life" and their role as anti-aging phytotherapeutics is increasingly gaining attention. By mainly employing PubMed here we identify and critically analysed 30 years of published studies focusing on the above herbs' active components against aging and aging-associated conditions. Although many plant-based compounds appear to exert an anti-aging effect, the most effective resulted in being flavonoids, terpenoids, saponins, and polysaccharides, which include astragaloside, ginkgolide, ginsenoside, and gypenoside specifically covered in this review. Their effects as antiaging factors, improvers of cognitive impairments, and reducers of cardiovascular risks are described, as well as the molecular mechanisms underlying the above-mentioned effects along with their potential safety. Telomere and telomerase, PPAR-α, GLUTs, FOXO1, caspase-3, bcl-2, along with SIRT1/AMPK, PI3K/Akt, NF-κB, and insulin/insulin-like growth factor-1 pathways appear to be their preferential targets. Moreover, their ability to work as antioxidants and to improve the resistance to DNA damage is also discussed. Although our literature review indicates that these traditional herbal medicines are safe, tolerable, and free of toxic effects, additional well-designed, large-scale randomized control trials need to be performed to evaluate short- and long-term effects and efficacy of these medicinal herbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoa T Phu
- Department of Biochemistry, Hue University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hue, Vietnam
| | - Duong T B Thuan
- Department of Biochemistry, Hue University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hue, Vietnam
| | - Thi H D Nguyen
- Department of Physiology, Hue University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hue, Vietnam
| | - Anna M Posadino
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Ali H Eid
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Gianfranco Pintus
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar.,Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
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15
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Ginsenosides for the treatment of metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular diseases: Pharmacology and mechanisms. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 132:110915. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
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16
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Ban Q, Cheng J, Sun X, Jiang Y, Guo M. Effect of feeding type 2 diabetes mellitus rats with synbiotic yogurt sweetened with monk fruit extract on serum lipid levels and hepatic AMPK (5' adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase) signaling pathway. Food Funct 2020; 11:7696-7706. [PMID: 32914810 DOI: 10.1039/d0fo01860k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Monk fruit extract (MFE) is a natural sweetener that has been used as an ingredient of food and pharmaceutical products. The effects of feeding synbiotic yogurt fortified with MFE to rats with type 2 diabetes induced by high-fat diet and streptozotocin on serum lipid levels and hepatic AMPK signaling pathway were evaluated. Results showed that oral administration of the synbiotic yogurt fortified with MFE could improve serum lipid levels, respiratory exchange rate, and heat level in type 2 diabetic rats. Transcriptome analysis showed that synbiotic yogurt fortified with MFE may affect the expression of genes involved in binding, catalytic activity, and transporter activity. The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes enrichment analysis revealed that these differentially expressed genes were related to AMPK signaling pathway, linoleic acid metabolism, and α-linolenic acid metabolism. Western blotting confirmed that synbiotic yogurt fortified with MFE could activate AMPK signaling and improve the protein level of the hepatic gluconeogenic enzyme G6Pase in diabetic rats. The results indicated that MFE could be a novel sweetener for functional yogurt and related products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingfeng Ban
- College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China and Key Laboratory of Dairy Science of Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China.
| | - Jianjun Cheng
- College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Xiaomeng Sun
- College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China and Key Laboratory of Dairy Science of Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China.
| | - Yunqing Jiang
- College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China and Key Laboratory of Dairy Science of Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China.
| | - Mingruo Guo
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science of Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China. and Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
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17
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Therapeutic potential of ginsenosides on diabetes: From hypoglycemic mechanism to clinical trials. J Funct Foods 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2019.103630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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18
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Interactions of ginseng with therapeutic drugs. Arch Pharm Res 2019; 42:862-878. [PMID: 31493264 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-019-01184-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Ginseng is the most frequently used herbal medicine for immune system stimulation and as an adjuvant with prescribed drugs owing to its numerous pharmacologic activities. It is important to investigate the beneficial effects and interaction of ginseng with therapeutic drugs. This review comprehensively discusses drug metabolizing enzyme- and transporter-mediated ginseng-drug interaction by analyzing in vitro and clinical results with a focus on ginsenoside, a pharmacologically active marker of ginseng. Impact of ginseng therapy or ginseng combination therapy on diabetic patients and of ginseng interaction with antiplatelets and anticoagulants were evaluated based on ginseng origin and ginsenoside content. Daily administration of Korean red ginseng (0.5-3 g extract; dried ginseng > 60%) did not cause significant herb-drug interaction with drug metabolizing enzymes and transporters. Among various therapeutic drugs administered in combination with ginseng, adjuvant chemotherapy, comprising ginseng (1-3 g extract) and anticancer drugs, was effective for reducing cancer-related fatigue and improving the quality of life and emotional scores. Limited information regarding ginsenoside content in each ginseng product and plasma ginsenoside concentration among patients necessitates standardization of ginseng product and establishment of pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic correlation to further understand beneficial effects of ginseng-therapeutic drug interactions in future clinical studies.
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19
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Lei Y, Gong L, Tan F, Liu Y, Li S, Shen H, Zhu M, Cai W, Xu F, Hou B, Zhou Y, Han H, Qiu L, Sun H. Vaccarin ameliorates insulin resistance and steatosis by activating the AMPK signaling pathway. Eur J Pharmacol 2019; 851:13-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2019.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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20
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Wang M, Chen X, Jin W, Xu X, Li X, Sun L. Ginsenoside Rb3 exerts protective properties against cigarette smoke extract-induced cell injury by inhibiting the p38 MAPK/NF-κB and TGF-β1/VEGF pathways in fibroblasts and epithelial cells. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 108:1751-1758. [PMID: 30372878 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 09/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cigarette smoke causes many adverse effects such as inflammation, oxidative stress, and excessive accumulation of the extracellular matrix (ECM). Ginsenoside Rb3 has anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative effects, which may contribute to delaying the injury caused by cigarette smoke. In this study, we used cigarette smoke extract (CSE) to establish cell injury models in WI-38 human fetal lung fibroblasts and 16HBE human bronchial epithelial cells. Our results showed that Rb3 protected against CSE-induced cytotoxicity in both cell lines. In addition, it significantly inhibited the secretion of inflammatory factors, such as interleukin-8 and tumor necrosis factor alpha, by inhibiting the phosphorylation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB). Moreover, Rb3 pre-treatment led to an increase in the levels of glutathione (GSH) and activities of superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and catalase to reduce the oxidative stress induced by CSE. Additionally, Rb3 decreased the levels of ECM proteins including collagen I (Col I), Col III, and elastin after CSE treatment by inhibiting the expression of transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1)-induced vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Our findings suggest that Rb3 prevented CSE-induced inflammation and oxidative stress as well as the excessive accumulation of ECM in WI-38 and 16HBE cells to protect against cell injury by inhibiting the p38 MAPK/NF-κB and TGF-β1/VEGF pathways. The results of this study may be valuable for the development of Rb3 to combat the damage caused by cigarette smoke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manying Wang
- Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, the Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, 1478 Gongnong Street, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130021, PR China; Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of BioMacromolecules of Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, 1035 Boshuo Road, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130021, PR China
| | - Xuenan Chen
- Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, the Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, 1478 Gongnong Street, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130021, PR China; Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of BioMacromolecules of Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, 1035 Boshuo Road, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130021, PR China
| | - Wenqi Jin
- Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, the Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, 1478 Gongnong Street, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130021, PR China; Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of BioMacromolecules of Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, 1035 Boshuo Road, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130021, PR China
| | - Xiaohao Xu
- Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, the Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, 1478 Gongnong Street, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130021, PR China; Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of BioMacromolecules of Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, 1035 Boshuo Road, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130021, PR China
| | - Xiangyan Li
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of BioMacromolecules of Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, 1035 Boshuo Road, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130021, PR China; Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, 1035 Boshuo Road, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130021, PR China.
| | - Liwei Sun
- Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, the Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, 1478 Gongnong Street, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130021, PR China; Jilin Technology Innovation Center for Chinese Medicine Biotechnology, College of Biology and Chemistry, Beihua University, 15 Jilin Street, Jilin, Jilin Province, 132013, PR China.
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21
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Effect of Red Ginseng Extract on the Pharmacokinetics and Efficacy of Metformin in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats. Pharmaceutics 2018; 10:pharmaceutics10030080. [PMID: 29970815 PMCID: PMC6161147 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics10030080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of red ginseng extract on the pharmacokinetics (PK) and efficacy of metformin in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. The diabetes mellitus rat model was established by intraperitoneally administering multiple doses of streptozotocin (30 mg/kg, twice on day 1 and 8), and diabetic rats received metformin 50 mg/kg with or without single or multiple administration of Korean red ginseng extract (RGE, 2 g/kg/day, once or for 1 week). RGE administration did not affect the plasma concentration and renal excretion of metformin. Further, diabetic rats were administered metformin (50 mg/kg) and RGE (2 g/kg) alone or concomitantly for 5 weeks, and both regimens decreased the fasting blood glucose and glycated hemoglobin (Hb-A1c) levels. Furthermore, fasting blood glucose levels were reduced by metformin or RGE administered alone but recovered to the control level following co-administration, suggesting that the effect was additive. However, triglyceride and free fatty acid levels were not different with metformin and RGE treatment alone or in combination. Biochemical parameters such as alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), triglycerides, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels were not different among the three treatment groups. In conclusion, RGE and metformin showed an additive effect in glycemic control. However, the co-administration of RGE and metformin did not cause PK interactions or affect biochemical parameters including the free fatty acid, triglyceride, AST, ALT, or cholesterol levels.
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Bai L, Gao J, Wei F, Zhao J, Wang D, Wei J. Therapeutic Potential of Ginsenosides as an Adjuvant Treatment for Diabetes. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:423. [PMID: 29765322 PMCID: PMC5938666 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Ginseng, one of the oldest traditional Chinese medicinal herbs, has been used widely in China and Asia for thousands of years. Ginsenosides extracted from ginseng, which is derived from the roots and rhizomes of Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer, have been used in China as an adjuvant in the treatment of diabetes mellitus. Owing to the technical complexity of ginsenoside production, the total ginsenosides are generally extracted. Accumulating evidence has shown that ginsenosides exert antidiabetic effects. In vivo and in vitro tests revealed the potential of ginsenoside Rg1, Rg3, Rg5, Rb1, Rb2, Rb3, compound K, Rk1, Re, ginseng total saponins, malonyl ginsenosides, Rd, Rh2, F2, protopanaxadiol (PPD) and protopanaxatriol (PPT)-type saponins to treat diabetes and its complications, including type 1 diabetes mellitus, type 2 diabetes mellitus, diabetic nephropathy, diabetic cognitive dysfunction, type 2 diabetes mellitus with fatty liver disease, diabetic cerebral infarction, diabetic cardiomyopathy, and diabetic erectile dysfunction. Many effects are attributed to ginsenosides, including gluconeogenesis reduction, improvement of insulin resistance, glucose transport, insulinotropic action, islet cell protection, hepatoprotective activity, anti-inflammatory effect, myocardial protection, lipid regulation, improvement of glucose tolerance, antioxidation, improvement of erectile dysfunction, regulation of gut flora metabolism, neuroprotection, anti-angiopathy, anti-neurotoxic effects, immunosuppression, and renoprotection effect. The molecular targets of these effects mainly contains GLUTs, SGLT1, GLP-1, FoxO1, TNF-α, IL-6, caspase-3, bcl-2, MDA, SOD, STAT5-PPAR gamma pathway, PI3K/Akt pathway, AMPK-JNK pathway, NF-κB pathway, and endoplasmic reticulum stress. Rg1, Rg3, Rb1, and compound K demonstrated the most promising therapeutic prospects as potential adjuvant medicines for the treatment of diabetes. This paper highlights the underlying pharmacological mechanisms of the anti-diabetic effects of ginsenosides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Litao Bai
- Department of Endocrinology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jialiang Gao
- Department of Endocrinology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fan Wei
- Department of Endocrinology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Department of Endocrinology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Danwei Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Junping Wei
- Department of Endocrinology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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