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Chong ZZ, Menkes DL, Souayah N. Targeting neuroinflammation in distal symmetrical polyneuropathy in diabetes. Drug Discov Today 2024; 29:104087. [PMID: 38969091 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2024.104087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 06/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/07/2024]
Abstract
Diabetic distal symmetric polyneuropathy is the most common type of peripheral neuropathy complication of diabetes mellitus. Neuroinflammation is emerging as an important contributor to diabetes-induced neuropathy. Long-term hyperglycemia results in increased production of advanced glycation end products (AGEs). AGEs interact with their receptors to activate intracellular signaling, leading to the release of various inflammatory cytokines. Increased release of inflammatory cytokines is associated with diabetes, diabetic neuropathy and neuropathic pain. Thus, anti-inflammatory intervention is a potential therapy for diabetic distal symmetric polyneuropathy. Further characterization of inflammatory mechanisms might identify novel therapeutic targets to mitigate diabetic neuropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Zhong Chong
- Department of Neurology, Rutgers University, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA.
| | - Daniel L Menkes
- Department of Neurology, Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Rochester, MI 48309, USA
| | - Nizar Souayah
- Department of Neurology, Rutgers University, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA.
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2
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Huang Z, Zhang L, Xuan J, Yang L, Zhao T, Peng W. Tea for histamine anti-allergy: component analysis of tea extracts and potential mechanism for treating histamine anti-allergy. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1296190. [PMID: 38873420 PMCID: PMC11169817 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1296190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024] Open
Abstract
In China, Camellia plants are widely used to reduce atopic dermatitis and inflammation-related diseases, but their protective mechanisms remain unclear. This study investigated the anti-allergic dermatitis, anti-oxidation and anti-inflammation effect and underlying mechanism of five Camellia species, including Camellia ptilophylla Chang, Camellia assamica Chang var. Kucha Chang, Camellia parvisepala Chang, Camellia arborescens Chang, and C. assamica M. Chang. A total of about 110 chemical compositions were detected from five Camellia teas extracts. The level of mast cell infiltration in the model mice skin was determined by HE (Hematoxylin and eosin) staining and toluidine blue staining, and the level of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and nerve growth factor was detected by immunohistochemistry. The five Camellia tea leaf extracts have histamine-induced allergic dermatitis. Lipopolysaccharide (Lipopolysaccharide)-induced murine macrophage RAW264.7 inflammation model was found to secrete NF-κB factor, as shown by immunofluorescence, and reactive oxygen species secretion and related cytokine levels were detected. The results suggested that Camellia's five tea extracts had the ability to resist cellular oxidative stress. In addition, the results of cell inflammatory cytokines including fibronectin (FN) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) suggested that the five tea extracts of Camellia had anti-inflammatory effects. Therefore, it is suggested that five Camellia teas may possess inhibitory properties against allergic reactions, oxidative stress, and inflammation, and may prove beneficial in the treatment of allergies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeting Huang
- Guangzhou Zhongzhuang Meiye Cosmetics Co Ltd., Guangzhou, China
| | - Lanyue Zhang
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Biorefinery, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jie Xuan
- Guangzhou Zhongzhuang Meiye Cosmetics Co Ltd., Guangzhou, China
| | - Lu Yang
- Guangzhou Zhongzhuang Meiye Cosmetics Co Ltd., Guangzhou, China
| | - Tiantian Zhao
- Sericulture and Agri-food Research Institute Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Functional Foods, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Agricultural Products Processing, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Food Science, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NB, United States
| | - Weihua Peng
- Guangzhou Zhongzhuang Meiye Cosmetics Co Ltd., Guangzhou, China
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Rezaee A, Rahmanian P, Nemati A, Sohrabifard F, Karimi F, Elahinia A, Ranjbarpazuki A, Lashkarbolouki R, Dezfulian S, Zandieh MA, Salimimoghadam S, Nabavi N, Rashidi M, Taheriazam A, Hashemi M, Hushmandi K. NF-ĸB axis in diabetic neuropathy, cardiomyopathy and nephropathy: A roadmap from molecular intervention to therapeutic strategies. Heliyon 2024; 10:e29871. [PMID: 38707342 PMCID: PMC11066643 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e29871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic illness defined by elevated blood glucose levels, mediating various tissue alterations, including the dysfunction of vital organs. Diabetes mellitus (DM) can lead to many consequences that specifically affect the brain, heart, and kidneys. These issues are known as neuropathy, cardiomyopathy, and nephropathy, respectively. Inflammation is acknowledged as a pivotal biological mechanism that contributes to the development of various diabetes consequences. NF-κB modulates inflammation and the immune system at the cellular level. Its abnormal regulation has been identified in several clinical situations, including cancer, inflammatory bowel illnesses, cardiovascular diseases, and Diabetes Mellitus (DM). The purpose of this review is to evaluate the potential impact of NF-κB on complications associated with DM. Enhanced NF-κB activity promotes inflammation, resulting in cellular harm and compromised organ performance. Phytochemicals, which are therapeutic molecules, can potentially decline the NF-κB level, therefore alleviating inflammation and the progression of problems correlated with DM. More importantly, the regulation of NF-κB can be influenced by various factors, such as TLR4 in DM. Highlighting these factors can facilitate the development of novel therapies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aryan Rezaee
- School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parham Rahmanian
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amirreza Nemati
- School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farima Sohrabifard
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Karimi
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Elahinia
- Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Ranjbarpazuki
- School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Rozhin Lashkarbolouki
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sadaf Dezfulian
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Arad Zandieh
- Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, Division of Epidemiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shokooh Salimimoghadam
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Noushin Nabavi
- Department of Urologic Sciences and Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, V6H3Z6, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Mohsen Rashidi
- Department Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
- The Health of Plant and Livestock Products Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Afshin Taheriazam
- Department of Orthopedics, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
- Farhikhtegan Medical Convergence Sciences Research Center, Farhikhtegan Hospital Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehrdad Hashemi
- Farhikhtegan Medical Convergence Sciences Research Center, Farhikhtegan Hospital Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kiavash Hushmandi
- Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, Division of Epidemiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
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Bibi T, Bano S, Ud Din F, Ali H, Khan S. Preparation, characterization, and pharmacological application of oral Honokiol-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles for diabetic neuropathy. Int J Pharm 2023; 645:123399. [PMID: 37703961 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.123399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
Honokiol is a phytochemical component with a variety of pharmacological properties. However, the major limitation of Honokiol is its poor solubility and low oral bioavailability. In this study, we formulated and characterized oral Honokiol-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) to enhance bioavailability and then evaluated their effectiveness in experimental diabetic neuropathy (DN). The finalized formulation has a spherical morphology, a particle size (PS) of 121.31 ± 9.051 nm, a polydispersity index (PDI) of 0.249 ± 0.002, a zeta potential (ZP) of -20.8 ± 2.72 mV, and an entrapment efficiency (% EE) of 88.66 ± 2.30 %. In-vitro release data shows, Honokiol-SLNs displayed a sustained release profile at pH (7.4). The oral bioavailability of Honokiol-SLNs was remarkably greater (8-fold) than Honokiol-Pure suspension. The neuroprotective property of Honokiol-SLNs was initially demonstrated against hydrogen peroxide H2O2-stimulated PC12 (pheochromocytoma) cells. Furthermore, results of in-vivo studies demonstrated that treatment with Honokiol-SLNs significantly (p < 0.001) suppressed oxidative stress by inhibition of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and significant (p < 0.001) upregulation of nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) signaling in the spinal cord. The expression of transient receptor potential melastatin 8(TRPM8) and transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) was significantly (p < 0.001) downregulated. Honokiol-SLNs inhibited apoptosis by significant (p < 0.001) downregulation of cleaved caspase-3 expression in the spinal cord. These findings demonstrate that Honokiol-SLNs providedbetter neuroprotection in DN because of higher oral bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tehmina Bibi
- Pharmacological Sciences Research Lab, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan; Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
| | - Shahar Bano
- Pharmacological Sciences Research Lab, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan; Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
| | - Fakhar Ud Din
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan; Nanomedicine Research Group, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
| | - Hussain Ali
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
| | - Salman Khan
- Pharmacological Sciences Research Lab, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan; Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan.
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Ma J, Häne S, Eglauf J, Pfannkuche J, Soubrier A, Li Z, Peroglio M, Hoppe S, Benneker L, Lang G, Wangler S, Alini M, Creemers LB, Grad S, Häckel S. Celecoxib alleviates nociceptor sensitization mediated by interleukin-1beta-primed annulus fibrosus cells. EUROPEAN SPINE JOURNAL : OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE EUROPEAN SPINE SOCIETY, THE EUROPEAN SPINAL DEFORMITY SOCIETY, AND THE EUROPEAN SECTION OF THE CERVICAL SPINE RESEARCH SOCIETY 2023; 32:2048-2058. [PMID: 37071156 DOI: 10.1007/s00586-023-07672-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aims to analyze the effect of pro-inflammatory cytokine-stimulated human annulus fibrosus cells (hAFCs) on the sensitization of dorsal root ganglion (DRG) cells. We further hypothesized that celecoxib (cxb) could inhibit hAFCs-induced DRG sensitization. METHODS hAFCs from spinal trauma patients were stimulated with TNF-α or IL-1β. Cxb was added on day 2. On day 4, the expression of pro-inflammatory and neurotrophic genes was evaluated using RT-qPCR. Levels of prostaglandin E2 (PGE-2), IL-8, and IL-6 were measured in the conditioned medium (CM) using ELISA. hAFCs CM was then applied to stimulate the DRG cell line (ND7/23) for 6 days. Then, calcium imaging (Fluo4) was performed to evaluate DRG cell sensitization. Both spontaneous and bradykinin-stimulated (0.5 μM) calcium responses were analyzed. The effects on primary bovine DRG cell culture were performed in parallel to the DRG cell line model. RESULTS IL-1ß stimulation significantly enhanced the release of PGE-2 in hAFCs CM, while this increase was completely suppressed by 10 µM cxb. hAFCs revealed elevated IL-6 and IL-8 release following TNF-α and IL-1β treatment, though cxb did not alter this. The effect of hAFCs CM on DRG cell sensitization was influenced by adding cxb to hAFCs; both the DRG cell line and primary bovine DRG nociceptors showed a lower sensitivity to bradykinin stimulation. CONCLUSION Cxb can inhibit PGE-2 production in hAFCs in an IL-1β-induced pro-inflammatory in vitro environment. The cxb applied to the hAFCs also reduces the sensitization of DRG nociceptors that are stimulated by the hAFCs CM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junxuan Ma
- AO Research Institute Davos, Clavadelerstrasse 8, 7270, Davos, Switzerland
| | - Surya Häne
- AO Research Institute Davos, Clavadelerstrasse 8, 7270, Davos, Switzerland
- ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Janick Eglauf
- AO Research Institute Davos, Clavadelerstrasse 8, 7270, Davos, Switzerland
- ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Judith Pfannkuche
- AO Research Institute Davos, Clavadelerstrasse 8, 7270, Davos, Switzerland
| | - Astrid Soubrier
- AO Research Institute Davos, Clavadelerstrasse 8, 7270, Davos, Switzerland
| | - Zhen Li
- AO Research Institute Davos, Clavadelerstrasse 8, 7270, Davos, Switzerland
| | | | - Sven Hoppe
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 18, 3010, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Lorin Benneker
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 18, 3010, Bern, Switzerland
- Spine Surgery, Sonnenhof Spital, Buchserstrasse 30, 3006, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Gernot Lang
- Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center-Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Wangler
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 18, 3010, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Mauro Alini
- AO Research Institute Davos, Clavadelerstrasse 8, 7270, Davos, Switzerland
| | - Laura B Creemers
- Department of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Room G05.228, P.O. Box 85500, 3508 GA, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Sibylle Grad
- AO Research Institute Davos, Clavadelerstrasse 8, 7270, Davos, Switzerland
- ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sonja Häckel
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 18, 3010, Bern, Switzerland.
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Meloxicam Inhibits Apoptosis in Neurons by Deactivating Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Superfamily Member 25, Leading to the Decreased Cleavage of DNA Fragmentation Factor Subunit α in Alzheimer's Disease. Mol Neurobiol 2023; 60:395-412. [PMID: 36279100 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-03091-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Neuronal apoptosis is considered to be a critical cause of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Recently, meloxicam has shown neuroprotective effects; however, the inherent mechanisms are highly overlooked. Using APP/PS1 transgenic (Tg) mice as in vivo animal models, we found that meloxicam inhibits apoptosis in neurons by deactivating tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 25 (TNFRSF25), leading to the suppression of the expression of fas-associated protein with death domain (FADD) and the cleavage of DNA fragmentation factor subunit α (DFFA) and cysteine aspartic acid protease-3 (caspase 3) via β-amyloid protein (Aβ)-depressing mechanisms. Moreover, the meloxicam treatment blocked the effects of β-amyloid protein oligomers (Aβo) on stimulating the synthesis of tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and TNF-like ligand 1A (TL1A) in neuroblastoma (N) 2a cells. TNF-α and TL1A induce apoptosis in neurons via TNFR- and TNFRSF25-dependent caspase 3-activating mechanisms, respectively. Knocking down the expression of TNFRSF25 blocked the effects of TL1A on inducing apoptosis in neurons by deactivating the signaling cascades of FADD, caspase 3, and DFFA. Consistently, TNFRSF25 shRNA blocked the effects of Aβo on inducing neuronal apoptosis, which was corroborated by the efficacy of meloxicam in inhibiting Aβo-induced neuronal apoptosis. By ameliorating neuronal apoptosis, meloxicam improved memory loss in APP/PS1 Tg mice.
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Sibiya T, Ghazi T, Mohan J, Nagiah S, Chuturgoon AA. Spirulina platensis Mitigates the Inhibition of Selected miRNAs that Promote Inflammation in HAART-Treated HepG2 Cells. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:119. [PMID: 36616248 PMCID: PMC9824462 DOI: 10.3390/plants12010119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in the treatment of HIV/AIDS has recently gained popularity. In addition, the significant role of microRNA expression in HIV pathogenesis cannot be overlooked; hence the need to explore the mechanisms of microRNA expression in the presence of HAART and Spirulina platensis (SP) in HepG2 cells. This study investigates the biochemical mechanisms of microRNA expression in HepG2 cells in the presence of HAART, SP, and the potential synergistic effect of HAART−SP. A 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay was used to determine cell viability following SP treatment. The cellular redox status was assessed using the quantification of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), lipid peroxidation, and a lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assay. The fluorometric JC-1 assay was used to determine mitochondrial polarisation. The quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) was also employed for micro-RNA and gene expressions. The results show that MiR-146a (p < 0.0001) and miR-155 (p < 0.0001) levels increased in SP-treated cells. However, only miR-146a (p < 0.0001) in HAART−SP indicated an increase, while miR-155 (p < 0.0001) in HAART−SP treatment indicated a significant decreased expression. Further inflammation analysis revealed that Cox-1 mRNA expression was reduced in SP-treated cells (p = 0.4129). However, Cox-1 expression was significantly increased in HAART−SP-treated cells (p < 0.0001). The investigation revealed that HepG2 cells exposed to HAART−SP treatment showed a significant decrease in Cox-2 (p < 0.0001) expression. mRNA expression also decreased in SP-treated cells (p < 0.0001); therefore, SP potentially controls inflammation by regulating microRNA expressions. Moreover, the positive synergistic effect is indicated by normalised intracellular ROS levels (p < 0.0001) in the HAART−SP treatment. We hereby recommend further investigation on the synergistic roles of SP and HAART in the expression of microRNA with more focus on inflammatory and oxidative pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thabani Sibiya
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Chemical Pathology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Howard College Campus, Durban 4013, South Africa
| | - Terisha Ghazi
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Chemical Pathology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Howard College Campus, Durban 4013, South Africa
| | - Jivanka Mohan
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Chemical Pathology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Howard College Campus, Durban 4013, South Africa
| | - Savania Nagiah
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Chemical Pathology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Howard College Campus, Durban 4013, South Africa
- Department of Human Biology, Medical Programme, Faculty of Health Sciences, Nelson Mandela University Missionvale, Bethelsdorp, Port Elizabeth 6059, South Africa
| | - Anil A. Chuturgoon
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Chemical Pathology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Howard College Campus, Durban 4013, South Africa
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Chen W, Yasen M, Wang H, Zhuang C, Wang Z, Lu S, Jiang L, Lin H. Celecoxib activates autophagy by inhibiting the mTOR signaling pathway and prevents apoptosis in nucleus pulposus cells. BMC Pharmacol Toxicol 2022; 23:90. [PMID: 36457130 PMCID: PMC9714067 DOI: 10.1186/s40360-022-00633-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intervertebral disc degeneration results from a variety of etiologies, including inflammation and aging. Degenerated intervertebral discs feature down-regulated extracellular matrix synthesis, resulting in losing their ability to retain water and absorb compression. Celecoxib is a well-known selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor for treating arthritis and relieving pain. Nevertheless, the mechanism of Celecoxib for treating inflammation-related intervertebral disc degeneration has not yet been clarified. METHOD Protein synthesis was analyzed by western blot. Fluorescent probes DCFH-DA and MitoSox Red detected reactive oxygen species and were measured by flow cytometry. The activity of the kinase pathway was evaluated by protein phosphorylation. Autophagy was monitored by mRFP-GFP-LC3 transfection and LC3 analysis. Mitochondrial apoptotic proteins were analyzed by western blot and cell membrane integrity was measured by flow cytometry. The autophagic gene was silenced by siRNA. RESULTS In this study, interleukin-1β stimulation reduced the synthesis of aggrecan, type I and II collagen and caused excessive production of reactive oxygen species. We looked for a therapeutic window of Celecoxib for nucleus pulposus cells to regain extracellular matrix synthesis and reduce oxidative stress. To look into nucleus pulposus cells in response to stimuli, enhancement of autophagy was achieved by Celecoxib, confirmed by mRFP-GFP-LC3 transfection and LC3 analysis. The mammalian target of rapamycin and a panel of downstream proteins responded to Celecoxib and propelled autophagy machinery to stabilize homeostasis. Ultimately, inhibition of autophagy by silencing autophagy protein 5 disrupted the protective effects of Celecoxib, culminating in apoptosis. CONCLUSION In summary, we have demonstrated a new use for the old drug Celecoxib that treats intervertebral disc degeneration by enhancing autophagy in nucleus pulposus cells and opening a door for treating other degenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weisin Chen
- grid.413087.90000 0004 1755 3939Department of Orthopaedics, Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road/1609 Xietu Road, 200032 Shanghai, China
| | - Miersalijiang Yasen
- grid.413087.90000 0004 1755 3939Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital Xiamen Branch, Fudan University, 668 Jinhu Rd, District of Huli, Fujian 361015 Xiamen, China
| | - Hanquan Wang
- grid.413087.90000 0004 1755 3939Department of Orthopaedics, Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road/1609 Xietu Road, 200032 Shanghai, China
| | - Chenyang Zhuang
- grid.413087.90000 0004 1755 3939Department of Orthopaedics, Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road/1609 Xietu Road, 200032 Shanghai, China ,grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Geriatric Medical Centre, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zixiang Wang
- grid.413087.90000 0004 1755 3939Department of Orthopaedics, Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road/1609 Xietu Road, 200032 Shanghai, China
| | - Shunyi Lu
- grid.413087.90000 0004 1755 3939Department of Orthopaedics, Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road/1609 Xietu Road, 200032 Shanghai, China
| | - Libo Jiang
- grid.413087.90000 0004 1755 3939Department of Orthopaedics, Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road/1609 Xietu Road, 200032 Shanghai, China
| | - Hong Lin
- grid.413087.90000 0004 1755 3939Department of Orthopaedics, Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road/1609 Xietu Road, 200032 Shanghai, China ,grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Geriatric Medical Centre, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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9
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Chen W, Yasen M, Wang H, Zhuang C, Wang Z, Lu S, Jiang L, Lin H. Celecoxib activates autophagy by inhibiting the mTOR signaling pathway and prevents apoptosis in nucleus pulposus cells. BMC Pharmacol Toxicol 2022. [PMID: 36457130 DOI: 10.1186/s40360-022-00633-y/figures/6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intervertebral disc degeneration results from a variety of etiologies, including inflammation and aging. Degenerated intervertebral discs feature down-regulated extracellular matrix synthesis, resulting in losing their ability to retain water and absorb compression. Celecoxib is a well-known selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor for treating arthritis and relieving pain. Nevertheless, the mechanism of Celecoxib for treating inflammation-related intervertebral disc degeneration has not yet been clarified. METHOD Protein synthesis was analyzed by western blot. Fluorescent probes DCFH-DA and MitoSox Red detected reactive oxygen species and were measured by flow cytometry. The activity of the kinase pathway was evaluated by protein phosphorylation. Autophagy was monitored by mRFP-GFP-LC3 transfection and LC3 analysis. Mitochondrial apoptotic proteins were analyzed by western blot and cell membrane integrity was measured by flow cytometry. The autophagic gene was silenced by siRNA. RESULTS In this study, interleukin-1β stimulation reduced the synthesis of aggrecan, type I and II collagen and caused excessive production of reactive oxygen species. We looked for a therapeutic window of Celecoxib for nucleus pulposus cells to regain extracellular matrix synthesis and reduce oxidative stress. To look into nucleus pulposus cells in response to stimuli, enhancement of autophagy was achieved by Celecoxib, confirmed by mRFP-GFP-LC3 transfection and LC3 analysis. The mammalian target of rapamycin and a panel of downstream proteins responded to Celecoxib and propelled autophagy machinery to stabilize homeostasis. Ultimately, inhibition of autophagy by silencing autophagy protein 5 disrupted the protective effects of Celecoxib, culminating in apoptosis. CONCLUSION In summary, we have demonstrated a new use for the old drug Celecoxib that treats intervertebral disc degeneration by enhancing autophagy in nucleus pulposus cells and opening a door for treating other degenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weisin Chen
- Department of Orthopaedics, Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road/1609 Xietu Road, 200032, Shanghai, China
| | - Miersalijiang Yasen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital Xiamen Branch, Fudan University, 668 Jinhu Rd, District of Huli, Fujian, 361015, Xiamen, China
| | - Hanquan Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road/1609 Xietu Road, 200032, Shanghai, China
| | - Chenyang Zhuang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road/1609 Xietu Road, 200032, Shanghai, China
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Geriatric Medical Centre, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zixiang Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road/1609 Xietu Road, 200032, Shanghai, China
| | - Shunyi Lu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road/1609 Xietu Road, 200032, Shanghai, China
| | - Libo Jiang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road/1609 Xietu Road, 200032, Shanghai, China.
| | - Hong Lin
- Department of Orthopaedics, Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road/1609 Xietu Road, 200032, Shanghai, China.
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Geriatric Medical Centre, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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10
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Goto K, Hiramoto K, Maruyama K, Ooi K. Relationships of pain-causing substances with dry skin and effects of zaltoprofen on alleviation of symptoms in arthritis model mice. Cutan Ocul Toxicol 2022; 41:296-303. [PMID: 36170456 DOI: 10.1080/15569527.2022.2127749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Skin dryness is a symptom of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). However, the mechanisms through which dry skin is induced in RA are unclear. Accordingly, in this study, we characterized substances related to pruritus and pain and then evaluated whether oral administration of zaltoprofen (ZLT) alleviated the symptom of dry skin induced by RA in model mice. DBA/1JJmsSlc collagen-induced arthritis model mice were treated with ZLT, and transepidermal water loss (TEWL), capacitance, and inflammation-, pruritus-, and pain-related markers were assessed. Our findings demonstrated that arthritis model mice treated with ZLT exhibited suppression of increases in TEWL and decreases in capacitance. Furthermore, ZLT also blocked the increase in mast cell numbers, substance P expression, and cyclo-oxygenase-2 expression in the skin and prevented enhancement of plasma levels of thymic stromal lymphopoietin, tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6, histamine, and bradykinin. No changes in plasma levels of corticosterone or reactive oxygen species or skin levels of glucocorticoid receptor were observed in ZLT-treated arthritis model mice. Overall, these findings suggested that patients with RA may benefit from biopharmacy to alleviate joint symptoms and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for pain relief and alleviation of skin symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Goto
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suzuka University of Medical Science, Suzuka, Japan.,Research Laboratories, Nichinichi Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Iga, Japan
| | - Keiichi Hiramoto
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suzuka University of Medical Science, Suzuka, Japan
| | - Kiyoko Maruyama
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suzuka University of Medical Science, Suzuka, Japan
| | - Kazuya Ooi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suzuka University of Medical Science, Suzuka, Japan
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11
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El-Malah AA, Gineinah MM, Deb PK, Khayyat AN, Bansal M, Venugopala KN, Aljahdali AS. Selective COX-2 Inhibitors: Road from Success to Controversy and the Quest for Repurposing. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15070827. [PMID: 35890126 PMCID: PMC9318302 DOI: 10.3390/ph15070827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The introduction of selective COX-2 inhibitors (so-called ‘coxibs’) has demonstrated tremendous commercial success due to their claimed lower potential of serious gastrointestinal adverse effects than traditional NSAIDs. However, following the repeated questioning on safety concerns, the coxibs ‘controversial me-too’ saga increased substantially, inferring to the risk of cardiovascular complications, subsequently leading to the voluntary withdrawal of coxibs (e.g., rofecoxib and valdecoxib) from the market. For instance, the makers (Pfizer and Merck) had to allegedly settle individual claims of cardiovascular hazards from celecoxib and valdecoxib. Undoubtedly, the lessons drawn from this saga revealed the flaws in drug surveillance and regulation, and taught science to pursue a more integrated translational approach for data acquisition and interpretation, prompting science-based strategies of risk avoidance in order to sustain the value of such drugs, rather than their withdrawal. Looking forward, coxibs are now being studied for repurposing, given their possible implications in the management of a myriad of diseases, including cancer, epilepsy, psychiatric disorders, obesity, Alzheimer’s disease, and so on. This article briefly summarizes the development of COX-2 inhibitors to their market impression, followed by the controversy related to their toxicity. In addition, the events recollected in hindsight (the past lessons), the optimistic step towards drug repurposing (the present), and the potential for forthcoming success (the future) are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afaf A. El-Malah
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (A.A.E.-M.); (M.M.G.); (A.N.K.); (A.S.A.)
| | - Magdy M. Gineinah
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (A.A.E.-M.); (M.M.G.); (A.N.K.); (A.S.A.)
| | - Pran Kishore Deb
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Philadelphia University, Amman 19392, Jordan
- Correspondence:
| | - Ahdab N. Khayyat
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (A.A.E.-M.); (M.M.G.); (A.N.K.); (A.S.A.)
| | - Monika Bansal
- Department of Neuroscience Technology, College of Applied Medical Sciences in Jubail, Imam Abdul Rahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Katharigatta N. Venugopala
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia;
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Durban University of Technology, Durban 4001, South Africa
| | - Anfal S. Aljahdali
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (A.A.E.-M.); (M.M.G.); (A.N.K.); (A.S.A.)
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12
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Li N, Gao Z, Shen J, Liu Y, Wu K, Yang J, Wang S, Zhang X, Zhu Y, Zhu J, Guan J, Liu F, Yin S. Comprehensive Analysis of N6-Methyladenosine Regulators in the Subcluster Classification and Drug Candidates Prediction of Severe Obstructive Sleep Apnea. Front Genet 2022; 13:862972. [PMID: 35559050 PMCID: PMC9086428 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.862972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is the most common type of sleep apnea that impacts the development or progression of many other disorders. Abnormal expression of N6-methyladenosine (m6A) RNA modification regulators have been found relating to a variety of human diseases. However, it is not yet known if m6A regulators are involved in the occurrence and development of OSA. Herein, we aim to explore the impact of m6A modification in severe OSA. Methods: We detected the differentially expressed m6A regulators in severe OSA microarray dataset GSE135917. The least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) and support vector machines (SVM) were used to identify the severe OSA-related m6A regulators. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were performed to screen and verify the diagnostic markers. Consensus clustering algorithm was used to identify m6A patterns. And then, we explored the character of immune microenvironment, molecular functionals, protein-protein interaction networks and miRNA-TF coregulatory networks for each subcluster. Finally, the Connectivity Map (CMap) tools were used to tailor customized treatment strategies for different severe OSA subclusters. An independent dataset GSE38792 was used for validation. Results: We found that HNRNPA2B1, KIAA1429, ALKBH5, YTHDF2, FMR1, IGF2BP1 and IGF2BP3 were dysregulated in severe OSA patients. Among them, IGF2BP3 has a high diagnostic value in both independent datasets. Furthermore, severe OSA patients can be accurately classified into three m6A patterns (subcluster1, subcluster2, subcluster3). The immune response in subcluster3 was more active because it has high M0 Macrophages and M2 Macrophages infiltration and up-regulated human leukocyte antigens (HLAs) expression. Functional analysis showed that representative genes for each subcluster in severe OSA were assigned to histone methyltransferase, ATP synthesis coupled electron transport, virus replication, RNA catabolic, multiple neurodegeneration diseases pathway, et al. Moreover, our finding demonstrated cyclooxygenase inhibitors, several of adrenergic receptor antagonists and histamine receptor antagonists might have a therapeutic effect on severe OSA. Conclusion: Our study presents an overview of the expression pattern and crucial role of m6A regulators in severe OSA, which may provide critical insights for future research and help guide appropriate prevention and treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niannian Li
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery & Center of Sleep Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Sleep Disordered Breathing, Shanghai, China.,Otolaryngology Institute of Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhenfei Gao
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery & Center of Sleep Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Sleep Disordered Breathing, Shanghai, China.,Otolaryngology Institute of Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinhong Shen
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery & Center of Sleep Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Sleep Disordered Breathing, Shanghai, China.,Otolaryngology Institute of Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuenan Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery & Center of Sleep Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Sleep Disordered Breathing, Shanghai, China.,Otolaryngology Institute of Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kejia Wu
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery & Center of Sleep Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Sleep Disordered Breathing, Shanghai, China.,Otolaryngology Institute of Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jundong Yang
- Department of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Shengming Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery & Center of Sleep Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Sleep Disordered Breathing, Shanghai, China.,Otolaryngology Institute of Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoman Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery & Center of Sleep Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Sleep Disordered Breathing, Shanghai, China.,Otolaryngology Institute of Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yaxin Zhu
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery & Center of Sleep Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Sleep Disordered Breathing, Shanghai, China.,Otolaryngology Institute of Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingyu Zhu
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery & Center of Sleep Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Sleep Disordered Breathing, Shanghai, China.,Otolaryngology Institute of Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Guan
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery & Center of Sleep Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Sleep Disordered Breathing, Shanghai, China.,Otolaryngology Institute of Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Feng Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery & Center of Sleep Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Sleep Disordered Breathing, Shanghai, China.,Otolaryngology Institute of Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shankai Yin
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery & Center of Sleep Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Sleep Disordered Breathing, Shanghai, China.,Otolaryngology Institute of Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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13
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Zeng S, Cui J, Zhang Y, Zheng Z, Meng J, Du J. MicroRNA-15b-5p inhibits tumor necrosis factor alpha-induced proliferation, migration, and extracellular matrix production of airway smooth muscle cells via targeting yes-associated protein 1. Bioengineered 2022; 13:5396-5406. [PMID: 35172671 PMCID: PMC8974076 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2022.2036890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The excessive proliferation and the deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM) of airway smooth muscle (ASM) cells facilitates airway remodeling in asthma. This study explores how microRNA-15b-5p (miR-15b-5p) functions in modulating the proliferation, migration, inflammatory response, and ECM deposition of ASM cells. MiR-15b-5p and yes-associated protein 1 (YAP1) mRNA expression levels in tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α)-induced ASM cells were, respectively, examined by real-time quantitative polymerase-chain reaction. Besides, the proliferative ability and migrative potential of ASM cells were examined by cell counting kit-8 assay, 5-bromo-2 ‘-deoxyuridine assay, and transwell assays, respectively. Interleukin-6 and interleukin-8 levels in ASM cells were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. YAP1, collagen I, and collagen III expressions in ASM cells were detected by Western blot. With dual-luciferase reporter gene assay, the relations between miR-15b-5p and YAP1 3ʹUTR in ASM cells was examined. MiR-15b-5p expression level was reduced in ASM cells treated with TNF-α. MiR-15b-5p repressed TNF-α-initiated growth and migration of ASM cells and also suppressed IL-6 and IL-8 secretion, and inhibited collagen I and collagen III expressions in ASM cells. Furthermore, it was validated that YAP1 was a downstream target of miR-15b-5p in ASM cells. Notably, YAP1 overexpression attenuated the inhibitory effects of miR-15b-5p up-regulation on the proliferation, migration, and inflammatory response, as well as ECM deposition of TNF-α-induced ASM cells. In conclusion, miR-15b-5p/YAP1 axis modulates the growth, migration, inflammatory response, and ECM deposition of ASM cells, thus participating in the pathogenesis of asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaolin Zeng
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Juan Cui
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China.,Department of Critical Care and Intensive Care Medicine, Xiangzhou District People's Hospital, Xiangyang, Hubei Province, 441100, China
| | - Yunting Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Zhishui Zheng
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Jun Meng
- Department of Pediatrics, Xi'an No. 3 Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Junying Du
- Department of Pediatrics, Xi'an No. 3 Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
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