Protectin D1 protects against lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury through inhibition of neutrophil infiltration and the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps in lung tissue

Neutrophil Infiltration and Function in the Pathogenesis of Inflammatory Airspace Disease

Neutrophils are an important cell type often considered the body's first responders to inflammatory insult or damage. They are recruited to the tissue of the lungs in patients with inflammatory airspace diseases and have unique and complex functions that range from helpful to harmful. The uniqueness of these functions is due to the heterogeneity of the inflammatory cascade and retention in the vasculature. Neutrophils are known to marginate, or remain stagnant, in the lungs even in nondisease conditions. This review discusses the ways in which the recruitment, presence, and function of neutrophils in the airspace of the lungs are unique from those of other tissues, and the complex effects of neutrophils on pathogenesis. Inflammatory mediators produced by neutrophils, such as neutrophil elastase, proresolving mediators, and neutrophil extracellular traps, dramatically affect the outcomes of patients with disease of the lungs.

A Narrative Review: The Role of NETs in Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome/Acute Lung Injury

Nowadays, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) still has a high mortality rate, and the alleviation and treatment of ARDS remains a major research focus. There are various causes of ARDS, among which pneumonia and non-pulmonary sepsis are the most common. Trauma and blood transfusion can also cause ARDS. In ARDS, the aggregation and infiltration of neutrophils in the lungs have a great influence on the development of the disease. Neutrophils regulate inflammatory responses through various pathways, and the release of neutrophils through neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) is considered to be one of the most important mechanisms. NETs are mainly composed of DNA, histones, and granuloproteins, all of which can mediate downstream signaling pathways that can activate inflammatory responses, generate immune clots, and cause damage to surrounding tissues. At the same time, the components of NETs can also promote the formation and release of NETs, thus forming a vicious cycle that continuously aggravates the progression of the disease. NETs are also associated with cytokine storms and immune balance. Since DNA is the main component of NETs, DNase I is considered a viable drug for removing NETs. Other therapeutic methods to inhibit the formation of NETs are also worthy of further exploration. This review discusses the formation and mechanism of NETs in ARDS. Understanding the association between NETs and ARDS may help to develop new perspectives on the treatment of ARDS.

Evaluation of IL-10, MCP-1, IFN gamma, and protectin D1 levels in patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis

PURPOSE

Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT) is one of the most prevalent autoimmune endocrine diseases and caused by the loss of immune tolerance for the thyroid gland. Many pathophysiological mechanisms were speculated about the development of HT. In our study, we aimed to reveal the relationship between HT and IL-10, MCP-1, IFNɤ, and PD1 levels and compare them with control subjects.

METHODS

We collected 37 patients with HT and 25 controls referred to our outpatient clinic. The diagnosis of HT was based on the detection of circulating antibodies to thyroid antigens and decreasing echogenicity on thyroid USG in patients with appropriate clinical characteristics. Serum IL-10, MCP-1, IFNɤ, and PD1 levels were detected using an ELISA KIT (96 T) method according to the manufacturer's instructions.

RESULTS

All subjects were euthyroid (median TSH level was 1.68 mU/L in HT vs 1.83 mU/L in the controls, p = 0.672). Twenty-three of 37 patients with HT were taking L-thyroxin replacement. Levels of serum IL-10, IFNɤ, and PD1 in patients with HT were higher than the controls, but the differences were not statistically significant (p = 0.393, p = 0.495, and p = 0.052 respectively). The serum levels of MCP-1 in HT patients were statistically different and higher than the controls (p = 0.018). Correlation analysis displayed significant associations between IL-10, MCP-1, IFNɤ, and PD1 levels.

CONCLUSION

Our study demonstrated that serum MCP-1 levels in HT patients were significantly increased; on the other hand, significant difference was not found between HT patients and the controls in terms of serum IL-10, IFNɤ, and PD1 levels.

Quo Vadis Anesthesiologist? The Value Proposition of Future Anesthesiologists Lies in Preserving or Restoring Presurgical Health after Surgical Insult

This Special Issue of the Journal of Clinical Medicine is devoted to anesthesia and perioperative care [...].