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Ghosh S, Das SK, Sinha K, Ghosh B, Sen K, Ghosh N, Sil PC. The Emerging Role of Natural Products in Cancer Treatment. Arch Toxicol 2024:10.1007/s00204-024-03786-3. [PMID: 38795134 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-024-03786-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/27/2024]
Abstract
The exploration of natural products as potential agents for cancer treatment has garnered significant attention in recent years. In this comprehensive review, we delve into the diverse array of natural compounds, including alkaloids, carbohydrates, flavonoids, lignans, polyketides, saponins, tannins, and terpenoids, highlighting their emerging roles in cancer therapy. These compounds, derived from various botanical sources, exhibit a wide range of mechanisms of action, targeting critical pathways involved in cancer progression such as cell proliferation, apoptosis, angiogenesis, and metastasis. Through a meticulous examination of preclinical and clinical studies, we provide insights into the therapeutic potential of these natural products across different cancer types. Furthermore, we discuss the advantages and challenges associated with their use in cancer treatment, emphasizing the need for further research to optimize their efficacy, pharmacokinetics, and delivery methods. Overall, this review underscores the importance of natural products in advancing cancer therapeutics and paves the way for future investigations into their clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumit Ghosh
- Department of Zoology, Ramakrishna Mission Vidyamandira, Belur Math, Howrah, 711202, India
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, Kolkata, 700054, India
| | - Sanjib Kumar Das
- Department of Zoology, Jhargram Raj College, Jhargram, 721507, India
| | - Krishnendu Sinha
- Department of Zoology, Jhargram Raj College, Jhargram, 721507, India.
| | - Biswatosh Ghosh
- Department of Zoology, Bidhannagar College, Kolkata, 700064, India
| | - Koushik Sen
- Department of Zoology, Jhargram Raj College, Jhargram, 721507, India
| | - Nabanita Ghosh
- Department of Zoology, Maulana Azad College, Kolkata, 700013, India
| | - Parames C Sil
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, Kolkata, 700054, India.
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2
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Tang S, Wang M, Peng Y, Liang Y, Lei J, Tao Q, Ming T, Shen Y, Zhang C, Guo J, Xu H. Armeniacae semen amarum: a review on its botany, phytochemistry, pharmacology, clinical application, toxicology and pharmacokinetics. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1290888. [PMID: 38323080 PMCID: PMC10844384 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1290888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Armeniacae semen amarum-seeds of Prunus armeniaca L. (Rosaceae) (ASA), also known as Kuxingren in Chinese, is a traditional Chinese herbal drug commonly used for lung disease and intestinal disorders. It has long been used to treat coughs and asthma, as well as to lubricate the colon and reduce constipation. ASA refers to the dried ripe seed of diverse species of Rosaceae and contains a variety of phytochemical components, including glycosides, organic acids, amino acids, flavonoids, terpenes, phytosterols, phenylpropanoids, and other components. Extensive data shows that ASA exhibits various pharmacological activities, such as anticancer activity, anti-oxidation, antimicrobial activity, anti-inflammation, protection of cardiovascular, neural, respiratory and digestive systems, antidiabetic effects, and protection of the liver and kidney, and other activities. In clinical practice, ASA can be used as a single drug or in combination with other traditional Chinese medicines, forming ASA-containing formulas, to treat various afflictions. However, it is important to consider the potential adverse reactions and pharmacokinetic properties of ASA during its clinical use. Overall, with various bioactive components, diversified pharmacological actions and potent efficacies, ASA is a promising drug that merits in-depth study on its functional mechanisms to facilitate its clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Minmin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuhui Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuanjing Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiarong Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Qiu Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Tianqi Ming
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yanqiao Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Chuantao Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Jinlin Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Medical Technology, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Haibo Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
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Yamaguchi M. Regucalcin Is a Potential Regulator in Human Cancer: Aiming to Expand into Cancer Therapy. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:5489. [PMID: 38001749 PMCID: PMC10670417 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15225489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Regucalcin, a calcium-binding protein lacking the EF-hand motif, was initially discovered in 1978. Its name is indicative of its function in calcium signaling regulation. The rgn gene encodes for regucalcin and is situated on the X chromosome in both humans and vertebrates. Regucalcin regulates pivotal enzymes involved in signal transduction and has an inhibitory function, which includes protein kinases, protein phosphatases, cysteinyl protease, nitric oxide dynthetase, aminoacyl-transfer ribonucleic acid (tRNA) synthetase, and protein synthesis. This cytoplasmic protein is transported to the nucleus where it regulates deoxyribonucleic acid and RNA synthesis as well as gene expression. Overexpression of regucalcin inhibits proliferation in both normal and cancer cells in vitro, independent of apoptosis. During liver regeneration in vivo, endogenous regucalcin suppresses cell growth when overexpressed. Regucalcin mRNA and protein expressions are significantly downregulated in tumor tissues of patients with various types of cancers. Patients exhibiting upregulated regucalcin in tumor tissue have shown prolonged survival. The decrease of regucalcin expression is linked to the advancement of cancer. Overexpression of regucalcin carries the potential for preventing and treating carcinogenesis. Additionally, extracellular regucalcin has displayed control over various types of human cancer cells. Regucalcin may hold a prominent role as a regulatory factor in cancer development. Supplying the regucalcin gene could prove to be a valuable asset in cancer treatment. The therapeutic value of regucalcin suggests its potential significance in treating cancer patients. This review delves into the most recent research on the regulatory role of regucalcin in human cancer development, providing a novel approach for treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayoshi Yamaguchi
- Cancer Biology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 701 Ilalo Street, Hawaii, HI 96813, USA
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4
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Yin Z, You B, Bai Y, Zhao Y, Liao S, Sun Y, Wu Y. Natural Compounds Derived from Plants on Prevention and Treatment of Renal Cell Carcinoma: A Literature Review. Adv Biol (Weinh) 2023:e2300025. [PMID: 37607316 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.202300025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) accounts for roughly 85% of all malignant kidney cancer. Therapeutic options for RCC have expanded rapidly over the past decade. Targeted therapy and immunotherapy have ushered in a new era of the treatment of RCC, which has facilitated the outcomes of RCC. However, the related adverse effects and drug resistance remain an urgent issue. Natural compounds are optional strategies to reduce mobility. Natural compounds are favored by clinicians and researchers due to their good tolerance and low economic burden. Many studies have explored the anti-RCC activity of natural products and revealed relevant mechanisms. In this article, the chemoprevention and therapeutic potential of natural compounds is reviewed and the mechanisms regarding natural compounds are explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenjie Yin
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Sanming First Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Sanming, Fujian, 365001, P. R. China
| | - Bingyong You
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Sanming First Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Sanming, Fujian, 365001, P. R. China
| | - Yuanyuan Bai
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Sanming First Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Sanming, Fujian, 365001, P. R. China
| | - Yu Zhao
- Department of Medical and Radiation Oncology, Affiliated Sanming First Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Sanming, Fujian, 365001, P. R. China
| | - Shangfan Liao
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Sanming First Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Sanming, Fujian, 365001, P. R. China
| | - Yingming Sun
- Department of Medical and Radiation Oncology, Affiliated Sanming First Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Sanming, Fujian, 365001, P. R. China
| | - Yongyang Wu
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Sanming First Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Sanming, Fujian, 365001, P. R. China
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5
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Jiao H, Li S, Tang Q. Amygdalin epimers exert discrepant anti-pulmonary fibrosis activity via inhibiting TGF-β1/Smad2/3 pathway. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2023:102230. [PMID: 37364767 DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2023.102230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) represents a chronic and progressive tissue repair response that leads to irreversible scarring and lung remodelling. The decoction of bitter almond usually contains amygdalin epimers in traditional clinical application for lung disease. To reveal the differences of cytotoxicity and antifibrotic effect between amygdalin epimers, and potential mechanism is also explored. The cytotoxicity of amygdalin epimers were evaluated with MRC-5 cells in vitro. Their antifibrotic activities were evaluated in bleomycin-induced C57BL/6 mice and TGF-β1-induced MRC-5 cells. Here we demonstrated that L-amygdalin is more toxic of the amygdalin epimers in MRC-5 cells, and D-amygdalin is more effective in anti-pulmonary fibrosis among the amygdalin epimers in bleomycin-induced C57BL/6 mice. Herein, it was observed that D-amygdalin had a stronger inhibitory effect on inflammation than L-amygdalin, and had similar results in inhibiting the mRNA and protein expression levels of fibrosis-related biomarkers. The mechanism of anti-pulmonary fibrosis showed that amygdalin epimers suppressing expression of phosphorylation of Smads2/3, which implying deactivation of the TGF-β1induced Smads2/3 signal pathway. This study evaluates the amygdalin epimers cytotoxicity and antifibrotic effect, and its mechanisms were related to the TGF-β1/Smads2/3 signal pathway. It provides a reference for clinical safety and effectiveness of amygdalin epimers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoyan Jiao
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Guangdong Food and Drug Vocational College, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuyu Li
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qingfa Tang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
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Askar MA, El-Sayyad GS, Guida MS, Khalifa E, Shabana ES, Abdelrahman IY. Amygdalin-folic acid-nanoparticles inhibit the proliferation of breast cancer and enhance the effect of radiotherapy through the modulation of tumor-promoting factors/ immunosuppressive modulators in vitro. BMC Complement Med Ther 2023; 23:162. [PMID: 37210478 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-023-03986-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Breast cancer (BC) cells often develop multiple mechanisms of chemo- and radio-resistance during tumor progression, which is the major reason for the failure of breast cancer therapy. Targeted nanomedicines have tremendous therapeutic potential in BC treatment over their free drug counterparts. Searching for chemo- and radio-sensitizers to overcome such resistance is therefore urgently required. The goal of this study is to evaluate and compare the radio-sensitizer efficacy of amygdalin-folic acid nanoparticles (Amy-F) on MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS The effects of Amy-F on MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cell proliferation and IC50 were assessed using MTT assay. The expression of proteins involved in several mechanisms induced by Amy-F in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells, including growth inhibition, apoptosis, tumor growth regulators, immuno-modulators, and radio-sensitizing activities were evaluated via flow cytometry and ELISA assay. RESULTS Nanoparticles demonstrated sustained Amy-F release properties and apparent selectivity towards BC cells. Cell-based assays revealed that Amy-F markedly suppresses cancer cell growth and improves radiotherapy (RT) through inducing cell cycle arrest (G1 and sub-G1), and increases apoptosis as well as reduces the proliferation of BC by down-regulating mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK/P38), iron level (Fe), nitric oxide (NO), and up-regulating the reactive oxygen species level (ROS). Amy-F has also been shown to suppress the expression of the cluster of differentiation (CD4 and CD80), and interfere with the Transforming growth factor beta (TGF- β)/Interferon-gamma (INF-g)/Interleukin-2 (IL-2)/Interleukin-6 (IL-6)/Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) induced suppression in its signaling hub, while up-regulating natural killer group 2D receptor (NKG2D) and CD8 expression. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, the novel Amy-F either alone or in combination with RT abrogated BC proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa A Askar
- Radiation Biology Department, National Centre for Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT), Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority (EAEA), Cairo, 11787, Egypt.
| | - Gharieb S El-Sayyad
- Drug Microbiology Lab, Drug Radiation Research Department, National Center for Radiation Research and Technology, (NCRRT), Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority (EAEA), Cairo, 11787, Egypt
| | - Mona S Guida
- Unit of Genetics, University Pediatrics Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt
| | - Eman Khalifa
- Oral Biology Department, Faculty of Oral & Dental Medicine, Delta University for Science and Technology, Mansoura, 11152, Egypt
| | - El Shaimaa Shabana
- Unit of Genetics, University Pediatrics Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt
| | - Ibrahim Y Abdelrahman
- Radiation Biology Department, National Centre for Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT), Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority (EAEA), Cairo, 11787, Egypt.
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Cecarini V, Selmi S, Cuccioloni M, Gong C, Bonfili L, Zheng Y, Cortese M, Angeletti M, Kilani S, Eleuteri AM. Targeting Proteolysis with Cyanogenic Glycoside Amygdalin Induces Apoptosis in Breast Cancer Cells. Molecules 2022; 27:7591. [PMID: 36364419 PMCID: PMC9657530 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27217591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Breast cancer is the most diagnosed cancer among women, and its incidence and mortality are rapidly growing worldwide. In this regard, plant-derived natural compounds have been shown to be effective as chemotherapeutic and preventative agents. Apricot kernels are a rich source of nutrients including proteins, lipids, fibers, and phenolic compounds and contain the aromatic cyanogenic glycoside amygdalin that has been shown to exert a cytotoxic effect on cancer cells by affecting the cell cycle, inducing apoptosis, and regulating the immune function. METHODS Here, we describe a previously unexplored proapoptotic mechanism of action of amygdalin in breast cancer (MCF7) cells that involves the modulation of intracellular proteolysis. For comparative purposes, the same investigations were also conducted upon cell treatment with two apricot kernel aqueous extracts from Prunus armeniaca L. RESULTS We observed that both the 20S and 26S proteasome activities were downregulated in the MCF7 cells upon 24 h treatments. Simultaneously, the autophagy cascade resulted in being impaired due to cathepsin B and L inhibition that also contributed to a reduction in cancer cell migration. The inhibition of these proteolytic systems finally promoted the activation of apoptotic events in the MCF7 cells. CONCLUSION Collectively, our data unveil a novel mechanism of the anticancer activity of amygdalin, prompting further investigations for potential application in cancer preventative strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Cecarini
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Via Gentile III da Varano, 62032 Camerino, Italy
| | - Salima Selmi
- Research Unit for Bioactive Natural Products and Biotechnology UR17ES49, Faculty of Dental Medicine of Monastir, University of Monastir, Avicenne Street, Monastir 5000, Tunisia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences A, Faculty of Pharmacy of Monastir, University of Monastir, Avicenne Street, Monastir 5019, Tunisia
| | - Massimiliano Cuccioloni
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Via Gentile III da Varano, 62032 Camerino, Italy
| | - Chunmei Gong
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Via Gentile III da Varano, 62032 Camerino, Italy
| | - Laura Bonfili
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Via Gentile III da Varano, 62032 Camerino, Italy
| | - Yadong Zheng
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Via Gentile III da Varano, 62032 Camerino, Italy
| | - Manuela Cortese
- CHiP Research Center, School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Via Madonna delle Carceri, 62032 Camerino, Italy
| | - Mauro Angeletti
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Via Gentile III da Varano, 62032 Camerino, Italy
| | - Soumaya Kilani
- Research Unit for Bioactive Natural Products and Biotechnology UR17ES49, Faculty of Dental Medicine of Monastir, University of Monastir, Avicenne Street, Monastir 5000, Tunisia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences A, Faculty of Pharmacy of Monastir, University of Monastir, Avicenne Street, Monastir 5019, Tunisia
| | - Anna Maria Eleuteri
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Via Gentile III da Varano, 62032 Camerino, Italy
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Feng C, Lyu Y, Gong L, Wang J. Therapeutic Potential of Natural Products in the Treatment of Renal Cell Carcinoma: A Review. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14112274. [PMID: 35684073 PMCID: PMC9182762 DOI: 10.3390/nu14112274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is a common cancer of the urinary system. The potential therapeutic effects of certain natural products against renal cell carcinoma have been reported both in vivo and in vitro, but no reviews have been published classifying and summarizing the mechanisms of action of various natural products. In this study, we used PubMed and Google Scholar to collect and screen the recent literature on natural products with anti-renal-cancer effects. The main mechanisms of action of these products include the induction of apoptosis, inhibition of angiogenesis, inhibition of metastasis and reduction of drug resistance. In total, we examined more than 30 natural products, which include kahweol acetate, honokiol, englerin A and epigallocatechin-3-gallate, among others, have demonstrated a variety of anti-renal-cancer effects. In conclusion, natural products may have a wider application in kidney cancer than previously believed and are potential candidates for treatment in RCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenchen Feng
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business University (BTBU), Beijing 100000, China; (C.F.); (L.G.)
- Department of Urology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China;
| | - Yinfeng Lyu
- Department of Urology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China;
| | - Lingxiao Gong
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business University (BTBU), Beijing 100000, China; (C.F.); (L.G.)
| | - Jing Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business University (BTBU), Beijing 100000, China; (C.F.); (L.G.)
- Correspondence:
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Mamdouh AM, Khodeer DM, Tantawy MA, Moustafa YM. In-vitro and in-vivo investigation of amygdalin, metformin, and combination of both against doxorubicin on hepatocellular carcinoma. Life Sci 2021; 285:119961. [PMID: 34536497 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
AIM Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a potentially life-threatening cancer. In the current study, anti-HCC efficacy of amygdalin, or metformin alone or in combination in comparison to doxorubicin was studied. MAIN METHODS Both in-vitro and in-vivo based models. HepG-2 and Huh-7 cell lines as established in-vitro model for HCC were treated with different concentrations of indicated drugs to evaluate the cytotoxicity and determine IC50 for 24, 48 and 72 h. Moreover, the effect of different treatments on apoptosis and cell cycle using flow cytometric analysis were studied. Hepatocellular carcinoma induced in rats by diethyl-nitrosamine and carbon tetrachloride was established, to further investigate the efficacy of indicated drugs. Aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase were measured by spectrophotometer, alpha-fetoprotein, cytochrome-c, caspase-3 and malondialdehyde were measured by ELISA, and liver biopsies were also evaluated histopathologically. KEY FINDINGS In-vitro results showed that the combination has a promising effect when compared to amygdalin or metformin alone as it is more cytotoxic and have higher ability for induction of apoptosis and arresting cell cycle. In-vivo doxorubicin has a good effect for treating HCC. Also, the combination showed a promising prognostic effect depending on the cytotoxic activity and tumor marker when compared to amygdalin or metformin alone. SIGNIFICANCE Based on the current data, it was hypothesized that amygdalin and metformin especially when used in combination will be a promising approach with low side effects for enhancement of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed M Mamdouh
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Horus University - Egypt, New Damietta 34518, Egypt
| | - Dina M Khodeer
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt.
| | - Mohamed A Tantawy
- Hormones Department, Medical Research Division, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt; Stem Cells Lab, Center of Excellence for Advanced Sciences, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Yasser M Moustafa
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt; Faculty of Pharmacy, BUC, Cairo, Egypt
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10
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Figurová D, Tokárová K, Greifová H, Knížatová N, Kolesárová A, Lukáč N. Inflammation, It's Regulation and Antiphlogistic Effect of the Cyanogenic Glycoside Amygdalin. Molecules 2021; 26:5972. [PMID: 34641516 PMCID: PMC8512454 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26195972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The inflammatory reaction accompanies in part or in full any disease process in the vascularized metazoan. This complicated reaction is controlled by regulatory mechanisms, some of which produce unpleasant symptomatic manifestations of inflammation. Therefore, there has been an effort to develop selective drugs aimed at removing pain, fever, or swelling. Gradually, however, serious adverse side effects of such inhibitors became apparent. Scientific research has therefore continued to explore new possibilities, including naturally available substances. Amygdalin is a cyanogenic glycoside present, e.g., in bitter almonds. This glycoside has already sparked many discussions among scientists, especially about its anticancer potential and related toxic cyanides. However, toxicity at different doses made it generally unacceptable. Although amygdalin given at the correct oral dose may not lead to poisoning, it has not yet been accurately quantified, as its action is often affected by different intestinal microbial consortia. Its pharmacological activities have been studied, but its effects on the body's inflammatory response are lacking. This review discusses the chemical structure, toxicity, and current knowledge of the molecular mechanism of amygdalin activity on immune functions, including the anti-inflammatory effect, but also discusses inflammation as such, its mediators with diverse functions, which are usually targeted by drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Katarína Tokárová
- Department of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Science, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Trieda Andreja Hlinku 2, 949 76 Nitra, Slovakia; (D.F.); (H.G.); (N.K.); (A.K.); (N.L.)
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Aydın D, Özkan K, Aydın A. The Combination of Amygdalin with Some Anticancer, Antiparasitic, and Antigout Drugs Against MG63, Saos2, SW1353, and FL Cells In Vitro. J Med Food 2021; 24:1230-1234. [PMID: 33733877 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2020.0143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma has a poor prognosis and survival rate due to inadequate chemotherapy, high recurrence ability, high metastasis potential, and almost no radiotherapy being applied. One of the strategies to solve these problems is to develop the pharmacologically active plant metabolite, amygdalin, in combination therapeutic systems. In this project, the antiproliferative effects of amygdalin alone and in binary or ternary combinations with some anticancer drugs (cisplatin, 5-fluorouracil, oxaliplatin, and camptothecin), antiparasitic drugs (metronidazole and miltefosine), and an antigout drug (colchicine) were examined using human bone osteosarcoma cell lines (MG-63 and Saos2), the chondrosarcoma cell line (SW1353), and the normal human cell line (FL). Known half-maximal inhibitory concentration values of the drugs were taken into consideration, and the recommended combination ratios were used in the Chou-Talalay method. The strong synergistic effect commonly seen in the combination of amygdalin with miltefosine, metronidazole, camptothecin, colchicine, oxaliplatin, 5-fluorouracil, and cisplatin dual drug indicates that these combinations can be used in cancer treatment. The synergistic effect caused by amygdalin decreases toxicity by increasing drug yield. However, amygdalin antagonism seen in several combinations may prevent these pairs from being used together. In combination with antagonistic effects, it may be preferable to use amygdalin alone as it generally causes strong antiproliferative effects. Besides, there is a more potent synergism between amygdalin and triple drug combinations. Overall, these results emphasize that amygdalin combinations in treatment of bone cancer are significant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davut Aydın
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Ministry of Health, Kayseri State Hospital, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Korhan Özkan
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, Medeniyet University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ali Aydın
- Department of Basic Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Bozok University, Yozgat, Turkey
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Hosny S, Sahyon H, Youssef M, Negm A. Prunus Armeniaca L. Seed Extract and Its Amygdalin Containing Fraction Induced Mitochondrial-Mediated Apoptosis and Autophagy in Liver Carcinogenesis. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2021; 21:621-629. [PMID: 32510292 DOI: 10.2174/1871520620666200608124003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite significant advances in therapeutic interventions, liver cancer is the leading cause of cancer mortality in the world. Potential phytochemicals have shown to be promising agents against many life-threatening diseases because of their low toxicity and potential effectiveness. OBJECTIVE The current study aims to conduct an in vitro investigation of the anticancer activity of Apricot Extract (AE) and Amygdalin Containing Fraction (ACF), additionally studying their therapeutic effects on DMBAinduced liver carcinogenesis mice model to highlight their related biochemical and molecular mechanisms. METHODS AND RESULTS Amygdalin was isolated from the seeds of P. armeniaca L. Male mice received AE or ACF, DMBA, DMBA+AE, DMBA+ACF, and vehicles. The oxidative stress and antioxidant markers, cell proliferation by flow cytometric analysis of Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen (PCNA) expression, angiogenesis marker (VEGF), inflammatory marker (TNF-α), apoptotic, anti-apoptotic and autophagy genes expression (caspase-3, Bcl-2, and Beclin-1) were investigated. AE and ACF were found to stimulate the apoptotic process by up-regulating caspase-3 expression and down-regulating Bcl-2 expression. They also reduced VEGF and PCNA levels and increased the antioxidant defense system. Moreover, AE and ACF treatments also inhibited HepG2 and EAC cell proliferation and up-regulated Beclin-1 expression. CONCLUSION This study provides evidence that, in DMBA-induced hepatocarcinogenesis, the key proteins involved in the proliferation, angiogenesis, autophagy, and apoptosis are feasible molecular targets for hepatotherapeutic potential using AE and ACF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samar Hosny
- Biochemistry Division, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, 35516 Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Heba Sahyon
- Biochemistry Division, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Kafr Elsheikh University, 33516 KafrElsheikh, Egypt
| | - Magdy Youssef
- Biochemistry Division, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, 35516 Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Amr Negm
- Biochemistry Division, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, 35516 Mansoura, Egypt
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Omelka R, Kovacova V, Mondockova V, Grosskopf B, Kolesarova A, Martiniakova M. Cyanogenic glycoside amygdalin influences functions of human osteoblasts in vitro. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2021; 56:109-116. [PMID: 33504261 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2020.1852054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Amygdalin has been promoted as an alternative cancer cure. However, it is still unclear how this cyanogenic glycoside affects non-cancer cells including bone cells. This study first investigated the impact of amygdalin on viability, morphology and expression of important genes in human osteoblasts in vitro. Primary human osteoblast cultures were exposed to amygdalin at concentrations 0; 0.1; 1 and 10 mg/mL in growth medium for 72 h. Cell viability, osteoblasts morphology and expression of 10 genes associated with osteoblast-specific pathways, oxidative stress and cell death were determined. Osteoblasts viability was significantly decreased (-27.26%) and their size was reduced (-23.20%) at the highest concentration of amygdalin (10 mg/mL). This concentration of amygdalin down-regulated the expression of COL1A1 and ALPL genes, whereas the expression of BGLAP, TNFSF11 and WNT5A genes was increased. The osteoblast cultivation with 0.1 mg/mL amygdalin caused down-regulation of COL1A1 gene. No changes in expression were determined for RUNX2, BAX, CASP1, SOD1 and GPX1 genes among all tested concentrations of amygdalin. In conclusion, amygdalin in a high concentration negatively affected mineralization of extracellular matrix, increased bone resorption and decreased osteoblast viability. These changes were accompanied by modified expression profiles of responsible genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radoslav Omelka
- Department of Botany and Genetics, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Constantine the Philosopher University in Nitra, Nitra, Slovak Republic
| | - Veronika Kovacova
- Department of Zoology and Anthropology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Constantine the Philosopher University in Nitra, Nitra, Slovak Republic
| | - Vladimira Mondockova
- Department of Botany and Genetics, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Constantine the Philosopher University in Nitra, Nitra, Slovak Republic
| | - Birgit Grosskopf
- Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, Georg-August University in Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Adriana Kolesarova
- Department of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Nitra, Slovak Republic
| | - Monika Martiniakova
- Department of Zoology and Anthropology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Constantine the Philosopher University in Nitra, Nitra, Slovak Republic
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Mani J, Neuschäfer J, Resch C, Rutz J, Maxeiner S, Roos F, Chun FKH, Juengel E, Blaheta RA. Amygdalin Modulates Prostate Cancer Cell Adhesion and Migration In Vitro. Nutr Cancer 2019; 72:528-537. [DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2019.1637442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jens Mani
- Department of Urology, Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Jens Neuschäfer
- Department of Urology, Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Christian Resch
- Department of Urology, Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Jochen Rutz
- Department of Urology, Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | | | - Frederik Roos
- Department of Urology, Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Felix K.-H. Chun
- Department of Urology, Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Eva Juengel
- Department of Urology, Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Roman A. Blaheta
- Department of Urology, Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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Yamaguchi M, Osuka S, Hankinson O, Murata T. Prolonged survival of renal cancer patients is concomitant with a higher regucalcin gene expression in tumor tissues: Overexpression of regucalcin suppresses the growth of human renal cell carcinoma cells in vitro. Int J Oncol 2018; 54:188-198. [PMID: 30387835 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2018.4611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC), which is a type of cancer found in the kidney tubule, is among the 10 most frequently occurring human cancers. Regucalcin plays a potential role as a regulator of transcriptional activity, and its downregulated expression or activity may contribute to the promotion of human cancers. In this study, we investigated the involvement of regucalcin in human RCC. Regucalcin expression was compared in 23 normal and 29 tumor samples of kidney cortex tissues of patients with clear cell RCC obtained through the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database (GSE36895). Regucalcin expression was downregulated in the tumor tissues. The prolonged survival of patients with clear cell RCC was demonstrated to be associated with a higher regucalcin gene expression in the TCGA dataset. The overexpression of regucalcin suppressed the colony formation, proliferation and the death of human clear cell RCC A498 cells in vitro. Mechanistically, the overexpression of regucalcin induced the G1 and G2/M phase cell cycle arrest of A498 cells through the suppression of multiple signaling components, including Ras, PI3 kinase, Akt and mitogen‑activated protein (MAP) kinase. Importantly, the overexpression of regucalcin led to an elevation in the levels of the tumor suppressors, p53, Rb and the cell cycle inhibitor, p21. The levels of the transcription factors, c‑fos, c‑jun, nuclear factor‑κB p65, β‑catenin and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3, were suppressed by regucalcin overexpression. On the whole, the findings of this study suggest that regucalcin plays a suppressive role in the promotion of human RCC. The overexpression of regucalcin by gene delivery systems may thus prove to be a novel therapeutic strategy for RCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayoshi Yamaguchi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095‑1732, USA
| | - Satoru Osuka
- Department of Neurosurgery, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - Oliver Hankinson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095‑1732, USA
| | - Tomiyasu Murata
- Laboratory of Analytical Neurobiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Nagoya 468‑8503, Japan
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George VC, Rupasinghe HPV. DNA damaging and apoptotic potentials of Bisphenol A and Bisphenol S in human bronchial epithelial cells. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2018; 60:52-57. [PMID: 29660610 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2018.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2018] [Revised: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
DNA damage caused by environmental agents often lead to many chronic diseases, including cancer. The present study aimed to understand the relative toxicity possessed by Bisphenol A (BPA) and Bisphenol S (BPS) on human bronchial epithelial cells (BEAS-2B). The cells were exposed to either BPA or BPS and evaluated for its cytotoxicity, reactive oxygen species (ROS), DNA fragmentation, phosphorylated histone protein (γ-H2AX) and DNA tail damage levels. Further, we also studied DNA damage response (DDR) and caspase-3 mechanisms, to evaluate its mechanism of cell death processes. Exposure with 200 μM of BPA, significantly (p < 0.05) induces caspase-3-mediated cell death by inducing cytotoxicity, ROS, and DNA fragmentation. Higher levels of γ-H2AX and DNA tail damage indicated BPA's DNA damaging potential through an ATM/ATR/Chk1/p53-dependent pathway in BEAS-2B cells. Overall, in vitro data exhibited moderate toxicity for BPS in comparison with BPA suggesting the need for a thorough clinical investigation over its safety profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vazhappilly Cijo George
- Department of Plant, Food, and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, Truro, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - H P Vasantha Rupasinghe
- Department of Plant, Food, and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, Truro, Nova Scotia, Canada; Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.
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Zhang HP, Wang L, Wang Z, Xu XR, Zhou XM, Liu G, He LY, Wang J, Hsu A, Li WM, Wang G. Chinese herbal medicine formula for acute asthma: A multi-center, randomized, double-blind, proof-of-concept trial. Respir Med 2018; 140:42-49. [PMID: 29957279 DOI: 10.1016/j.rmed.2018.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2017] [Revised: 05/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite advances in asthma management, exacerbations constitute a significant health economic burden. OBJECTIVE To observe the efficacy and safety of Chinese herbal medicine formula entitled PingchuanYiqi (PCYQ) granule, on acute asthma and to explore its possible mechanism. MATERIALS AND METHODS This proof-of-concept study consisted of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in patients with acute asthma (n = 300). Participants with acute mild-to-moderate asthma recruited from seven centers in China were randomly assigned to receive PCYQ or placebo. The primary outcomes were PEF (L/min) and total asthma symptom scores. Furthermore, a panel of cytokines including serum IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, IL-1β, IL-17A, IFN-α, IFN-β, IFN-γ, CRP, CCL-5, IP-10, and PGD2 levels was detected using ELISA. RESULTS The PCYQ (n = 139) significantly improved the morning PEF on day 4 (349.73 ± 93.92 vs. 313.56 ± 92.91 L/min, P = 0.004) and day 7 (360.42 ± 94.39 vs. 329.52 ± 95.97 L/min, P = 0.023), and the evening PEF on day 4 (352.65 ± 95.47 vs. 320.58 ± 95.30 L/min, P = 0.012) and day 7 (360.42 ± 94.39 vs. 336.86 ± 95.59 L/min, P = 0.029) in comparison with the placebo (n = 143). The PCYQ also improved the clinical symptoms scores and reduced the puffs of short-acting β2-agonist (all P < 0.05). Furthermore, the PCYQ statistically reduced IL-5, IL-8, IL-1β and PGD2 in serum. CONCLUSION The PCYQ as the Chinese herbal medicine formula significantly improves lung function and symptoms of acute asthma, and reduces SABA dosage possibly via decrease of inflammatory biomarkers such as IL-5, IL-8, IL-1β and PGD2. TRIAL REGISTRATION ISRCTN61674768 (http://www.isrctn.com/).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Ping Zhang
- Pneumology Group, Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Pneumology Group, Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Xian Rong Xu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310012, China
| | - Xian Mei Zhou
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Gang Liu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Wenzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Lv Yuan He
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Jinhua Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinhua 321001, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250001, China
| | - Alan Hsu
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, New Lambton Heights, 2305 NSW, Australia
| | - Wei Min Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Gang Wang
- Pneumology Group, Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, China; Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
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18
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The Role of Compounds Derived from Natural Supplement as Anticancer Agents in Renal Cell Carcinoma: A Review. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 19:ijms19010107. [PMID: 29301217 PMCID: PMC5796057 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19010107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Revised: 12/24/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Renal Cell Carcinoma (RCC) is the most prominent kidney cancer derived from renal tubules and accounts for roughly 85% of all malignant kidney cancer. Every year, over 60,000 new cases are registered, and about 14,000 people die from RCC. The incidence of this has been increasing significantly in the U.S. and other countries. An increased understanding of molecular biology and the genomics of RCC has uncovered several signaling pathways involved in the progression of this cancer. Significant advances in the treatment of RCC have been reported from agents approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) that target these pathways. These agents have become drugs of choice because they demonstrate clinical benefit and increased survival in patients with metastatic disease. However, the patients eventually relapse and develop resistance to these drugs. To improve outcomes and seek approaches for producing long-term durable remission, the search for more effective therapies and preventative strategies are warranted. Treatment of RCC using natural products is one of these strategies to reduce the incidence. However, recent studies have focused on these chemoprevention agents as anti-cancer therapies given they can inhibit tumor cell grow and lack the severe side effects common to synthetic compounds. This review elaborates on the current understanding of natural products and their mechanisms of action as anti-cancer agents. The present review will provide information for possible use of these products alone or in combination with chemotherapy for the prevention and treatment of RCC.
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