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Zhou AW, Jin J, Liu Y. Cellular strategies to induce immune tolerance after liver transplantation: Clinical perspectives. World J Gastroenterol 2024; 30:1791-1800. [PMID: 38659486 PMCID: PMC11036497 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v30.i13.1791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Liver transplantation (LT) has become the most efficient treatment for pediatric and adult end-stage liver disease and the survival time after transplantation is becoming longer due to the development of surgical techniques and perioperative management. However, long-term side-effects of immunosuppressants, like infection, metabolic disorders and malignant tumor are gaining more attention. Immune tolerance is the status in which LT recipients no longer need to take any immunosuppressants, but the liver function and intrahepatic histology maintain normal. The approaches to achieve immune tolerance after transplantation include spontaneous, operational and induced tolerance. The first two means require no specific intervention but withdrawing immunosuppressant gradually during follow-up. No clinical factors or biomarkers so far could accurately predict who are suitable for immunosuppressant withdraw after transplantation. With the understanding to the underlying mechanisms of immune tolerance, many strategies have been developed to induce tolerance in LT recipients. Cellular strategy is one of the most promising methods for immune tolerance induction, including chimerism induced by hematopoietic stem cells and adoptive transfer of regulatory immune cells. The safety and efficacy of various cell products have been evaluated by prospective preclinical and clinical trials, while obstacles still exist before translating into clinical practice. Here, we will summarize the latest perspectives and concerns on the clinical application of cellular strategies in LT recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai-Wei Zhou
- Department of Liver Surgery, Renji Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Jing Jin
- Department of Nursing, Renji Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Yuan Liu
- Department of Liver Surgery, Renji Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, China
- Department of Liver Transplantation, Shanghai Immune Therapy Institute, Shanghai 200127, China
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Zhong X, Chen J, Wen B, Wu X, Li M, Du F, Chen Y, Deng S, Zhao Y, Shen J, Xiao Z. Potential role of mesenchymal stem cells in T cell aging. J Mol Med (Berl) 2023; 101:1365-1378. [PMID: 37750918 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-023-02371-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
Immunosenescence occurs with progressive age. T cell aging is manifested by immunodeficiency and inflammation. The main mechanisms are thymic involution, mitochondrial dysfunction, genetic and epigenetic alterations, loss of protein stability, reduction of T cell receptor (TCR) repertoire, naïve-memory T cell ratio imbalance, T cell senescence, and lack of effector plasticity. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are thought to hold great potential as anti-aging therapy. However, the role of MCSs in T cell aging remains elusive. This review makes a tentative summary of the potential role of MSCs in the protection against T cell aging. It might provide a new idea to intervene in the aging of the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianmei Zhong
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, No. 1, Section 1, Xianglin Road, Longmatan District, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China
- Department of Pharmacy, People's Hospital of Nanbu County, Nanchong, 637300, China
| | - Jie Chen
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, No. 1, Section 1, Xianglin Road, Longmatan District, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Bo Wen
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, No. 1, Section 1, Xianglin Road, Longmatan District, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Xu Wu
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, No. 1, Section 1, Xianglin Road, Longmatan District, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China
- South Sichuan Institute of Translational Medicine, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China
- Cell Therapy & Cell Drugs of Luzhou Key Laboratory, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Mingxing Li
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, No. 1, Section 1, Xianglin Road, Longmatan District, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China
- South Sichuan Institute of Translational Medicine, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China
- Cell Therapy & Cell Drugs of Luzhou Key Laboratory, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Fukuan Du
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, No. 1, Section 1, Xianglin Road, Longmatan District, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China
- South Sichuan Institute of Translational Medicine, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China
- Cell Therapy & Cell Drugs of Luzhou Key Laboratory, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Yu Chen
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, No. 1, Section 1, Xianglin Road, Longmatan District, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China
- South Sichuan Institute of Translational Medicine, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China
- Cell Therapy & Cell Drugs of Luzhou Key Laboratory, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Shuai Deng
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, No. 1, Section 1, Xianglin Road, Longmatan District, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China
- South Sichuan Institute of Translational Medicine, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China
- Cell Therapy & Cell Drugs of Luzhou Key Laboratory, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Yueshui Zhao
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, No. 1, Section 1, Xianglin Road, Longmatan District, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China
- South Sichuan Institute of Translational Medicine, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China
- Cell Therapy & Cell Drugs of Luzhou Key Laboratory, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Jing Shen
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, No. 1, Section 1, Xianglin Road, Longmatan District, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China
- South Sichuan Institute of Translational Medicine, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China
- Cell Therapy & Cell Drugs of Luzhou Key Laboratory, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhangang Xiao
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, No. 1, Section 1, Xianglin Road, Longmatan District, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China.
- South Sichuan Institute of Translational Medicine, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China.
- Cell Therapy & Cell Drugs of Luzhou Key Laboratory, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China.
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Mehta KJ. Iron-Related Genes and Proteins in Mesenchymal Stem Cell Detection and Therapy. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2023; 19:1773-1784. [PMID: 37269528 PMCID: PMC10238768 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-023-10569-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are located in various tissues of the body. These cells exhibit regenerative and reparative properties, which makes them highly valuable for cell-based therapy. Despite this, majority of MSC-related studies remain to be translated for regular clinical use. This is partly because there are methodical challenges in pre-administration MSC labelling, post-administration detection and tracking of cells, and in retention of maximal therapeutic potential in-vivo. This calls for exploration of alternative or adjunctive approaches that would enable better detection of transplanted MSCs via non-invasive methods and enhance MSC therapeutic potential in-vivo. Interestingly, these attributes have been demonstrated by some iron-related genes and proteins.Accordingly, this unique forward-looking article integrates the apparently distinct fields of iron metabolism and MSC biology, and reviews the utility of iron-related genes and iron-related proteins in facilitating MSC detection and therapy, respectively. Effects of genetic overexpression of the iron-related proteins ferritin, transferrin receptor-1 and MagA in MSCs and their utilisation as reporter genes for improving MSC detection in-vivo are critically evaluated. In addition, the beneficial effects of the iron chelator deferoxamine and the iron-related proteins haem oxygenase-1, lipocalin-2, lactoferrin, bone morphogenetic protein-2 and hepcidin in enhancing MSC therapeutics are highlighted with the consequent intracellular alterations in MSCs. This review aims to inform both regenerative and translational medicine. It can aid in formulating better methodical approaches that will improve, complement, or provide alternatives to the current pre-transplantation MSC labelling procedures, and enhance MSC detection or augment the post-transplantation MSC therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosha J Mehta
- Centre for Education, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK.
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Cao Y, Li Y, Liu R, Zhou J, Wang K. Preclinical and Basic Research Strategies for Overcoming Resistance to Targeted Therapies in HER2-Positive Breast Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15092568. [PMID: 37174034 PMCID: PMC10177527 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15092568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The amplification of epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) is associated with a poor prognosis and HER2 gene is overexpressed in approximately 15-30% of breast cancers. In HER2-positive breast cancer patients, HER2-targeted therapies improved clinical outcomes and survival rates. However, drug resistance to anti-HER2 drugs is almost unavoidable, leaving some patients with an unmet need for better prognoses. Therefore, exploring strategies to delay or revert drug resistance is urgent. In recent years, new targets and regimens have emerged continuously. This review discusses the fundamental mechanisms of drug resistance in the targeted therapies of HER2-positive breast cancer and summarizes recent research progress in this field, including preclinical and basic research studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Cao
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical science, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Yunjin Li
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical science, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Ruijie Liu
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Jianhua Zhou
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical science, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Kuansong Wang
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical science, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
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5
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Hu C, Zhao L, Zhang F, Li L. Regulation of autophagy protects against liver injury in liver surgery-induced ischaemia/reperfusion. J Cell Mol Med 2021; 25:9905-9917. [PMID: 34626066 PMCID: PMC8572770 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.16943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Transient ischaemia and reperfusion in liver tissue induce hepatic ischaemia/reperfusion (I/R) tissue injury and a profound inflammatory response in vivo. Hepatic I/R can be classified into warm I/R and cold I/R and is characterized by three main types of cell death, apoptosis, necrosis and autophagy, in rodents or patients following I/R. Warm I/R is observed in patients or animal models undergoing liver resection, haemorrhagic shock, trauma, cardiac arrest or hepatic sinusoidal obstruction syndrome when vascular occlusion inhibits normal blood perfusion in liver tissue. Cold I/R is a condition that affects only patients who have undergone liver transplantation (LT) and is caused by donated liver graft preservation in a hypothermic environment prior to entering a warm reperfusion phase. Under stress conditions, autophagy plays a critical role in promoting cell survival and maintaining liver homeostasis by generating new adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and organelle components after the degradation of macromolecules and organelles in liver tissue. This role of autophagy may contribute to the protection of hepatic I/R‐induced liver injury; however, a considerable amount of evidence has shown that autophagy inhibition also protects against hepatic I/R injury by inhibiting autophagic cell death under specific circumstances. In this review, we comprehensively discuss current strategies and underlying mechanisms of autophagy regulation that alleviates I/R injury after liver resection and LT. Directed autophagy regulation can maintain liver homeostasis and improve liver function in individuals undergoing warm or cold I/R. In this way, autophagy regulation can contribute to improving the prognosis of patients undergoing liver resection or LT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenxia Hu
- Collaborative Innovation Center for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lingfei Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Kidney Disease Center, Institute of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fen Zhang
- Collaborative Innovation Center for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lanjuan Li
- Collaborative Innovation Center for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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6
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Knight BJ, Wood GA, Foster RA, Coomber BL. Beclin-1 is a novel predictive biomarker for canine cutaneous and subcutaneous mast cell tumors. Vet Pathol 2021; 59:46-56. [PMID: 34521293 PMCID: PMC8679166 DOI: 10.1177/03009858211042578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Mast cell tumors (MCTs) are the most common skin tumor of the dog, and accurately
predicting their clinical behavior is critical in directing patient therapy, as
they range from benign lesions to a fatal systemic disease. Grading is useful
for prognosis, but it cannot predict the behavior of all MCTs. We hypothesized
that biomarker immunolabeling in tumor tissues would correlate with patient
morbidity and mortality. A clinically annotated tissue microarray (TMA) of
primary, recurrent, and metastatic (to lymph node) canine dermal and
subcutaneous MCTs was created. Some dogs whose MCTs were included in the TMA did
not receive adjunctive treatment after surgical excision of the MCT, whereas
others were treated with one or a combination of chemotherapy, radiation, or
oral toceranib. Immunohistochemistry for beclin-1, an autophagy protein, was
performed followed by digital image analysis. Beclin-1 immunolabeling was higher
in recurrent tumors (mean H-score 110.8) than primary MCTs
(mean H-score 73.5), and highest in lymph node metastases (mean
H-score 138.5) with a significant difference in means
(P < .001). While beclin-1 level was not prognostic, it
was strongly predictive for survival after adjunctive treatment; dogs with high
beclin-1-expressing tumors showed poorer survival compared to those with low
beclin-1-expressing tumors (HR = 5.7, P = .02), especially in
Kiupel high-grade tumors (HR = 16.3, P = .01). Beclin-1
immunolabeling was the only significant predictive factor by multivariable
analysis (P = .04). These findings may improve our ability to
predict the response to adjunctive therapy. Importantly, these data suggest that
autophagy inhibitors may be useful in improving response to treatment for dogs
with high-grade MCTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britta J Knight
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Geoffrey A Wood
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Robert A Foster
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Brenda L Coomber
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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Li SW, Cai Y, Mao XL, He SQ, Chen YH, Yan LL, Zhou JJ, Song YQ, Ye LP, Zhou XB. The Immunomodulatory Properties of Mesenchymal Stem Cells Play a Critical Role in Inducing Immune Tolerance after Liver Transplantation. Stem Cells Int 2021; 2021:6930263. [PMID: 34531915 PMCID: PMC8440082 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6930263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Although liver transplantation is considered to be the best choice for patients with end-stage liver diseases, postoperative immune rejection still cannot be overlooked. Patients with liver transplantation have to take immunosuppressive drugs for a long time or even their entire lives, in which heavy economic burden and side effects caused by the drugs have become the major impediment for liver transplantation. There is a growing body of evidences indicating that mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) transplantation, a promising tool in regenerative medicine, can be used as an effective way to induce immune tolerance after liver transplantation based on their huge expansion potential and unique immunomodulatory properties. MSCs have been reported to inhibit innate immunity and adaptive immunity to induce a tolerogenic microenvironment. In in vitro studies, transplanted MSCs show plasticity in immune regulation by altering their viability, migration, differentiation, and secretion in the interactions with the surrounding host microenvironment. In this review, we aim to provide an overview of the current understanding of immunomodulatory properties of MSCs in liver transplantation, to elucidate the potential mechanisms behind MSCs regulating immune response, especially in vivo and the influence of the microenvironment, and ultimately to discuss the feasible strategies to improve the clinical prognosis of liver transplantation. Only after exhaustive understanding of potential mechanisms of the MSC immunomodulation can we improve the safety and effectiveness of MSC treatment and achieve better therapeutic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao-wei Li
- Key Laboratory of Minimally Invasive Techniques & Rapid Rehabilitation of Digestive System Tumor of Zhejiang Province, Taizhou Hospital Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai, Zhejiang, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai, Zhejiang, China
- Institute of Digestive Disease, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yue Cai
- Key Laboratory of Minimally Invasive Techniques & Rapid Rehabilitation of Digestive System Tumor of Zhejiang Province, Taizhou Hospital Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai, Zhejiang, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai, Zhejiang, China
- Institute of Digestive Disease, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xin-li Mao
- Key Laboratory of Minimally Invasive Techniques & Rapid Rehabilitation of Digestive System Tumor of Zhejiang Province, Taizhou Hospital Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai, Zhejiang, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai, Zhejiang, China
- Institute of Digestive Disease, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai, Zhejiang, China
| | - Sai-qin He
- Key Laboratory of Minimally Invasive Techniques & Rapid Rehabilitation of Digestive System Tumor of Zhejiang Province, Taizhou Hospital Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai, Zhejiang, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai, Zhejiang, China
- Institute of Digestive Disease, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ya-hong Chen
- Health Management Center, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ling-ling Yan
- Key Laboratory of Minimally Invasive Techniques & Rapid Rehabilitation of Digestive System Tumor of Zhejiang Province, Taizhou Hospital Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai, Zhejiang, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai, Zhejiang, China
- Institute of Digestive Disease, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jing-jing Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Minimally Invasive Techniques & Rapid Rehabilitation of Digestive System Tumor of Zhejiang Province, Taizhou Hospital Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai, Zhejiang, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai, Zhejiang, China
- Institute of Digestive Disease, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ya-qi Song
- Taizhou Hospital, Zhejiang University, Linhai, Zhejiang, China
| | - Li-ping Ye
- Key Laboratory of Minimally Invasive Techniques & Rapid Rehabilitation of Digestive System Tumor of Zhejiang Province, Taizhou Hospital Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai, Zhejiang, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai, Zhejiang, China
- Institute of Digestive Disease, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xian-bin Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Minimally Invasive Techniques & Rapid Rehabilitation of Digestive System Tumor of Zhejiang Province, Taizhou Hospital Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai, Zhejiang, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai, Zhejiang, China
- Institute of Digestive Disease, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai, Zhejiang, China
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Amino Acids in Autophagy: Regulation and Function. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1332:51-66. [PMID: 34251638 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-74180-8_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is a dynamic process in which the eukaryotic cells break down intracellular components by lysosomal degradation. Under the normal condition, the basal level of autophagy removes damaged organelles, misfolded proteins, or protein aggregates to keep cells in a homeostatic condition. Deprivation of nutrients (e.g., removal of amino acids) stimulates autophagy activity, promoting lysosomal degradation and the recycling of cellular components for cell survival. Importantly, insulin and amino acids are two main inhibitors of autophagy. They both activate the mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) signaling pathway to inhibit the autophagy upstream of the uncoordinated-51 like kinase 1/2 (ULK1/2) complex that triggers autophagosome formation. In particular, insulin activates mTORC1 via the PI3K class I-AKT pathway; while amino acids activate mTORC1 either through the PI3K class III (hVps34) pathway or through a variety of amino acid sensors located in the cytosol or lysosomal membrane. These amino acid sensors control the translocation of mTORC1 from the cytosol to the lysosomal surface where mTORC1 is activated by Rheb GTPase, therefore regulating autophagy and the lysosomal protein degradation.
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9
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Verheij M, Zeerleder S, Voermans C. Heme oxygenase-1: Equally important in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation and organ transplantation? Transpl Immunol 2021; 68:101419. [PMID: 34089821 DOI: 10.1016/j.trim.2021.101419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The intracellular enzyme heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) is responsible for the degradation of cell-free (cf) heme. Cfheme, released upon cell damage and cell death from hemoglobin, mitochondria and myoglobin, functions as a powerful damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMP). Indeed, cfheme plays a role in a myriad of diseases characterized by (systemic) inflammation, and its rapid degradation by HO-1 is pivotal to maintain homeostasis. In the past decade, HO-1 has been extensively studied for its potential protective role in different transplantation settings, including allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT), solid organ transplantation and pancreatic islet transplantation. These studies have shown that HO-1 can be induced by a wide range of molecules, and that induction of HO-1 has the potential to significantly reduce the incidence and severity of transplantation-related complications such as graft-versus-host disease (GvHD) and ischemia/reperfusion injury (IRI). As such, further investigation into the use of HO-1-inducing agents in human transplantation settings to facilitate the potential use of these agents in the clinic is warranted. In this review, we summarize the literature of the past 10 years on the role of HO-1 in allogeneic HSCT, solid organ transplantation (focusing on kidney and liver) and pancreatic islet transplantation. Furthermore, we provide a hypothesis about the way that HO-1 is able to provide protection against acute GvHD after allogeneic HSCT. A total of 48 research articles and 17 review articles were included in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myrddin Verheij
- Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Sacha Zeerleder
- Department of Hematology and Central Hematology Laboratory, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department for Biomedical Research, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Carlijn Voermans
- Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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10
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Álvarez-Mercado AI, Rojano-Alfonso C, Micó-Carnero M, Caballeria-Casals A, Peralta C, Casillas-Ramírez A. New Insights Into the Role of Autophagy in Liver Surgery in the Setting of Metabolic Syndrome and Related Diseases. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:670273. [PMID: 34141709 PMCID: PMC8204012 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.670273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Visceral obesity is an important component of metabolic syndrome, a cluster of diseases that also includes diabetes and insulin resistance. A combination of these metabolic disorders damages liver function, which manifests as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). NAFLD is a common cause of abnormal liver function, and numerous studies have established the enormously deleterious role of hepatic steatosis in ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury that inevitably occurs in both liver resection and transplantation. Thus, steatotic livers exhibit a higher frequency of post-surgical complications after hepatectomy, and using liver grafts from donors with NAFLD is associated with an increased risk of post-surgical morbidity and mortality in the recipient. Diabetes, another MetS-related metabolic disorder, also worsens hepatic I/R injury, and similar to NAFLD, diabetes is associated with a poor prognosis after liver surgery. Due to the large increase in the prevalence of MetS, NAFLD, and diabetes, their association is frequent in the population and therefore, in patients requiring liver resection and in potential liver graft donors. This scenario requires advancement in therapies to improve postoperative results in patients suffering from metabolic diseases and undergoing liver surgery; and in this sense, the bases for designing therapeutic strategies are in-depth knowledge about the molecular signaling pathways underlying the effects of MetS-related diseases and I/R injury on liver tissue. A common denominator in all these diseases is autophagy. In fact, in the context of obesity, autophagy is profoundly diminished in hepatocytes and alters mitochondrial functions in the liver. In insulin resistance conditions, there is a suppression of autophagy in the liver, which is associated with the accumulation of lipids, being this is a risk factor for NAFLD. Also, oxidative stress occurring in hepatic I/R injury promotes autophagy. The present review aims to shed some light on the role of autophagy in livers undergoing surgery and also suffering from metabolic diseases, which may lead to the discovery of effective therapeutic targets that could be translated from laboratory to clinical practice, to improve postoperative results of liver surgeries when performed in the presence of one or more metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Isabel Álvarez-Mercado
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, School of Pharmacy, Granada, Spain.,Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology "José Mataix", Biomedical Research Center, Parque Tecnológico Ciencias de la Salud, Granada, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs. GRANADA, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Carlos Rojano-Alfonso
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marc Micó-Carnero
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Carmen Peralta
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Araní Casillas-Ramírez
- Hospital Regional de Alta Especialidad de Ciudad Victoria "Bicentenario 2010", Ciudad Victoria, Mexico.,Facultad de Medicina e Ingeniería en Sistemas Computacionales de Matamoros, Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas, Matamoros, Mexico
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11
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Podestà MA, Remuzzi G, Casiraghi F. Mesenchymal Stromal Cell Therapy in Solid Organ Transplantation. Front Immunol 2021; 11:618243. [PMID: 33643298 PMCID: PMC7902912 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.618243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Transplantation is the gold-standard treatment for the failure of several solid organs, including the kidneys, liver, heart, lung and small bowel. The use of tailored immunosuppressive agents has improved graft and patient survival remarkably in early post-transplant stages, but long-term outcomes are frequently unsatisfactory due to the development of chronic graft rejection, which ultimately leads to transplant failure. Moreover, prolonged immunosuppression entails severe side effects that severely impact patient survival and quality of life. The achievement of tolerance, i.e., stable graft function without the need for immunosuppression, is considered the Holy Grail of the field of solid organ transplantation. However, spontaneous tolerance in solid allograft recipients is a rare and unpredictable event. Several strategies that include peri-transplant administration of non-hematopoietic immunomodulatory cells can safely and effectively induce tolerance in pre-clinical models of solid organ transplantation. Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC), non-hematopoietic cells that can be obtained from several adult and fetal tissues, are among the most promising candidates. In this review, we will focus on current pre-clinical evidence of the immunomodulatory effect of MSC in solid organ transplantation, and discuss the available evidence of their safety and efficacy in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Giuseppe Remuzzi
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Aldo & Cele Daccò Clinical Research Center for Rare Diseases, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Federica Casiraghi
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Aldo & Cele Daccò Clinical Research Center for Rare Diseases, Bergamo, Italy
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12
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Yang L, Cao H, Sun D, Lin L, Zheng WP, Shen ZY, Song HL. Normothermic Machine Perfusion Combined with Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells Improves the Oxidative Stress Response and Mitochondrial Function in Rat Donation After Circulatory Death Livers. Stem Cells Dev 2020; 29:835-852. [PMID: 32253985 PMCID: PMC7336881 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2019.0301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a need to improve the quality of donor liver from donation after circulatory death (DCD). The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects and mechanism of normothermic machine perfusion (NMP) combined with bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMMSCs) on the oxidative stress and mitochondrial function in DCD livers. DCD livers were obtained, a rat NMP system was established, and BMMSCs were extracted and identified. The DCD livers were grouped by their preservation method: Normal, static cold storage (SCS), NMP (P), and NMP combined with BMMSCs (PB), and the preservation time was up to 8 h. An IAR20 cell oxidative stress injury model was established in vitro by simulating DCD oxidative stress injury and coculturing with BMMSCs for 6 h. Compared with SCS group, after 6 h in vitro, the PB and P groups had significantly improved liver function and liver histological damage, reduced hepatocyte apoptosis and oxidative stress, improved hepatocyte mitochondrial damage, and increased mitochondrial membrane potential. These indicators were significantly better in the PB group than in the P group. BMMSCs significantly inhibited reactive oxygen species release from the IAR20 cell oxidative stress model in vitro, ameliorated mitochondrial damage, and increased mitochondrial membrane potential level. BMMSCs also downregulated the JUN N-terminal kinase-nuclear factor kappa B (JNK-NF-κB) signaling pathway significantly in the IAR20 cell oxidative stress model and promoted AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activation. We verified that NMP combined with BMMSCs also played the same role in the PB group. NMP combined with BMMSCs could improve liver quality by relieving oxidative stress injury and improving mitochondrial function in rat DCD livers. The mechanism of protective role might involve inhibiting the JNK-NF-κB pathway to reduce oxidative stress and promote AMPK activation, thereby reducing mitochondrial damage and increase mitochondrial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu Yang
- Tianjin First Central Hospital Clinic Institute, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Huan Cao
- Tianjin First Central Hospital Clinic Institute, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China.,Department of Organ Transplantation, Tianjin First Central Hospital, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Dong Sun
- Tianjin First Central Hospital Clinic Institute, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Critical Care Medicine, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Ling Lin
- Tianjin First Central Hospital Clinic Institute, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China.,Tianjin Clinical Research Center for Organ Transplantation, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei-Ping Zheng
- Department of Organ Transplantation, Tianjin First Central Hospital, Tianjin, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Transplant Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhong-Yang Shen
- Department of Organ Transplantation, Tianjin First Central Hospital, Tianjin, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Transplant Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-Li Song
- Department of Organ Transplantation, Tianjin First Central Hospital, Tianjin, People's Republic of China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
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13
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Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells combine with normothermic machine perfusion to improve rat donor liver quality-the important role of hepatic microcirculation in donation after circulatory death. Cell Tissue Res 2020; 381:239-254. [PMID: 32347385 PMCID: PMC7369267 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-020-03202-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Donation after circulatory death (DCD) can expand the donor pool effectively. A gap remains in outcome between DCD livers and living donor livers, warranting improved DCD liver quality and urgent resolution. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMMSCs) can regulate immunity, participate in the anti-inflammatory response, and secrete cytokines. We investigated the effect of BMMSCs combined with normothermic machine perfusion (NMP) on DCD liver quality, and the role of microcirculation therein. Rat thoracic aortas were clipped to obtain DCD livers, and a rat NMP system was established. The DCD livers were grouped by preservation method: normal, static cold storage (SCS), NMP (P), and BMMSCs plus NMP (BP); storage time was up to 8 h. Liver function in outflow perfusate was detected by biochemical methods; liver tissue histopathology was observed by hematoxylin–eosin staining; hepatocyte ultrastructure was observed by transmission electron microscopy; hepatocyte apoptosis was detected by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling; liver microcirculation–related indicators were detected by immunofluorescence, immunohistochemistry, Western blotting, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Compared with SCS, P and BP significantly improved liver function and liver histological damage, reduced hepatocyte apoptosis, and repaired hepatocyte mitochondrial damage after 6 h in vitro. BP also significantly inhibited intrahepatic macrophage activation and intercellular adhesion, improved endothelial damage, and significantly improved endothelin 1–nitric oxide balance and microcirculation perfusion. In conclusion, BP can improve DCD liver microcirculation and quality. The mechanism may be the improvement of improve hepatic sinusoidal endothelial injury and microcirculation perfusion by inhibiting macrophage activation and intercellular adhesion.
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14
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Tracey N, Creedon H, Kemp AJ, Culley J, Muir M, Klinowska T, Brunton VG. HO-1 drives autophagy as a mechanism of resistance against HER2-targeted therapies. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2020; 179:543-555. [PMID: 31705351 PMCID: PMC6997276 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-019-05489-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Targeted therapies have resulted in major advances in the treatment of HER2-positive breast cancers. Despite this, up to 70% of patients will develop resistance to treatment within 2 years and new strategies for targeting resistant disease are needed. METHODS To identify potential resistance mechanisms, we used the mouse MMTV-NIC-PTEN+/- spontaneous model of HER2-positive breast cancer and the pan-HER family kinase inhibitor sapatinib. Vehicle and sapatinib-treated tumors were evaluated by immunohistochemistry and proteomic analysis. In vitro studies were carried out to define the role of heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) and autophagy in resistance to sapatinib and lapatinib, another pan-HER family kinase inhibitor. RESULTS Treatment of tumor-bearing MMTV-NIC-PTEN+/- mice with sapatinib resulted in delayed tumor progression and increased survival. However, tumors eventually progressed on treatment. Proteomic analysis identified proteins associated with cellular iron homeostasis as being upregulated in the sapatinib-treated tumors. This included HO-1 whose overexpression was confirmed by immunohistochemistry. Overexpression of HO-1 in HER2-expressing SKBR3 breast cancer cells resulted in reduced sensitivity to both pan-HER family kinase inhibitors sapatinib and lapatinib. This was associated with increased autophagy in the HO-1 over-expressing cells. Furthermore, increased autophagy was also seen in the sapatinib-treated tumors. Treatment with autophagy inhibitors was able to increase the sensitivity of the HO-1 over-expressing cells to both lapatinib and sapatinib. CONCLUSION Together these data indicate a role for HO-1-induced autophagy in resistance to pan-HER family kinase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha Tracey
- Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Centre, Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road South, Edinburgh, EH4 2XR, UK
| | - Helen Creedon
- Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Centre, Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road South, Edinburgh, EH4 2XR, UK
| | - Alain J Kemp
- Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Centre, Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road South, Edinburgh, EH4 2XR, UK
| | - Jayne Culley
- Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Centre, Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road South, Edinburgh, EH4 2XR, UK
| | - Morwenna Muir
- Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Centre, Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road South, Edinburgh, EH4 2XR, UK
| | | | - Valerie G Brunton
- Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Centre, Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road South, Edinburgh, EH4 2XR, UK.
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15
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Wang B, Huang C, Chen L, Xu D, Zheng G, Zhou Y, Wang X, Zhang X. The Emerging Roles of the Gaseous Signaling Molecules NO, H2S, and CO in the Regulation of Stem Cells. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2019; 6:798-812. [PMID: 33464852 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.9b01681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ben Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
- Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
- The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Chongan Huang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
- Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
- The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Lijie Chen
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Taizhou Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Taizhou, Zhejiang 317000, China
| | - Daoliang Xu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
- Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
- The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Gang Zheng
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
- Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
- The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Yifei Zhou
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
- Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
- The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Xiangyang Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
- Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
- The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Xiaolei Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
- Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
- The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
- Chinese Orthopaedic Regenerative Medicine Society, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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16
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Hu C, Li L. The immunoregulation of mesenchymal stem cells plays a critical role in improving the prognosis of liver transplantation. J Transl Med 2019; 17:412. [PMID: 31823784 PMCID: PMC6905033 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-019-02167-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The liver is supplied by a dual blood supply, including the portal venous system and the hepatic arterial system; thus, the liver organ is exposed to multiple gut microbial products, metabolic products, and toxins; is sensitive to extraneous pathogens; and can develop liver failure, liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) after short-term or long-term injury. Although liver transplantation (LT) serves as the only effective treatment for patients with end-stage liver diseases, it is not very popular because of the complications and low survival rates. Although the liver is generally termed an immune and tolerogenic organ with adaptive systems consisting of humoral immunity and cell-mediated immunity, a high rejection rate is still the main complication in patients with LT. Growing evidence has shown that mesenchymal stromal cell (MSC) transplantation could serve as an effective immunomodulatory strategy to induce tolerance in various immune-related disorders. MSCs are reported to inhibit the immune response from innate immune cells, including macrophages, dendritic cells (DCs), natural killer cells (NK cells), and natural killer T (NKT) cells, and that from adaptive immune cells, including T cells, B cells and other liver-specific immune cells, for the generation of a tolerogenic microenvironment. In this review, we summarized the relationship between LT and immunoregulation, and we focused on how to improve the effects of MSC transplantation to improve the prognosis of LT. Only after exhaustive clarification of the potential immunoregulatory mechanisms of MSCs in vitro and in vivo can we implement MSC protocols in routine clinical practice to improve LT outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenxia Hu
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.,National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Lanjuan Li
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China. .,National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.
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17
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You Y, Wen DG, Gong JP, Liu ZJ. Research Status of Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Liver Transplantation. Cell Transplant 2019; 28:1490-1506. [PMID: 31512503 PMCID: PMC6923564 DOI: 10.1177/0963689719874786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver transplantation has been deemed the best choice for end-stage liver disease
patients but immune rejection after surgery is still a serious problem. Patients have to
take immunosuppressive drugs for a long time after liver transplantation, and this often
leads to many side effects. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) gradually became of interest to
researchers because of their powerful immunomodulatory effects. In the past, a large
number of in vitro and in vivo studies have demonstrated the great potential of MSCs for
participation in posttransplant immunomodulation. In addition, MSCs also have properties
that may potentially benefit patients undergoing liver transplantation. This article aims
to provide an overview of the current understanding of the immunomodulation achieved by
the application of MSCs in liver transplantation, to discuss the problems that may be
encountered when using MSCs in clinical practice, and to describe some of the underlying
capabilities of MSCs in liver transplantation. Cell–cell contact, soluble molecules, and
exosomes have been suggested to be critical approaches to MSCs’ immunoregulation in vitro;
however, the exact mechanism, especially in vivo, is still unclear. In recent years, the
clinical safety of MSCs has been proven by a series of clinical trials. The obstacles to
the clinical application of MSCs are decreasing, but large sample clinical trials
involving MSCs are still needed to further study their clinical effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu You
- Hepatobiliary Surgery Department, Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, China.,Yu You and Di-guang Wen are equal contributors and co-first authors of this article
| | - Di-Guang Wen
- Hepatobiliary Surgery Department, Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, China.,Yu You and Di-guang Wen are equal contributors and co-first authors of this article
| | - Jian-Ping Gong
- Hepatobiliary Surgery Department, Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, China
| | - Zuo-Jin Liu
- Hepatobiliary Surgery Department, Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, China
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18
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Sun D, Song H, Shen Z. [Research progress in mesenchymal stem cells modified by Heme oxygenase 1]. ZHONGGUO XIU FU CHONG JIAN WAI KE ZA ZHI = ZHONGGUO XIUFU CHONGJIAN WAIKE ZAZHI = CHINESE JOURNAL OF REPARATIVE AND RECONSTRUCTIVE SURGERY 2019; 33:901-906. [PMID: 31298011 DOI: 10.7507/1002-1892.201812079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Objective To review the literature reports on research progress of Heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) modified mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Methods The significance, effects, and related mechanism of HO-1 modification of MSCs were summarized by consulting the related literatures and reports of HO-1 modification of MSCs. Results HO-1 modification of MSCs has important research value. It can effectively enhance the anti-oxidative stress and anti-apoptotic properties of MSCs in complex internal environment after transplantation into vivo. It can also effectively enhance the immune regulation function of MSCs. It can improve the anti-injury, repair, and immune regulation effect of MSCs in various disease models and research fields. Conclusion The basic research of HO-1 modified MSCs has made remarkable progress, which is expected to be applied in clinical trials and provide theoretical basis and reference value for stem cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Sun
- The First Central Clinical College, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300192, P.R.China
| | - Hongli Song
- Department of Organ Transplantation, Tianjin First Central Hospital, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Key Laboratory of Transplantation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Tianjin, 300192,
| | - Zhongyang Shen
- Department of Organ Transplantation, Tianjin First Central Hospital, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Key Laboratory of Transplantation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Tianjin, 300192, P.R.China
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19
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Podestà MA, Remuzzi G, Casiraghi F. Mesenchymal Stromal Cells for Transplant Tolerance. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1287. [PMID: 31231393 PMCID: PMC6559333 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In solid organ transplantation lifelong immunosuppression exposes transplant recipients to life-threatening complications, such as infections and malignancies, and to severe side effects. Cellular therapy with mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) has recently emerged as a promising strategy to regulate anti-donor immune responses, allowing immunosuppressive drug minimization and tolerance induction. In this review we summarize preclinical data on MSC in solid organ transplant models, focusing on potential mechanisms of action of MSC, including down-regulation of effector T-cell response and activation of regulatory pathways. We will also provide an overview of available data on safety and feasibility of MSC therapy in solid organ transplant patients, highlighting the issues that still need to be addressed before establishing MSC as a safe and effective tolerogenic cell therapy in transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Alfredo Podestà
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Bergamo, Italy.,Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Remuzzi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Federica Casiraghi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Bergamo, Italy
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20
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Bermúdez V, Tenconi PE, Giusto NM, Mateos MV. Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Autophagy Mediates Retinal Pigment Epithelium Cells Survival. Modulation by the Phospholipase D Pathway. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:154. [PMID: 31327962 PMCID: PMC6497095 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation and oxidative stress are common factors involved in the pathogenesis of retinal diseases, such as aged-related macular degeneration (AMD) and diabetic retinopathy (DR). Autophagy is a catabolic process essential to cell survival in response to stress. This process is highly active in retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells. Our previous findings demonstrated that lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induces an inflammatory response of RPE cells that implies classical phospholipases D (PLD1 and 2) activation, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production and reduced cell viability. In this work, we studied the autophagic process and its modulation by the PLD pathway in D407 and ARPE-19 RPE cells exposed to LPS. LPS (10 μg/ml or 25 μg/ml) exposure for 24 h increased light chain 3B-II (LC3B-II) content (an autophagy marker) and LC3B-positive punctate structures in both RPE cell lines studied. Next, the drug bafilomycin A1 (BAF, 50 nM) was used to block the autophagic flux. In cells pre-incubated with BAF, LC3B-II and sequestosome 1 (SQSTM1/p62) levels and autophagosome-like structures were increased by LPS, demonstrating that the inflammatory injury increases the autophagic process in RPE cells. To study the role of the PLD pathway, cells were pre-incubated for 1 h with selective PLD1 (VU0359595) or PLD2 (VU0285655-1) inhibitors prior to LPS addition. Under control condition, LC3B-positive punctate structures were increased in cells pre-incubated with PLD2 inhibitor while with PLD1 inhibitor were increased in cells exposed to LPS. MTT reduction assays showed that early autophagy inhibitors, 3-methyladenin (3-MA) or LY294002, enhanced the loss in cell viability induced by LPS exposure for 48 h. On the contrary, the inhibition of PLD1 and PLD2 prevented the loss in cell viability induced by LPS. In conclusion, our results show that even though LPS treatment promotes an inflammatory response in RPE cells, it also triggers the activation of the autophagic process which in turn may serve as a protective mechanism for the cells. In addition, we demonstrate that the PLD pathway modulates the autophagic process in RPE cells. Our findings contribute to the knowledge of the molecular basis of retinal inflammatory and degenerative diseases and open new avenues for potential therapeutic exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicente Bermúdez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Bahía Blanca (INIBIBB), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Bahía Blanca, Argentina.,Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia (DBByF), Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS), Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - Paula Estefanía Tenconi
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Bahía Blanca (INIBIBB), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Bahía Blanca, Argentina.,Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia (DBByF), Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS), Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - Norma María Giusto
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Bahía Blanca (INIBIBB), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Bahía Blanca, Argentina.,Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia (DBByF), Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS), Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - Melina Valeria Mateos
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Bahía Blanca (INIBIBB), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Bahía Blanca, Argentina.,Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia (DBByF), Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS), Bahía Blanca, Argentina
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21
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Hu C, Zhao L, Wu D, Li L. Modulating autophagy in mesenchymal stem cells effectively protects against hypoxia- or ischemia-induced injury. Stem Cell Res Ther 2019; 10:120. [PMID: 30995935 PMCID: PMC6471960 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-019-1225-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In mammals, a basal level of autophagy, a self-eating cellular process, degrades cytosolic proteins and subcellular organelles in lysosomes to provide energy, recycles the cytoplasmic components, and regenerates cellular building blocks; thus, autophagy maintains cellular and tissue homeostasis in all eukaryotic cells. In general, adaptive autophagy increases when cells confront stressful conditions to improve the survival rate of the cells, while destructive autophagy is activated when the cellular stress is not manageable and elicits the regenerative capacity. Hypoxia-reoxygenation (H/R) injury and ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury initiate excessive autophagy and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and consequently induce a string of damage in mammalian tissues or organs. Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-based therapy has yielded promising results in repairing H/R- or I/R-induced injury in various tissues. However, MSC transplantation in vivo must overcome the barriers including the low survival rate of transplanted stem cells, limited targeting capacity, and low grafting potency; therefore, much effort is needed to increase the survival and activity of MSCs in vivo. Modulating autophagy regulates the stemness and the anti-oxidative stress, anti-apoptosis, and pro-survival capacity of MSCs and can be applied to MSC-based therapy for repairing H/R- or I/R-induced cellular or tissue injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenxia Hu
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Lingfei Zhao
- Kidney Disease Center, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Nephrology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Daxian Wu
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Lanjuan Li
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.
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22
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Zhou BG, Zhao HM, Lu XY, Zhou W, Liu FC, Liu XK, Liu DY. Effect of Puerarin Regulated mTOR Signaling Pathway in Experimental Liver Injury. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:1165. [PMID: 30405406 PMCID: PMC6206176 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.01165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
It is known that excessive hepatocellular apoptosis is a typical characteristic of hepatic disease, and is regulated by the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway. As the main active component of Kudzu (Pueraria lobata) roots, which is frequently used to treat hepatic diseases, Puerarin (Pue) has been reported to alleviate and protect against hepatic injury. However, it is unclear whether Pue can inhibit mTOR signaling to prevent excessive apoptosis in the treatment of hepatic diseases. In the present study, Pue effectively ameliorated pathological injury of the liver, decreased serum enzyme (ALT, AST, γ-GT, AKP, DBIL, and TBIL) levels, regulated the balance between pro-inflammatory (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-4, IL-6, and TGF-β1) and anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-10), restored the cell cycle and inhibited hepatocellular apoptosis and caspase-3 expression in rats with liver injury induced by 2-AAF/PH. Pue inhibited p-mTOR, p-AKT and Raptor activity, and increased Rictor expression in the liver tissues of rats with experimental liver injury. These results indicated that Pue effectively regulated the activation of mTOR signaling pathway in the therapeutic and prophylactic process of Pue on experimental liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bu-Gao Zhou
- Science and Technology College, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Hai-Mei Zhao
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Xiu-Yun Lu
- Science and Technology College, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Wen Zhou
- Science and Technology College, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Fu-Chun Liu
- Department of Postgraduate, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Xue-Ke Liu
- Department of Postgraduate, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Duan-Yong Liu
- Science and Technology College, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China.,Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Jiangxi, Nanchang, China
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23
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He Y, Mu C, Shen X, Yuan Z, Liu J, Chen W, Lin C, Tao B, Liu B, Cai K. Peptide LL-37 coating on micro-structured titanium implants to facilitate bone formation in vivo via mesenchymal stem cell recruitment. Acta Biomater 2018; 80:412-424. [PMID: 30266635 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2018.09.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Revised: 09/02/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Titanium (Ti) and Ti-alloys were widely used in clinic orthopedics, however, the insufficient bone formation surrounding Ti-based implants still limited their biological performances. Surface modification of Ti substrates is essential to improve their interactions with bone-forming cells and bone tissue. In this study, we modified Ti substrates by coating peptide LL-37 onto micro-structured Ti substrates and aimed to (i) induce mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) migration both in vitro and in vivo, (ii) facilitate osteogenic differentiation of MSCs and new bone formation. The surface micro-structured Ti substrates with hydroxyapatite deposition were fabricated by a two-step method including micro-arc oxidation (MAO) and hydrothermal treatment. LL-37 was loaded on micro-structured Ti substrates with the assistance of polydopamine coating. We confirmed that surface-modified Ti substrates benefited viability, adhesion, migration and osteogenic differentiation of MSCs in vitro. In a femur-defect rat model, the surface-modified Ti implants effectively induced CD29+/CD90+ positive cells migration in one week after implantation. According to the results of H&E, Masson's trichrome staining and immunohistochemical staining of OCN, OPN and collagen I, the targeted Ti implants exhibited significant new bone formation after implantation for 4 weeks. These results indicate that the surface modification of Ti samples facilitated bone formation through MSCs recruitment. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: The inherent surface bioinertness of titanium (Ti) and Ti-alloys still limits their biological performances in clinical applications. Recently, the strategy of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) recruitment has been proposed to improve the osteointegration of bone implants. Herein, we reports the surface modification of Ti implants from the point of MSCs recruitment. Peptide LL-37 was coated on micro-structured Ti substrates to (i) recruit MSCs, (ii) regulate bio-physiological performance of MSCs, and (iii) facilitate bone formation in vivo. Our results improve the understanding of the interaction between Ti implants and MSCs, and provide a promising strategy of MSCs recruitment in the design of bone repair related biomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye He
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, PR China
| | - Caiyun Mu
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, PR China
| | - Xinkun Shen
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, PR China; School of Life Science, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, PR China
| | - Zhang Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, PR China
| | - Ju Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, PR China
| | - Weizhen Chen
- First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Key Laboratory of Clinical In Vitro Diagnostic Techniques of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, PR China
| | - Chuanchuan Lin
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, PR China
| | - Bailong Tao
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, PR China
| | - Bin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Kaiyong Cai
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, PR China.
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24
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Xu C, Zhang W, Liu S, Wu W, Qin M, Huang J. Activation of the SphK1/ERK/p-ERK pathway promotes autophagy in colon cancer cells. Oncol Lett 2018; 15:9719-9724. [PMID: 29928348 PMCID: PMC6004663 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.8588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Sphingosine kinase 1 (SphK1) is a master kinase that catalyzes the synthesis of sphingosine 1 phosphate and participates in the regulation of cell proliferation and autophagy. The present study aimed to assess the effects of the activation of the SphK1/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)/phosphorylated (p-)ERK pathway in the regulation of autophagy in colon cancer (HT-29) cells. Inverted fluorescence microscopy was used to detect the expression of green fluorescent protein (GFP) in the SphK1-overexpressing HT-29 cells [SphK1(+)-HT-29] and the negative control HT-29 cells (NC-HT-29). Western blotting was used to detect the protein expression levels of SphK1, ERK1/2, p-ERK1/2, as well as those of the autophagy-associated markers LC3A, ATG5, and ULK1. Protein localization and expression of the LC3A antibody were detected by immunofluorescence. The results demonstrated that GFP was similarly expressed in SphK1(+)-HT-29 and NC-HT-29 cells. However, significantly increased SphK1 mRNA and protein expression levels were detected in SphK1(+)-HT-29 cells compared with in NC-HT-29 cells, which resulted in upregulated ERK/p-ERK. Furthermore, the protein expression levels of the three autophagy-associated markers increased. LC3A protein was localized in the cytoplasm of SphK1(+)-HT-29 cells, indicating autophagy. In summary, the findings of the present study suggested that activation of the SphK1/ERK/p-ERK pathway promotes autophagy in colon cancer HT-29 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyan Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530007, P.R. China
| | - Wenlu Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Shiquan Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530007, P.R. China
| | - Wenhong Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530007, P.R. China
| | - Mengbin Qin
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530007, P.R. China
| | - Jiean Huang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530007, P.R. China
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25
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Melatonin Balance the Autophagy and Apoptosis by Regulating UCP2 in the LPS-Induced Cardiomyopathy. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23030675. [PMID: 29547569 PMCID: PMC6017117 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23030675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Revised: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
To explore the mechanism of mitochondrial uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2) mediating the protective of melatonin when septic cardiomyopathy. UCP2 knocked out mice and cardiomyocytes were used to study the effect of melatonin in response to LPS. Indicators of myocardial and mitochondria injury including mitochondrial membrane potential, mitochondrial permeability transition pore, calcium loading, ROS, and ATP detection were assessed. In addition cell viability and apoptosis as well as autophagy-associated proteins were evaluated. Melatonin was able to protect heart function from LPS, which weakened in the UCP2-knockout mice. Consistently, genipin, a pharmacologic inhibitor of UCP2, augmented LPS-induced damage of AC16 cells. In contrast, melatonin upregulated UCP2 expression and protected the cells from the changes in morphology, mitochondrial membrane potential loss, mitochondrial Ca2+ overload, the opening of mitochondrial permeability transition pore, and subsequent increased ROS generation as well as ATP reduction. Mitophagy proteins (Beclin-1 and LC-3β) were increased while apoptosis-associated proteins (cytochrome C and caspase-3) were decreased when UCP2 was up-regulated. In conclusion, UCP2 may play a protecting role against LPS by regulating the balance between autophagy and apoptosis of cardiomyocytes, and by which mechanisms, it may contribute to homeostasis of cardiac function and cardiomyocytes activity. Melatonin may protect cardiomyocytes through modulating UCP2.
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