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Ghiandai V, Grassi ES, Gazzano G, Fugazzola L, Persani L. Characterization of EpCAM in thyroid cancer biology by three-dimensional spheroids in vitro model. Cancer Cell Int 2024; 24:196. [PMID: 38835027 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-024-03378-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thyroid cancer (TC) is the most common endocrine malignancy. Nowadays, undifferentiated thyroid cancers (UTCs) are still lethal, mostly due to the insurgence of therapy resistance and disease relapse. These events are believed to be caused by a subpopulation of cancer cells with stem-like phenotype and specific tumor-initiating abilities, known as tumor-initiating cells (TICs). A comprehensive understanding of how to isolate and target these cells is necessary. Here we provide insights into the role that the protein Epithelial Cell Adhesion Molecule (EpCAM), a known TICs marker for other solid tumors, may have in TC biology, thus considering EpCAM a potential marker of thyroid TICs in UTCs. METHODS The characterization of EpCAM was accomplished through Western Blot and Immunofluorescence on patient-derived tissue samples, adherent cell cultures, and 3D sphere cultures of poorly differentiated thyroid cancer (PDTC) and anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC) cell lines. The frequency of tumor cells with putative tumor-initiating ability within the 3D cultures was assessed through extreme limiting dilution analysis (ELDA). EpCAM proteolytic cleavages were studied through treatments with different cleavages' inhibitors. To evaluate the involvement of EpCAM in inducing drug resistance, Vemurafenib (PLX-4032) treatments were assessed through MTT assay. RESULTS Variable EpCAM expression pattern was observed in TC tissue samples, with increased cleavage in the more UTC. We demonstrated that EpCAM is subjected to an intense cleavage process in ATC-derived 3D tumor spheres and that the 3D model faithfully mimics what was observed in patient's samples. We also proved that the integrity of the protein appears to be crucial for the generation of 3D spheres, and its expression and cleavage in a 3D system could contribute to drug resistance in thyroid TICs. CONCLUSIONS Our data provide novel information on the role of EpCAM expression and cleavage in the biology of thyroid TICs, and our 3D model reflects the variability of EpCAM cleavage observed in tissue samples. EpCAM evaluation could play a role in clinical decisions regarding patient therapy since its expression and cleavage may have a fundamental role in the switch to a drug-resistant phenotype of UTC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viola Ghiandai
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Elisa Stellaria Grassi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine (BIOMETRA), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Giacomo Gazzano
- Pathology Unit, Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Fugazzola
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS, Milan, Italy
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Persani
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS, Milan, Italy.
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine (BIOMETRA), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.
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De Martino M, Pellecchia S, Esposito F, Liotti F, Credendino SC, Prevete N, Decaussin-Petrucci M, Chieffi P, De Vita G, Melillo RM, Fusco A, Pallante P. The lncRNA RMST is drastically downregulated in anaplastic thyroid carcinomas where exerts a tumor suppressor activity impairing epithelial-mesenchymal transition and stemness. Cell Death Discov 2023; 9:216. [PMID: 37393309 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-023-01514-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Thyroid cancer is the most prevalent endocrine malignancy and comprises a wide range of lesions subdivided into differentiated (DTC) and undifferentiated thyroid cancer (UTC), mainly represented by the anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (ATC). This is one of the most lethal malignancies in humankind leading invariably to patient death in few months. Then, a better comprehension of the mechanisms underlying the development of ATC is required to set up new therapeutic approaches. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are transcripts over 200 nucleotides in length that do not code for proteins. They show a strong regulatory function at both transcriptional and post-transcriptional level and are emerging as key players in regulating developmental processes. Their aberrant expression has been linked to several biological processes, including cancer, making them potential diagnostic and prognostic markers. We have recently analyzed the lncRNA expression profile in ATC through a microarray technique and have identified rhabdomyosarcoma 2-associated transcript (RMST) as one of the most downregulated lncRNA in ATC. RMST has been reported to be deregulated in a series of human cancers, to play an anti-oncogenic role in triple-negative breast cancer, and to modulate neurogenesis by interacting with SOX2. Therefore, these findings prompted us to investigate the role of RMST in ATC development. In this study we show that RMST levels are strongly decreased in ATC, but only slightly in DTC, indicating that the loss of this lncRNA could be related to the loss of the differentiation and high aggressiveness. We also report a concomitant increase of SOX2 levels in the same subset of ATC, that inversely correlated with RMST levels, further supporting the RMST/SOX2 relationship. Finally, functional studies demonstrate that the restoration of RMST in ATC cells reduces cell growth, migration and the stemness properties of ATC stem cells. In conclusion, these findings support a critical role of RMST downregulation in ATC development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco De Martino
- Istituto per l'Endocrinologia e l'Oncologia Sperimentale (IEOS) "G. Salvatore", Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Via Pansini 5, 80131, Napoli, Italy
- Dipartimento di Medicina di Precisione, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Via De Crecchio 7, 80138, Napoli, Italy
| | - Simona Pellecchia
- Istituto per l'Endocrinologia e l'Oncologia Sperimentale (IEOS) "G. Salvatore", Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Via Pansini 5, 80131, Napoli, Italy
| | - Francesco Esposito
- Istituto per l'Endocrinologia e l'Oncologia Sperimentale (IEOS) "G. Salvatore", Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Via Pansini 5, 80131, Napoli, Italy
| | - Federica Liotti
- Istituto per l'Endocrinologia e l'Oncologia Sperimentale (IEOS) "G. Salvatore", Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Via Pansini 5, 80131, Napoli, Italy
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche (DMMBM), Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II", Via Pansini 5, 80131, Napoli, Italy
| | - Sara Carmela Credendino
- Istituto per l'Endocrinologia e l'Oncologia Sperimentale (IEOS) "G. Salvatore", Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Via Pansini 5, 80131, Napoli, Italy
| | - Nella Prevete
- Istituto per l'Endocrinologia e l'Oncologia Sperimentale (IEOS) "G. Salvatore", Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Via Pansini 5, 80131, Napoli, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Traslazionali (DiSMeT), Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II", Via Pansini 5, 80131, Napoli, Italy
| | - Myriam Decaussin-Petrucci
- Service d'Anatomie et Cytologie Pathologiques, Centre de Biologie Sud, Groupement Hospitalier Lyon Sud, Universite Lyon 1, 69495, Pierre Bénite, France
| | - Paolo Chieffi
- Dipartimento di Medicina di Precisione, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Via De Crecchio 7, 80138, Napoli, Italy
| | - Gabriella De Vita
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche (DMMBM), Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II", Via Pansini 5, 80131, Napoli, Italy
| | - Rosa Marina Melillo
- Istituto per l'Endocrinologia e l'Oncologia Sperimentale (IEOS) "G. Salvatore", Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Via Pansini 5, 80131, Napoli, Italy
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche (DMMBM), Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II", Via Pansini 5, 80131, Napoli, Italy
| | - Alfredo Fusco
- Istituto per l'Endocrinologia e l'Oncologia Sperimentale (IEOS) "G. Salvatore", Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Via Pansini 5, 80131, Napoli, Italy.
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche (DMMBM), Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II", Via Pansini 5, 80131, Napoli, Italy.
- Instituto Nacional de Cancer, 37908, Laboratorio de Carcinogênese Molecular, Rua Andre Cavalcanti 37, Centro, 20231-050, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Pierlorenzo Pallante
- Istituto per l'Endocrinologia e l'Oncologia Sperimentale (IEOS) "G. Salvatore", Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Via Pansini 5, 80131, Napoli, Italy.
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Lai Q, Li W, Wang H, Xu S, Deng Z. Emerging role of circRNAs in cancer under hypoxia (Review). Oncol Lett 2022; 24:372. [PMID: 36238836 PMCID: PMC9494632 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2022.13492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Circular RNA (circRNA), a recently identified type of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), forms a covalently closed loop with neither a 5′ cap structure nor a 3′ polyadenylated tail. Due to their lack of free ends, circRNAs are not easily cleaved by RNase R, thus avoiding degradation and being more stable than linear RNAs. Recent studies have suggested that circRNAs play a crucial role in regulating gene expression by acting as microRNAs sponges, RNA binding protein sponges and translational regulators. Currently, circRNAs are hot research topics due to their close association with the development of cancer and other diseases. Hypoxia is the most common microenvironment during tumor growth, and hypoxia-inducible factors have different effects on tumor growth and influence important cancer characteristics, including cell proliferation, apoptosis, differentiation, vascularization/angiogenesis, genetic instability, tumor metabolism, tumor immune response, invasion and metastasis. The present review aimed to study the biogenesis and mechanisms of gene regulation of circRNAs in hypoxia, to summarize the latest studies on circRNAs as potential diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers in hypoxia, and to understand the role of circRNAs in the process of tumor drug resistance under hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qun Lai
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130041, P.R. China
| | - Wenqiang Li
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, First People's Hospital of Zigong, Zigong, Sichuan 643000, P.R. China
| | - Hongping Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangshan Gongren Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Tangshan, Hebei 063000, P.R. China
| | - Siran Xu
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, First People's Hospital of Zigong, Zigong, Sichuan 643000, P.R. China
| | - Zhiping Deng
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, First People's Hospital of Zigong, Zigong, Sichuan 643000, P.R. China
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Zhang Y, Xing Z, Liu T, Tang M, Mi L, Zhu J, Wu W, Wei T. Targeted therapy and drug resistance in thyroid cancer. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 238:114500. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Holm TM, Yeo S, Turner KM, Guan JL. Targeting Autophagy in Thyroid Cancer: EMT, Apoptosis, and Cancer Stem Cells. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:821855. [PMID: 35846375 PMCID: PMC9277179 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.821855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a highly conserved recycling process through which cellular homeostasis is achieved and maintained. With respect to cancer biology, autophagy acts as a double-edged sword supporting tumor cells during times of metabolic and therapeutic stress, while also inhibiting tumor development by promoting genomic stability. Accumulating evidence suggests that autophagy plays a role in thyroid cancer, acting to promote tumor cell viability and metastatic disease through maintenance of cancer stem cells (CSCs), supporting epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and preventing tumor cell death. Intriguingly, well-differentiated thyroid cancer is more prevalent in women as compared to men, though the underlying molecular biology driving this disparity has not yet been elucidated. Several studies have demonstrated that autophagy inhibitors may augment the anti-cancer effects of known thyroid cancer therapies. Autophagy modulation has become an attractive target for improving outcomes in thyroid cancer. This review aims to provide a comprehensive picture of the current knowledge regarding the role of autophagy in thyroid cancer, focusing on the potential mechanism(s) through which inhibition of autophagy may enhance cancer therapy and outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tammy M Holm
- Department of Surgery, The University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States.,Vontz Center for Molecular Studies, Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Syn Yeo
- Vontz Center for Molecular Studies, Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Kevin M Turner
- Department of Surgery, The University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States.,Vontz Center for Molecular Studies, Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Jun-Lin Guan
- Vontz Center for Molecular Studies, Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States
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Chen Y, Hong C, Zhou Q, Qin Z. Roles of Cadherin2 in Thyroid Cancer. Front Oncol 2022; 12:804287. [PMID: 35756646 PMCID: PMC9218104 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.804287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The majority of drug-resistant cells in Thyroid cancer (THCA) tend to exhibit an Epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) phenotype, and abnormal expression of the cell adhesion molecule Cadherin2 (CDH2) is a hallmark of EMT. However, the roles of CDH2 in THCA and its underlying mechanisms are unknown. Methods We analyzed the CDH2 expression in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database and screened for genes positively associated with CDH2. Small interfering RNA and cell transfection were used for knocking down CDH2 in THCA cells, cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assay and immunofluorescence to detect cell proliferation. Binding miRNAs of CDH2 and CDH2-associated genes were predicted using the Encyclopedia of RNA Interactomes (ENCORI) database. The expression of genes in clinical THCA tissues was investigated from the Human Protein Atlas (HPA) database and validated by qRT-PCR. We conducted the cell functions pathways of CDH2 and CDH2-associated gene FRMD3 by Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis. We also showed the correlation between CDH2 and FRMD3 expression and tumor immune infiltration. Results The expression of CDH2 was significantly higher in THCA tumor tissues compared to normal tissues. Moreover, there were strongly associations of CDH2 expression with the stages T and N. Cellular function assays showed that CDH2 exerted its growth-promoting activity of THCA. To better understand how CDH2 was regulated in THCA, we sought genes associated with CDH2. Correlation analysis revealed that there were negative correlations between genes (CDH2, FRMD3) and miRNAs (hsa-miR-410-3p, hsa-miR-411-5p, hsa-miR-299-5p). Moreover, CDH2 and FRMD3 expression were significantly higher in tumor tissues than in normal tissues, while hsa-miR-410-3p, hsa-miR-411-5p and hsa-miR-299-5p were significantly decreased in tumor tissues compared with normal tissues in THCA. GO and KEEG results showed that CDH2 and FRMD3 were strongly associated with immune-related functions. High expression of CDH2 and FRMD3 was linked to the suppression of immune cells. There were strong negativity correlations between CDH2, FRMD3 and T-cell exhaustion factors. Conclusion Our data indicated that CDH2 and CDH2-related gene FRMD3 might have the critical effects on altering tumors becoming ‘cold tumors’ eventually leading to immune checkpoint inhibitor resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Chen
- Cancer Center, Department of Medical Oncology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chaojin Hong
- Cancer Center, Department of Medical Oncology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qihao Zhou
- Cancer Center, Department of Medical Oncology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhiquan Qin
- Cancer Center, Department of Medical Oncology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
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TGF-β, to target or not to target; to prevent thyroid cancer progression? Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2022; 1877:188752. [PMID: 35728736 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2022.188752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid cancer (TC) is a common endocrine cancer with a rising incidence. Current treatment fails to eliminate aggressive thyroid tumours, prompting an investigation into the processes that cause disease progression. In this review, we provide insight into TGF-β driven epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT), summarizing the current literature surrounding thyroid carcinogenesis, and discuss the potential for therapeutic strategies targeting the TGF-β signalling pathway. Understanding the underlying mechanisms that regulate cancer stem cell (CSC) growth and TGF-β signalling may provide novel therapeutic approaches for highly resistant TCs.
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Hamidi AA, Taghehchian N, Basirat Z, Zangouei AS, Moghbeli M. MicroRNAs as the critical regulators of cell migration and invasion in thyroid cancer. Biomark Res 2022; 10:40. [PMID: 35659780 PMCID: PMC9167543 DOI: 10.1186/s40364-022-00382-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyroid cancer (TC) is one of the most frequent endocrine malignancies that is more common among females. Tumor recurrence is one of the most important clinical manifestations in differentiated TC which is associated with different factors including age, tumor size, and histological features. Various molecular processes such as genetic or epigenetic modifications and non-coding RNAs are also involved in TC progression and metastasis. The epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is an important biological process during tumor invasion and migration that affects the initiation and transformation of early-stage tumors into invasive malignancies. A combination of transcription factors, growth factors, signaling pathways, and epigenetic regulations affect the thyroid cell migration and EMT process. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are important molecular factors involved in tumor metastasis by regulation of EMT-activating signaling pathways. Various miRNAs are involved in the signaling pathways associated with TC metastasis which can be used as diagnostic and therapeutic biomarkers. Since, the miRNAs are sensitive, specific, and non-invasive, they can be suggested as efficient and optimal biomarkers of tumor invasion and metastasis. In the present review, we have summarized all of the miRNAs which have been significantly involved in thyroid tumor cells migration and invasion. We also categorized all of the reported miRNAs based on their cellular processes to clarify the molecular role of miRNAs during thyroid tumor cell migration and invasion. This review paves the way of introducing a non-invasive diagnostic and prognostic panel of miRNAs in aggressive and metastatic TC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Abbas Hamidi
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Negin Taghehchian
- Medical Genetics Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Zahra Basirat
- Department of Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Amir Sadra Zangouei
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Meysam Moghbeli
- Medical Genetics Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Latar NM, Mahkamova K, Elson J, Karnik I, Sutherland R, Aspinall S, Meeson A. Impact of transforming growth factor beta 1 on normal and thyroid cancer side population cells. Endocrine 2022; 76:359-368. [PMID: 35118633 PMCID: PMC9068642 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-022-02990-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the impact of exogenous transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1) on side population (SP) cells isolated from normal, papillary thyroid cancer and anaplastic thyroid cancer cell lines and from human thyroid tissues. METHODS All cell populations were stained with Hoechst 33342 and analysed using dual wavelength flow cytometry to identify SP cells. This SP assay was used to assess the impact of TGF-β1 treatment and withdrawal of treatment on SP percentages. Semi-quantitative and quantitative PCR were used for molecular analysis of cells pre and post TGF-β1 treatment. RESULTS All cell lines expressed mRNA for both TGFB1 and its receptors, as well as showing variable expression of CDH1 and CDH2, with expressing of CDH1 being highest and CDH2 being lowest in the normal cell line. Exposure to exogenous TGF-β1 resulted in a reduction in mRNA expression of ABCG2 compared to controls which was significant between control and treated cancer cell lines. SP cells were isolated from primary human thyroid tissues, with numbers being significantly higher in papillary thyroid cancers. Exposure to TGF-β1 decreased the SP percentage in both thyroid cancer cell lines and completely abrogated these cells in the primary papillary thyroid cancer cultures. On withdrawal of TGF-β1 the SP phenotype was restored in the cancer cell lines and SP percentages increased to above that of untreated cells. CONCLUSIONS TGF-β1 exposure transiently regulates thyroid cancer SP cells, leading to a reduction in SP percentages, while withdrawal of TGF-β1 results in restoration of the SP phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nani Md Latar
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Newcastle University Bioscience Institute, Newcastle University, International Centre for Life, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Kamilla Mahkamova
- Newcastle University Bioscience Institute, Newcastle University, International Centre for Life, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Joanna Elson
- Newcastle University Bioscience Institute, Newcastle University, International Centre for Life, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Isha Karnik
- Newcastle University Bioscience Institute, Newcastle University, International Centre for Life, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Rachel Sutherland
- Newcastle University Bioscience Institute, Newcastle University, International Centre for Life, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Sebastian Aspinall
- Department of General Surgery, Aberdeen Royal Infirmary, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, AB252ZN, UK
| | - Annette Meeson
- Newcastle University Bioscience Institute, Newcastle University, International Centre for Life, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 3BZ, UK.
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Liu Q, Sun W, Zhang H. Roles and new Insights of Macrophages in the Tumor Microenvironment of Thyroid Cancer. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:875384. [PMID: 35479325 PMCID: PMC9035491 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.875384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Although most thyroid cancers have a good and predictable prognosis, the anaplastic, medullary, and refractory thyroid cancers still prone to recurrence and metastasis, resulting in poor prognosis. Although a number of newly developed targeted therapies have begun to be indicated for the above types of thyroid cancer in recent years, their ability to improve overall survival remain hindered by low efficacy. As the largest component of immune cells in tumor microenvironment, tumor-associated macrophages play a key role in the invasion and metastasis of thyroid cancer. There is much evidence that the immune system, tumor microenvironment and cancer stem cell interactions may revolutionize traditional therapeutic directions. Tumor-associated macrophages have been extensively studied in a variety of tumors, however, research on the relationship between thyroid cancer and macrophages is still insufficient. In this review, we summarize the functions of tumor-associated macrophages in different types of thyroid cancer, their cytokines or chemokines effect on thyroid cancer and the mechanisms that promote tumor proliferation and migration. In addition, we discuss the mechanisms by which tumor-associated macrophages maintain the stemness of thyroid cancer and potential strategies for targeting tumor-associated macrophages to treat thyroid cancer.
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You MH, Lee WK, Jin M, Song DE, Cheng SY, Kim TY, Kim WB, Jeon MJ, Kim WG. Death-Associated Protein Kinase 1 Inhibits Progression of Thyroid Cancer by Regulating Stem Cell Markers. Cells 2021; 10:cells10112994. [PMID: 34831219 PMCID: PMC8616132 DOI: 10.3390/cells10112994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The activation of metastatic reprogramming is vital for cancer metastasis, but little is known about its mechanism. This study investigated the potential role of death-associated protein kinase 1 (DAPK1) in thyroid cancer progression. We generated knockdown (KD) DAPK1 using siRNA or shRNA in 8505C and KTC-1 cell lines, which we transiently or stably overexpressed in MDA-T32 and BCPAP cell lines. DAPK1 KD in 8505C and KTC-1 cells significantly increased cell proliferation and colony formation compared with controls. We observed significant inhibition of cancer cell invasion in cells overexpressing DAPK1, but the opposite effect in KD cells. Tumorsphere formation significantly increased after inhibition of DAPK1 expression in 8505C cells and was significantly suppressed in DAPK1-overexpressing MDA-T32 and BCPAP cells. DAPK1 overexpression inhibited mRNA and protein levels of stem markers (OCT4, Sox2, KLF4, and Nanog). Furthermore, the expression of these markers increased after KD of DAPK1 in 8505C cells. Mechanistic studies suggest that DAPK1 may modulate the expression of stem cell markers through the inhibition of β-catenin pathways. These findings were consistent with the public data and our thyroid tissue analysis, which showed higher DAPK1 expression was associated with advanced-stage papillary thyroid cancer with a higher stemness index and lower disease-free survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Hyeon You
- Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea; (M.-H.Y.); (M.J.); (T.Y.K.); (W.B.K.)
| | - Woo Kyung Lee
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (W.K.L.); (S.-y.C.)
| | - Meihua Jin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea; (M.-H.Y.); (M.J.); (T.Y.K.); (W.B.K.)
| | - Dong Eun Song
- Department of Pathology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea;
| | - Sheue-yann Cheng
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (W.K.L.); (S.-y.C.)
| | - Tae Yong Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea; (M.-H.Y.); (M.J.); (T.Y.K.); (W.B.K.)
| | - Won Bae Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea; (M.-H.Y.); (M.J.); (T.Y.K.); (W.B.K.)
| | - Min Ji Jeon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea; (M.-H.Y.); (M.J.); (T.Y.K.); (W.B.K.)
- Correspondence: (M.J.J.); (W.G.K.); Tel.: +82-2-3010-1317 (M.J.J.); +82-2-3010-5883 (W.G.K.); Fax: +82-2-3010-1317 (M.J.J.); +82-2-3010-6962 (W.G.K.)
| | - Won Gu Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea; (M.-H.Y.); (M.J.); (T.Y.K.); (W.B.K.)
- Correspondence: (M.J.J.); (W.G.K.); Tel.: +82-2-3010-1317 (M.J.J.); +82-2-3010-5883 (W.G.K.); Fax: +82-2-3010-1317 (M.J.J.); +82-2-3010-6962 (W.G.K.)
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12
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SEMA4D Knockdown Attenuates β-Catenin-Dependent Tumor Progression in Colorectal Cancer. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 2021:8507373. [PMID: 34337054 PMCID: PMC8321723 DOI: 10.1155/2021/8507373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Semaphorin 4D (SEMA4D), a protein originally demonstrated to regulate the immune system and axonal growth cone collapse in the developing central nervous system, is overexpressed in various human malignancies, including colorectal cancer (CRC). This investigation was undertaken to examine the effects of SEMA4D silencing on the biological properties of the CRC cell line. SW48 cells were transfected with a siRNA-targeting SEMA4D. The mRNA expression of underlying pro- and antiapoptotic proteins including Bax, Bcl-2, P53, and caspase-3, cancer stem cell (CSC) markers, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers, MMP-2, and MMP-9 was examined using qRT-PCR. Further, the protein expression of E-cadherin and β-catenin was confirmed by Western blot. SW48 cell migration and MMP activity were detected using scratch and zymography analysis, respectively. Finally, the apoptosis rate was assessed via the flowcytometry test. SEMA4D knock-down was associated with a considerable suppression of in vitro cell viability, EMT-related genes, CSC markers, β-catenin signaling pathway, sphere-forming, cell migration, and MMP-2 activity as well as induction of apoptosis. This study identifies the inhibitory effects of SEMA4D gene silencing on tumor progression. Thereby, this might conclude a possible alternative to cancer therapy by targeting several prominent pathways involved in cancer through SEMA4D suppression.
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13
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Sriramulu S, Sun XF, Malayaperumal S, Ganesan H, Zhang H, Ramachandran M, Banerjee A, Pathak S. Emerging Role and Clinicopathological Significance of AEG-1 in Different Cancer Types: A Concise Review. Cells 2021; 10:1497. [PMID: 34203598 PMCID: PMC8232086 DOI: 10.3390/cells10061497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor breakthrough is driven by genetic or epigenetic variations which assist in initiation, migration, invasion and metastasis of tumors. Astrocyte elevated gene-1 (AEG-1) protein has risen recently as the crucial factor in malignancies and plays a potential role in diverse complex oncogenic signaling cascades. AEG-1 has multiple roles in tumor growth and development and is found to be involved in various signaling pathways of: (i) Ha-ras and PI3K/AKT; (ii) the NF-κB; (iii) the ERK or mitogen-activated protein kinase and Wnt or β-catenin and (iv) the Aurora-A kinase. Recent studies have confirmed that in all the hallmarks of cancers, AEG-1 plays a key functionality including progression, transformation, sustained angiogenesis, evading apoptosis, and invasion and metastasis. Clinical studies have supported that AEG-1 is actively intricated in tumor growth and progression which includes esophageal squamous cell, gastric, colorectal, hepatocellular, gallbladder, breast, prostate and non-small cell lung cancers, as well as renal cell carcinomas, melanoma, glioma, neuroblastoma and osteosarcoma. Existing studies have reported that AEG-1 expression has been induced by Ha-ras through intrication of PI3K/AKT signaling. Conversely, AEG-1 also activates PI3K/AKT pathway and modulates the defined subset of downstream target proteins via crosstalk between the PI3K/AKT/mTOR and Hedgehog signaling cascade which further plays a crucial role in metastasis. Thus, AEG-1 may be employed as a biomarker to discern the patients of those who are likely to get aid from AEG-1-targeted medication. AEG-1 may play as an effective target to repress tumor development, occlude metastasis, and magnify the effectiveness of treatments. In this review, we focus on the molecular mechanism of AEG-1 in the process of carcinogenesis and its involvement in regulation of crosstalk between the PI3K/AKT/mTOR and Hedgehog signaling. We also highlight the multifaceted functions, expression, clinicopathological significance and molecular inhibitors of AEG-1 in various cancer types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushmitha Sriramulu
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education (CARE), Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute (CHRI), Kelambakkam, Chennai 603103, India; (S.S.); (S.M.); (H.G.); (M.R.); (A.B.)
| | - Xiao-Feng Sun
- Department of Oncology, Linköping University, SE-581 83 Linköping, Sweden
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, SE-581 83 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Sarubala Malayaperumal
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education (CARE), Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute (CHRI), Kelambakkam, Chennai 603103, India; (S.S.); (S.M.); (H.G.); (M.R.); (A.B.)
| | - Harsha Ganesan
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education (CARE), Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute (CHRI), Kelambakkam, Chennai 603103, India; (S.S.); (S.M.); (H.G.); (M.R.); (A.B.)
| | - Hong Zhang
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Orebro University, SE-701 82 Orebro, Sweden;
| | - Murugesan Ramachandran
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education (CARE), Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute (CHRI), Kelambakkam, Chennai 603103, India; (S.S.); (S.M.); (H.G.); (M.R.); (A.B.)
| | - Antara Banerjee
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education (CARE), Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute (CHRI), Kelambakkam, Chennai 603103, India; (S.S.); (S.M.); (H.G.); (M.R.); (A.B.)
| | - Surajit Pathak
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education (CARE), Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute (CHRI), Kelambakkam, Chennai 603103, India; (S.S.); (S.M.); (H.G.); (M.R.); (A.B.)
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14
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Thyroid Cancer Stem-Like Cells: From Microenvironmental Niches to Therapeutic Strategies. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10071455. [PMID: 33916320 PMCID: PMC8037626 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10071455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Thyroid cancer (TC) is the most common endocrine malignancy. Recent progress in thyroid cancer biology revealed a certain degree of intratumoral heterogeneity, highlighting the coexistence of cellular subpopulations with distinct proliferative capacities and differentiation abilities. Among those subpopulations, cancer stem-like cells (CSCs) are hypothesized to drive TC heterogeneity, contributing to its metastatic potential and therapy resistance. CSCs principally exist in tumor areas with specific microenvironmental conditions, the so-called stem cell niches. In particular, in thyroid cancer, CSCs' survival is enhanced in the hypoxic niche, the immune niche, and some areas with specific extracellular matrix composition. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge about thyroid CSCs, the tumoral niches that allow their survival, and the implications for TC therapy.
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15
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Gomaa W, Marouf A, Alamoudi A, Al-Maghrabi J. SOX2 Is a Potential Novel Marker of Undifferentiated Thyroid Carcinomas. Cureus 2020; 12:e12102. [PMID: 33489519 PMCID: PMC7805510 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.12102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Thyroid cancer is a very common endocrine malignancy. Cancer stem cells are attributable to initiation, progression, and treatment failure in thyroid carcinoma. In the current study, immunostaining of SRY-box 2 (SOX2) in thyroid carcinoma is investigated. Material and methods Tissue microarrays were generated from 219 thyroid carcinomas distributed as follows: papillary thyroid carcinoma (175), follicular thyroid carcinoma (11), medullary thyroid carcinoma (11), Hurthle cell carcinoma (three), poorly differentiated thyroid carcinoma (PTDC; nine), and anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (ATC; 10). Immunohistochemistry for SOX2 was done and examined for nuclear staining. The results were analysed. Results SOX2 immunostaining was positive in one PDTC (out of nine; 11.1%) and in three ATC (out of 10; 30%). The rest of the thyroid cancers showed no immunostaining for SOX2. Conclusion The study represents for the first time SOX2 immunostaining on a large number of thyroid carcinomas. We discovered that SOX2 immunostaining is found in PDTC and ATC while SOX2 immunostaining is lacking in other thyroid cancer. SOX2 may be a marker of loss of differentiation in thyroid carcinoma. In vitro as well as in vivo molecular studies are required to explore the possible role of SOX2 in thyroid carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Azmi Marouf
- Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, SAU
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16
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Wen XQ, Qian XL, Sun HK, Zheng LL, Zhu WQ, Li TY, Hu JP. MicroRNAs: Multifaceted Regulators of Colorectal Cancer Metastasis and Clinical Applications. Onco Targets Ther 2020; 13:10851-10866. [PMID: 33149603 PMCID: PMC7602903 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s265580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third-commonest malignant cancer, and its metastasis is the major reason for cancer-related death. The process of metastasis is highly coordinated and involves a complex cascade of multiple steps. In recent years, miRNAs, as highly conserved, endogenous, noncoding, single-stranded RNA, has been confirmed to be involved in the development of various cancers. Considering that miRNA is also involved in a series of biological behaviors, regulating CRC occurrence and development, we review and summarize the role of miRNAs and related signaling pathways in several CRC-metastasis stages, including invasion and migration, mobility, metabolism, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, tumor-microenvironment communication, angiogenesis, anoikis, premetastatic-niche formation, and cancer stemness. In addition, we review the application of miRNAs as diagnostic CRC markers and in clinical treatment resistance. This review can contribute to understanding of the mechanism of miRNAs in CRC progression and provide a theoretical basis for clinical CRC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Qiong Wen
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University; Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xian-Ling Qian
- Department of Radiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Medical Imaging, Shanghai Medical College,Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Huan-Kui Sun
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University; Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lin-Lin Zheng
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University; Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei-Quan Zhu
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University; Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tai-Yuan Li
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University; Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jia-Ping Hu
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University; Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, People’s Republic of China
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17
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The Possible Role of Cancer Stem Cells in the Resistance to Kinase Inhibitors of Advanced Thyroid Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12082249. [PMID: 32796774 PMCID: PMC7465706 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12082249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Target therapy with various kinase inhibitors (KIs) has been extended to patients with advanced thyroid cancer, but only a subset of these compounds has displayed efficacy in clinical use. However, after an initial response to KIs, dramatic disease progression occurs in most cases. With the discovery of cancer stem cells (CSCs), it is possible to postulate that thyroid cancer resistance to KI therapies, both intrinsic and acquired, may be sustained by this cell subtype. Indeed, CSCs have been considered as the main drivers of metastatic activity and therapeutic resistance, because of their ability to generate heterogeneous secondary cell populations and survive treatment by remaining in a quiescent state. Hence, despite the impressive progress in understanding of the molecular basis of thyroid tumorigenesis, drug resistance is still the major challenge in advanced thyroid cancer management. In this view, definition of the role of CSCs in thyroid cancer resistance may be crucial to identifying new therapeutic targets and preventing resistance to anti-cancer treatments and tumor relapse. The aim of this review is to elucidate the possible role of CSCs in the development of resistance of advanced thyroid cancer to current anti-cancer therapies and their potential implications in the management of these patients.
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18
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Contreras HR, López-Moncada F, Castellón EA. Cancer stem cell and mesenchymal cell cooperative actions in metastasis progression and hormone resistance in prostate cancer: Potential role of androgen and gonadotropin‑releasing hormone receptors (Review). Int J Oncol 2020; 56:1075-1082. [PMID: 32319606 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2020.5008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is the leading cause of male cancer‑associated mortality worldwide. Mortality is associated with metastasis and hormone resistance. Cellular, genetic and molecular mechanisms underlying metastatic progression and hormone resistance are poorly understood. Studies have investigated the local effects of gonadotropin‑releasing hormone (GnRH) analogs (used for androgen deprivation treatments) and the presence of the GnRH receptor (GnRH‑R) on PCa cells. Furthermore, cell subpopulations with stem‑like properties, or cancer stem cells, have been isolated and characterized using a cell culture system derived from explants of human prostate tumors. In addition, the development of preclinical orthotopic models of human PCa in a nonobese diabetic/severe combined immunodeficiency mouse model of compromised immunity has enabled the establishment of a reproducible system of metastatic progression in vivo. There is increasing evidence that metastasis is a complex process involving the cooperative actions of different cancer cell subpopulations, in which cancer stem‑like cells would be responsible for the final step of colonizing premetastatic niches. It has been hypothesized that PCa cells with stemness and mesenchymal signatures act cooperatively in metastatic progression and the inhibition of stemness genes, and that overexpression of androgen receptor (AR) and GnRH‑R decreases the rate the metastasis and sensitizes tumors to hormone therapy. The aim of the present review is to analyze the evidence regarding this cooperative process and the possible influence of stem‑like cell phenotypes, AR and GnRH‑R in metastatic progression and hormone resistance. These aspects may represent an important contribution in the understanding of the mechanisms underlying metastasis and hormone resistance in PCa, and potential routes to blocking these processes, enabling the development of novel therapies that would be particularly relevant for patients with metastatic and castration‑resistant PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Héctor R Contreras
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Oncology, Department of Basic and Clinical Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile
| | - Fernanda López-Moncada
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Oncology, Department of Basic and Clinical Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile
| | - Enrique A Castellón
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Oncology, Department of Basic and Clinical Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile
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Veschi V, Verona F, Lo Iacono M, D'Accardo C, Porcelli G, Turdo A, Gaggianesi M, Forte S, Giuffrida D, Memeo L, Todaro M. Cancer Stem Cells in Thyroid Tumors: From the Origin to Metastasis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:566. [PMID: 32982967 PMCID: PMC7477072 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyroid tumors are extremely heterogeneous varying from almost benign tumors with good prognosis as papillary or follicular tumors, to the undifferentiated ones with severe prognosis. Recently, several models of thyroid carcinogenesis have been described, mostly hypothesizing a major role of the thyroid cancer stem cell (TCSC) population in both cancer initiation and metastasis formation. However, the cellular origin of TCSC is still incompletely understood. Here, we review the principal epigenetic mechanisms relevant to TCSC origin and maintenance in both well-differentiated and anaplastic thyroid tumors. Specifically, we describe the alterations in DNA methylation, histone modifiers, and microRNAs (miRNAs) involved in TCSC survival, focusing on the potential of targeting aberrant epigenetic modifications for developing novel therapeutic approaches. Moreover, we discuss the bidirectional relationship between TCSCs and immune cells. The cells of innate and adaptive response can promote the TCSC-driven tumorigenesis, and conversely, TCSCs may favor the expansion of immune cells with protumorigenic functions. Finally, we evaluate the role of the tumor microenvironment and the complex cross-talk of chemokines, hormones, and cytokines in regulating thyroid tumor initiation, progression, and therapy refractoriness. The re-education of the stromal cells can be an effective strategy to fight thyroid cancer. Dissecting the genetic and epigenetic landscape of TCSCs and their interactions with tumor microenvironment cells is urgently needed to select more appropriate treatment and improve the outcome of patients affected by advanced differentiated and undifferentiated thyroid cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Veschi
- Department of Surgical, Oncological and Stomatological Sciences (DICHIRONS), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Francesco Verona
- Department of Surgical, Oncological and Stomatological Sciences (DICHIRONS), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Melania Lo Iacono
- Department of Surgical, Oncological and Stomatological Sciences (DICHIRONS), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Caterina D'Accardo
- Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (PROMISE), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Gaetana Porcelli
- Department of Surgical, Oncological and Stomatological Sciences (DICHIRONS), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Alice Turdo
- Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (PROMISE), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Miriam Gaggianesi
- Department of Surgical, Oncological and Stomatological Sciences (DICHIRONS), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Stefano Forte
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Mediterranean Institute of Oncology (IOM), Catania, Italy
| | - Dario Giuffrida
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Mediterranean Institute of Oncology (IOM), Catania, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Memeo
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Mediterranean Institute of Oncology (IOM), Catania, Italy
| | - Matilde Todaro
- Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (PROMISE), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
- *Correspondence: Matilde Todaro
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Shakib H, Rajabi S, Dehghan MH, Mashayekhi FJ, Safari-Alighiarloo N, Hedayati M. Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in thyroid cancer: a comprehensive review. Endocrine 2019; 66:435-455. [PMID: 31378850 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-019-02030-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The Metastatic progression of solid tumors, such as thyroid cancer is a complex process which involves various factors. Current understanding on the role of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in thyroid carcinomas suggests that EMT is implicated in the progression from follicular thyroid cancer (FTC) and papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) to poorly differentiated thyroid carcinoma (PDTC) and anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC). According to the literature, the initiation of the EMT program in thyroid epithelial cells elevates the number of stem cells, which contribute to recurrent and metastatic diseases. The EMT process is orchestrated by a complex network of transcription factors, growth factors, signaling cascades, epigenetic modulations, and the tumor milieu. These factors have been shown to be dysregulated in thyroid carcinomas. Therefore, molecular interferences restoring the expression of tumor suppressors, or thwarting overexpressed oncogenes is a hopeful therapeutic method to improve the treatment of progressive diseases. In this review, we summarize the recent findings on EMT in thyroid cancer focusing on the main role-players and regulators of this process in thyroid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heewa Shakib
- Cellular and Molecular Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sadegh Rajabi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | | | - Nahid Safari-Alighiarloo
- Endocrine Research Center, Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Hedayati
- Cellular and Molecular Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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21
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Revilla G, Corcoy R, Moral A, Escolà-Gil JC, Mato E. Cross-Talk between Inflammatory Mediators and the Epithelial Mesenchymal Transition Process in the Development of Thyroid Carcinoma. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20102466. [PMID: 31109060 PMCID: PMC6566886 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20102466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
There is strong association between inflammatory processes and their main metabolic mediators, such as leptin, adiponectin secretion, and low/high-density lipoproteins, with the cancer risk and aggressive behavior of solid tumors. In this scenario, cancer cells (CCs) and cancer stem cells (CSCs) have important roles. These cellular populations, which come from differentiated cells and progenitor stem cells, have increased metabolic requirements when it comes to maintaining or expanding the tumors, and they serve as links to some inflammatory mediators. Although the molecular mechanisms that are involved in these associations remain unclear, the two following cellular pathways have been suggested: 1) the mesenchymal-epithelial transition (MET) process, which permits the differentiation of adult stem cells throughout the acquisition of cell polarity and the adhesion to epithelia, as well to new cellular lineages (CSCs); and, 2) a reverse process, termed the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), where, in pathophysiological conditions (tissue injury, inflammatory process, and oxidative stress), the differentiated cells can acquire a multipotent stem cell-like phenotype. The molecular mechanisms that regulate both EMT and MET are complex and poorly understood. Especially, in the thyroid gland, little is known regarding MET/EMT and the role of CCs or CSCs, providing an exciting, new area of knowledge to be investigated. This article reviews the progress to date in research on the role of inflammatory mediators and metabolic reprogramming during the carcinogenesis process of the thyroid gland and the EMT pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Revilla
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques (IIB) Sant Pau, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau (HSCSP), 08041 Barcelona, Spain.
- Departament de Bioquímica, Biologia Molecular i Biomedicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Rosa Corcoy
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau (HSCSP), 08025 Barcelona, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain.
- Departament de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Antonio Moral
- Department of General Surgery-Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau (HSCSP), 08025 Barcelona, Spain.
- Departament de Cirugia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Joan Carles Escolà-Gil
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques (IIB) Sant Pau, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau (HSCSP), 08041 Barcelona, Spain.
- Departament de Bioquímica, Biologia Molecular i Biomedicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Barcelona, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), 28029 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Eugenia Mato
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau (HSCSP), 08025 Barcelona, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain.
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Controlling metastatic cancer: the role of phytochemicals in cell signaling. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2019; 145:1087-1109. [DOI: 10.1007/s00432-019-02892-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Mijatović S, Bramanti A, Nicoletti F, Fagone P, Kaluđerović GN, Maksimović-Ivanić D. Naturally occurring compounds in differentiation based therapy of cancer. Biotechnol Adv 2018; 36:1622-1632. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2018.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Revised: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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24
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Kim SY, Kim SM, Chang HJ, Kim BW, Lee YS, Park CS, Park KC, Chang HS. SoLAT (Sorafenib Lenvatinib alternating treatment): a new treatment protocol with alternating Sorafenib and Lenvatinib for refractory thyroid Cancer. BMC Cancer 2018; 18:956. [PMID: 30286728 PMCID: PMC6172752 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-018-4854-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In the last decade, several tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), which disrupt pathways involved in the proliferation and tumorigenesis of thyroid cancer, have been extensively studied. Two different TKIs, lenvatinib and sorafenib, were recently approved by both the US FDA and European Medicine Agency. Until date, the duration of the TKI response is not sufficient and resistance eventually occurs. The goal of this study was to investigate a new treatment protocol, SoLAT, using sorafenib and lenvatinib alternatively on refractory thyroid cancer. Methods Patient-derived aggressive papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) cell lines from patients with biochemical and histologically proven aggressive RAI-refractory papillary thyroid cancer were exposed to sorafenib and lenvatinib alternatively. Human thyroid cancer cell xenografts were obtained by injecting patient-derived aggressive PTC cell lines into the flank of female BALB/c nude mice. Tumor-bearing mice were treated with sorafenib and lenvatinib alternatively. Cell viability assay, immunofluorescence analysis, confocal imaging, immunoblot analysis, flow cytometry analysis of cell cycle and a tube formation assay were performed. Results SoLAT was more effective for advanced PTC cell lines than individual treatment. Immunoblot analysis showed that SoLAT markedly increased levels of cell cycle inhibitors (p53 and p21), and pro-apoptotic factors (Apaf-1 and cleaved caspase 3) and decreased levels of positive cell cycle regulators (cyclin D1, CDK4, CDK6) and anti-apoptotic factors (p-NFκB, Bcl-2). Increased sub-G0/G1 population was observed in the SoLAT group, leading to apoptosis, cell cycle arrest, and strong inhibition of advanced PTC cell viability. SoLAT reduced the level of EMT markers such as vimentin, E-cadherin, Snail and Zeb1 by FGFR inhibition. In the xenograft model, individual treatment with sorafenib or lenvatinib did not markedly suppress patient-derived aggressive PTC cell xenograft tumors, whereas SoLAT significantly suppressed the proliferation of these tumors. Conclusions SoLAT was more effective than individual treatment with sorafenib or lenvatinib in inhibiting PTC progression by inducing cell cycle arrest. Studies using both in vitro cell culture and an in vivo xenograft model provided evidence of tumor shrinkage with SoLAT. We suggest that these effects may be due to reduced EMT-mediated drug resistance in the aggressive PTC model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo Young Kim
- Thyroid Cancer Center, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Department of Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 120-720, South Korea.,Department of Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1, Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 120-752, South Korea.,Yonsei Institute of Refractory Thyroid Endocrine Cancer, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seok-Mo Kim
- Thyroid Cancer Center, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Department of Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 120-720, South Korea.,Department of Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1, Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 120-752, South Korea.,Yonsei Institute of Refractory Thyroid Endocrine Cancer, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ho-Jin Chang
- Thyroid Cancer Center, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Department of Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 120-720, South Korea.,Department of Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1, Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 120-752, South Korea.,Yonsei Institute of Refractory Thyroid Endocrine Cancer, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Bup-Woo Kim
- Thyroid Cancer Center, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Department of Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 120-720, South Korea.,Department of Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1, Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 120-752, South Korea.,Yonsei Institute of Refractory Thyroid Endocrine Cancer, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yong Sang Lee
- Thyroid Cancer Center, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Department of Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 120-720, South Korea.,Department of Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1, Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 120-752, South Korea.,Yonsei Institute of Refractory Thyroid Endocrine Cancer, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Cheong Soo Park
- Thyroid Cancer Center, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Department of Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 120-720, South Korea.,Department of Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1, Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 120-752, South Korea.,Yonsei Institute of Refractory Thyroid Endocrine Cancer, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ki Cheong Park
- Department of Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1, Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 120-752, South Korea.
| | - Hang-Seok Chang
- Thyroid Cancer Center, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Department of Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 120-720, South Korea. .,Department of Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1, Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 120-752, South Korea. .,Yonsei Institute of Refractory Thyroid Endocrine Cancer, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea.
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25
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Zhao P, Ma W, Hu Z, Zhang Y, Zhang S, Wang Y. Up-regulation of miR-340-5p promotes progression of thyroid cancer by inhibiting BMP4. J Endocrinol Invest 2018; 41:1165-1172. [PMID: 29441462 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-018-0848-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Accepted: 02/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The incidence of thyroid cancer is increasing and the proliferation of thyroid cancer cells is incompletely understood. microRNAs may play key roles in thyroid cancer progression. METHODS We analyzed miR-340-5p in thyroid cancer tissue and normal tissue, and using informatics to predict its target. Cell lines and a mouse model were used to study the role of miR-340-5p in cancer proliferation. RESULTS Overexpression of miR-340-5p was found in thyroid cancer specimens. Tumors with higher pathological grade had higher levels of miR-340-5p. Overexpression of miR-340-5p significantly enhanced cell viability and colony formation. Treatment of anti-miR-340-5p, however, showed opposite alterations. We predicted that bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4) is a possible target, and found a negative correlation between miR-340-5p and BMP4 levels in thyroid cancer tissue. miR-340-5p reduced BMP4 expression. BMP4 overexpression attenuated the effects of miR-340-5p in cell viability and colony formation. In addition, using a xenograft mouse model we proved that anti-miR-340-5p was able to inhibit tumor growth. CONCLUSIONS miR-340-5p promotes thyroid cancer proliferation by inhibiting BMP4. Anti-miR-340-5p can be a promising strategy to control thyroid cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Zhao
- The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, No. 215 Heping West Road, Shijiazhuang, 050017, Hebei, China
| | - W Ma
- The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, No. 215 Heping West Road, Shijiazhuang, 050017, Hebei, China
| | - Z Hu
- The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, No. 215 Heping West Road, Shijiazhuang, 050017, Hebei, China
| | - Y Zhang
- The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, No. 215 Heping West Road, Shijiazhuang, 050017, Hebei, China
| | - S Zhang
- Xingtai People's Hospital of Hebei Province, No. 16 Hongxing Street, Xingtai, 054031, Hebei, China
| | - Y Wang
- The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, No. 215 Heping West Road, Shijiazhuang, 050017, Hebei, China.
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Abstract
Introduction Hypoxic stress is a feature of rapidly growing thyroid tumours. Cancer progression is thought to be driven by a small population of tumour cells possessing stem cell properties. Hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) are important mediators of hypoxia. Both HIF-1alpha and HIF-2alpha have been reported to be expressed in thyroid cancers. There is growing evidence that the HIF pathway plays a significant role in the maintenance of thyroid cancer stem cells (CSC). Methodology We have isolated thyroid CSC from a papillary thyroid cancer-derived cell line (BCPAP) and an anaplastic thyroid cancer-derived cell line (SW1736) as side population (SP) cells (a putative stem cell population) and treated them with cobalt chloride (II) to induce hypoxia. Results and discussion We observed an increase in the SP of cells within the thyroid cancer cell lines following induction of hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Mahkamova
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - N Latar
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - S Aspinall
- Northumbria Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust, North Tyneside General Hospital, Rake Lane, North Shields, NE29 8NH, UK
| | - A Meeson
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, NE1 3BZ, UK.
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27
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Ghaemi SR, Delalat B, Harding FJ, Irani YD, Williams KA, Voelcker NH. Identification and In Vitro Expansion of Buccal Epithelial Cells. Cell Transplant 2018; 27:957-966. [PMID: 29860901 PMCID: PMC6050911 DOI: 10.1177/0963689718773330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ex vivo-expanded buccal mucosal epithelial (BME) cell transplantation has
been used to reconstruct the ocular surface. Methods for enrichment and maintenance of BME
progenitor cells in ex vivo cultures may improve the outcome of BME cell
transplantation. However, the parameter of cell seeding density in this context has
largely been neglected. This study investigates how varying cell seeding density
influences BME cell proliferation and differentiation on tissue culture polystyrene
(TCPS). The highest cell proliferation activity was seen when cells were seeded at
5×104 cells/cm2. Both below and above this density, the cell
proliferation rate decreased sharply. Differential immunofluorescence analysis of surface
markers associated with the BME progenitor cell population (p63, CK19, and ABCG2), the
differentiated cell marker CK10 and connexin 50 (Cx50) revealed that the initial cell
seeding density also significantly affected the progenitor cell marker expression profile.
Hence, this study demonstrates that seeding density has a profound effect on the
proliferation and differentiation of BME stem cells in vitro, and this is
relevant to downstream cell therapy applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soraya Rasi Ghaemi
- 1 Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA, Australia
| | - Bahman Delalat
- 1 Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA, Australia.,2 Manufacturing, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Clayton, VIC, Australia.,3 Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Frances J Harding
- 1 Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA, Australia
| | - Yazad D Irani
- 4 Department of Ophthalmology, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA, Australia
| | - Keryn A Williams
- 4 Department of Ophthalmology, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA, Australia
| | - Nicolas H Voelcker
- 1 Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA, Australia.,2 Manufacturing, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Clayton, VIC, Australia.,3 Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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28
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Karimi Dermani F, Amini R, Saidijam M, Najafi R. miR‐200c, a tumor suppressor that modulate the expression of cancer stem cells markers and epithelial‐mesenchymal transition in colorectal cancer. J Cell Biochem 2018; 119:6288-6295. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.26880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fateme Karimi Dermani
- Research Center for Molecular MedicineHamadan University of Medical SciencesHamadanIran
| | - Razieh Amini
- Research Center for Molecular MedicineHamadan University of Medical SciencesHamadanIran
| | - Massoud Saidijam
- Research Center for Molecular MedicineHamadan University of Medical SciencesHamadanIran
| | - Rezvan Najafi
- Research Center for Molecular MedicineHamadan University of Medical SciencesHamadanIran
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29
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Wnt Signaling in Thyroid Homeostasis and Carcinogenesis. Genes (Basel) 2018; 9:genes9040204. [PMID: 29642644 PMCID: PMC5924546 DOI: 10.3390/genes9040204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The Wnt pathway is essential for stem cell maintenance, but little is known about its role in thyroid hormone signaling and thyroid stem cell survival and maintenance. In addition, the role of Wnt signaling in thyroid cancer progenitor cells is also unclear. Here, we present emerging evidence for the role of Wnt signaling in somatic thyroid stem cell and thyroid cancer stem cell function. An improved understanding of the role of Wnt signaling in thyroid physiology and carcinogenesis is essential for improving both thyroid disease diagnostics and therapeutics.
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30
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Klaus A, Fathi O, Tatjana TW, Bruno N, Oskar K. Expression of Hypoxia-Associated Protein HIF-1α in Follicular Thyroid Cancer is Associated with Distant Metastasis. Pathol Oncol Res 2018; 24:289-296. [PMID: 28474313 DOI: 10.1007/s12253-017-0232-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Follicular thyroid carcinomas (FTCs) are the second most common malignant neoplasia of the thyroid and in general its prognosis is quite favorable. However, the occurrence of metastases or non-responsiveness to radioiodine therapy worsens the prognosis considerably. We evaluated immunohistochemically the expression of hypoxia-associated proteins by hypoxia-induced factor 1α (HIF-1α), the stroma-remodeling marker Tenascin C, as well as markers for the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), namely E-cadherin and slug in a series of 59 sporadic FTCs. In addition, various clinicopathologic parameters were assessed like TNM-staging, age, tumor size as well as tumor characteristics like desmoplasia, necrosis, and calcification. Overexpression of HIF-1α was seen in 29 of 59 tumors (49.2%) including 21 (35.6%) FTC with strong expression of tumor cell groups. HIF-1α correlated significantly with metastasis (p < 0.001; Mann-Whitney U test), degree of desmoplasia (p = 0.042, Kruskal-Wallis test), tenascin C expression (p = 0.042, Kruskal-Wallis test), calcification (p < 0.025, Kruskal-Wallis test), necrosis (p = 0.002), age (p = 0.011, Kruskal-Wallis test) and tumor stage UICC (p = 0.022, Kruskal-Wallis test). Furthermore, metastasis was associated with the degree of desmoplasia (p = 0.014; Fisher's exact test), calcification (p = 0.008, Fisher's exact test), necrosis (p = 0.042, Fisher's exact test), tumor size (p = 0.015, Mann-Whitney U test), and age (p = 0.001, Mann-Whitney U test). In a Cox proportional hazards model, only metastasis remained as an independent risk factor for overall survival (hazard rate: 10.2 [95% CI, 02.19 to 47.26]; p = 0.003). Our data suggest that HIF-1α plays a critical role in the remodeling of the extracellular matrix as well as metastasizing process of follicular thyroid carcinoma and targeting hypoxia-associated and -regulated proteins may be considered as potential targets for personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aumayr Klaus
- Clinical Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Osmen Fathi
- Clinical Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Traub-Weidinger Tatjana
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Niederle Bruno
- Section of Endocrine Surgery, Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Koperek Oskar
- Clinical Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
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31
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Lee YS, Kim SM, Kim BW, Chang HJ, Kim SY, Park CS, Park KC, Chang HS. Anti-cancer Effects of HNHA and Lenvatinib by the Suppression of EMT-Mediated Drug Resistance in Cancer Stem Cells. Neoplasia 2018; 20:197-206. [PMID: 29331886 PMCID: PMC5767911 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2017.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2017] [Revised: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC) constitutes less than 2% of total thyroid cancers but accounts for 20–40% of thyroid cancer-related deaths. Cancer stem cell drug resistance represents a primary factor hindering treatment. This study aimed to develop targeted agents against thyroid malignancy, focusing on individual and synergistic effects of HNHA (histone deacetylase), lenvatinib (FGFR), and sorafenib (tyrosine kinase) inhibitors. Patients with biochemically and histologically proven papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) and ATC were included. Cell samples were obtained from patients at the Thyroid Cancer Center, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea. PTC and ATC cells were treated with lenvatinib or sorafenib, alone or in combination with HNHA. Tumor-bearing mice (10/group) were administered 10 mg/kg lenvatinib (p.o.) or 40 mg/kg sorafenib (p.o.), alone or in combination with 25 mg/kg HNHA (i.p.) once every three days. Gene expression in patient-derived PTC and ATC cells was compared using a microarray approach. Cellular apoptosis and proliferation were examined by immunohistochemistry and MTT assays. Tumor volume and cell properties were examined in the mouse xenograft model. HNHA-lenvatinib combined treatment induced markers of cell cycle arrest and apoptosis and suppressed anti-apoptosis markers, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and the FGFR signaling pathway. Combined treatment induced significant tumor shrinkage in the xenograft model. HNHA-lenvatinib combination treatment thus blocked the FGFR signaling pathway, which is important for EMT. Treatment with HNHA-lenvatinib combination was more effective than either agent alone or sorafenib-HNHA combination. These findings have implications for ATC treatment by preventing drug resistance in cancer stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Sang Lee
- Thyroid Cancer Center, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Department of Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-752, Korea; Gangnam Severance Hospital, Department of Surgery Yonsei University College of Medicine 211 Eonjuro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul 135-720, Korea
| | - Seok-Mo Kim
- Thyroid Cancer Center, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Department of Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-752, Korea; Gangnam Severance Hospital, Department of Surgery Yonsei University College of Medicine 211 Eonjuro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul 135-720, Korea
| | - Bup-Woo Kim
- Thyroid Cancer Center, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Department of Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-752, Korea; Gangnam Severance Hospital, Department of Surgery Yonsei University College of Medicine 211 Eonjuro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul 135-720, Korea
| | - Ho Jin Chang
- Thyroid Cancer Center, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Department of Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-752, Korea; Gangnam Severance Hospital, Department of Surgery Yonsei University College of Medicine 211 Eonjuro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul 135-720, Korea
| | - Soo Young Kim
- Thyroid Cancer Center, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Department of Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-752, Korea; Gangnam Severance Hospital, Department of Surgery Yonsei University College of Medicine 211 Eonjuro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul 135-720, Korea
| | - Cheong Soo Park
- Thyroid Cancer Center, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Department of Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-752, Korea; Gangnam Severance Hospital, Department of Surgery Yonsei University College of Medicine 211 Eonjuro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul 135-720, Korea
| | - Ki Cheong Park
- Thyroid Cancer Center, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Department of Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-752, Korea; Department of Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1, Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 120-752 Korea.
| | - Hang-Seok Chang
- Thyroid Cancer Center, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Department of Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-752, Korea; Gangnam Severance Hospital, Department of Surgery Yonsei University College of Medicine 211 Eonjuro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul 135-720, Korea.
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32
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AEG-1/MTDH-activated autophagy enhances human malignant glioma susceptibility to TGF-β1-triggered epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Oncotarget 2017; 7:13122-38. [PMID: 26909607 PMCID: PMC4914346 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a tightly regulated process activated in response to metabolic stress and other microenvironmental changes. Astrocyte elevated gene 1 (AEG-1) reportedly induces protective autophagy. Our results indicate that AEG-1 also enhances the susceptibility of malignant glioma cells to TGF-β1-triggered epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) through induction of autophagy. TGF-β1 induced autophagy and activated AEG-1 via Smad2/3 phosphorylation in malignant glioma cells. Also increased was oncogene cyclin D1 and EMT markers, which promoted tumor progression. Inhibition of autophagy using siRNA-BECN1 and siRNA-AEG-1 suppressed EMT. In tumor samples from patients with malignant glioma, immunohistochemical assays showed that expression levels of TGF-β1, AEG-1, and markers of autophagy and EMT, all gradually increase with glioblastoma progression. In vivo siRNA-AEG-1 administration to rats implanted with C6 glioma cells inhibited tumor growth and increased the incidence of apoptosis among tumor cells. These findings shed light on the mechanisms underlying the invasiveness and progression of malignant gliomas.
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33
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Tesselaar MH, Smit JW, Nagarajah J, Netea-Maier RT, Plantinga TS. Pathological processes and therapeutic advances in radioiodide refractory thyroid cancer. J Mol Endocrinol 2017; 59:R141-R154. [PMID: 28931558 DOI: 10.1530/jme-17-0134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
While in most patients with non-medullary thyroid cancer (TC), disease remission is achieved by thyroidectomy and ablation of tumor remnants by radioactive iodide (RAI), a substantial subgroup of patients with metastatic disease present tumor lesions that have acquired RAI resistance as a result of dedifferentiation. Although oncogenic mutations in BRAF, TERT promoter and TP53 are associated with an increased propensity for induction of dedifferentiation, the role of genetic and epigenetic aberrations and their effects on important intracellular signaling pathways is not yet fully elucidated. Also immune, metabolic, stemness and microRNA pathways have emerged as important determinants of TC dedifferentiation and RAI resistance. These signaling pathways have major clinical implications since their targeting could inhibit TC progression and could enable redifferentiation to restore RAI sensitivity. In this review, we discuss the current insights into the pathological processes conferring dedifferentiation and RAI resistance in TC and elaborate on novel advances in diagnostics and therapy to improve the clinical outcome of RAI-refractory TC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marika H Tesselaar
- Department of PathologyRadboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes W Smit
- Internal MedicineDivision of Endocrinology Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - James Nagarajah
- Radiology & Nuclear MedicineRadboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Romana T Netea-Maier
- Internal MedicineDivision of Endocrinology Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Theo S Plantinga
- Department of PathologyRadboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Antonelli A, La Motta C. Novel therapeutic clues in thyroid carcinomas: The role of targeting cancer stem cells. Med Res Rev 2017; 37:1299-1317. [PMID: 28586525 DOI: 10.1002/med.21448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Revised: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid carcinomas (TCs), the most common endocrine tumors, represent the eighth most common cancer diagnosed worldwide in both women and men. To treat these malignancies, several drugs are now available and a number of novel ones have been enrolling in clinical trials, addressing both oncogenic pathways in cancer cells and angiogenic pathways in tumor endothelial cells. However, their use is not devoid of serious toxicities and their efficacy is limited, being dependent on carcinoma typology and the occurrence of acquired resistance. Accordingly, it is time to recast therapeutic strategies against these types of tumors to get to newer and fully effective drugs. In this perspective, latest findings demonstrate that cancer stem cells (CSCs) represent a challenging target to strike. They possess core traits of self-renewal and differentiation, being resistant to the effects of chemotherapy and radiation and playing a key role in mediating metastasis. Therefore, basic molecular elements sustaining both development of thyroid cancer stem cells and their residence in the stemness condition represent a set of innovative and still unexplored targets to address. In this review, a thorough literature survey has been accomplished, to take stock of mechanisms governing thyroid carcinomas and to point out both their currently available treatments and the novel forthcoming ones. Pubmed, Scifinder and ClinicalTrials.gov were exploited as research applications and registry database, respectively. Original articles, reviews, and editorials published within the last ten years, as well as open clinical investigations in the field, were analyzed to suggest new exciting therapeutic opportunities for people affected by TCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Antonelli
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale, Università di Pisa, Via Savi 10, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Concettina La Motta
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126, Pisa, Italy
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35
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He X, Wang L, Riedel H, Wang K, Yang Y, Dinu CZ, Rojanasakul Y. Mesothelin promotes epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and tumorigenicity of human lung cancer and mesothelioma cells. Mol Cancer 2017; 16:63. [PMID: 28288645 PMCID: PMC5348784 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-017-0633-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lung cancer and pleural mesothelioma are two of the most deadly forms of cancer. The prognosis of lung cancer and mesothelioma is extremely poor due to limited treatment modalities and lack of understanding of the disease mechanisms. We have identified mesothelin as a potentially unique therapeutic target that as a specific advantage appears nonessential in most cell types. Mesothelin (MSLN), a plasma membrane differentiation antigen, is expressed at a high level in many human solid tumors, including 70% of lung cancer and nearly all mesotheliomas. However, the role of MSLN in the disease process and underlying mechanisms is largely unknown. Methods ShRNA knockdown and overexpression of MSLN were performed in human cancer cell lines and corresponding normal cells, respectively. Tumorigenic and metastatic effects of MSLN were examined by tumor sphere formation, migration, and invasion assays in vitro, as well as xenograft tumor assay in vivo. EMT and CSCs were detected by qPCR array, immunoblotting and flow cytometry. Results MSLN plays a key role in controlling epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and stem properties of human lung cancer and mesothelioma cells that control their tumorigenicity and metastatic potential. Firstly, MSLN was found to be highly upregulated in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patient tissues and in lung carcinoma and mesothelioma cell lines. Secondly, genetic knockdown of MSLN significantly reduced anchorage-independent cell growth, tumor sphere formation, cell adhesion, migration and invasion in vitro, as well as tumor formation and metastasis in vivo. Thirdly, ectopic overexpression of MSLN induced the malignant phenotype of non-cancerous cells, supporting its role as an oncogene. Finally, mechanistic studies revealed that knockdown of MSLN reversed EMT and attenuated stem cell properties, in addition to inhibiting tumor growth and metastasis. Conclusions These results indicate an essential role of MSLN in controlling EMT and stem cell properties of human lung cancer and mesothelioma cells. Since EMT is an important process in tumor progression and metastasis, and MSLN is nonessential in most normal tissue, our findings on MSLN may provide new insights into the disease mechanisms and may aid in the development of novel targeted therapy for lung cancer and mesothelioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqing He
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, West Virginia University, 1 Medical Center Drive, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
| | - Liying Wang
- HELD, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, CDC, 1095 Willowdale Road, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA
| | - Heimo Riedel
- Department of Biochemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, USA.,WVU Cancer Institute, 1 Medical Center Drive, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
| | - Kai Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, West Virginia University, 395 Evansdale Drive, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
| | - Yong Yang
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, West Virginia University, 395 Evansdale Drive, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
| | - Cerasela Zoica Dinu
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, West Virginia University, 395 Evansdale Drive, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
| | - Yon Rojanasakul
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, West Virginia University, 1 Medical Center Drive, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA. .,WVU Cancer Institute, 1 Medical Center Drive, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA.
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36
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Shi C, Guo Y, Lv Y, Nanding A, Shi T, Qin H, He J. Clinicopathological Features and Prognosis of Papillary Thyroid Microcarcinoma for Surgery and Relationships with the BRAFV600E Mutational Status and Expression of Angiogenic Factors. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0167414. [PMID: 27936049 PMCID: PMC5147869 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0167414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To investigate the clinicopathological characteristics of papillary thyroid microcarcinoma (PTMC) for surgery by comparing the difference between PTMC and larger papillary thyroid carcinoma (LPTC). Methods We analyzed the differences in the clinicopathological characteristics, prognosis, B-type RAF kinase (BRAF)V600E mutational status and expression of angiogenic factors, including pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF), Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF), and hypoxia-inducible factor alpha subunit (HIF-1α), between PTMC and LPTC by retrospectively reviewing the records of 251 patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma, 169 with PTMC, and 82 with LPTC (diameter >1 cm). Results There were no significant differences in the gender, age, multifocality, Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, TNM stage, PEDF protein expression, rate of recurrence, or mean follow-up duration between patients with PTMC or LPTC. The prevalence of extrathyroidal invasion (EI), lymph node metastasis (LNM), and BRAF mutation in patients with PTMC was significantly lower than in patients with LPTC. In addition, in PTMC patients with EI and/or LNM and/or positive BRAF (high-risk PTMC patients), the prevalence of extrathyroidal invasion, Hashimoto's disease, lymph node metastasis, tumor TNM stage, PEDF positive protein expression, the rate of recurrent disease, and the mRNA expression of anti-angiogenic factors was almost as high as in patients with larger PTC, but with no significant difference. Conclusions Extrathyroid invasion, lymph node metastases, and BRAFV600E mutation were the high risk factors of PTMC. PTMC should be considered for the same treatment strategy as LPTC when any of these factors is found. Particularly, PTMC with BRAFV600E gene mutations needed earlier surgical treatment. In addition, the high cell subtype of PTMC with BRAFV600E gene mutation is recommended for total thyroidectomy in primary surgery to reduce the risk of recurrence.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Carcinoma/diagnosis
- Carcinoma/genetics
- Carcinoma/pathology
- Carcinoma/surgery
- Carcinoma, Papillary/diagnosis
- Carcinoma, Papillary/genetics
- Carcinoma, Papillary/pathology
- Carcinoma, Papillary/surgery
- Eye Proteins/genetics
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Humans
- Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit/genetics
- Lymphatic Metastasis/diagnosis
- Lymphatic Metastasis/genetics
- Lymphatic Metastasis/pathology
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/diagnosis
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/genetics
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/pathology
- Nerve Growth Factors/genetics
- Point Mutation
- Prognosis
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins B-raf/genetics
- Serpins/genetics
- Thyroid Cancer, Papillary
- Thyroid Gland/metabolism
- Thyroid Gland/pathology
- Thyroid Gland/surgery
- Thyroid Neoplasms/diagnosis
- Thyroid Neoplasms/genetics
- Thyroid Neoplasms/pathology
- Thyroid Neoplasms/surgery
- Thyroidectomy
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenlei Shi
- Department of breast surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiao Tong University, Xi'an, China
- The Fourth Department of General Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yong Guo
- Department of Breast and Thyroid, Heze Municipal Hospital, Shandong Province, Heze, China
| | - Yichen Lv
- The Fourth Department of General Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Abiyasi Nanding
- The Pathology Department, the Third Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Tiefeng Shi
- The Fourth Department of General Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Huadong Qin
- The Fourth Department of General Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Jianjun He
- Department of breast surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiao Tong University, Xi'an, China
- * E-mail:
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37
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Sarcomatoid adrenocortical carcinoma: a comprehensive pathological, immunohistochemical, and targeted next-generation sequencing analysis. Hum Pathol 2016; 58:113-122. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2016.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Revised: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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38
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Microcystin-LR promotes epithelial-mesenchymal transition in colorectal cancer cells through PI3-K/AKT and SMAD2. Toxicol Lett 2016; 265:53-60. [PMID: 27856280 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2016.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Revised: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Increasing evidences suggest that microcystins, a kind of toxic metabolites, produced by cyanobacteria in contaminated water may contribute to the aggravation of the human colorectal carcinoma. Our previous study showed that microcystin-LR (MC-LR) exposure caused significant invasion and migration of colorectal cancer cells. However, the roles of MC-LR in regulating epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in colorectal cancer cells remain unknown. In our study, we observed that MC-LR treatment decreased epithelial marker E-cadherin expression and up-regulated the levels of mesenchymal markers Vimentin and Snail in colorectal cancer cells. Moreover, MC-LR stimulated protein expression of SMAD2 and phospho-SMAD2 by PI3-K/AKT activation. The activated PI3-K/AKT and SMAD2 signaling largely accounted for MC-LR-induced EMT, which could be reversed by SMAD2 RNA interference or PI3-K/AKT chemical inhibitor in colorectal cancer cells. Our results show that MC-LR could induce SMAD2 expression to promote colorectal cancer cells EMT, which not only provides a mechanistic insight on MC-LR promotes EMT in colorectal cancer cells, but also support to the development of therapies aimed at SMAD2 in colorectal cancer induced by MC-LR.
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39
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Lv Y, Sun Y, Shi T, Shi C, Qin H, Li Z. Pigment epithelium-derived factor has a role in the progression of papillary thyroid carcinoma by affecting the HIF1α-VEGF signaling pathway. Oncol Lett 2016; 12:5217-5222. [PMID: 28105231 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2016.5316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The progression mechanism of papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) remains largely unknown. Accumulating evidence has suggested that various targets of pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) are able to inhibit cancer progression. The aim of the present study was to examine PEDF expression in PTC patients and to investigate its relationship with aggressive clinicopathological features, as well as to explore whether PEDF affects the progression of PTC via the hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF1α)-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) pathway. A total of 271 patients with PTC, including 24 men and 247 women, were enrolled in the present study. Relevant patient data, including demographic features, preoperative clinical features and pathological features, were collected for analysis. The protein expression levels of PEDF in PTC tissues were detected using immunohistochemical staining, and the mRNA expression levels of PEDF, VEGF and HIF1α in 15 PTC tissues with lymph node metastasis (LNM) and 10 tissues without LNM were detected using reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Immunohistochemical staining with an anti-PEDF antibody detected PEDF expression in 74.5% of the PTC tissues. PEDF expression levels were significantly correlated with LNM, extrathyroid invasion, a high TNM stage, the presence of the BRAFV600E mutation and tumor size. PEDF mRNA expression levels were significantly decreased in PTC tissues with LNM, as compared with PTC tissues without LNM, while the mRNA expression levels of HIF1α and VEGF were markedly increased in PTC tissues with LNM. Taken together, the results of the present study suggested that PEDF plays a role in the progression of PTC, and that PEDF may exert an anti-angiogenesis role by affecting the HIF1α-VEGF pathway, eventually inhibiting the metastasis of PTC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yichen Lv
- The Fourth Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, P.R. China
| | - Yu Sun
- The Fourth Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, P.R. China
| | - Tiefeng Shi
- The Fourth Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, P.R. China
| | - Chenlei Shi
- The Fourth Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, P.R. China
| | - Huadong Qin
- The Fourth Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, P.R. China
| | - Zhaozhu Li
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, P.R. China
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40
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Zou M, Duan Y, Wang P, Gao R, Chen X, Ou Y, Liang M, Wang Z, Yuan Y, Wang L, Zhu H. DYT-40, a novel synthetic 2-styryl-5-nitroimidazole derivative, blocks malignant glioblastoma growth and invasion by inhibiting AEG-1 and NF-κB signaling pathways. Sci Rep 2016; 6:27331. [PMID: 27251589 PMCID: PMC4890319 DOI: 10.1038/srep27331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrocyte elevated gene-1 (AEG-1) has been explored as a novel target for human glioma therapy, thus reflecting its potential contribution to gliomagenesis. In the present study, we investigated the effect of DYT-40, a novel synthetic 2-styryl-5-nitroimidazole derivative, on cell growth and invasion in glioblastoma (GBM) and uncovered the underlying mechanisms of this molecule. DYT-40 induces the intrinsic mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis and inhibits the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and invasion of GBM cell lines. Furthermore, DYT-40 deactivates PI3K/Akt and MAPK pathways, suppresses AEG-1 expression, and inhibits NF-κB nuclear translocation. DYT-40 reduced the tumor volumes in a rat C6 glioma model by apoptotic induction. Moreover, HE staining demonstrated that the glioma rat model treated with DYT-40 exhibited better defined tumor margins and fewer invasive cells to the contralateral striatum compared with the vehicle control and temozolomide-treated rats. Microscopic examination showed a decrease in AEG-1-positive cells in DYT-40-treated rats compared with the untreated controls. DYT-40-treatment increases the in vivo apoptotic response of glioma cells to DYT-40 treatment by TUNEL staining. In conclusion, the inhibitory effects of DYT-40 on growth and invasion in GBM suggest that DYT-40 might be a potential AEG-1 inhibitor to prevent the growth and motility of malignant glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meijuan Zou
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China.,State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Yongtao Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Pengfei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Rui Gao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Xuguan Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Yingwei Ou
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Mingxing Liang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Zhongchang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Yi Yuan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases; Department of oral and maxillofacial surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Breast Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Hailiang Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China.,State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
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41
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Buishand FO, Arkesteijn GJA, Feenstra LR, Oorsprong CWD, Mestemaker M, Starke A, Speel EJM, Kirpensteijn J, Mol JA. Identification of CD90 as Putative Cancer Stem Cell Marker and Therapeutic Target in Insulinomas. Stem Cells Dev 2016; 25:826-35. [PMID: 27049037 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2016.0032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The long-term prognosis after surgical resection of malignant insulinoma (INS) is poor. Novel adjuvant therapies, specifically targeting cancer stem cells (CSCs), are warranted. Therefore, the goal of this study was to characterize and target putative INS CSCs. Using fluorescence-activated cell sorting, human INS cell line CM and pancreatic carcinoid cell line BON1 were screened for the presence of stem cell-associated markers. CD90, CD166, and GD2 were identified as potential CSC markers. Only CD90(+) INS cells had an increased tumor-initiating potential in athymic nude mice. Anti-CD90 monoclonal antibodies decreased the viability and metastatic potential of injected cells in a zebrafish embryo INS xenograft model. Primary INS stained positive for CD90 by immunohistochemistry, however also intratumoral fibroblasts and vascular endothelium showed positive staining. The results of this study suggest that anti-CD90 monoclonals form a potential novel adjuvant therapeutic modality by targeting either INS cells directly, or by targeting the INS microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Floryne O Buishand
- 1 Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Utrecht University , Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ger J A Arkesteijn
- 2 Flow Cytometry Unit, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Division of Immunology, Utrecht University , Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Laurien R Feenstra
- 1 Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Utrecht University , Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Claire W D Oorsprong
- 1 Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Utrecht University , Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Margiet Mestemaker
- 1 Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Utrecht University , Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Achim Starke
- 3 Department of Surgery, Lukas Krankenhaus GmbH, Neuss and Insulinoma and GEP-NET Tumor Center Neuss-Dusseldorf , Neuss, Germany
| | - Ernst-Jan M Speel
- 4 Department of Pathology, GROW-School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center , Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jolle Kirpensteijn
- 1 Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Utrecht University , Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jan A Mol
- 1 Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Utrecht University , Utrecht, The Netherlands
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42
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Balamurugan K. HIF-1 at the crossroads of hypoxia, inflammation, and cancer. Int J Cancer 2016; 138:1058-66. [PMID: 25784597 PMCID: PMC4573780 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.29519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 394] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Revised: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The complex cross-talk of intricate intercellular signaling networks between the tumor and stromal cells promotes cancer progression. Hypoxia is one of the most common conditions encountered within the tumor microenvironment that drives tumorigenesis. Most responses to hypoxia are elicited by a family of transcription factors called hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs), which induce expression of a diverse set of genes that assist cells to adapt to hypoxic environments. Among the three HIF protein family members, the role of HIF-1 is well established in cancer progression. HIF-1 functions as a signaling hub to coordinate the activities of many transcription factors and signaling molecules that impact tumorigenesis. This mini review discusses the complex role of HIF-1 and its context-dependent partners under various cancer-promoting events including inflammation and generation of cancer stem cells, which are implicated in tumor metastasis and relapse. In addition, the review highlights the importance of therapeutic targeting of HIF-1 for cancer prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuppusamy Balamurugan
- Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Signaling, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD
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43
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Nagayama Y, Shimamura M, Mitsutake N. Cancer Stem Cells in the Thyroid. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2016; 7:20. [PMID: 26973599 PMCID: PMC4770029 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2016.00020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The cancer stem cell (CSC) model posits that CSCs are a small, biologically distinct subpopulation of cancer cells in each tumor that have self-renewal and multi-lineage potential, and are critical for cancer initiation, metastasis, recurrence, and therapy-resistance. Numerous studies have linked CSCs to thyroid biology, but the candidate markers and signal transduction pathways that drive thyroid CSC growth are controversial, the origin(s) of thyroid CSCs remain elusive, and it is unclear whether thyroid CSC biology is consistent with the original hierarchical CSC model or the more recent dynamic CSC model. Here, we critically review the thyroid CSC literature with an emphasis on research that confirmed the presence of thyroid CSCs by in vitro sphere formation or in vivo tumor formation assays with dispersed cells from thyroid cancer tissues or bona fide thyroid cancer cell lines. Future perspectives of thyroid CSC research are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Nagayama
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
- *Correspondence: Yuji Nagayama,
| | - Mika Shimamura
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Norisato Mitsutake
- Department of Radiation Medical Sciences, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
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44
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Garufi A, D'Orazi V, Crispini A, D'Orazi G. Zn(II)-curc targets p53 in thyroid cancer cells. Int J Oncol 2015; 47:1241-8. [PMID: 26314369 PMCID: PMC4583539 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2015.3125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
TP53 mutation is a common event in many cancers, including thyroid carcinoma. Defective p53 activity promotes cancer resistance to therapies and a more malignant phenotype, acquiring oncogenic functions. Rescuing the function of mutant p53 (mutp53) protein is an attractive anticancer therapeutic strategy. Zn(II)-curc is a novel small molecule that has been shown to target mutp53 protein in several cancer cells, but its effect in thyroid cancer cells remains unclear. Here, we investigated whether Zn(II)-curc could affect p53 in thyroid cancer cells with both p53 mutation (R273H) and wild-type p53. Zn(II)-curc induced mutp53H273 downregulation and reactivation of wild-type functions, such as binding to canonical target promoters and target gene transactivation. This latter effect was similar to that induced by PRIMA-1. In addition, Zn(II)-curc triggered p53 target gene expression in wild-type p53-carrying cells. In combination treatments, Zn(II)-curc enhanced the antitumor activity of chemotherapeutic drugs, in both mutant and wild-type-carrying cancer cells. Taken together, our data indicate that Zn(II)-curc promotes the reactivation of p53 in thyroid cancer cells, providing in vitro evidence for a potential therapeutic approach in thyroid cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Garufi
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Valerio D'Orazi
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Crispini
- Department of Chemistry and Technologic Chemistry, University of Calabria, Cosenza, Italy
| | - Gabriella D'Orazi
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
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45
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Zane M, Scavo E, Catalano V, Bonanno M, Todaro M, De Maria R, Stassi G. Normal vs cancer thyroid stem cells: the road to transformation. Oncogene 2015; 35:805-15. [PMID: 25961919 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2015.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2015] [Revised: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Recent investigations in thyroid carcinogenesis have led to the isolation and characterisation of a subpopulation of stem-like cells, responsible for tumour initiation, progression and metastasis. Nevertheless, the cellular origin of thyroid cancer stem cells (SCs) remains unknown and it is still necessary to define the process and the target population that sustain malignant transformation of tissue-resident SCs or the reprogramming of a more differentiated cell. Here, we will critically discuss new insights into thyroid SCs as a potential source of cancer formation in light of the available information on the oncogenic role of genetic modifications that occur during thyroid cancer development. Understanding the fine mechanisms that regulate tumour transformation may provide new ground for clinical intervention in terms of prevention, diagnosis and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Zane
- Department of Surgical and Oncological Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.,Department of Surgical, Oncological and Gastroenterological Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - E Scavo
- Department of Surgical and Oncological Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - V Catalano
- Department of Surgical and Oncological Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - M Bonanno
- Department of Surgical and Oncological Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - M Todaro
- Department of Surgical and Oncological Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - R De Maria
- Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - G Stassi
- Department of Surgical and Oncological Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
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46
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Hayase S, Sasaki Y, Matsubara T, Seo D, Miyakoshi M, Murata T, Ozaki T, Kakudo K, Kumamoto K, Ylaya K, Cheng SY, Thorgeirsson SS, Hewitt SM, Ward JM, Kimura S. Expression of stanniocalcin 1 in thyroid side population cells and thyroid cancer cells. Thyroid 2015; 25:425-36. [PMID: 25647164 PMCID: PMC4390205 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2014.0464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mouse thyroid side population (SP) cells consist of a minor population of mouse thyroid cells that may have multipotent thyroid stem cell characteristics. However the nature of thyroid SP cells remains elusive, particularly in relation to thyroid cancer. Stanniocalcin (STC) 1 and 2 are secreted glycoproteins known to regulate serum calcium and phosphate homeostasis. In recent years, the relationship of STC1/2 expression to cancer has been described in various tissues. METHOD Microarray analysis was carried out to determine genes up- and down-regulated in thyroid SP cells as compared with non-SP cells. Among genes up-regulated, stanniocalcin 1 (STC1) was chosen for study because of its expression in various thyroid cells by Western blotting and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Gene expression analysis revealed that genes known to be highly expressed in cancer cells and/or involved in cancer invasion/metastasis were markedly up-regulated in SP cells from both intact as well as partial thyroidectomized thyroids. Among these genes, expression of STC1 was found in five human thyroid carcinoma-derived cell lines as revealed by analysis of mRNA and protein, and its expression was inversely correlated with the differentiation status of the cells. Immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated higher expression of STC1 in the thyroid tumor cell line and thyroid tumor tissues from humans and mice. CONCLUSION These results suggest that SP cells contain a population of cells that express genes also highly expressed in cancer cells including Stc1, which warrants further study on the role of SP cells and/or STC1 expression in thyroid cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suguru Hayase
- Laboratory of Metabolism, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
- Department of Organ Regulatory Surgery, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Yoshihito Sasaki
- Laboratory of Metabolism, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
- Kuwana East Medical Center, Kuwana, Mie, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Matsubara
- Laboratory of Metabolism, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
- Department of Anatomy and Regenerative Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Daekwan Seo
- Laboratory of Experimental Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
- Bioinformatics Core, School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Masaaki Miyakoshi
- Laboratory of Metabolism, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
- Department of Oral Pathobiological Science, Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Tsubasa Murata
- Laboratory of Metabolism, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
- Dental and Oral Surgery, Tomakomai City Hospital, Tomakomai, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Takashi Ozaki
- Department of Pathology, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama City, Japan
| | - Kennichi Kakudo
- Department of Pathology, Nara Hospital Kinki University Faculty of Medicine, Ikoma, Japan
| | - Kensuke Kumamoto
- Department of Organ Regulatory Surgery, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Kris Ylaya
- Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Sheue-yann Cheng
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Snorri S. Thorgeirsson
- Laboratory of Experimental Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Stephen M. Hewitt
- Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | | | - Shioko Kimura
- Laboratory of Metabolism, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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Islam SS, Mokhtari RB, Noman AS, Uddin M, Rahman MZ, Azadi MA, Zlotta A, van der Kwast T, Yeger H, Farhat WA. Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling promotes tumorigenicity and stemness via activation of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in bladder cancer. Mol Carcinog 2015; 55:537-51. [PMID: 25728352 DOI: 10.1002/mc.22300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2014] [Revised: 01/06/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Activation of the sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling pathway controls tumorigenesis in a variety of cancers. Here, we show a role for Shh signaling in the promotion of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), tumorigenicity, and stemness in the bladder cancer. EMT induction was assessed by the decreased expression of E-cadherin and ZO-1 and increased expression of N-cadherin. The induced EMT was associated with increased cell motility, invasiveness, and clonogenicity. These progression relevant behaviors were attenuated by treatment with Hh inhibitors cyclopamine and GDC-0449, and after knockdown by Shh-siRNA, and led to reversal of the EMT phenotype. The results with HTB-9 were confirmed using a second bladder cancer cell line, BFTC905 (DM). In a xenograft mouse model TGF-β1 treated HTB-9 cells exhibited enhanced tumor growth. Although normal bladder epithelial cells could also undergo EMT and upregulate Shh with TGF-β1 they did not exhibit tumorigenicity. The TGF-β1 treated HTB-9 xenografts showed strong evidence for a switch to a more stem cell like phenotype, with functional activation of CD133, Sox2, Nanog, and Oct4. The bladder cancer specific stem cell markers CK5 and CK14 were upregulated in the TGF-β1 treated xenograft tumor samples, while CD44 remained unchanged in both treated and untreated tumors. Immunohistochemical analysis of 22 primary human bladder tumors indicated that Shh expression was positively correlated with tumor grade and stage. Elevated expression of Ki-67, Shh, Gli2, and N-cadherin were observed in the high grade and stage human bladder tumor samples, and conversely, the downregulation of these genes were observed in the low grade and stage tumor samples. Collectively, this study indicates that TGF-β1-induced Shh may regulate EMT and tumorigenicity in bladder cancer. Our studies reveal that the TGF-β1 induction of EMT and Shh is cell type context dependent. Thus, targeting the Shh pathway could be clinically beneficial in the ability to reverse the EMT phenotype of tumor cells and potentially inhibit bladder cancer progression and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S S Islam
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Division of Urology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - R B Mokhtari
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - A S Noman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chittagong, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - M Uddin
- Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - M Z Rahman
- Department of Pathology, Chittagong Medical College, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - M A Azadi
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Chittagong, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - A Zlotta
- Department of Uro-Oncology, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - T van der Kwast
- Department of Pathology, Laboratory Medicine Program, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - H Yeger
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - W A Farhat
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Division of Urology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
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48
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Guo J, Wang B, Fu Z, Wei J, Lu W. Hypoxic Microenvironment Induces EMT and Upgrades Stem-Like Properties of Gastric Cancer Cells. Technol Cancer Res Treat 2015; 15:60-8. [PMID: 25601854 DOI: 10.1177/1533034614566413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2014] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia microenvironment, as a major feature of solid tumors, increases tumors progression and metastasis. To research whether hypoxia influences the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and cancer stem cells (CSCs) of gastric cancer cells and their cell biological behaviors. Human gastric cancer cell lines BGC823 and SGC7901 were cultivated in different oxygen tensions for proliferation, colony formation, soft agar formation, migration, and invasion analyses. Markers of EMT (E-cadherin, N-cadherin, Vimentin, and Snail) and markers of CSCs (Sox2, Oct4, and Bmi1) were investigated by real-time polymerase chain reaction, Western blotting, and immunofluorescent analysis. Cultivated at hypoxic condition, BGC823 and SGC7901 cells morphology began to change significantly. The cells pretreated under hypoxia grew faster than those cells always cultivated in normoxia. Meanwhile, hypoxia pretreatment dramatically promoted cell proliferation, migration and invasion, and increased capability of colony and soft agar colony formation. Furthermore, under hypoxia, E-cadherin decreased and N-cadherin, Vimentin, Snail, Sox2, Oct4, and Bmi1 increased both on the level of messenger RNA and protein. We drew a conclusion that the hypoxic microenvironment induced EMT, upgraded stem-like properties of gastric cancer cells, promoted invasion and metastasis, and behaved more malignantly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinbao Guo
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhongxue Fu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jinlai Wei
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Weidong Lu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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49
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Starska K, Forma E, Jóźwiak P, Bryś M, Lewy-Trenda I, Brzezińska-Błaszczyk E, Krześlak A. Gene and protein expression of glucose transporter 1 and glucose transporter 3 in human laryngeal cancer-the relationship with regulatory hypoxia-inducible factor-1α expression, tumor invasiveness, and patient prognosis. Tumour Biol 2014; 36:2309-21. [PMID: 25412955 PMCID: PMC4428538 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-014-2838-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased glucose uptake mediated by glucose transporters and reliance on glycolysis are common features of malignant cells. Hypoxia-inducible factor-1α supports the adaptation of hypoxic cells by inducing genes related to glucose metabolism. The contribution of glucose transporter (GLUT) and hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) activity to tumor behavior and their prognostic value in head and neck cancers remains unclear. The aim of this study was to examine the predictive value of GLUT1, GLUT3, and HIF-1α messenger RNA (mRNA)/protein expression as markers of tumor aggressiveness and prognosis in laryngeal cancer. The level of hypoxia/metabolic marker genes was determined in 106 squamous cell laryngeal cancer (SCC) and 73 noncancerous matched mucosa (NCM) controls using quantitative real-time PCR. The related protein levels were analyzed by Western blot. Positive expression of SLC2A1, SLC2A3, and HIF-1α genes was noted in 83.9, 82.1, and 71.7 % of SCC specimens and in 34.4, 59.4, and 62.5 % of laryngeal cancer samples. Higher levels of mRNA/protein for GLUT1 and HIF-1α were noted in SCC compared to NCM (p < 0.05). SLC2A1 was found to have a positive relationship with grade, tumor front grading (TFG) score, and depth and mode of invasion (p < 0.05). SLC2A3 was related to grade and invasion type (p < 0.05). There were also relationships of HIF-1α with pTNM, TFG scale, invasion depth and mode, tumor recurrences, and overall survival (p < 0.05). In addition, more advanced tumors were found to be more likely to demonstrate positive expression of these proteins. In conclusion, the hypoxia/metabolic markers studied could be used as molecular markers of tumor invasiveness in laryngeal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Starska
- I Department of Otolaryngology and Laryngological Oncology, Medical University of Łódź, Kopcinskiego 22, 90-153, Łódź, Poland,
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50
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Abstract
Thyroid cancer is one of the most rapidly increasing malignancies. The reasons for this increase is not completely known, but increases in the diagnosis of papillary thyroid microcarcinomas and follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinomas along with the enhanced detection of well-differentiated thyroid carcinomas are probably all contributing factors. Although most cases of well-differentiated thyroid carcinomas are associated with an excellent prognosis, a small percentage of patients with well-differentiated thyroid carcinomas as well as most patients with poorly differentiated and anaplastic thyroid carcinomas have recurrent and/or metastatic disease that is often fatal. The cancer stem-like cell (CSC) model suggests that a small number of cells within a cancer, known as CSCs, are responsible for resistance to chemotherapy and radiation therapy, as well as for recurrent and metastatic disease. This review discusses current studies about thyroid CSCs, the processes of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition that provide plasticity to CSC growth, in addition to the role of microRNAs in CSC development and regulation. Understanding the biology of CSCs, EMT and the metastatic cascade should lead to the design of more rational targeted therapies for highly aggressive and fatal thyroid cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenying Guo
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory MedicineUniversity of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Zhejiang, China
| | - Heather Hardin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory MedicineUniversity of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ricardo V Lloyd
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory MedicineUniversity of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Zhejiang, China
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