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Lozano-Andrés E, Van Den Broeck T, Wang L, Mehrpouyan M, Tian Y, Yan X, Arkesteijn GJA, Wauben MHM. Intrinsic variability of fluorescence calibrators impacts the assignment of MESF or ERF values to nanoparticles and extracellular vesicles by flow cytometry. Nanomedicine 2024; 56:102720. [PMID: 38007067 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2023.102720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/27/2023]
Abstract
Flow cytometry allows to characterize nanoparticles (NPs) and extracellular vesicles (EVs) but results are often expressed in arbitrary units of fluorescence. We evaluated the precision and accuracy of molecules of equivalent soluble fluorophores (MESF) beads for calibration of NPs and EVs. Firstly, two FITC-MESF bead sets, 2 and 6 um in size, were measured on three flow cytometers. We showed that arbitrary units could not be compared between instruments but after calibration, comparable FITC MESF units were achieved. However, the two calibration bead sets displayed varying slopes that were consistent across platforms. Further investigation revealed that the intrinsic uncertainty related to the MESF beads impacts the robust assignment of values to NPs and EVs based on extrapolation into the dim fluorescence range. Similar variations were found with PE MESF calibration. Therefore, the same calibration materials and numbers of calibration points should be used for reliable comparison of submicron sized particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estefanía Lozano-Andrés
- Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | | | - Lili Wang
- Biosystems and Biomaterials Division, National Institutes of Standards and Technology (NIST), Gaithersburg, MD 20899, United States of America
| | | | - Ye Tian
- Department of Chemical Biology, MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis & Instrumentation, Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaomei Yan
- Department of Chemical Biology, MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis & Instrumentation, Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Ger J A Arkesteijn
- Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Marca H M Wauben
- Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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2
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Lozano‐Andrés E, Enciso‐Martinez A, Gijsbers A, Ridolfi A, Van Niel G, Libregts SFWM, Pinheiro C, van Herwijnen MJC, Hendrix A, Brucale M, Valle F, Peters PJ, Otto C, Arkesteijn GJA, Wauben MHM. Physical association of low density lipoprotein particles and extracellular vesicles unveiled by single particle analysis. J Extracell Vesicles 2023; 12:e12376. [PMID: 37942918 PMCID: PMC10634195 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) in blood plasma are recognized as potential biomarkers for disease. Although blood plasma is easily obtainable, analysis of EVs at the single particle level is still challenging due to the biological complexity of this body fluid. Besides EVs, plasma contains different types of lipoproteins particles (LPPs), that outnumber EVs by orders of magnitude and which partially overlap in biophysical properties such as size, density and molecular makeup. Consequently, during EV isolation LPPs are often co-isolated. Furthermore, physical EV-LPP complexes have been observed in purified EV preparations. Since co-isolation or association of LPPs can impact EV-based analysis and biomarker profiling, we investigated the presence and formation of EV-LPP complexes in biological samples by using label-free atomic force microscopy, cryo-electron tomography and synchronous Rayleigh and Raman scattering analysis of optically trapped particles and fluorescence-based high sensitivity single particle flow cytometry. Furthermore, we evaluated the impact on flow cytometric analysis in the presence of LPPs using in vitro spike-in experiments of purified tumour cell line-derived EVs in different classes of purified human LPPs. Based on orthogonal single-particle analysis techniques we demonstrate that EV-LPP complexes can form under physiological conditions. Furthermore, we show that in fluorescence-based flow cytometric EV analysis staining of LPPs, as well as EV-LPP associations, can influence quantitative and qualitative EV analysis. Lastly, we demonstrate that the colloidal matrix of the biofluid in which EVs reside impacts their buoyant density, size and/or refractive index (RI), which may have consequences for down-stream EV analysis and EV biomarker profiling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estefanía Lozano‐Andrés
- Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Agustin Enciso‐Martinez
- Department of Cell and Chemical BiologyLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
- Medical Cell Biophysics GroupUniversity of TwenteEnschedeThe Netherlands
| | - Abril Gijsbers
- Maastricht Multimodal Molecular Imaging Institute, Division of NanoscopyMaastricht UniversityMaastrichtThe Netherlands
| | - Andrea Ridolfi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and LaserLaB AmsterdamVrije Universiteit AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Guillaume Van Niel
- Institute for Psychiatry and Neuroscience of ParisHopital Saint‐Anne, Université DescartesParisFrance
| | - Sten F. W. M. Libregts
- Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Cláudio Pinheiro
- Laboratory of Experimental Cancer ResearchDepartment of Human Structure and Repair Ghent UniversityGhentBelgium
- Cancer Research Institute GhentGhentBelgium
| | - Martijn J. C. van Herwijnen
- Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - An Hendrix
- Laboratory of Experimental Cancer ResearchDepartment of Human Structure and Repair Ghent UniversityGhentBelgium
- Cancer Research Institute GhentGhentBelgium
| | - Marco Brucale
- Institute for the Study of Nanostructured Materials (ISMN)Italian National Research Council (CNR)BolognaItaly
| | - Francesco Valle
- Institute for the Study of Nanostructured Materials (ISMN)Italian National Research Council (CNR)BolognaItaly
| | - Peter J. Peters
- Maastricht Multimodal Molecular Imaging Institute, Division of NanoscopyMaastricht UniversityMaastrichtThe Netherlands
| | - Cees Otto
- Medical Cell Biophysics GroupUniversity of TwenteEnschedeThe Netherlands
| | - Ger J. A. Arkesteijn
- Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Marca H. M. Wauben
- Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
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3
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Welsh JA, Arkesteijn GJA, Bremer M, Cimorelli M, Dignat-George F, Giebel B, Görgens A, Hendrix A, Kuiper M, Lacroix R, Lannigan J, van Leeuwen TG, Lozano-Andrés E, Rao S, Robert S, de Rond L, Tang VA, Tertel T, Yan X, Wauben MHM, Nolan JP, Jones JC, Nieuwland R, van der Pol E. A compendium of single extracellular vesicle flow cytometry. J Extracell Vesicles 2023; 12:e12299. [PMID: 36759917 PMCID: PMC9911638 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Flow cytometry (FCM) offers a multiparametric technology capable of characterizing single extracellular vesicles (EVs). However, most flow cytometers are designed to detect cells, which are larger than EVs. Whereas cells exceed the background noise, signals originating from EVs partly overlap with the background noise, thereby making EVs more difficult to detect than cells. This technical mismatch together with complexity of EV-containing fluids causes limitations and challenges with conducting, interpreting and reproducing EV FCM experiments. To address and overcome these challenges, researchers from the International Society for Extracellular Vesicles (ISEV), International Society for Advancement of Cytometry (ISAC), and the International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis (ISTH) joined forces and initiated the EV FCM working group. To improve the interpretation, reporting, and reproducibility of future EV FCM data, the EV FCM working group published an ISEV position manuscript outlining a framework of minimum information that should be reported about an FCM experiment on single EVs (MIFlowCyt-EV). However, the framework contains limited background information. Therefore, the goal of this compendium is to provide the background information necessary to design and conduct reproducible EV FCM experiments. This compendium contains background information on EVs, the interaction between light and EVs, FCM hardware, experimental design and preanalytical procedures, sample preparation, assay controls, instrument data acquisition and calibration, EV characterization, and data reporting. Although this compendium focuses on EVs, many concepts and explanations could also be applied to FCM detection of other particles within the EV size range, such as bacteria, lipoprotein particles, milk fat globules, and viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua A Welsh
- Translational Nanobiology Section, Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Ger J A Arkesteijn
- Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Michel Bremer
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Michael Cimorelli
- Vesicle Observation Center, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Experimental Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Françoise Dignat-George
- Aix Marseille Univ, INSERM, INRAE, C2VN, UFR de Pharmacie, Marseille, France
- Hematology and Vascular Biology Department, CHU La Conception, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Marseille, France
| | - Bernd Giebel
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - André Görgens
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
- Clinical Research Center, Department for Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Evox Therapeutics Ltd, Oxford, UK
| | - An Hendrix
- Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research, Department of Human Structure and Repair, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Martine Kuiper
- Vesicle Observation Center, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Experimental Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Biomedical Engineering & Physics, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Dutch Metrology Institute, VSL, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Romaric Lacroix
- Aix Marseille Univ, INSERM, INRAE, C2VN, UFR de Pharmacie, Marseille, France
- Hematology and Vascular Biology Department, CHU La Conception, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Marseille, France
| | - Joanne Lannigan
- Flow Cytometry Support Services, LLC, Arlington, Virginia, USA
| | - Ton G van Leeuwen
- Vesicle Observation Center, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Biomedical Engineering & Physics, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Atherosclerosis and Ischemic Syndromes, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Cancer Center Amsterdam, Imaging and Biomarkers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Estefanía Lozano-Andrés
- Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Shoaib Rao
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Stéphane Robert
- Aix Marseille Univ, INSERM, INRAE, C2VN, UFR de Pharmacie, Marseille, France
- Hematology and Vascular Biology Department, CHU La Conception, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Marseille, France
| | - Leonie de Rond
- Vesicle Observation Center, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Experimental Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Biomedical Engineering & Physics, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Vera A Tang
- Flow Cytometry & Virometry Core Facility, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tobias Tertel
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Xiaomei Yan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis & Instrumentation, Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Marca H M Wauben
- Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - John P Nolan
- Scintillon Institute, San Diego, California, USA
- Cellarcus Biosciences, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Jennifer C Jones
- Translational Nanobiology Section, Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Rienk Nieuwland
- Vesicle Observation Center, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Experimental Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Atherosclerosis and Ischemic Syndromes, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Edwin van der Pol
- Vesicle Observation Center, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Experimental Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Biomedical Engineering & Physics, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Atherosclerosis and Ischemic Syndromes, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Cancer Center Amsterdam, Imaging and Biomarkers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Suiker IM, Arkesteijn GJA, Zeegers PJ, Wösten HAB. Presence of Saccharomyces cerevisiae subsp. diastaticus in industry and nature and spoilage capacity of its vegetative cells and ascospores. Int J Food Microbiol 2021; 347:109173. [PMID: 33812163 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2021.109173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Revised: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Saccharomyces cerevisiae sub-species diastaticus (S. diastaticus) is the main fungal cause of spoilage of carbonated fermented beverages in the brewing industry. Here, prevalence of S. diastaticus in nature and breweries was assessed as well as the spoilage capacity of its vegetative cells and spores. S. diastaticus could only be enriched from 1 out of 136 bark and soil samples from the Netherlands, being the first described natural isolate of this yeast outside South America. On the other hand, it was identified by PCR and selective enrichment in 25 and 21 out of 54 biofilm samples from beer filling halls in Asia, Africa, Europe and North America. ITS sequencing revealed that S. cerevisiae (including S. diastaticus) represented <0.05% of fungal DNA in 17 out of 20 samples, while it represented 0.1, 2 and 32% in samples VH6, VH1 and VH3 respectively. Next, vegetative cells and ascospores of the natural S. diastaticus isolate MB523 were inoculated in a variety of beer products containing 0.0-5.0% alcohol (v/v). Ascospores spoiled all beer products, while vegetative cells did not grow in Radler lemon 0.0, Radler lime mint 0.0 and Radler lemon lime 0.0. Notably, vegetative cells could spoil these Radlers when they first had been grown in alcohol free beer either or not mixed with Radler lemon lime 0.0. Conversely, vegetative cells that had been grown in Radler lemon lime lost their spoilage potential of this beer product when they had grown in YPD medium for more than 24 h. In addition, it was shown that cells grown in alcohol free beer were more heat resistant than cells grown in YPD (D52 40 min and ≤ 10.3 min, respectively). Together, these data show that S. diastaticus is a less prevalent variant of S. cerevisiae in nature, while it accumulates in breweries in mixed biofilms. Data also show that both vegetative cells and spores can spoil all tested beer products, the latter cell type irrespective of its environmental history.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inge M Suiker
- TiFN, Wageningen, the Netherlands; Microbiology, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Ger J A Arkesteijn
- Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Petra J Zeegers
- Heineken Supply Chain BV, Burgemeester Smeetsweg 1, 2382 PH Zoeterwoude, the Netherlands
| | - Han A B Wösten
- TiFN, Wageningen, the Netherlands; Microbiology, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, the Netherlands.
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5
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Arkesteijn GJA, Lozano-Andrés E, Libregts SFWM, Wauben MHM. Improved Flow Cytometric Light Scatter Detection of Submicron-Sized Particles by Reduction of Optical Background Signals. Cytometry A 2020; 97:610-619. [PMID: 32459071 PMCID: PMC7384008 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.24036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Flow cytometry allows multiparameter analysis on a single‐cell basis and is currently the method of choice to rapidly assess heterogeneity of cell populations in suspension. With the research field of extracellular vesicles (EV) rapidly expanding, there is an increased demand to address heterogeneity of EV populations in biological samples. Although flow cytometry would be the ideal technique to do so, the available instruments are in general not equipped to optimally detect the dim light scatter signals generated by submicron‐sized particles like EV. Although sideward scatter light and fluorescence are currently used as a threshold signal to identify EV within samples, the forward scatter light (FSC) parameter is often neglected due to the lack of resolution to distinguish EV‐related signals from noise. However, after optimization of FSC detection by adjusting the size of the obscuration bar, we recently showed that certain EV‐subsets could only be identified based on FSC. This observation made us to further study the possibilities to enhance FSC‐detection of submicron‐sized particles. By testing differently sized obscuration bars and differently sized pinholes in the focal plane behind the FSC detection lens, we generated a matrix that allowed us to determine which combination resulted in the lowest optical background in terms of numbers of events regarding FSC detection of submicron‐sized particles. We found that a combination of an 8‐mm obscuration bar and a 200‐μm pinhole reduced optical background in a reproducible manner to such extent that it allowed a robust separation of 100‐nm polystyrene beads from background signals within the FSC channel, and even allowed thresholding on FSC without the interference of massive background signals when both beads and EV were measured. These technical adaptations thus significantly improved FSC detection of submicron‐sized particles and provide an important lead for the further development and design of flow cytometers that aid in detection of submicron‐sized particles. © 2020 The Authors. Cytometry Part A published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of International Society for Advancement of Cytometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ger J A Arkesteijn
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Estefanía Lozano-Andrés
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Sten F W M Libregts
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marca H M Wauben
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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6
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van den Biggelaar RHGA, Arkesteijn GJA, Rutten VPMG, van Eden W, Jansen CA. In vitro Chicken Bone Marrow-Derived Dendritic Cells Comprise Subsets at Different States of Maturation. Front Immunol 2020; 11:141. [PMID: 32174908 PMCID: PMC7054383 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Research in chickens has been fundamental for the discovery of basic aspects of the immune system and has led to an interest in the in-depth characterization of avian immune cell types including dendritic cells (DCs). The in vitro generation and expansion of chicken bone marrow-derived DCs (chBMDCs) in the presence of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) has provided a way to study chicken DCs, which are only present at limited cell numbers in vivo. This method has been employed to study the interactions between chicken DCs and pathogens or vaccines. However, a detailed characterization of the chBMDC culture is still lacking. In the present study, we performed an elaborate phenotypical and functional analysis of the chBMDC culture and addressed its heterogeneity. After 8 days of culture, chBMDCs comprised major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC-II)low and MHC-IIhigh subsets with different morphologies. Compared with MHC-IIlow chBMDCs, the MHC-IIhigh subset showed a more mature phenotype, with higher expressions of CD1.1, CD40, CD80, CCR7, and CD83, and a relatively low opsonophagocytic capacity. Nevertheless, MHC-IIhigh chBMDCs did not show an increased capacity to induce T-cell proliferation. Therefore, MHC-IIhigh chBMDCs were found to be semi-mature. Interestingly, the presence of the semi-mature MHC-IIhigh chBMDC subset reduced when cells were cultured in the presence of IL-4. Finally, prolonged cell culture after fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) converted the semi-mature MHC-IIhigh subset back into the immature phenotype of the MHC-IIlow subset, demonstrating plasticity of their maturation state. This detailed characterization explained the heterogeneity of the chBMDC culture by the simultaneous presence of immature and semi-mature chBMDC subsets, in addition to cells without features of antigen-presenting cells. Our findings are instrumental for the interpretation of experiments using the chBMDC culture in past and future research by providing insights into its phenotypically and functionally distinct cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin H G A van den Biggelaar
- Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Ger J A Arkesteijn
- Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Victor P M G Rutten
- Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Willem van Eden
- Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Christine A Jansen
- Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
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7
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Welsh JA, Van Der Pol E, Arkesteijn GJA, Bremer M, Brisson A, Coumans F, Dignat-George F, Duggan E, Ghiran I, Giebel B, Görgens A, Hendrix A, Lacroix R, Lannigan J, Libregts SFWM, Lozano-Andrés E, Morales-Kastresana A, Robert S, De Rond L, Tertel T, Tigges J, De Wever O, Yan X, Nieuwland R, Wauben MHM, Nolan JP, Jones JC. MIFlowCyt-EV: a framework for standardized reporting of extracellular vesicle flow cytometry experiments. J Extracell Vesicles 2020; 9:1713526. [PMID: 32128070 PMCID: PMC7034442 DOI: 10.1080/20013078.2020.1713526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are small, heterogeneous and difficult to measure. Flow cytometry (FC) is a key technology for the measurement of individual particles, but its application to the analysis of EVs and other submicron particles has presented many challenges and has produced a number of controversial results, in part due to limitations of instrument detection, lack of robust methods and ambiguities in how data should be interpreted. These complications are exacerbated by the field's lack of a robust reporting framework, and many EV-FC manuscripts include incomplete descriptions of methods and results, contain artefacts stemming from an insufficient instrument sensitivity and inappropriate experimental design and lack appropriate calibration and standardization. To address these issues, a working group (WG) of EV-FC researchers from ISEV, ISAC and ISTH, worked together as an EV-FC WG and developed a consensus framework for the minimum information that should be provided regarding EV-FC. This framework incorporates the existing Minimum Information for Studies of EVs (MISEV) guidelines and Minimum Information about a FC experiment (MIFlowCyt) standard in an EV-FC-specific reporting framework (MIFlowCyt-EV) that supports reporting of critical information related to sample staining, EV detection and measurement and experimental design in manuscripts that report EV-FC data. MIFlowCyt-EV provides a structure for sharing EV-FC results, but it does not prescribe specific protocols, as there will continue to be rapid evolution of instruments and methods for the foreseeable future. MIFlowCyt-EV accommodates this evolution, while providing information needed to evaluate and compare different approaches. Because MIFlowCyt-EV will ensure consistency in the manner of reporting of EV-FC studies, over time we expect that adoption of MIFlowCyt-EV as a standard for reporting EV- FC studies will improve the ability to quantitatively compare results from different laboratories and to support the development of new instruments and assays for improved measurement of EVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua A Welsh
- Translational Nanobiology Section, Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Edwin Van Der Pol
- Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Laboratory Experimental Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Vesicle Observation Center, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ger J A Arkesteijn
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Michel Bremer
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Alain Brisson
- UMR-5248-CBMN, CNRS-University of Bordeaux-IPB, Pessac, France
| | - Frank Coumans
- Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Laboratory Experimental Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Vesicle Observation Center, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Françoise Dignat-George
- Center of Cardiovascular Research and Nutrition (C2VN) UMR-INSERM INRA 1263, Aix-Marseille Université, INSERM, Marseille, France.,Hematology and Vascular Biology Department, CHU La Conception, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Marseille, France
| | | | - Ionita Ghiran
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Bernd Giebel
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - André Görgens
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.,Clinical Research Center, Department for Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Evox Therapeutics Ltd, Oxford, UK
| | - An Hendrix
- Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research, Department of Human Structure and Repair, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Romaric Lacroix
- Center of Cardiovascular Research and Nutrition (C2VN) UMR-INSERM INRA 1263, Aix-Marseille Université, INSERM, Marseille, France.,Hematology and Vascular Biology Department, CHU La Conception, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Marseille, France
| | - Joanne Lannigan
- Flow Cytometry Core, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Sten F W M Libregts
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,NIHR Cambridge BRC Cell Phenotyping Hub, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Estefanía Lozano-Andrés
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Aizea Morales-Kastresana
- Translational Nanobiology Section, Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Leonie De Rond
- Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Laboratory Experimental Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Vesicle Observation Center, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tobias Tertel
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - John Tigges
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Flow Cytometry Core, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Olivier De Wever
- Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research, Department of Human Structure and Repair, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Xiaomei Yan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis & Instrumentation, Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, People's Republic of China
| | - Rienk Nieuwland
- Laboratory Experimental Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Vesicle Observation Center, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marca H M Wauben
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Jennifer C Jones
- Translational Nanobiology Section, Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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8
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Boere J, van de Lest CHA, de Grauw JC, Plomp SGM, Libregts SFWM, Arkesteijn GJA, Malda J, Wauben MHM, van Weeren PR. Extracellular vesicles in synovial fluid from juvenile horses: No age-related changes in the quantitative profile. Vet J 2018; 244:91-93. [PMID: 30825901 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2018.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Revised: 09/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicle (EV) concentration, characteristics and function in equine synovial fluid (SF) during normal growth and development has not previously been studied. Isolation of EVs was performed in SF from three healthy foals and two adult horses by differential ultracentrifugation (10,000g and 200,000g); EVs were purified by sucrose density gradient floatation and analysed by high-resolution flow cytometry (FCM), buoyant density and western blotting. Additionally, repeated biomarker analysis of sulphated glycosaminoglycans (GAG), matrix metalloproteinase (MMP), C-terminal crosslinked telopeptide type II collagen (CTX-II), collagenase cleaved neopeptide type II collagen (C2C) was performed in SF from 10 foals and six adult horses. In contrast with the quantitative EV profile, the biomarker profile in SF from juvenile joints was substantially different from that in SF from adult animals. However, there were qualitative differences in the high-resolution FCM scatter plots. Future in-depth functional analyses may reveal differences between juvenile and mature EVs in SF.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Boere
- Department of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 112, 3584CM Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - C H A van de Lest
- Department of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 112, 3584CM Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Biochemistry & Cell Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 2, 3584CM Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - J C de Grauw
- Department of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 112, 3584CM Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - S G M Plomp
- Department of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 112, 3584CM Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - S F W M Libregts
- Department of Biochemistry & Cell Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 2, 3584CM Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - G J A Arkesteijn
- Department of Biochemistry & Cell Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 2, 3584CM Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584CM Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - J Malda
- Department of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 112, 3584CM Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - M H M Wauben
- Department of Biochemistry & Cell Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 2, 3584CM Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - P R van Weeren
- Department of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 112, 3584CM Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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9
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Libregts SFWM, Arkesteijn GJA, Németh A, Nolte-'t Hoen ENM, Wauben MHM. Flow cytometric analysis of extracellular vesicle subsets in plasma: impact of swarm by particles of non-interest. J Thromb Haemost 2018; 16:1423-1436. [PMID: 29781099 DOI: 10.1111/jth.14154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Essentials Extracellular vesicles (EVs) in biological fluids are promising biomarkers for disease. Fluorescence-based flow cytometric analysis is suitable to detect low abundant EV subsets. Particles of non-interest can induce false-positive light scatter and fluorescent signals. Interference of particles of non-interest can be monitored by analyzing serial dilutions. SUMMARY Background Extracellular vesicles (EVs) in plasma are increasingly being recognized as potential biomarkers. EV analysis for diagnostic purposes should be robust and should allow analysis of EV subsets with a wide range of abundance and in a large number of patient samples. Flow cytometry offers possibilities to meet these criteria, as it allows multiparameter analysis of individual EVs. However, analysis of plasma EVs is challenging, because of their size and heterogeneity, and the presence of other submicrometer-sized particles in plasma that could interfere with EV analysis. Objectives To explore whether fluorescence-based flow cytometric analysis of EV subsets is suitable when the EVs of interest are present in low abundance in a background of non-labeled or differently labeled EVs and particles. Methods Fluorescently labeled EVs of interest were spiked at different ratios in full plasma, purified plasma components, or (non-)fluorescent polystyrene beads, and subsequently analyzed by flow cytometry with fluorescence threshold triggering. Results We found that light scatter detection of low-abundance or rare EV subsets during fluorescence threshold triggering was severely affected by particles of non-interest, owing to coincidence and swarming. Importantly, we show that interfering particles labeled with different fluorophores induced false-positive fluorescent signals on the particles of interest. These unwanted effects could only be discerned and controlled by performing serial dilutions and analyzing light scatter and fluorescence parameters. Conclusions We demonstrate how particles of non-interest in plasma can impact on the light scatter and fluorescence detection of low-abundance EVs of interest during fluorescence-based flow cytometric analysis, and provide a means to prevent erroneous data interpretation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S F W M Libregts
- Department of Biochemistry & Cell Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - G J A Arkesteijn
- Department of Biochemistry & Cell Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - A Németh
- Department of Genetics, Cell- and Immunobiology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - E N M Nolte-'t Hoen
- Department of Biochemistry & Cell Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - M H M Wauben
- Department of Biochemistry & Cell Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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10
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Groot Kormelink T, Arkesteijn GJA, van de Lest CHA, Geerts WJC, Goerdayal SS, Altelaar MAF, Redegeld FA, Nolte-'t Hoen ENM, Wauben MHM. Mast Cell Degranulation Is Accompanied by the Release of a Selective Subset of Extracellular Vesicles That Contain Mast Cell-Specific Proteases. J Immunol 2016; 197:3382-3392. [PMID: 27619994 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1600614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Mast cells (MC) are well known for their effector role in allergic disorders; moreover, they are associated with diverse modulatory effects in innate and adaptive immunity. It is largely unclear how MC exert these modulating functions. In this article, we show that IgE-mediated MC degranulation leads to a rapid release of high quantities of extracellular vesicles (EV), comparable to the release of preformed mediators. EV are submicron structures composed of lipid bilayers, proteins, and nucleic acids that are released by cells in a regulated fashion and are involved in intercellular communication. Primary murine mucosal-type MC and connective tissue-type MC released phenotypically different EV populations depending on the stimulus they received. Although unstimulated MC constitutively released CD9+ EV, degranulation was accompanied by the release of CD63+ EV, which correlated with release of the soluble mediator β-hexosaminidase. This CD63+ EV subset was smaller and exhibited a higher buoyant density and distinct phospholipid composition compared with CD9+ EV. Marked differences were observed for phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidic acid, and bis(monoacylglycero)phosphate species. Strikingly, proteomic analysis of CD63+ EV from connective tissue-type MC unveiled an abundance of MC-specific proteases. With regard to carboxypeptidase A3, it was confirmed that the enzyme was EV associated and biologically active. Our data demonstrate that, depending on their activation status, MC release distinct EV subsets that differ in composition and protease activity and are indicative of differential immunological functions. Concerning the strategic tissue distribution of MC and the presence of degranulated MC in various (allergic) disorders, MC-derived EV should be considered potentially important immune regulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Groot Kormelink
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CM Utrecht, the Netherlands;
| | - Ger J A Arkesteijn
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CM Utrecht, the Netherlands.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CL Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Chris H A van de Lest
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CM Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Willie J C Geerts
- Biomolecular Imaging, Bijvoet Center, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Soenita S Goerdayal
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Group, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, the Netherlands; and
| | - Maarten A F Altelaar
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Group, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, the Netherlands; and
| | - Frank A Redegeld
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Esther N M Nolte-'t Hoen
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CM Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Marca H M Wauben
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CM Utrecht, the Netherlands
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11
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Boere J, van de Lest CHA, Libregts SFWM, Arkesteijn GJA, Geerts WJC, Nolte-'t Hoen ENM, Malda J, van Weeren PR, Wauben MHM. Synovial fluid pretreatment with hyaluronidase facilitates isolation of CD44+ extracellular vesicles. J Extracell Vesicles 2016; 5:31751. [PMID: 27511891 PMCID: PMC4980521 DOI: 10.3402/jev.v5.31751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Revised: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) in synovial fluid (SF) are gaining increased recognition as important factors in joint homeostasis, joint regeneration, and as biomarkers of joint disease. A limited number of studies have investigated EVs in SF samples of patients with joint disease, but knowledge on the role of EVs in healthy joints is lacking. In addition, no standardized protocol is available for isolation of EVs from SF. Based on the high viscosity of SF caused by high concentrations of hyaluronic acid (HA) - a prominent extracellular matrix component - it was hypothesized that EV recovery could be optimized by pretreatment with hyaluronidase (HYase). Therefore, the efficiency of EV isolation from healthy equine SF samples was tested by performing sequential ultracentrifugation steps (10,000g, 100,000g and 200,000g) in the presence or absence of HYase. Quantitative EV analysis using high-resolution flow cytometry showed an efficient recovery of EVs after 100,000g ultracentrifugation, with an increased yield of CD44+ EVs when SF samples were pretreated with HYase. Morphological analysis of SF-derived EVs with cryo-transmission-electron microscopy did not indicate damage by high-speed ultracentrifugation and revealed that most EVs are spherical with a diameter of 20-200 nm. Further protein characterization by Western blotting revealed that healthy SF-derived EVs contain CD9, Annexin-1, and CD90/Thy1.1. Taken together, these data suggest that EV isolation protocols for body fluids that contain relatively high amounts of HA, such as SF, could benefit from treatment of the fluid with HYase prior to ultracentrifugation. This method facilitates recovery and detection of CD44+ EVs within the HA-rich extracellular matrix. Furthermore, based on the findings presented here, it is recommended to sediment SF-derived EVs with at least 100,000g for optimal EV recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janneke Boere
- Department of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Department of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Chris H A van de Lest
- Department of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Sten F W M Libregts
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Ger J A Arkesteijn
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Willie J C Geerts
- Department of Cryo-Electron Microscopy, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Esther N M Nolte-'t Hoen
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Jos Malda
- Department of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Department of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - P René van Weeren
- Department of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Marca H M Wauben
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands;
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12
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Buishand FO, Arkesteijn GJA, Feenstra LR, Oorsprong CWD, Mestemaker M, Starke A, Speel EJM, Kirpensteijn J, Mol JA. Identification of CD90 as Putative Cancer Stem Cell Marker and Therapeutic Target in Insulinomas. Stem Cells Dev 2016; 25:826-35. [PMID: 27049037 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2016.0032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The long-term prognosis after surgical resection of malignant insulinoma (INS) is poor. Novel adjuvant therapies, specifically targeting cancer stem cells (CSCs), are warranted. Therefore, the goal of this study was to characterize and target putative INS CSCs. Using fluorescence-activated cell sorting, human INS cell line CM and pancreatic carcinoid cell line BON1 were screened for the presence of stem cell-associated markers. CD90, CD166, and GD2 were identified as potential CSC markers. Only CD90(+) INS cells had an increased tumor-initiating potential in athymic nude mice. Anti-CD90 monoclonal antibodies decreased the viability and metastatic potential of injected cells in a zebrafish embryo INS xenograft model. Primary INS stained positive for CD90 by immunohistochemistry, however also intratumoral fibroblasts and vascular endothelium showed positive staining. The results of this study suggest that anti-CD90 monoclonals form a potential novel adjuvant therapeutic modality by targeting either INS cells directly, or by targeting the INS microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Floryne O Buishand
- 1 Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Utrecht University , Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ger J A Arkesteijn
- 2 Flow Cytometry Unit, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Division of Immunology, Utrecht University , Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Laurien R Feenstra
- 1 Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Utrecht University , Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Claire W D Oorsprong
- 1 Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Utrecht University , Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Margiet Mestemaker
- 1 Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Utrecht University , Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Achim Starke
- 3 Department of Surgery, Lukas Krankenhaus GmbH, Neuss and Insulinoma and GEP-NET Tumor Center Neuss-Dusseldorf , Neuss, Germany
| | - Ernst-Jan M Speel
- 4 Department of Pathology, GROW-School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center , Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jolle Kirpensteijn
- 1 Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Utrecht University , Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jan A Mol
- 1 Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Utrecht University , Utrecht, The Netherlands
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13
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Kormelink TG, Arkesteijn GJA, Nauwelaers FA, van den Engh G, Nolte-'t Hoen ENM, Wauben MHM. Prerequisites for the analysis and sorting of extracellular vesicle subpopulations by high-resolution flow cytometry. Cytometry A 2015; 89:135-47. [DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.22644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Revised: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tom Groot Kormelink
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University; Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Ger J. A. Arkesteijn
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University; Utrecht The Netherlands
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University; Utrecht The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Esther N. M. Nolte-'t Hoen
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University; Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Marca H. M. Wauben
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University; Utrecht The Netherlands
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14
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van der Vlist EJ, Arkesteijn GJA, van de Lest CHA, Stoorvogel W, Nolte-'t Hoen ENM, Wauben MHM. CD4(+) T cell activation promotes the differential release of distinct populations of nanosized vesicles. J Extracell Vesicles 2012; 1:18364. [PMID: 24009884 PMCID: PMC3760647 DOI: 10.3402/jev.v1i0.18364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2012] [Revised: 03/18/2012] [Accepted: 03/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Many cell types release nanosized vesicles derived from endosomal compartments (exosomes) or the plasma membrane. Vesicles actively released by CD4(+) T cells have immune-modulatory characteristics. Using our recently developed high-resolution flow cytometry-based method for the analysis of individual nanosized vesicles, we here investigated how T cell receptor (TCR)-triggering and co-stimulatory signals influence the quantity and characteristics of nanosized vesicles released by CD4(+) T cells. We found that the number of released nanosized vesicles within the buoyant density range characteristic for exosomes (1.10-1.19 g/ml) was increased by TCR-triggering and that additional co-stimulatory signals had a potentiating effect on vesicle release. However, the increase in the number of released vesicles varied substantially between density fractions within the 1.10-1.19 g/ml range and was highest for the vesicle populations in 1.14 and 1.17 g/ml fractions. Heterogeneity was also observed within the individual density fractions. Based on lipid bilayer fluorescent labelling intensity and light scattering, 3 distinct vesicle subpopulations were identified. One vesicle subpopulation increased significantly more upon T cell activation than the other subpopulations, and this was dependent on high levels of co-stimulation. These data show that T cells release a heterogeneous population of nanosized vesicles and indicate that T cells differentially regulate the release of distinct vesicle subpopulations depending on their activation status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Els J van der Vlist
- Department of Biochemistry & Cell Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht,, The Netherlands
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15
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Wilschut KJ, van Tol HTA, Arkesteijn GJA, Haagsman HP, Roelen BAJ. Alpha 6 integrin is important for myogenic stem cell differentiation. Stem Cell Res 2011; 7:112-23. [PMID: 21763619 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2011.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2010] [Revised: 04/17/2011] [Accepted: 05/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A muscle progenitor cell population, other than muscle satellite cells, can be isolated and purified from porcine muscle tissue. We show the presence of at least two types of stem cells in porcine muscle: those that express α6 integrin and those that lack expression of this integrin type. By flow cytometry, we could select for myogenic stem cell populations expressing the neural cell adhesion molecule in the presence and absence of α6 integrin. The expression of α6 integrin showed an advantage in the formation of myotubes, possibly by an improved cell fusion capacity. This notion was strengthened by qRT-PCR analysis showing sustained PAX7, MYF5 and DESMIN expression and a strong myogenic differentiation capacity of this stem cell population. Selective inhibition of α6 integrin function, both by blocking antibodies and RNA interference, showed the importance of α6 integrin in myogenic differentiation of muscle stem cells. It is concluded that α6 integrin expression can be used as biomarker to select for highly myogenic cell populations in muscle tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karlijn J Wilschut
- Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yalelaan 104, 3584 CM, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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16
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Hoek A, Rutten VPMG, Kool J, Arkesteijn GJA, Bouwstra RJ, Van Rhijn I, Koets AP. Subpopulations of bovine WC1(+) gammadelta T cells rather than CD4(+)CD25(high) Foxp3(+) T cells act as immune regulatory cells ex vivo. Vet Res 2009; 40:6. [PMID: 18928784 PMCID: PMC2695017 DOI: 10.1051/vetres:2008044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2008] [Accepted: 10/15/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Treg) are regarded essential components for maintenance of immune homeostasis. Especially CD4(+)CD25(high) T cells are considered to be important regulators of immune reactivity. In humans and rodents these natural Treg are characterized by their anergic nature, defined as a non-proliferative state, suppressive function and expression of Foxp3. In this study the potential functional role of flowcytometry-sorted bovine white blood cell populations, including CD4(+)CD25(high) T cells and gammadelta T cell subpopulations, as distinct ex vivo regulatory cells was assessed in co-culture suppression assays. Our findings revealed that despite the existence of a distinct bovine CD4(+)CD25(high) T cell population, which showed Foxp3 transcription/expression, natural regulatory activity did not reside in this cell population. In bovine co-culture suppression assays these cells were neither anergic nor suppressive. Subsequently, the following cell populations were tested functionally for regulatory activity: CD4(+)CD25(low) T cells, WC1(+), WC1.1(+) and WC1.2(+) gammadelta T cells, NK cells, CD8(+) T cells and CD14(+) monocytes. Only the WC1.1(+) and WC1.2(+) gammadelta T cells and CD14(+) monocytes proved to act as regulatory cells in cattle, which was supported by the fact that these regulatory cells showed IL-10 transcription/expression. In conclusion, our data provide first evidence that cattle CD4(+)CD25(high)Foxp3(+) and CD4(+)CD25(low) T cells do not function as Treg ex vivo. The bovine Treg function appears to reside in the gammadelta T cell population, more precisely in the WC1.1(+) and the WC1.2(+) subpopulation, major populations present in blood of cattle in contrast to non-ruminant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aad Hoek
- Division of Immunology, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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17
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Nolte-’t Hoen ENM, Boot EPJ, Wagenaar-Hilbers JPA, van Bilsen JHM, Arkesteijn GJA, Storm G, Everse LA, van Eden W, Wauben MHM. Identification and monitoring of effector and regulatory T cells during experimental arthritis based on differential expression of CD25 and CD134. J Leukoc Biol 2007; 83:112-21. [DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0607436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
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18
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Nolte-'t Hoen ENM, Wagenaar-Hilbers JPA, Boot EPJ, Lin CH, Arkesteijn GJA, van Eden W, Taams LS, Wauben MHM. Identification of a CD4+CD25+ T?cell subset committedin vivoto suppress antigen-specific T?cell responses without additional stimulation. Eur J Immunol 2004; 34:3016-27. [PMID: 15376196 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200324725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Naturally occurring CD4+ regulatory T cells can be identified on the basis of expression of CD25 and suppression of T cell responses in vitro after TCR triggering. Here, we demonstrate that a CD134+ subset of CD4+CD25+ T cells in naive rats suppresses antigen-specific T cell responses in vitro without additional TCR stimulation. In contrast, CD4+CD25+CD134- regulatory T cells and total CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells have suppressive activity only during simultaneous activation of responder and regulatory T cells or after in vitro pre-activation. Furthermore CD4+CD25+CD134+ T cells have a more activated phenotype than CD4+CD25+CD134- T cells, as based on the expression of CD62L, CD45RC, and MHC class II. We propose that the CD134+ regulatory T cells contain an in vivo activated and highly suppressive regulatory T cell subset. CD4+CD25+CD134+ T cells can be found in several compartments of the immune system, including spleen, lymph nodes, and blood. Interestingly though, the relative amounts of these cells within the CD4+ population and their CD134 expression levels are highest in mucosa-draining lymph nodes and lowest in blood. This suggests that the presence of CD4+CD25+CD134+ T cells indicates sites of active immune suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther N M Nolte-'t Hoen
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Division of Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Bosma AA, de Haan NA, Arkesteijn GJA, Yang F, Yerle M, Zijlstra C. Comparative chromosome painting between the domestic pig (Sus scrofa) and two species of peccary, the collared peccary (Tayassu tajacu) and the white-lipped peccary (T. pecari): a phylogenetic perspective. Cytogenet Genome Res 2004; 105:115-21. [PMID: 15218266 DOI: 10.1159/000078017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2003] [Accepted: 11/20/2003] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The Suidae and the Dicotylidae (or Tayassuidae) are related mammalian families, both belonging to the artiodactyl suborder Suiformes, which diverged more than 37 million years ago. Cross-species chromosome painting was performed between the domestic pig (Sus scrofa; 2n = 38), a representative of the Suidae, and two species of the Dicotylidae: the collared peccary (Tayassu tajacu; 2n = 30) and the white-lipped peccary (T. pecari; 2n = 26). G-banded metaphase chromosomes of the two peccaries were hybridized with whole chromosome painting probes derived from domestic pig chromosomes 1-18 and X. For both peccary species, a total of 31 autosomal segments that are conserved between pig and peccary could be identified. The painting results confirm conclusions inferred from G-band analyses that the karyotypes of the collared peccary and the white-lipped peccary are largely different. The karyotypic heterogeneity of the Dicotylidae contrasts with the relative homogeneity among the karyotypes of the Suidae. For this difference between the Dicotylidae and the Suidae, a number of explanations are being postulated: 1) the extant peccaries are phylogenetically less closely related than is usually assumed; 2) the peccary genome is less stable than the genome of the pigs; and 3) special (e.g. biogeographical or biosocial) circumstances have facilitated the fixation of chromosome rearrangements in ancestral dicotylid populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Bosma
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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