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Albogami S. The Potential Inhibitory Role of Acetyl-L-Carnitine on Proliferation, Migration, and Gene Expression in HepG2 and HT29 Human Adenocarcinoma Cell Lines. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2023; 45:2393-2408. [PMID: 36975525 PMCID: PMC10046977 DOI: 10.3390/cimb45030155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Malignancies of the liver and colon are the most prevalent forms of digestive system cancer globally. Chemotherapy, one of the most significant treatments, has severe side effects. Chemoprevention using natural or synthetic medications can potentially reduce cancer severity. Acetyl-L-carnitine (ALC) is an acetylated derivative of carnitine essential for intermediate metabolism in most tissues. This study aimed to investigate the effects of ALC on the proliferation, migration, and gene expression of human liver (HepG2) and colorectal (HT29) adenocarcinoma cell lines. The cell viability and half maximal inhibitory concentration of both cancer cell lines were determined using the 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Wound healing after treatment was assessed using a migration assay. Morphological changes were imaged using brightfield and fluorescence microscopy. Post treatment, apoptotic DNA was detected using a DNA fragmentation assay. The relative mRNA expressions of matrix metallopeptidase 9 (MMP9) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) were evaluated using RT-PCR. The results showed that ALC treatment affects the wound-healing ability of HepG2 and HT29 cell lines. Changes in nuclear morphology were detected under fluorescent microscopy. ALC also downregulates the expression levels of MMP9 and VEGF in HepG2 and HT29 cell lines. Our results indicate that the anticancer action of ALC is likely mediated by a decrease in adhesion, migration, and invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Albogami
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
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Kaźmierczak-Siedlecka K, Marano L, Merola E, Roviello F, Połom K. Sodium butyrate in both prevention and supportive treatment of colorectal cancer. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:1023806. [PMID: 36389140 PMCID: PMC9643746 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.1023806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that selected microbiota-derived metabolites play a significant role in both tumor prevention and supportive treatment of cancer. Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), i.e., mainly acetate, proprionate, and butyrate, are one of them. Nowadays, it is known that butyrate is a key microbial metabolite. Therefore, in the current review, we focused on butyrate and sodium butyrate (NaB) in the context of colorectal cancer. Notably, butyrate is characterized by a wide range of beneficial properties/activities. Among others, it influences the function of the immune system, maintains intestinal barrier integrity, positively affects the efficiency of anti-cancer treatment, and may reduce the risk of mucositis induced by chemotherapy. Taking into consideration these facts, we analyzed NaB (which is a salt of butyric acid) and its impact on gut microbiota as well as anti-tumor activity by describing molecular mechanisms. Overall, NaB is available as, for instance, food with special medical purposes (depending on the country's regulation), and its administration seems to be a promising option for colorectal cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luigi Marano
- Department of Surgical Oncology, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Elvira Merola
- Department of Surgical Oncology, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Franco Roviello
- Department of Surgical Oncology, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Karol Połom
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
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Prediction of Metabolic Profiles from Transcriptomics Data in Human Cancer Cell Lines. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073867. [PMID: 35409231 PMCID: PMC8998886 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The Metabolome and Transcriptome are mutually communicating within cancer cells, and this interplay is translated into the existence of quantifiable correlation structures between gene expression and metabolite abundance levels. Studying these correlations could provide a novel venue of understanding cancer and the discovery of novel biomarkers and pharmacological strategies, as well as laying the foundation for the prediction of metabolite quantities by leveraging information from the more widespread transcriptomics data. In the current paper, we investigate the correlation between gene expression and metabolite levels in the Cancer Cell Line Encyclopedia dataset, building a direct correlation network between the two molecular ensembles. We show that a metabolite/transcript correlation network can be used to predict metabolite levels in different samples and datasets, such as the NCI-60 cancer cell line dataset, both on a sample-by-sample basis and in differential contrasts. We also show that metabolite levels can be predicted in principle on any sample and dataset for which transcriptomics data are available, such as the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA).
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Juraszek B, Nałęcz KA. SLC22A5 (OCTN2) Carnitine Transporter-Indispensable for Cell Metabolism, a Jekyll and Hyde of Human Cancer. Molecules 2019; 25:molecules25010014. [PMID: 31861504 PMCID: PMC6982704 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25010014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidation of fatty acids uses l-carnitine to transport acyl moieties to mitochondria in a so-called carnitine shuttle. The process of β-oxidation also takes place in cancer cells. The majority of carnitine comes from the diet and is transported to the cell by ubiquitously expressed organic cation transporter novel family member 2 (OCTN2)/solute carrier family 22 member 5 (SLC22A5). The expression of SLC22A5 is regulated by transcription factors peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) and estrogen receptor. Transporter delivery to the cell surface, as well as transport activity are controlled by OCTN2 interaction with other proteins, such as PDZ-domain containing proteins, protein phosphatase PP2A, caveolin-1, protein kinase C. SLC22A5 expression is altered in many types of cancer, giving an advantage to some of them by supplying carnitine for β-oxidation, thus providing an alternative to glucose source of energy for growth and proliferation. On the other hand, SLC22A5 can also transport several chemotherapeutics used in clinics, leading to cancer cell death.
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Inhibition of anaerobic probiotics on colorectal cancer cells using intestinal microfluidic systems. Sci China Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-018-9243-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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McNabney SM, Henagan TM. Short Chain Fatty Acids in the Colon and Peripheral Tissues: A Focus on Butyrate, Colon Cancer, Obesity and Insulin Resistance. Nutrients 2017; 9:E1348. [PMID: 29231905 PMCID: PMC5748798 DOI: 10.3390/nu9121348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 301] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Revised: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased dietary fiber consumption has been associated with many beneficial effects, including amelioration of obesity and insulin resistance. These effects may be due to the increased production of short chain fatty acids, including propionate, acetate and butyrate, during fermentation of the dietary fiber in the colon. Indeed, oral and dietary supplementation of butyrate alone has been shown to prevent high fat-diet induced obesity and insulin resistance. This review focuses on sources of short chain fatty acids, with emphasis on sources of butyrate, mechanisms of fiber and butyrate metabolism in the gut and its protective effects on colon cancer and the peripheral effects of butyrate supplementation in peripheral tissues in the prevention and reversal of obesity and insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean M McNabney
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
| | - Tara M Henagan
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
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Partolina M, Thoms HC, MacLeod KG, Rodriguez-Blanco G, Clarke MN, Venkatasubramani AV, Beesoo R, Larionov V, Neergheen-Bhujun VS, Serrels B, Kimura H, Carragher NO, Kagansky A. Global histone modification fingerprinting in human cells using epigenetic reverse phase protein array. Cell Death Discov 2017; 3:16077. [PMID: 28326191 PMCID: PMC5349387 DOI: 10.1038/cddiscovery.2016.77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Revised: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The balance between acetylation and deacetylation of histone proteins plays a critical role in the regulation of genomic functions. Aberrations in global levels of histone modifications are linked to carcinogenesis and are currently the focus of intense scrutiny and translational research investments to develop new therapies, which can modify complex disease pathophysiology through epigenetic control. However, despite significant progress in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of epigenetic machinery in various genomic contexts and cell types, the links between epigenetic modifications and cellular phenotypes are far from being clear. For example, enzymes controlling histone modifications utilize key cellular metabolites associated with intra- and extracellular feedback loops, adding a further layer of complexity to this process. Meanwhile, it has become increasingly evident that new assay technologies which provide robust and precise measurement of global histone modifications are required, for at least two pressing reasons: firstly, many approved drugs are known to influence histone modifications and new cancer therapies are increasingly being developed towards targeting histone deacetylases (HDACs) and other epigenetic readers and writers. Therefore, robust assays for fingerprinting the global effects of such drugs on preclinical cell, organoid and in vivo models is required; and secondly, robust histone-fingerprinting assays applicable to patient samples may afford the development of next-generation diagnostic and prognostic tools. In our study, we have used a panel of monoclonal antibodies to determine the relative changes in the global abundance of post-translational modifications on histones purified from cancer cell lines treated with HDAC inhibitors using a novel technique, called epigenetic reverse phase protein array. We observed a robust increase in acetylation levels within 2–24 h after inhibition of HDACs in different cancer cell lines. Moreover, when these cells were treated with N-acetylated amino acids in addition to HDACs, we detected a further increase in histone acetylation, demonstrating that these molecules could be utilized as donors of the acetyl moiety for protein acetylation. Consequently, this study not only offers a novel assay for diagnostics and drug screening but also warrants further research of the novel class of inexpensive, non-toxic natural compounds that could potentiate the effects of HDAC inhibitors and is therefore of interest for cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Partolina
- Synthetic Epigenetics Laboratory, MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh, UK
| | - Hazel C Thoms
- Synthetic Epigenetics Laboratory, MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh, UK
| | - Kenneth G MacLeod
- Edinburgh Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh, UK
| | - Giovanny Rodriguez-Blanco
- Synthetic Epigenetics Laboratory, MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh, UK
| | - Matthew N Clarke
- Synthetic Epigenetics Laboratory, MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh, UK
| | - Anuroop V Venkatasubramani
- Synthetic Epigenetics Laboratory, MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, PO Box 65 (Viikinkaari 1), 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Rima Beesoo
- Department of Health Sciences and ANDI Centre of Excellence for Biomedical and Biomaterials Research, Faculty of Science, University of Mauritius , Réduit, Republic of Mauritius
| | - Vladimir Larionov
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch, National Cancer Institute , Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Vidushi S Neergheen-Bhujun
- Department of Health Sciences and ANDI Centre of Excellence for Biomedical and Biomaterials Research, Faculty of Science, University of Mauritius , Réduit, Republic of Mauritius
| | - Bryan Serrels
- Edinburgh Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh, UK
| | - Hiroshi Kimura
- Cell Biology Unit, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology . 4259, Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan
| | - Neil O Carragher
- Edinburgh Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh, UK
| | - Alexander Kagansky
- Synthetic Epigenetics Laboratory, MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh, UK
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Pereira JFS, Awatade NT, Loureiro CA, Matos P, Amaral MD, Jordan P. The third dimension: new developments in cell culture models for colorectal research. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:3971-89. [PMID: 27147463 PMCID: PMC11108567 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2258-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Revised: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Cellular models are important tools in various research areas related to colorectal biology and associated diseases. Herein, we review the most widely used cell lines and the different techniques to grow them, either as cell monolayer, polarized two-dimensional epithelia on membrane filters, or as three-dimensional spheres in scaffold-free or matrix-supported culture conditions. Moreover, recent developments, such as gut-on-chip devices or the ex vivo growth of biopsy-derived organoids, are also discussed. We provide an overview on the potential applications but also on the limitations for each of these techniques, while evaluating their contribution to provide more reliable cellular models for research, diagnostic testing, or pharmacological validation related to colon physiology and pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana F S Pereira
- Departamento de Genética Humana, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Doutor Ricardo Jorge, Avenida Padre Cruz, 1649-016, Lisbon, Portugal
- BioISI-Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Nikhil T Awatade
- BioISI-Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Cláudia A Loureiro
- Departamento de Genética Humana, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Doutor Ricardo Jorge, Avenida Padre Cruz, 1649-016, Lisbon, Portugal
- BioISI-Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Paulo Matos
- Departamento de Genética Humana, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Doutor Ricardo Jorge, Avenida Padre Cruz, 1649-016, Lisbon, Portugal
- BioISI-Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Margarida D Amaral
- BioISI-Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Peter Jordan
- Departamento de Genética Humana, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Doutor Ricardo Jorge, Avenida Padre Cruz, 1649-016, Lisbon, Portugal.
- BioISI-Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal.
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