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Zhang M, Liu C, Li Y, Li H, Zhang W, Liu J, Wang L, Sun C. Galectin-9 in cancer therapy: from immune checkpoint ligand to promising therapeutic target. Front Cell Dev Biol 2024; 11:1332205. [PMID: 38264357 PMCID: PMC10803597 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1332205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Galectin-9 (Gal-9) is a vital member of the galectin family, functioning as a multi-subtype galactose lectin with diverse biological roles. Recent research has revealed that Gal-9's interaction with tumors is an independent factor that influences tumor progression. Furthermore, Gal-9 in the immune microenvironment cross-talks with tumor-associated immune cells, informing the clarification of Gal-9's identity as an immune checkpoint. A thorough investigation into Gal-9's role in various cancer types and its interaction with the immune microenvironment could yield novel strategies for subsequent targeted immunotherapy. This review focuses on the latest advances in understanding the direct and indirect cross-talk between Gal-9 and hematologic malignancies, in addition to solid tumors. In addition, we discuss the prospects of Gal-9 in tumor immunotherapy, including its cross-talk with the ligand TIM-3 and its potential in immune-combination therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minpu Zhang
- College of First Clinical Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Cun Liu
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Ye Li
- Faculty of Chinese Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Huayao Li
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Wenfeng Zhang
- Faculty of Chinese Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Jingyang Liu
- Faculty of Chinese Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Liquan Wang
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, Weifang People’s Hospital, Weifang, China
| | - Changgang Sun
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
- Department of Oncology, Weifang Traditional Chinese Hospital, Weifang, China
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2
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Lin A, Mou W, Zhu L, Yang T, Zhou C, Zhang J, Luo P. Mutations in the DNA polymerase binding pathway affect the immune microenvironment of patients with small-cell lung cancer and enhance the efficacy of platinum-based chemotherapy. CANCER INNOVATION 2023; 2:500-512. [PMID: 38125769 PMCID: PMC10730006 DOI: 10.1002/cai2.84] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Background Small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) is characterized by its high malignancy and is associated with a poor prognosis. In the early stages of the disease, platinum-based chemotherapy is the recommended first-line treatment and has demonstrated efficacy. However, SCLC is prone to recurrence and is generally resistant to chemotherapy in its later stages. Methods Here, we collected samples from SCLC patients who received platinum-based chemotherapy, performed genomic and transcriptomic analyses, and validated our results with publicly available data. Results SCLC patients with DNA polymerase binding pathway mutations had an improved prognosis after platinum chemotherapy compared with patients without such mutations. Patients in the mutant (MT) group had higher infiltration of T cells, B cells, and M1 macrophages compared with patients without DNA polymerase binding pathway mutations. Conclusions DNA polymerase binding pathway mutations can be used as prognostic markers for platinum-based chemotherapy in SCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anqi Lin
- Department of Oncology, Zhujiang HospitalSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongChina
| | - Weiming Mou
- Department of Oncology, Zhujiang HospitalSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongChina
- The First Clinical Medical SchoolSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongChina
- Department of Urology, Shanghai General HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Lingxuan Zhu
- The First Clinical Medical SchoolSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongChina
- Department of Etiology and CarcinogenesisNational Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijingChina
| | - Tao Yang
- The First Clinical Medical SchoolSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongChina
- Department of Medical OncologyNational Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijingChina
| | - Chaozheng Zhou
- The First Clinical Medical SchoolSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongChina
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Zhujiang HospitalSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongChina
| | - Peng Luo
- Department of Oncology, Zhujiang HospitalSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongChina
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3
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Zheng L, Xia J, Ge P, Meng Y, Li W, Li M, Wang M, Song C, Fan Y, Zhou Y. The interrelation of galectins and autophagy. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 120:110336. [PMID: 37262957 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is a vital physiological process that maintains intracellular homeostasis by removing damaged organelles and senescent or misfolded molecules. However, excessive autophagy results in cell death and apoptosis, which will lead to a variety of diseases. Galectins are a type of animal lectin that binds to β-galactosides and can bind to the cell surface or extracellular matrix glycans, affecting a variety of immune processes in vivo and being linked to the development of many diseases. In many cases, galectins and autophagy both play important regulatory roles in the cellular life course, yet our understanding of the relationship between them is still incomplete. Galectins and autophagy may share common etiological cofactors for some diseases. Hence, we summarize the relationship between galectins and autophagy, aiming to draw attention to the existence of multiple associations between galectins and autophagy in a variety of physiological and pathological processes, which provide new ideas for etiological diagnosis, drug development, and therapeutic targets for related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lujuan Zheng
- Engineering Research Center of Glycoconjugates of Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Biology of Changbai Mountain Natural Drugs, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China.
| | - Jing Xia
- Engineering Research Center of Glycoconjugates of Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Biology of Changbai Mountain Natural Drugs, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China.
| | - Pengyu Ge
- Engineering Research Center of Glycoconjugates of Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Biology of Changbai Mountain Natural Drugs, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China.
| | - Yuhan Meng
- Engineering Research Center of Glycoconjugates of Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Biology of Changbai Mountain Natural Drugs, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China.
| | - Weili Li
- Engineering Research Center of Glycoconjugates of Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Biology of Changbai Mountain Natural Drugs, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China.
| | - Mingming Li
- Engineering Research Center of Glycoconjugates of Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Biology of Changbai Mountain Natural Drugs, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China.
| | - Min Wang
- Engineering Research Center of Glycoconjugates of Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Biology of Changbai Mountain Natural Drugs, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China.
| | - Chengcheng Song
- Engineering Research Center of Glycoconjugates of Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Biology of Changbai Mountain Natural Drugs, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China.
| | - Yuying Fan
- Engineering Research Center of Glycoconjugates of Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Biology of Changbai Mountain Natural Drugs, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China.
| | - Yifa Zhou
- Engineering Research Center of Glycoconjugates of Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Biology of Changbai Mountain Natural Drugs, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China.
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Zargar Balajam N, Shabani M, Aghaei M. Galectin-9 inhibits cell proliferation and induces apoptosis in Jurkat and KE-37 acute lymphoblastic leukemia cell lines via caspase-3 activation. Res Pharm Sci 2021; 16:612-622. [PMID: 34760009 PMCID: PMC8562407 DOI: 10.4103/1735-5362.327507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and purpose: Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is a type of cancer of blood and bone marrow characterized by abnormal proliferation of lymphoid progenitor cells. Galectin-9 is a tandem-repeat type galectin expressed in various tumor cells. It seems that the connection between galectin-9 and T cell immunoglobulin mucin-3 receptor acts as a negative regulator of cancer cells proliferation. Experimental approach: In this research, the effects of galectin-9 were investigated using MTS cell proliferation colorimetric, colony-forming, annexin V-FITC/PI, and caspase-3 assays in the Jurkat and KE-37 cell lines of ALL. Furthermore, the western blotting technique was used to evaluate the levels of apoptotic proteins such as Bax and Bcl-2 in these cell lines. Findings/Results: Our results indicated that galectin-9 can considerably reduce the cell growth and colony formation ability of both Jurkat and KE-37 cell lines in a concentration-dependent manner. Besides, galectin-9 induced apoptosis in a concentration-dependent manner in ALL cells by a mechanism associated with Bax/Bcl-2 expression and activation of the caspase-3 activation. Conclusion and implications: Galectin-9 inhibited the growth and proliferation of cell lines with increased programmed cell death, therefore it can be considered as a potential factor in the progression of ALL therapeutics that needs more research in this context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narges Zargar Balajam
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Isfahan Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, I.R. Iran
| | - Mahdi Shabani
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, I.R. Iran
| | - Mahmoud Aghaei
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Isfahan Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, I.R. Iran
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Kremsreiter SM, Kroell ASH, Weinberger K, Boehm H. Glycan-Lectin Interactions in Cancer and Viral Infections and How to Disrupt Them. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:10577. [PMID: 34638920 PMCID: PMC8508825 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycan-lectin interactions play an essential role in different cellular processes. One of their main functions is involvement in the immune response to pathogens or inflammation. However, cancer cells and viruses have adapted to avail themselves of these interactions. By displaying specific glycosylation structures, they are able to bind to lectins, thus promoting pathogenesis. While glycan-lectin interactions promote tumor progression, metastasis, and/or chemoresistance in cancer, in viral infections they are important for viral entry, release, and/or immune escape. For several years now, a growing number of investigations have been devoted to clarifying the role of glycan-lectin interactions in cancer and viral infections. Various overviews have already summarized and highlighted their findings. In this review, we consider the interactions of the lectins MGL, DC-SIGN, selectins, and galectins in both cancer and viral infections together. A possible transfer of ways to target and disrupt them might lead to new therapeutic approaches in different pathological backgrounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Maria Kremsreiter
- Institute for Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology (IPMB), Ruprecht Karls University Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (S.M.K.); (A.-S.H.K.); (K.W.)
| | - Ann-Sophie Helene Kroell
- Institute for Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology (IPMB), Ruprecht Karls University Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (S.M.K.); (A.-S.H.K.); (K.W.)
| | - Katharina Weinberger
- Institute for Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology (IPMB), Ruprecht Karls University Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (S.M.K.); (A.-S.H.K.); (K.W.)
| | - Heike Boehm
- Max-Planck-Institute for Medical Research, Jahnstr. 29, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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6
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Lee BH, Park Y, Kim JH, Kang KW, Lee SJ, Kim SJ, Kim BS. Prognostic Value of Galectin-9 Relates to Programmed Death-Ligand 1 in Patients With Multiple Myeloma. Front Oncol 2021; 11:669817. [PMID: 34195077 PMCID: PMC8238373 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.669817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Galectin-9 (Gal-9) expression can be negatively or positively associated with cancer patient prognosis, depending on the cancer type. However, the nature of this relationship remains unclear in multiple myeloma. Therefore, we evaluated the prognostic value of Gal-9 and its relationship with the expression of PD-L1 molecule, the most widely studied immune checkpoint inhibitor, in patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma. Gal-9 and PD-L1 levels in bone marrow aspirate samples were evaluated using immunofluorescence assays. Gal-9 positivity was defined as having ≥1% Gal-9-expressing plasma cells. PD-L1 expression was categorized as low or high based on its median value. The median OS of patients with positive and negative Gal-9 expression was 42 months and not reached, respectively. However, no significant difference was observed in OS between the two groups (P = 0.10). Patients with high PD-L1 expression had OS times of 14 and 43 months in the positive and negative Gal-9 expression groups, respectively. In the high PD-L1 expression group, patients expressing Gal-9 had significantly worse OS than those negative for it (P = 0.019). Multivariable Cox analysis confirmed that Gal-9 expression could independently predict shortened OS (hazard ratio, 1.090; 95% confidence interval, 1.015–1.171; P = 0.018) in patients with high PD-L1 expression. However, in the low PD-L1 expression group, patients with high Gal-9 expression exhibited a trend toward better OS (P = 0.816). Our results indicate that the prognostic value of Gal-9 may be related to PD-L1 expression in patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byung-Hyun Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Anam Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yong Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Anam Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ji-Hea Kim
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ka-Won Kang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Anam Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seung-Jin Lee
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seok Jin Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Byung Soo Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Anam Hospital, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
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Porębska N, Poźniak M, Matynia A, Żukowska D, Zakrzewska M, Otlewski J, Opaliński Ł. Galectins as modulators of receptor tyrosine kinases signaling in health and disease. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2021; 60:89-106. [PMID: 33863623 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2021.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) constitute a large group of cell surface proteins that mediate communication of cells with extracellular environment. RTKs recognize external signals and transfer information to the cell interior, modulating key cellular activities, like metabolism, proliferation, motility, or death. To ensure balanced stream of signals the activity of RTKs is tightly regulated by numerous mechanisms, including receptor expression and degradation, ligand specificity and availability, engagement of co-receptors, cellular trafficking of the receptors or their post-translational modifications. One of the most widespread post-translational modifications of RTKs is glycosylation of their extracellular domains. The sugar chains attached to RTKs form a new layer of information, so called glyco-code that is read by galectins, carbohydrate binding proteins. Galectins are family of fifteen lectins implicated in immune response, inflammation, cell division, motility and death. The versatility of cellular activities attributed to galectins is a result of their high abundance and diversity of their cellular targets. A various sugar specificity of galectins and the differential ability of galectin family members to form oligomers affect the spatial distribution and the function of their cellular targets. Importantly, galectins and RTKs are tightly linked to the development, progression and metastasis of various cancers. A growing number of studies points on the close cooperation between RTKs and galectins in eliciting specific cellular responses. This review focuses on the identified complexes between galectins and RTK members and discusses their relevance for the cell physiology both in healthy tissues and in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Porębska
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Department of Protein Engineering, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Marta Poźniak
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Department of Protein Engineering, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Matynia
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Department of Protein Engineering, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Dominika Żukowska
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Department of Protein Engineering, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Zakrzewska
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Department of Protein Engineering, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Jacek Otlewski
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Department of Protein Engineering, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Łukasz Opaliński
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Department of Protein Engineering, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383, Wroclaw, Poland.
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Ji T, Gao L, Yu Z. Tumor-suppressive microRNA-551b-3p targets H6PD to inhibit gallbladder cancer progression. Cancer Gene Ther 2020; 28:693-705. [PMID: 33250514 DOI: 10.1038/s41417-020-00252-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Gallbladder cancer (GBC) is a highly malignant cancer with poor prognosis. Extensive studies have reported the vital functionality of several microRNAs (miRNAs) in numerous human cancers, including GBC. Microarray analysis has identified the differentially expressed miR-551b-3p in GBC. Therefore, this study aims to validate the underlying mechanism by which miR-551b-3p participated in epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), invasion and migration of GBCs. Bioinformatic analysis predicted the binding of miR-551b-3p to H6PD. We validated the reduced miR-551b-3p expression and increased H6PD expression in the GBC tissues and GBC cell lines. Artificial modulation of miR-551b-3p and H6PD (down- and upregulation) was conducted to explore their roles in EMT, invasive, and migratory abilities of GBCs, and the tumor-bearing mice were used to determine tumor growth. Overexpression of miR-551b-3p or silencing of H6PD was observed to suppress the expressions of N-cadherin and vimentin, and to promote the expression of E-cadherin, along with reduced invasive and migratory ability of GBCs. Mechanistically, miR-551b-3p could evidently target and inhibit the expression of H6PD. Moreover, in vivo experiments substantiated the tumor-inhibiting activities of miR-551b-3p in nude mice. Conjointly, our study suggests that overexpression of miR-551b-3p inhibited the EMT, migration, and invasion of GBCs by inhibiting the expression of H6PD, indicating that miR-551b-3p may serve as a potential target for future development of therapeutic strategies for GBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Ji
- Department of Gastroenterology, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, 276000, P.R. China
| | - Lijun Gao
- Department of Gastroenterology, the People's Hospital of Fei County, Linyi, 273400, P.R. China
| | - Zongbu Yu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, 276000, P.R. China.
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9
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Chen P, Zhang L, Zhang W, Sun C, Wu C, He Y, Zhou C. Galectin-9-based immune risk score model helps to predict relapse in stage I-III small cell lung cancer. J Immunother Cancer 2020; 8:jitc-2020-001391. [PMID: 33082168 PMCID: PMC7577067 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2020-001391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background For small cell lung cancer (SCLC) therapy, immunotherapy might have unique advantages to some extent. Galectin-9 (Gal-9) plays an important role in antitumor immunity, while little is known of its function in SCLC. Materials and methods By mean of immunohistochemistry (IHC), we tested the expression level of Gal-9 and other immune markers on both tumor cells and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) in 102 surgical-resected early stage SCLC clinical samples. On the basis of statistical analysis and machine learning results, the Gal-9-based immune risk score model was constructed and its predictive performance was evaluated. Then, we thoroughly explored the effects of Gal-9 and immune risk score on SCLC immune microenvironment and immune infiltration in different cohorts and platforms. Results In the SCLC cohort for IHC, the expression level of Gal-9 on TILs was statistically correlated with the levels of program death-1 (p=0.001), program death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) (p<0.001), CD3 (p<0.001), CD4 (p<0.001), CD8 (p<0.001), and FOXP3 (p=0.047). High Gal-9 protein expression on TILs indicated better recurrence-free survival (30.4 months, 95% CI: 23.7–37.1 vs 39.4 months, 95% CI: 31.6–47.3, p=0.009). The immune risk score model which consisted of Gal-9 on TILs, CD4, and PD-L1 on TILs was established and validated so as to differentiate high-risk or low-risk patients with SCLC. The prognostic predictive performance of immune risk score model was better than single immune biomarker (area under the curve 0.671 vs 0.621–0.644). High Gal-9-related enrichment pathways in SCLC were enriched in immune system diseases and rheumatic disease. Furthermore, we found that patients with SCLC with low immune risk score presented higher fractions of activated memory CD4 T cells than patients with high immune risk score (p=0.048). Conclusions Gal-9 is markedly related to tumor-immune microenvironment and immune infiltration in SCLC. This study emphasized the predictive value and promising clinical applications of Gal-9 in stage I–III SCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peixin Chen
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital,Tongji University Medical School Cancer Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, No 507 Zhengmin Road, Shanghai 200433, China.,Tongji University, No 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Liping Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University Medical School Cancer Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, No 507 Zhengmin Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University Medical School Cancer Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, No 507 Zhengmin Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Chenglong Sun
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital,Tongji University Medical School Cancer Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, No 507 Zhengmin Road, Shanghai 200433, China.,Tongji University, No 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Chunyan Wu
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University Medical School Cancer Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, No 507 Zhengmin Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yayi He
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital,Tongji University Medical School Cancer Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, No 507 Zhengmin Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Caicun Zhou
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital,Tongji University Medical School Cancer Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, No 507 Zhengmin Road, Shanghai 200433, China
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10
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IgE Antibodies against Cancer: Efficacy and Safety. Antibodies (Basel) 2020; 9:antib9040055. [PMID: 33081206 PMCID: PMC7709114 DOI: 10.3390/antib9040055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies are well known for their role in allergic diseases and for contributions to antiparasitic immune responses. Properties of this antibody class that mediate powerful effector functions may be redirected for the treatment of solid tumours. This has led to the rise of a new class of therapeutic antibodies to complement the armamentarium of approved tumour targeting antibodies, which to date are all IgG class. The perceived risk of type I hypersensitivity reactions following administration of IgE has necessitated particular consideration in the development of these therapeutic agents. Here, we bring together the properties of IgE antibodies pivotal to the hypothesis for superior antitumour activity compared to IgG, observations of in vitro and in vivo efficacy and mechanisms of action, and a focus on the safety considerations for this novel class of therapeutic agent. These include in vitro studies of potential hypersensitivity, selection of and observations from appropriate in vivo animal models and possible implications of the high degree of glycosylation of IgE. We also discuss the use of ex vivo predictive and monitoring clinical tools, as well as the risk mitigation steps employed in, and the preliminary outcomes from, the first-in-human clinical trial of a candidate anticancer IgE therapeutic.
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Armenta-Castro E, Reyes-Vallejo T, Máximo-Sánchez D, Herrera-Camacho I, López-López G, Reyes-Carmona S, Conde-Rodríguez I, Ramírez-Díaz I, Aguilar-Lemarroy A, Jave-Suárez LF, Milflores-Flores L, Santos-Lopez G, Reyes-Leyva J, Vallejo-Ruiz V. Histone H3K9 and H3K14 acetylation at the promoter of the LGALS9 gene is associated with mRNA levels in cervical cancer cells. FEBS Open Bio 2020; 10:2305-2315. [PMID: 32902187 PMCID: PMC7609790 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.12973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Galectin‐9 levels have been reported to be altered in several cancer types, but the mechanism that regulates the expression of Galectin‐9 has not been clarified. Galectin‐9 is encoded by the LGALS9 gene, which gives rise to eight mRNA variants. The aims of this study were: (a) to identify the mRNA variants of LGALS9, (b) to characterize CpG methylation and H3K9 and H3K14 histone acetylation at the promoter of the LGALS9 gene, and (c) to characterize the relationship between these modifications and LGALS9 expression level in cervical cancer cells. All mRNA variants were detected in HaCaT (nontumoural keratinocytes) and SiHa cells, and seven were observed in HeLa cells. The promoter region of LGALS9 contains eight CpG dinucleotides. No hypermethylation pattern related to low LGALS9 expression was identified in tumour cells. Chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis demonstrated higher acetylation of H3K9ac and H3K14ac in HaCaT cells, which was related to higher mRNA levels. The presence of the mRNA variants suggests that alternative splicing may regulate the expression of galectin‐9 isoforms. The results of this study suggest that histone acetylation, but not promoter CpG methylation, may be involved in the transcriptional regulation of the LGALS9 gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erick Armenta-Castro
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Oriente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Metepec, Puebla, México.,Posgrado en Ciencias Químicas, Instituto de Ciencias, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, México
| | - Tania Reyes-Vallejo
- Departamento de Ciencias Químico-Biológicas, Universidad de las Américas Puebla, Puebla, México
| | - Daniel Máximo-Sánchez
- Posgrado en Ciencias Químicas, Instituto de Ciencias, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, México
| | - Irma Herrera-Camacho
- Posgrado en Ciencias Químicas, Instituto de Ciencias, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, México
| | - Gustavo López-López
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, México
| | - Sandra Reyes-Carmona
- Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Microbiológicas, Instituto de Ciencias, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, México
| | - Ileana Conde-Rodríguez
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Oriente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Metepec, Puebla, México.,Posgrado en Ciencias Químicas, Instituto de Ciencias, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, México
| | - Ivonne Ramírez-Díaz
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Oriente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Metepec, Puebla, México.,Posgrado en Ciencias Químicas, Instituto de Ciencias, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, México
| | - Adriana Aguilar-Lemarroy
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Guadalajara, México
| | - Luis Felipe Jave-Suárez
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Guadalajara, México
| | | | - Gerardo Santos-Lopez
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Oriente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Metepec, Puebla, México
| | - Julio Reyes-Leyva
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Oriente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Metepec, Puebla, México
| | - Verónica Vallejo-Ruiz
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Oriente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Metepec, Puebla, México
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12
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Chiyo T, Fujita K, Iwama H, Fujihara S, Tadokoro T, Ohura K, Matsui T, Goda Y, Kobayashi N, Nishiyama N, Yachida T, Morishita A, Kobara H, Mori H, Niki T, Hirashima M, Himoto T, Masaki T. Galectin-9 Induces Mitochondria-Mediated Apoptosis of Esophageal Cancer In Vitro and In Vivo in a Xenograft Mouse Model. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20112634. [PMID: 31146370 PMCID: PMC6600680 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20112634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Galectin-9 (Gal-9) enhances tumor immunity mediated by T cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells. Its expression level in various cancers correlates with prognosis. Furthermore, Gal-9 directly induces apoptosis in various cancers; however, its mechanism of action and bioactivity has not been clarified. We evaluated Gal-9 antitumor effect against esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) to analyze the dynamics of apoptosis-related molecules, elucidate its mechanism of action, and identify relevant changes in miRNA expressions. KYSE-150 and KYSE-180 cells were treated with Gal-9 and their proliferation was evaluated. Gal-9 inhibited cell proliferation in a concentration-dependent manner. The xenograft mouse model established with KYSE-150 cells was administered with Gal-9 and significant suppression in the tumor growth observed. Gal-9 treatment of KYSE-150 cells increased the number of Annexin V-positive cells, activation of caspase-3, and collapse of mitochondrial potential, indicating apoptosis induction. c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38) phosphorylation were activated and could be involved in apoptosis. Therefore, Gal-9 induces mitochondria-mediated apoptosis of ESCC and inhibits cell proliferation in vitro and in vivo with JNK and p38 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taiga Chiyo
- Department of Gastroenterology and Neurology, Kagawa University, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan.
| | - Koji Fujita
- Department of Gastroenterology and Neurology, Kagawa University, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan.
| | - Hisakazu Iwama
- Life Science Research Center, Kagawa University, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan.
| | - Shintaro Fujihara
- Department of Gastroenterology and Neurology, Kagawa University, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan.
| | - Tomoko Tadokoro
- Department of Gastroenterology and Neurology, Kagawa University, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan.
| | - Kyoko Ohura
- Department of Gastroenterology and Neurology, Kagawa University, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan.
| | - Takanori Matsui
- Department of Gastroenterology and Neurology, Kagawa University, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan.
| | - Yasuhiro Goda
- Department of Gastroenterology and Neurology, Kagawa University, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan.
| | - Nobuya Kobayashi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Neurology, Kagawa University, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan.
| | - Noriko Nishiyama
- Department of Gastroenterology and Neurology, Kagawa University, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan.
| | - Tatsuo Yachida
- Department of Gastroenterology and Neurology, Kagawa University, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan.
| | - Asahiro Morishita
- Department of Gastroenterology and Neurology, Kagawa University, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan.
| | - Hideki Kobara
- Department of Gastroenterology and Neurology, Kagawa University, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan.
| | - Hirohito Mori
- Department of Gastroenterology and Neurology, Kagawa University, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan.
| | - Toshiro Niki
- Department of Immunology and Immunopathology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan.
| | - Mitsuomi Hirashima
- Department of Gastroenterology and Neurology, Kagawa University, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan.
| | - Takashi Himoto
- Department of Medical Technology, Kagawa Prefectural University of Health Sciences, 281-1, Hara, Mure-Cho, Takamatsu, Kagawa 761-0123, Japan.
| | - Tsutomu Masaki
- Department of Gastroenterology and Neurology, Kagawa University, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan.
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13
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Bertino P, Premeaux TA, Fujita T, Haun BK, Marciel MP, Hoffmann FW, Garcia A, Yiang H, Pastorino S, Carbone M, Niki T, Berestecky J, Hoffmann PR, Ndhlovu LC. Targeting the C-terminus of galectin-9 induces mesothelioma apoptosis and M2 macrophage depletion. Oncoimmunology 2019; 8:1601482. [PMID: 31413910 PMCID: PMC6682368 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2019.1601482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Galectin-9 has emerged as a promising biological target for cancer immunotherapy due to its role as a regulator of macrophage and T-cell differentiation. In addition, its expression in tumor cells modulates tumor cell adhesion, metastasis, and apoptosis. Malignant mesothelioma (MM) is an aggressive neoplasm of the mesothelial cells lining the pleural and peritoneal cavities, and in this study, we found that both human MM tissues and mouse MM cells express high levels of galectin-9. Using a novel monoclonal antibody (mAb) (Clone P4D2) that binds the C-terminal carbohydrate recognition domain (CRD) of galectin-9, we demonstrate unique agonistic properties resulting in MM cell apoptosis. Furthermore, the P4D2 mAb reduced tumor-associated macrophages differentiation toward a protumor phenotype. Importantly, these effects exerted by the P4D2 mAb were observed in both human and mouse in vitro experiments and not observed with another antigalectin-9 specific mAb (clone P1D9) that engages the N-terminus CRD of galectin-9. In syngeneic murine models of MM, P4D2 mAb treatment inhibited tumor growth and improved survival, with tumors from P4D2-treated mice exhibited reduced infiltration of tumor-associated M2 macrophages. This was consistent with an increased production of inducible nitric oxide synthase, which is a major enzyme-regulating macrophage inflammatory response to cancer. These data suggest that using an antigalectin 9 mAb with agonistic properties similar to those exerted by galectin-9 may provide a novel multitargeted strategy for the treatment of mesothelioma and possibly other galectin-9 expressing tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pietro Bertino
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Thomas A. Premeaux
- Department of Tropical Medicine, John A. Burns School of Medicine, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Tsuyoshi Fujita
- Department of Tropical Medicine, John A. Burns School of Medicine, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Brien K. Haun
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | | | | | - Alan Garcia
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Kapi‘olani Community College, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Haining Yiang
- University of Hawai’i Cancer Center, University of Hawai’i, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Sandra Pastorino
- University of Hawai’i Cancer Center, University of Hawai’i, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Michele Carbone
- University of Hawai’i Cancer Center, University of Hawai’i, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Toshiro Niki
- Department of Immunology and Immunopathology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan
- GalPharma, Co., Ltd., Takamatsu, Japan
| | - John Berestecky
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Kapi‘olani Community College, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | | | - Lishomwa C. Ndhlovu
- Department of Tropical Medicine, John A. Burns School of Medicine, Honolulu, HI, USA
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14
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Zhou X, Sun L, Jing D, Xu G, Zhang J, Lin L, Zhao J, Yao Z, Lin H. Galectin-9 Expression Predicts Favorable Clinical Outcome in Solid Tumors: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front Physiol 2018; 9:452. [PMID: 29765332 PMCID: PMC5939667 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Objective: Galectin-9 (Gal-9) is one of the galectin family members which are known as proteins with β-galactoside-binding affinity. Accumulative evidence suggest that Gal-9 plays multifaceted roles in tumor biology. However, the prognostic significance of Gal-9 in solid cancer patients remains controversial. The objective of the study was to clarify the prognostic significance of Gal-9 in solid tumors via meta-analysis. Methods: We searched PubMed, Embase and the Cochrane library for studies that report the correlation between Gal-9 expression and prognosis or clinicopathological parameters in solid cancer patients from inception to October 2017, with no language restriction. We calculated pooled hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) to investigate the prognostic significance of Gal-9 expression in solid tumors. We also calculated Odds ratio (OR) to explore the association between Gal-9 expression and clinicopathological features. Results: We included Fourteen studies with 2326 patients in our meta-analysis. The synthetic results revealed that high Gal-9 expression indicated improved overall survival (OS; HR = 0.70, 95% CI = 0.51-0.71, P = 0.006) but had no correlation with disease-free survival (DFS)/recurrence-free survival (RFS) (HR = 0.85, 95% CI = 0.51-1.41, P = 0.527) in solid tumors. In stratified analyses, high Gal-9 expression was significantly correlated with improved OS in hepatocellular carcinoma and colon cancer and with improved DFS/RFS in gastric cancer and non-small cell lung cancer. In addition, ethnicity and the method of data extraction didn't affect the positive prognostic values of high Gal-9 expression. Moreover, high Gal-9 expression was significantly correlated with a smaller depth of invasion (TI/TII vs. TIII/TIV, OR = 2.80, 95% CI = 1.97-3.96, P < 0.001), an earlier histopathological stage (I/II vs. III/IV, OR = 3.00, 95% CI = 2.04-4.42, P < 0.001), negative lymph node metastasis (Presence vs. Absence, OR = 0.47, 95% CI = 0.25-0.89, P = 0.020) and negative distal tumor metastasis (Presence vs. Absence, OR = 13.85, 95% CI = 3.50-54.76, P < 0.001). Conclusion: Gal-9 expression indicates beneficial outcome in patients with solid tumors and is correlated with the pathogenesis of solid tumors. Gal-9 may serve as a prognostic biomarker and an emerging therapeutic target against solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiang Zhou
- Department of Liver Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lejia Sun
- Department of Liver Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dan Jing
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Gang Xu
- Department of Liver Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jinmei Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Weifang People's Hospital, Weifang, China
| | - Li Lin
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Weifang People's Hospital, Weifang, China
| | - Jingjing Zhao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Weifang People's Hospital, Weifang, China
| | - Zhuoran Yao
- Department of Liver Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hongfeng Lin
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Weifang People's Hospital, Weifang, China
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15
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Dubé-Delarosbil C, St-Pierre Y. The emerging role of galectins in high-fatality cancers. Cell Mol Life Sci 2018; 75:1215-1226. [PMID: 29119229 PMCID: PMC11105754 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-017-2708-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Revised: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Although we witnessed considerable progress in the prevention and treatment of cancer during the past few decades, a number of cancers remain difficult to treat. The main reasons for this are a lack of effective biomarkers necessary for an early detection and inefficient treatments for cancer that are diagnosed at late stages of the disease. Because of their alarmin-like properties and their protumorigenic role during cancer progression, members of the galectin family are uniquely positioned to provide information that could be used for the exploration of possible avenues for the treatment of high fatality cancer (HFC). A rapid overview of studies that examined the expressions and functions of galectins in cancer cells reveals that they play a central role in at least three major features that characterize HFCs: (1) induction of systemic and local immunosuppression, (2) chemoresistance of cancer cells, and (3) increased invasive behavior. Defining the galectinome in HFCs will also lead to a better understanding of tumor heterogeneity while providing critical information that could improve the accuracy of biomarker panels for a more personalized treatment of HFCs. In this review, we discuss the relevance of the galectinome in HFC and its possible contribution to providing potential solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yves St-Pierre
- INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, 531 Boul. des Prairies, Laval, QC, H7V 1B7, Canada.
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16
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Role of Galectins in Tumors and in Clinical Immunotherapy. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19020430. [PMID: 29389859 PMCID: PMC5855652 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19020430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2017] [Revised: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Galectins are glycan-binding proteins that contain one or two carbohydrate domains and mediate multiple biological functions. By analyzing clinical tumor samples, the abnormal expression of galectins is known to be linked to the development, progression and metastasis of cancers. Galectins also have diverse functions on different immune cells that either promote inflammation or dampen T cell-mediated immune responses, depending on cognate receptors on target cells. Thus, tumor-derived galectins can have bifunctional effects on tumor and immune cells. This review focuses on the biological effects of galectin-1, galectin-3 and galectin-9 in various cancers and discusses anticancer therapies that target these molecules.
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17
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Samukawa E, Fujihara S, Oura K, Iwama H, Yamana Y, Tadokoro T, Chiyo T, Kobayashi K, Morishita A, Nakahara M, Kobara H, Mori H, Okano K, Suzuki Y, Himoto T, Masaki T. Angiotensin receptor blocker telmisartan inhibits cell proliferation and tumor growth of cholangiocarcinoma through cell cycle arrest. Int J Oncol 2017; 51:1674-1684. [PMID: 29075786 PMCID: PMC5673010 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2017.4177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is at an advanced stage at the time of its diagnosis, and developing a more effective treatment of CCA would be desirable. Angiotensin II type 1 (AT1) receptor blocker (ARB), telmisartan may inhibit cancer cell proliferation, but the mechanisms by which telmisartan affects various cancers remain unknown. In this study, we evaluated the effects of telmisartan on human CCA cells and to assess the expression of microRNAs (miRNAs). We studied the effects of telmisartan on CCA cells using two cell lines, HuCCT-1 and TFK-1. In our experiments, telmisartan inhibited the proliferation of HuCCT-1 and TFK-1 cells. Additionally, telmisartan induced G0/G1 cell cycle arrest via blockade of the G0 to G1 cell cycle transition. Notably, telmisartan did not induce apoptosis in HuCCT-1 cells. This blockade was accompanied by a strong decrease in cell cycle-related protein, especially G1 cyclin, cyclin D1, and its catalytic subumits, Cdk4 and Cdk6. Telmisartan reduced the phosphorylation of EGFR (p-EGFR) and TIMP-1 by using p-RTK and angiogenesis array. Furthermore, miRNA expression was markedly altered by telmisartan in HuCCT-1. Telmisartan inhibits tumor growth in CCA xenograft model in vivo. In conclusion, telmisartan was shown to inhibit human CCA cell proliferation by inducing cell cycle arrest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eri Samukawa
- Department of Gastroenterology and Neurology, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Shintaro Fujihara
- Department of Gastroenterology and Neurology, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Kyoko Oura
- Department of Gastroenterology and Neurology, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Hisakazu Iwama
- Life Science Research Center, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Yoshimi Yamana
- Department of Gastroenterology and Neurology, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Tomoko Tadokoro
- Department of Gastroenterology and Neurology, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Taiga Chiyo
- Department of Gastroenterology and Neurology, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Kiyoyuki Kobayashi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Neurology, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Asahiro Morishita
- Department of Gastroenterology and Neurology, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Mai Nakahara
- Department of Gastroenterology and Neurology, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Hideki Kobara
- Department of Gastroenterology and Neurology, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Hirohito Mori
- Department of Gastroenterology and Neurology, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Keiichi Okano
- Gastroenterological Surgery, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Suzuki
- Gastroenterological Surgery, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Takashi Himoto
- Department of Gastroenterology and Neurology, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Masaki
- Department of Gastroenterology and Neurology, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
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18
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Tadokoro T, Fujihara S, Chiyo T, Oura K, Samukawa E, Yamana Y, Fujita K, Mimura S, Sakamoto T, Nomura T, Tani J, Yoneyama H, Morishita A, Himoto T, Iwama H, Niki T, Hirashima M, Masaki T. Induction of apoptosis by Galectin-9 in liver metastatic cancer cells: In vitro study. Int J Oncol 2017; 51:607-614. [PMID: 28656219 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2017.4053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver metastasis from gastrointestinal cancer defines a patient's prognosis. Despite medical developments, pancreatic cancer with liver metastasis confers a very poor prognosis. Galectin-9 (Gal‑9) is a tandem-repeat-type galectin that has recently been demonstrated to exert antitumor effects on various types of cancer cells by inducing apoptosis. However, the apoptotic pathway of Gal‑9 in solid tumors is unclear. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of Gal‑9 on human liver metastasis from pancreatic cancer. Gal‑9 suppressed cell proliferation in metastatic liver cancer cell lines derived from pancreatic cancer (KMP2, KMP7, and KMP8) and increased the levels of caspase-cleaved keratin 18 and fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-conjugated Annexin V. Furthermore, expression of apoptosis-related molecules such as caspase-7, cleaved caspase-3, cleaved PARP, cytochrome c, Smac/Diablo and HtrA2/Omi was enhanced. However, Gal‑9 did not affect expression of various cell cycle-related proteins. The microRNA (miRNA) expression profile was markedly altered by Gal‑9, and various miRNAs might contribute to tumor growth suppression. Our data reveal that Gal‑9 suppresses the growth of liver metastasis, possibly by inducing apoptosis through a mechanism involving mitochondria and changes in miRNA expression. Thus, Gal‑9 might serve as a therapeutic agent for the treatment of liver metastasis from pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Tadokoro
- Department of Gastroenterology and Neurology, Kagawa University, Takamatsu, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Shintaro Fujihara
- Department of Gastroenterology and Neurology, Kagawa University, Takamatsu, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Taiga Chiyo
- Department of Gastroenterology and Neurology, Kagawa University, Takamatsu, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Kyoko Oura
- Department of Gastroenterology and Neurology, Kagawa University, Takamatsu, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Eri Samukawa
- Department of Gastroenterology and Neurology, Kagawa University, Takamatsu, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Yoshimi Yamana
- Department of Gastroenterology and Neurology, Kagawa University, Takamatsu, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Koji Fujita
- Department of Gastroenterology and Neurology, Kagawa University, Takamatsu, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Shima Mimura
- Department of Gastroenterology and Neurology, Kagawa University, Takamatsu, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Teppei Sakamoto
- Department of Gastroenterology and Neurology, Kagawa University, Takamatsu, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Takako Nomura
- Department of Gastroenterology and Neurology, Kagawa University, Takamatsu, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Joji Tani
- Department of Gastroenterology and Neurology, Kagawa University, Takamatsu, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Hirohito Yoneyama
- Department of Gastroenterology and Neurology, Kagawa University, Takamatsu, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Asahiro Morishita
- Department of Gastroenterology and Neurology, Kagawa University, Takamatsu, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Takashi Himoto
- Department of Gastroenterology and Neurology, Kagawa University, Takamatsu, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Hisakazu Iwama
- Life Science Research Center, Kagawa University, Takamatsu, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Toshiro Niki
- Department of Immunology and Immunopathology, Kagawa University, Takamatsu, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Mitsuomi Hirashima
- Department of Immunology and Immunopathology, Kagawa University, Takamatsu, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Masaki
- Department of Gastroenterology and Neurology, Kagawa University, Takamatsu, Kagawa, Japan
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19
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Akashi E, Fujihara S, Morishita A, Tadokoro T, Chiyo T, Fujikawa K, Kobara H, Mori H, Iwama H, Okano K, Suzuki Y, Niki T, Hirashima M, Masaki T. Effects of galectin-9 on apoptosis, cell cycle and autophagy in human esophageal adenocarcinoma cells. Oncol Rep 2017; 38:506-514. [PMID: 28586026 DOI: 10.3892/or.2017.5689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) is rapidly increasing in western countries. The overall mortality of this disease remains high with a 5-year survival rate of less than 20%, despite remarkable advances in the care of patients with EAC. Galectin-9 (Gal-9) is a tandem-repeat type galectin that exerts anti-proliferative effects on various cancer cell types. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of Gal-9 on human EAC cells and to assess the expression of microRNAs (miRNAs) associated with the antitumor effects of Gal-9 in vitro. Gal-9 suppressed the proliferation of the EAC cell lines OE19, OE33, SK-GT4, and OACM 5.1C. Additionally, Gal-9 treatment induced apoptosis and increased the expression levels of caspase-cleaved cytokeratin 18, activated caspase-3 and activated caspase-9. However, it did not promote cell cycle arrest by reducing cell cycle-related protein levels. Furthermore, Gal-9 increased the level of the angiogenesis-related protein interleukin-8 (IL-8) and markedly altered miRNA expression. Based on these findings, Gal-9 may be of clinical use for the treatment of EAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emiko Akashi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Shintaro Fujihara
- Department of Gastroenterology and Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Asahiro Morishita
- Department of Gastroenterology and Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Tomoko Tadokoro
- Department of Gastroenterology and Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Taiga Chiyo
- Department of Gastroenterology and Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Keiko Fujikawa
- Department of Gastroenterology and Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Hideki Kobara
- Department of Gastroenterology and Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Hirohito Mori
- Department of Gastroenterology and Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Hisakazu Iwama
- Life Science Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Keiichi Okano
- Gastroenterological Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Suzuki
- Gastroenterological Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Toshiro Niki
- Immunology and Immunopathology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Mitsuomi Hirashima
- Immunology and Immunopathology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Masaki
- Department of Gastroenterology and Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
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20
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Jensen‐Jarolim E, Bax HJ, Bianchini R, Capron M, Corrigan C, Castells M, Dombrowicz D, Daniels‐Wells TR, Fazekas J, Fiebiger E, Gatault S, Gould HJ, Janda J, Josephs DH, Karagiannis P, Levi‐Schaffer F, Meshcheryakova A, Mechtcheriakova D, Mekori Y, Mungenast F, Nigro EA, Penichet ML, Redegeld F, Saul L, Singer J, Spicer JF, Siccardi AG, Spillner E, Turner MC, Untersmayr E, Vangelista L, Karagiannis SN. AllergoOncology - the impact of allergy in oncology: EAACI position paper. Allergy 2017; 72:866-887. [PMID: 28032353 PMCID: PMC5498751 DOI: 10.1111/all.13119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Th2 immunity and allergic immune surveillance play critical roles in host responses to pathogens, parasites and allergens. Numerous studies have reported significant links between Th2 responses and cancer, including insights into the functions of IgE antibodies and associated effector cells in both antitumour immune surveillance and therapy. The interdisciplinary field of AllergoOncology was given Task Force status by the European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology in 2014. Affiliated expert groups focus on the interface between allergic responses and cancer, applied to immune surveillance, immunomodulation and the functions of IgE-mediated immune responses against cancer, to derive novel insights into more effective treatments. Coincident with rapid expansion in clinical application of cancer immunotherapies, here we review the current state-of-the-art and future translational opportunities, as well as challenges in this relatively new field. Recent developments include improved understanding of Th2 antibodies, intratumoral innate allergy effector cells and mediators, IgE-mediated tumour antigen cross-presentation by dendritic cells, as well as immunotherapeutic strategies such as vaccines and recombinant antibodies, and finally, the management of allergy in daily clinical oncology. Shedding light on the crosstalk between allergic response and cancer is paving the way for new avenues of treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. Jensen‐Jarolim
- The Interuniversity Messerli Research InstituteUniversity of Veterinary Medicine ViennaMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
- Institute of Pathophysiology & Allergy ResearchCenter of Pathophysiology, Infectiology & ImmunologyMedical University ViennaViennaAustria
| | - H. J. Bax
- Division of Genetics & Molecular MedicineFaculty of Life Sciences and MedicineSt. John's Institute of DermatologyKing's College LondonLondonUK
- Division of Cancer StudiesFaculty of Life Sciences & MedicineKing's College LondonGuy's HospitalLondonUK
| | - R. Bianchini
- The Interuniversity Messerli Research InstituteUniversity of Veterinary Medicine ViennaMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - M. Capron
- LIRIC‐Unité Mixte de Recherche 995 INSERMUniversité de Lille 2CHRU de LilleLilleFrance
| | - C. Corrigan
- Division of Asthma, Allergy and Lung BiologyMedical Research Council and Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms in AsthmaKing's College LondonLondonUK
| | - M. Castells
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and AllergyDepartment of MedicineBrigham and Women's HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
| | - D. Dombrowicz
- INSERMCHU LilleEuropean Genomic Institute of DiabetesInstitut Pasteur de LilleU1011 – récepteurs nucléaires, maladies cardiovasculaires et diabèteUniversité de LilleLilleFrance
| | - T. R. Daniels‐Wells
- Division of Surgical OncologyDepartment of SurgeryDavid Geffen School of Medicine at UCLALos AngelesCAUSA
| | - J. Fazekas
- The Interuniversity Messerli Research InstituteUniversity of Veterinary Medicine ViennaMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
- Institute of Pathophysiology & Allergy ResearchCenter of Pathophysiology, Infectiology & ImmunologyMedical University ViennaViennaAustria
| | - E. Fiebiger
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition ResearchDepartment of Medicine ResearchChildren's University Hospital BostonBostonMAUSA
| | - S. Gatault
- LIRIC‐Unité Mixte de Recherche 995 INSERMUniversité de Lille 2CHRU de LilleLilleFrance
| | - H. J. Gould
- Division of Asthma, Allergy and Lung BiologyMedical Research Council and Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms in AsthmaKing's College LondonLondonUK
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular BiophysicsKing's College LondonLondonUK
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Guy's and St. Thomas’ Hospitals and King's College LondonKing's College LondonGuy's HospitalLondonUK
| | - J. Janda
- Center PigmodInstitute of Animal Physiology and GeneticsAcademy of Sciences of Czech RepublicLibechovCzech Republic
| | - D. H. Josephs
- Division of Genetics & Molecular MedicineFaculty of Life Sciences and MedicineSt. John's Institute of DermatologyKing's College LondonLondonUK
- Division of Cancer StudiesFaculty of Life Sciences & MedicineKing's College LondonGuy's HospitalLondonUK
| | - P. Karagiannis
- Division of Genetics & Molecular MedicineFaculty of Life Sciences and MedicineSt. John's Institute of DermatologyKing's College LondonLondonUK
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Guy's and St. Thomas’ Hospitals and King's College LondonKing's College LondonGuy's HospitalLondonUK
| | - F. Levi‐Schaffer
- Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics UnitFaculty of MedicineSchool of PharmacyThe Institute for Drug ResearchThe Hebrew University of JerusalemJerusalemIsrael
| | - A. Meshcheryakova
- Institute of Pathophysiology & Allergy ResearchCenter of Pathophysiology, Infectiology & ImmunologyMedical University ViennaViennaAustria
| | - D. Mechtcheriakova
- Institute of Pathophysiology & Allergy ResearchCenter of Pathophysiology, Infectiology & ImmunologyMedical University ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Y. Mekori
- Sackler Faculty of MedicineTel‐Aviv UniversityTel‐AvivIsrael
| | - F. Mungenast
- Institute of Pathophysiology & Allergy ResearchCenter of Pathophysiology, Infectiology & ImmunologyMedical University ViennaViennaAustria
| | - E. A. Nigro
- IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific InstituteMilanItaly
| | - M. L. Penichet
- Division of Surgical OncologyDepartment of SurgeryDavid Geffen School of Medicine at UCLALos AngelesCAUSA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular GeneticsDavid Geffen School of Medicine at UCLALos AngelesCAUSA
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer CenterUniversity of CaliforniaLos AngelesCAUSA
| | - F. Redegeld
- Division of PharmacologyFaculty of ScienceUtrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical SciencesUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - L. Saul
- Division of Genetics & Molecular MedicineFaculty of Life Sciences and MedicineSt. John's Institute of DermatologyKing's College LondonLondonUK
- Division of Cancer StudiesFaculty of Life Sciences & MedicineKing's College LondonGuy's HospitalLondonUK
| | - J. Singer
- Institute of Pathophysiology & Allergy ResearchCenter of Pathophysiology, Infectiology & ImmunologyMedical University ViennaViennaAustria
| | - J. F. Spicer
- Division of Cancer StudiesFaculty of Life Sciences & MedicineKing's College LondonGuy's HospitalLondonUK
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Guy's and St. Thomas’ Hospitals and King's College LondonKing's College LondonGuy's HospitalLondonUK
| | | | - E. Spillner
- Immunological EngineeringDepartment of EngineeringAarhus UniversityAarhusDenmark
| | - M. C. Turner
- ISGlobalCentre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL)BarcelonaSpain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF)BarcelonaSpain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP)MadridSpain
- McLaughlin Centre for Population Health Risk AssessmentUniversity of OttawaOttawaONCanada
| | - E. Untersmayr
- Institute of Pathophysiology & Allergy ResearchCenter of Pathophysiology, Infectiology & ImmunologyMedical University ViennaViennaAustria
| | - L. Vangelista
- Department of Biomedical SciencesNazarbayev University School of MedicineAstanaKazakhstan
| | - S. N. Karagiannis
- Division of Genetics & Molecular MedicineFaculty of Life Sciences and MedicineSt. John's Institute of DermatologyKing's College LondonLondonUK
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Guy's and St. Thomas’ Hospitals and King's College LondonKing's College LondonGuy's HospitalLondonUK
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21
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Epigenetic Bases of Aberrant Glycosylation in Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18050998. [PMID: 28481247 PMCID: PMC5454911 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18050998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Revised: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In this review, the sugar portions of glycoproteins, glycolipids, and glycosaminoglycans constitute the glycome, and the genes involved in their biosynthesis, degradation, transport and recognition are referred to as “glycogenes“. The extreme complexity of the glycome requires the regulatory layer to be provided by the epigenetic mechanisms. Almost all types of cancers present glycosylation aberrations, giving rise to phenotypic changes and to the expression of tumor markers. In this review, we discuss how cancer-associated alterations of promoter methylation, histone methylation/acetylation, and miRNAs determine glycomic changes associated with the malignant phenotype. Usually, increased promoter methylation and miRNA expression induce glycogene silencing. However, treatment with demethylating agents sometimes results in silencing, rather than in a reactivation of glycogenes, suggesting the involvement of distant methylation-dependent regulatory elements. From a therapeutic perspective aimed at the normalization of the malignant glycome, it appears that miRNA targeting of cancer-deranged glycogenes can be a more specific and promising approach than the use of drugs, which broad target methylation/acetylation. A very specific type of glycosylation, the addition of GlcNAc to serine or threonine (O-GlcNAc), is not only regulated by epigenetic mechanisms, but is an epigenetic modifier of histones and transcription factors. Thus, glycosylation is both under the control of epigenetic mechanisms and is an integral part of the epigenetic code.
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22
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Abstract
Galectins is a family of non-classically secreted, beta-galactoside-binding proteins that has recently received considerable attention in the spatio-temporal regulation of surface 'signal lattice' organization, membrane dynamics, cell-adhesion and disease therapeutics. Galectin-9 is a unique member of this family, with two non-homologous carbohydrate recognition domains joined by a linker peptide sequence of variable lengths, generating isoforms with distinct properties and functions in both physiological and pathological settings, such as during development, immune reaction, neoplastic transformations and metastasis. In this review, we summarize the latest knowledge on the structure, receptors, cellular targets, trafficking pathways and functional properties of galectin-9 and discuss how galectin-9-mediated signalling cascades can be exploited in cancers and immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian John
- Department of Neurobiology and Genetics, Division of Disease Biology, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Poojappura, Thiruvananthapuram 695014, India
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23
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Cancer Therapy Due to Apoptosis: Galectin-9. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18010074. [PMID: 28045432 PMCID: PMC5297709 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18010074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Revised: 11/25/2016] [Accepted: 12/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation of apoptosis is a major hallmark in cancer biology that might equip tumors with a higher malignant potential and chemoresistance. The anti-cancer activities of lectin, defined as a carbohydrate-binding protein that is not an enzyme or antibody, have been investigated for over a century. Recently, galectin-9, which has two distinct carbohydrate recognition domains connected by a linker peptide, was noted to induce apoptosis in thymocytes and immune cells. The apoptosis of these cells contributes to the development and regulation of acquired immunity. Furthermore, human recombinant galectin-9, hG9NC (null), which lacks an entire region of the linker peptide, was designed to resist proteolysis. The hG9NC (null) has demonstrated anti-cancer activities, including inducing apoptosis in hematological, dermatological and gastrointestinal malignancies. In this review, the molecular characteristics, history and apoptosis-inducing potential of galectin-9 are described.
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