1
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Zhu L, Zhang J, Guo Q, Kuang J, Li D, Wu M, Mo Y, Zhang T, Gao X, Tan J. Advanced lung organoids and lung-on-a-chip for cancer research and drug evaluation: a review. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1299033. [PMID: 38026900 PMCID: PMC10662056 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1299033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer has become the primary cause of cancer-related deaths because of its high recurrence rate, ability to metastasise easily, and propensity to develop drug resistance. The wide-ranging heterogeneity of lung cancer subtypes increases the complexity of developing effective therapeutic interventions. Therefore, personalised diagnostic and treatment strategies are required to guide clinical practice. The advent of innovative three-dimensional (3D) culture systems such as organoid and organ-on-a-chip models provides opportunities to address these challenges and revolutionise lung cancer research and drug evaluation. In this review, we introduce the advancements in lung-related 3D culture systems, with a particular focus on lung organoids and lung-on-a-chip, and their latest contributions to lung cancer research and drug evaluation. These developments include various aspects, from authentic simulations and mechanistic enquiries into lung cancer to assessing chemotherapeutic agents and targeted therapeutic interventions. The new 3D culture system can mimic the pathological and physiological microenvironment of the lung, enabling it to supplement or replace existing two-dimensional culture models and animal experimental models and realize the potential for personalised lung cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leqing Zhu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, China
- Shenzhen Clinical Medical College, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jianhua Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Quanwei Guo
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jun Kuang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Dongfang Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Mengxi Wu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yijun Mo
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xinghua Gao
- Materials Genome Institute, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianfeng Tan
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, China
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2
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Cauli E, Polidoro MA, Marzorati S, Bernardi C, Rasponi M, Lleo A. Cancer-on-chip: a 3D model for the study of the tumor microenvironment. J Biol Eng 2023; 17:53. [PMID: 37592292 PMCID: PMC10436436 DOI: 10.1186/s13036-023-00372-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The approval of anticancer therapeutic strategies is still slowed down by the lack of models able to faithfully reproduce in vivo cancer physiology. On one hand, the conventional in vitro models fail to recapitulate the organ and tissue structures, the fluid flows, and the mechanical stimuli characterizing the human body compartments. On the other hand, in vivo animal models cannot reproduce the typical human tumor microenvironment, essential to study cancer behavior and progression. This study reviews the cancer-on-chips as one of the most promising tools to model and investigate the tumor microenvironment and metastasis. We also described how cancer-on-chip devices have been developed and implemented to study the most common primary cancers and their metastatic sites. Pros and cons of this technology are then discussed highlighting the future challenges to close the gap between the pre-clinical and clinical studies and accelerate the approval of new anticancer therapies in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Cauli
- Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico Di Milano, Milan, Italy.
- Accelera Srl, Nerviano, Milan, Italy.
| | - Michela Anna Polidoro
- Hepatobiliary Immunopathology Laboratory, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Simona Marzorati
- Hepatobiliary Immunopathology Laboratory, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Marco Rasponi
- Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico Di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Ana Lleo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Milan, Italy
- Division of Internal Medicine and Hepatology, Department of Gastroenterology, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
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3
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Lengrand J, Pastushenko I, Vanuytven S, Song Y, Venet D, Sarate RM, Bellina M, Moers V, Boinet A, Sifrim A, Rama N, Ducarouge B, Van Herck J, Dubois C, Scozzaro S, Lemaire S, Gieskes S, Bonni S, Collin A, Braissand N, Allard J, Zindy E, Decaestecker C, Sotiriou C, Salmon I, Mehlen P, Voet T, Bernet A, Blanpain C. Pharmacological targeting of netrin-1 inhibits EMT in cancer. Nature 2023; 620:402-408. [PMID: 37532929 PMCID: PMC7615210 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06372-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) regulates tumour initiation, progression, metastasis and resistance to anti-cancer therapy1-7. Although great progress has been made in understanding the role of EMT and its regulatory mechanisms in cancer, no therapeutic strategy to pharmacologically target EMT has been identified. Here we found that netrin-1 is upregulated in a primary mouse model of skin squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) exhibiting spontaneous EMT. Pharmacological inhibition of netrin-1 by administration of NP137, a netrin-1-blocking monoclonal antibody currently used in clinical trials in human cancer (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT02977195 ), decreased the proportion of EMT tumour cells in skin SCC, decreased the number of metastases and increased the sensitivity of tumour cells to chemotherapy. Single-cell RNA sequencing revealed the presence of different EMT states, including epithelial, early and late hybrid EMT, and full EMT states, in control SCC. By contrast, administration of NP137 prevented the progression of cancer cells towards a late EMT state and sustained tumour epithelial states. Short hairpin RNA knockdown of netrin-1 and its receptor UNC5B in EPCAM+ tumour cells inhibited EMT in vitro in the absence of stromal cells and regulated a common gene signature that promotes tumour epithelial state and restricts EMT. To assess the relevance of these findings to human cancers, we treated mice transplanted with the A549 human cancer cell line-which undergoes EMT following TGFβ1 administration8,9-with NP137. Netrin-1 inhibition decreased EMT in these transplanted A549 cells. Together, our results identify a pharmacological strategy for targeting EMT in cancer, opening up novel therapeutic interventions for anti-cancer therapy.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Humans
- Mice
- A549 Cells
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/drug therapy
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/pathology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Disease Models, Animal
- Epithelial Cell Adhesion Molecule/metabolism
- Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition/drug effects
- Neoplasm Metastasis/drug therapy
- Netrin Receptors/antagonists & inhibitors
- Netrin Receptors/deficiency
- Netrin Receptors/genetics
- Netrin-1/antagonists & inhibitors
- Netrin-1/deficiency
- Netrin-1/genetics
- RNA, Small Interfering/genetics
- RNA, Small Interfering/pharmacology
- RNA-Seq
- Single-Cell Gene Expression Analysis
- Skin Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Skin Neoplasms/pathology
- Transforming Growth Factor beta1/pharmacology
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Justine Lengrand
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Cancer, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
- NETRIS Pharma, Lyon, France
- Laboratory Apoptosis, Cancer and Development, Equipe labellisee 'La Ligue', LabEx DEVweCAN, Institute PLAsCAN, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, INSERM U1052-CNRS UMR5286, Lyon, France
| | - Ievgenia Pastushenko
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Cancer, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sebastiaan Vanuytven
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Leuven, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory of Multi-omic Integrative Bioinformatics, Center for Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Yura Song
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Cancer, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - David Venet
- Laboratory of Breast Cancer Translational Research J.-C. Heuson, Institut Jules Bordet, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles (H.U.B), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Rahul M Sarate
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Cancer, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Melanie Bellina
- NETRIS Pharma, Lyon, France
- Laboratory Apoptosis, Cancer and Development, Equipe labellisee 'La Ligue', LabEx DEVweCAN, Institute PLAsCAN, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, INSERM U1052-CNRS UMR5286, Lyon, France
| | - Virginie Moers
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Cancer, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Alice Boinet
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Cancer, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Alejandro Sifrim
- Laboratory of Multi-omic Integrative Bioinformatics, Center for Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- KU Leuven Institute for Single-cell Omics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nicolas Rama
- Laboratory Apoptosis, Cancer and Development, Equipe labellisee 'La Ligue', LabEx DEVweCAN, Institute PLAsCAN, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, INSERM U1052-CNRS UMR5286, Lyon, France
| | | | - Jens Van Herck
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Leuven, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Christine Dubois
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Cancer, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Samuel Scozzaro
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Cancer, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sophie Lemaire
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Cancer, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sarah Gieskes
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Cancer, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sophie Bonni
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Cancer, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Amandine Collin
- DIAPath, Center for Microscopy and Molecular Imaging, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Jumet, Belgium
| | - Nicolas Braissand
- NETRIS Pharma, Lyon, France
- Laboratory Apoptosis, Cancer and Development, Equipe labellisee 'La Ligue', LabEx DEVweCAN, Institute PLAsCAN, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, INSERM U1052-CNRS UMR5286, Lyon, France
| | - Justine Allard
- DIAPath, Center for Microscopy and Molecular Imaging, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Jumet, Belgium
| | - Egor Zindy
- DIAPath, Center for Microscopy and Molecular Imaging, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Jumet, Belgium
| | - Christine Decaestecker
- DIAPath, Center for Microscopy and Molecular Imaging, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Jumet, Belgium
- Laboratory of Image Synthesis and Analysis, Ecole Polytechnique-Université libre de Bruxelles (EPB-ULB), Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Christos Sotiriou
- Laboratory of Breast Cancer Translational Research J.-C. Heuson, Institut Jules Bordet, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles (H.U.B), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Isabelle Salmon
- DIAPath, Center for Microscopy and Molecular Imaging, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Jumet, Belgium
- Centre Universitaire Inter Régional d'Expertise en Anatomie pathologique Hospitalière (CurePath), Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Pathology, Erasme University Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Patrick Mehlen
- NETRIS Pharma, Lyon, France.
- Laboratory Apoptosis, Cancer and Development, Equipe labellisee 'La Ligue', LabEx DEVweCAN, Institute PLAsCAN, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, INSERM U1052-CNRS UMR5286, Lyon, France.
| | - Thierry Voet
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Leuven, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- KU Leuven Institute for Single-cell Omics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Agnès Bernet
- NETRIS Pharma, Lyon, France.
- Laboratory Apoptosis, Cancer and Development, Equipe labellisee 'La Ligue', LabEx DEVweCAN, Institute PLAsCAN, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, INSERM U1052-CNRS UMR5286, Lyon, France.
| | - Cédric Blanpain
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Cancer, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium.
- WEL (Wallon ExceLlence) Research Institute, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium.
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4
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Cassier PA, Navaridas R, Bellina M, Rama N, Ducarouge B, Hernandez-Vargas H, Delord JP, Lengrand J, Paradisi A, Fattet L, Garin G, Gheit H, Dalban C, Pastushenko I, Neves D, Jelin R, Gadot N, Braissand N, Léon S, Degletagne C, Matias-Guiu X, Devouassoux-Shisheboran M, Mery-Lamarche E, Allard J, Zindy E, Decaestecker C, Salmon I, Perol D, Dolcet X, Ray-Coquard I, Blanpain C, Bernet A, Mehlen P. Netrin-1 blockade inhibits tumour growth and EMT features in endometrial cancer. Nature 2023; 620:409-416. [PMID: 37532934 PMCID: PMC10412451 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06367-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
Netrin-1 is upregulated in cancers as a protumoural mechanism1. Here we describe netrin-1 upregulation in a majority of human endometrial carcinomas (ECs) and demonstrate that netrin-1 blockade, using an anti-netrin-1 antibody (NP137), is effective in reduction of tumour progression in an EC mouse model. We next examined the efficacy of NP137, as a first-in-class single agent, in a Phase I trial comprising 14 patients with advanced EC. As best response we observed 8 stable disease (8 out of 14, 57.1%) and 1 objective response as RECIST v.1.1 (partial response, 1 out of 14 (7.1%), 51.16% reduction in target lesions at 6 weeks and up to 54.65% reduction during the following 6 months). To evaluate the NP137 mechanism of action, mouse tumour gene profiling was performed, and we observed, in addition to cell death induction, that NP137 inhibited epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). By performing bulk RNA sequencing (RNA-seq), spatial transcriptomics and single-cell RNA-seq on paired pre- and on-treatment biopsies from patients with EC from the NP137 trial, we noted a net reduction in tumour EMT. This was associated with changes in immune infiltrate and increased interactions between cancer cells and the tumour microenvironment. Given the importance of EMT in resistance to current standards of care2, we show in the EC mouse model that a combination of NP137 with carboplatin-paclitaxel outperformed carboplatin-paclitaxel alone. Our results identify netrin-1 blockade as a clinical strategy triggering both tumour debulking and EMT inhibition, thus potentially alleviating resistance to standard treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe A Cassier
- Centre Léon Bérard, Departement de Recherche Clinique, Centre de recherche en cancérologie de Lyon INSERM U1052-CNRS UMR5286, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon1, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
| | - Raul Navaridas
- Basic Medical Sciences Department Oncological Pathology Group, Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida, Universidad de Lleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - Melanie Bellina
- Apoptosis, Cancer and Development Laboratory - Equipe labellisée 'La Ligue', LabEx DEVweCAN, Institut PLAsCAN, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon INSERM U1052-CNRS UMR5286, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon1, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
- Netris Pharma, Lyon, France
| | - Nicolas Rama
- Apoptosis, Cancer and Development Laboratory - Equipe labellisée 'La Ligue', LabEx DEVweCAN, Institut PLAsCAN, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon INSERM U1052-CNRS UMR5286, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon1, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
| | | | - Hector Hernandez-Vargas
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, INSERM U1052-CNRS UMR 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Claude Bernard Lyon 1 University, Lyon, France
| | | | - Justine Lengrand
- Apoptosis, Cancer and Development Laboratory - Equipe labellisée 'La Ligue', LabEx DEVweCAN, Institut PLAsCAN, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon INSERM U1052-CNRS UMR5286, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon1, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
- Netris Pharma, Lyon, France
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Cancer, WEL Research Institute, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Andrea Paradisi
- Apoptosis, Cancer and Development Laboratory - Equipe labellisée 'La Ligue', LabEx DEVweCAN, Institut PLAsCAN, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon INSERM U1052-CNRS UMR5286, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon1, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
| | - Laurent Fattet
- Apoptosis, Cancer and Development Laboratory - Equipe labellisée 'La Ligue', LabEx DEVweCAN, Institut PLAsCAN, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon INSERM U1052-CNRS UMR5286, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon1, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
| | - Gwenaële Garin
- Centre Léon Bérard, Departement de Recherche Clinique, Centre de recherche en cancérologie de Lyon INSERM U1052-CNRS UMR5286, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon1, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
| | - Hanane Gheit
- Centre Léon Bérard, Departement de Recherche Clinique, Centre de recherche en cancérologie de Lyon INSERM U1052-CNRS UMR5286, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon1, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
| | - Cecile Dalban
- Centre Léon Bérard, Departement de Recherche Clinique, Centre de recherche en cancérologie de Lyon INSERM U1052-CNRS UMR5286, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon1, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
| | - Ievgenia Pastushenko
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Cancer, WEL Research Institute, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - David Neves
- Apoptosis, Cancer and Development Laboratory - Equipe labellisée 'La Ligue', LabEx DEVweCAN, Institut PLAsCAN, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon INSERM U1052-CNRS UMR5286, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon1, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
| | - Remy Jelin
- Apoptosis, Cancer and Development Laboratory - Equipe labellisée 'La Ligue', LabEx DEVweCAN, Institut PLAsCAN, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon INSERM U1052-CNRS UMR5286, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon1, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
- Netris Pharma, Lyon, France
| | - Nicolas Gadot
- CRCL Core facilities, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon (CRCL) INSERM U1052-CNRS UMR5286, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon1, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
| | - Nicolas Braissand
- Apoptosis, Cancer and Development Laboratory - Equipe labellisée 'La Ligue', LabEx DEVweCAN, Institut PLAsCAN, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon INSERM U1052-CNRS UMR5286, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon1, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
- Netris Pharma, Lyon, France
| | - Sophie Léon
- CRCL Core facilities, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon (CRCL) INSERM U1052-CNRS UMR5286, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon1, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
| | - Cyril Degletagne
- CRCL Core facilities, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon (CRCL) INSERM U1052-CNRS UMR5286, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon1, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
| | - Xavier Matias-Guiu
- Basic Medical Sciences Department Oncological Pathology Group, Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida, Universidad de Lleida, Lleida, Spain
| | | | | | - Justine Allard
- DIAPath, Center for microscopy and molecular Imaging, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Egor Zindy
- DIAPath, Center for microscopy and molecular Imaging, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Christine Decaestecker
- DIAPath, Center for microscopy and molecular Imaging, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Gosselies, Belgium
- Laboratory of Image Synthesis and Analysis, Ecole Polytechnique-Université libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Isabelle Salmon
- DIAPath, Center for microscopy and molecular Imaging, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Gosselies, Belgium
- Departement of Pathology, Erasme University Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
- Centre Universitaire Inter Régional d'Expertise en Anatomie pathologique Hospitalière (CurePath), Jumet, Belgium
| | - David Perol
- Centre Léon Bérard, Departement de Recherche Clinique, Centre de recherche en cancérologie de Lyon INSERM U1052-CNRS UMR5286, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon1, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
| | - Xavi Dolcet
- Basic Medical Sciences Department Oncological Pathology Group, Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida, Universidad de Lleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - Isabelle Ray-Coquard
- Centre Léon Bérard, Departement de Recherche Clinique, Centre de recherche en cancérologie de Lyon INSERM U1052-CNRS UMR5286, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon1, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
| | - Cédric Blanpain
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Cancer, WEL Research Institute, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Agnès Bernet
- Apoptosis, Cancer and Development Laboratory - Equipe labellisée 'La Ligue', LabEx DEVweCAN, Institut PLAsCAN, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon INSERM U1052-CNRS UMR5286, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon1, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France.
- Netris Pharma, Lyon, France.
| | - Patrick Mehlen
- Apoptosis, Cancer and Development Laboratory - Equipe labellisée 'La Ligue', LabEx DEVweCAN, Institut PLAsCAN, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon INSERM U1052-CNRS UMR5286, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon1, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France.
- Netris Pharma, Lyon, France.
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5
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Zeng X, Ma Q, Li XK, You LT, Li J, Fu X, You FM, Ren YF. Patient-derived organoids of lung cancer based on organoids-on-a-chip: enhancing clinical and translational applications. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1205157. [PMID: 37304140 PMCID: PMC10250649 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1205157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is one of the most common malignant tumors worldwide, with high morbidity and mortality due to significant individual characteristics and genetic heterogeneity. Personalized treatment is necessary to improve the overall survival rate of the patients. In recent years, the development of patient-derived organoids (PDOs) enables lung cancer diseases to be simulated in the real world, and closely reflects the pathophysiological characteristics of natural tumor occurrence and metastasis, highlighting their great potential in biomedical applications, translational medicine, and personalized treatment. However, the inherent defects of traditional organoids, such as poor stability, the tumor microenvironment with simple components and low throughput, limit their further clinical transformation and applications. In this review, we summarized the developments and applications of lung cancer PDOs and discussed the limitations of traditional PDOs in clinical transformation. Herein, we looked into the future and proposed that organoids-on-a-chip based on microfluidic technology are advantageous for personalized drug screening. In addition, combined with recent advances in lung cancer research, we explored the translational value and future development direction of organoids-on-a-chip in the precision treatment of lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Zeng
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Qiong Ma
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xue-Ke Li
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Cancer Institute, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Li-Ting You
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jia Li
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xi Fu
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Feng-Ming You
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Cancer Institute, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yi-Feng Ren
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Cancer Institute, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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6
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Microfluidic Technologies in Tumour Metabolism. Int J Pharm 2022; 629:122370. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.122370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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7
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Chen XL, Xu YM, Lau ATY. Toxic metals in the regulation of epithelial-mesenchymal plasticity: demons or angels? Cancer Cell Int 2022; 22:237. [PMID: 35897065 PMCID: PMC9327425 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-022-02638-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial cells can trans-differentiate into motile mesenchymal cells through a dynamic process known as epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). EMT is crucial in embryonic development and wound healing but also contributes to human diseases such as organ fibrosis and cancer progression. Heavy metals are environmental pollutants that can affect human health in various ways, including causing cancers. The cytotoxicity and carcinogenicity of heavy metals are complex, and studies have demonstrated that some of these metals can affect the progress of EMT. Here, we focus on reviewing the roles of six environmentally common toxic metals concerning EMT: arsenic (AS), cadmium (Cd), cobalt (Co), chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), and copper (Cu). Noteworthily, the effects of these elements on EMT may vary according to the form, dose, and exposure time; the dual role of heavy metals (e.g., AS, Cd, and Cu) on EMT is also observed, in which, sometimes they can promote while sometimes inhibit the EMT process. Given the vast number of toxicologically relevant metals that exist in nature, we believe a comprehensive understanding of their effects on EMT is required to dictate in what circumstances these metals act more likely as demons or angels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu-Li Chen
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Epigenetics, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515041 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yan-Ming Xu
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Epigenetics, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515041 People’s Republic of China
| | - Andy T. Y. Lau
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Epigenetics, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515041 People’s Republic of China
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Yuan X, Mills T, Doursout MF, Evans SE, Vidal Melo MF, Eltzschig HK. Alternative adenosine Receptor activation: The netrin-Adora2b link. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:944994. [PMID: 35910389 PMCID: PMC9334855 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.944994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
During hypoxia or inflammation, extracellular adenosine levels are elevated. Studies using pharmacologic approaches or genetic animal models pertinent to extracellular adenosine signaling implicate this pathway in attenuating hypoxia-associated inflammation. There are four distinct adenosine receptors. Of these, it is not surprising that the Adora2b adenosine receptor functions as an endogenous feedback loop to control hypoxia-associated inflammation. First, Adora2b activation requires higher adenosine concentrations compared to other adenosine receptors, similar to those achieved during hypoxic inflammation. Second, Adora2b is transcriptionally induced during hypoxia or inflammation by hypoxia-inducible transcription factor HIF1A. Studies seeking an alternative adenosine receptor activation mechanism have linked netrin-1 with Adora2b. Netrin-1 was originally discovered as a neuronal guidance molecule but also functions as an immune-modulatory signaling molecule. Similar to Adora2b, netrin-1 is induced by HIF1A, and has been shown to enhance Adora2b signaling. Studies of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), intestinal inflammation, myocardial or hepatic ischemia and reperfusion implicate the netrin-Adora2b link in tissue protection. In this review, we will discuss the potential molecular linkage between netrin-1 and Adora2b, and explore studies demonstrating interactions between netrin-1 and Adora2b in attenuating tissue inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyi Yuan
- Department of Anesthesiology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Tingting Mills
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Marie-Francoise Doursout
- Department of Anesthesiology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Scott E. Evans
- Department of Pulmonology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | | | - Holger K. Eltzschig
- Department of Anesthesiology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
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Hypoxic Microenvironment-Induced Reduction in PTEN-L Secretion Promotes Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Metastasis through PI3K/AKT Pathway. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 2022:6683104. [PMID: 35280516 PMCID: PMC8906955 DOI: 10.1155/2022/6683104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Objective Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of hypoxic microenvironment on PTEN-L secretion and the effects of PTEN-L on the metastasis of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and the potential mechanisms. Methods The expression levels of PTEN-L in NSCLC tissues, cells, and cell culture media were detected. The transfection of PTEN-L overexpression construct or HIF-1α-siRNAs was conducted to manipulate the expression of PTEN-L or HIF-1α. NSCLC cells were introduced into 200 μM CoCl2 medium for 72 hours under 37°C to simulate hypoxia. The proliferation and apoptosis of the A549 cells were determined by the Cell Counting Kit-8 assay and Annexin V-FITC/PI-stained flow cytometry assay, respectively. Wound healing assay and transwell invasion assay were used to measure the migration and invasion of A549 cells. The protein expression of PTEN, PTEN-L, PI3K/AKT pathway-related proteins, and HIF-1α was detected by Western blot. Results PTEN and PTEN-L are downregulated in lung cancer tissues and cells. The protein expression of PTEN-L in the culture medium of lung cancer cell lines is decreased. The hypoxic microenvironment inhibits PTEN-L secretion. The low level of PTEN-L promotes cell proliferation, migration, and invasion, as well as inhibits apoptosis of A549 cells. The overexpression of PTEN-L attenuated the activation of the PI3K/AKT pathway by the hypoxic microenvironment. The knockdown of HIF-1α upregulates PTEN-L secretion under hypoxia. Conclusions The hypoxic microenvironment inhibits PTEN-L secretion and thus activates PI3K/AKT pathway to induce proliferation, migration, and invasion promotion, and apoptosis inhibition in NSCLC cells.
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Ziegon L, Schlegel M. Netrin-1: A Modulator of Macrophage Driven Acute and Chronic Inflammation. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 23:ijms23010275. [PMID: 35008701 PMCID: PMC8745333 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Netrins belong to the family of laminin-like secreted proteins, which guide axonal migration and neuronal growth in the developing central nervous system. Over the last 20 years, it has been established that netrin-1 acts as a chemoattractive or chemorepulsive cue in diverse biological processes far beyond neuronal development. Netrin-1 has been shown to play a central role in cell adhesion, cell migration, proliferation, and cell survival in neuronal and non-neuronal tissue. In this context, netrin-1 was found to orchestrate organogenesis, angiogenesis, tumorigenesis, and inflammation. In inflammation, as in neuronal development, netrin-1 plays a dichotomous role directing the migration of leukocytes, especially monocytes in the inflamed tissue. Monocyte-derived macrophages have long been known for a similar dual role in inflammation. In response to pathogen-induced acute injury, monocytes are rapidly recruited to damaged tissue as the first line of immune defense to phagocyte pathogens, present antigens to initiate the adaptive immune response, and promote wound healing in the resolution phase. On the other hand, dysregulated macrophages with impaired phagocytosis and egress capacity accumulate in chronic inflammation sites and foster the maintenance-and even the progression-of chronic inflammation. In this review article, we will highlight the dichotomous roles of netrin-1 and its impact on acute and chronic inflammation.
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Pu J, Huang Y, Fang Q, Wang J, Li W, Xu Z, Wu X, Lu Y, Wei H. Hypoxia-induced Fascin-1 upregulation is regulated by Akt/Rac1 axis and enhances malignant properties of liver cancer cells via mediating actin cytoskeleton rearrangement and Hippo/YAP activation. Cell Death Discov 2021; 7:385. [PMID: 34897283 PMCID: PMC8665929 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-021-00778-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In solid tumors, hypoxia facilitates malignant progression of cancer cells by triggering epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and cancer stemness. Fascin-1, an actin-bundling protein, takes part in the formation of many actin-based cellular structures. In the present study, we explored the potential functions of hypoxia-induced upregulation of Fascin-1 in liver cancer. Transcriptome RNA-sequencing was conducted to identify hypoxia-related genes. The potential functions of Fascin-1 were evaluated by western blot, transwell migration and invasion assays, sphere-formation assay, tumor xenograft growth, gelatin zymography analysis, immunofluorescence, cell viability assay, soft agar assay, and flow cytometry. We found that Fascin-1 was upregulated by hypoxia in liver cancer cell lines, elevated in liver cancer patients and correlated with larger tumor size, lymph node metastasis, distant metastasis, and shorter overall survival. Knockdown of Fascin-1 suppressed migration, invasion, EMT, stemness, and tumor xenograft growth of liver cancer cells under both normoxia and hypoxia conditions, while forced Fascin-1 expression showed opposite effects. Moreover, hypoxia-induced upregulation of Fascin-1 was regulated by the Akt/Rac1 signaling, and inhibition of Akt/Rac1 signaling by EHop-016 and MK-2206 restrained migration, invasion, EMT, and stemness of liver cancer cells under hypoxia. Furthermore, Fascin-1 knockdown suppressed MMP-2 and MMP-9 expression, impaired actin cytoskeleton rearrangement, inactivated Hippo/YAP signaling, and increased Sorafenib sensitivity in liver cancer cells. Our study provided a novel insight of Fascin-1 in regulating migration, invasion, EMT, and stemness of liver cancer cells under normoxia and hypoxia conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Pu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, 533000, Guangxi, China
| | - Youguan Huang
- Graduate College of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, 533000, Guangxi, China
| | - Quan Fang
- Graduate College of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, 533000, Guangxi, China
| | - Jianchu Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, 533000, Guangxi, China
| | - Wenchuan Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, 533000, Guangxi, China
| | - Zuoming Xu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, 533000, Guangxi, China
| | - Xianjian Wu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, 533000, Guangxi, China
| | - Yuan Lu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, 533000, Guangxi, China
| | - Huamei Wei
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, 533000, Guangxi, China.
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Wang D, Cong Y, Deng Q, Han X, Zhang S, Zhao L, Luo Y, Zhang X. Physiological and Disease Models of Respiratory System Based on Organ-on-a-Chip Technology. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:mi12091106. [PMID: 34577749 PMCID: PMC8467891 DOI: 10.3390/mi12091106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of respiratory diseases is complex, and its occurrence and development also involve a series of pathological processes. The present research methods are have difficulty simulating the natural developing state of the disease in the body, and the results cannot reflect the real growth state and function in vivo. The development of microfluidic chip technology provides a technical platform for better research on respiratory diseases. The size of its microchannel can be similar to the space for cell growth in vivo. In addition, organ-on-a-chip can achieve long-term co-cultivation of multiple cells and produce precisely controllable fluid shear force, periodically changing mechanical force, and perfusate with varying solute concentration gradient. To sum up, the chip can be used to analyze the specific pathophysiological changes of organs meticulously, and it is widely used in scientific research on respiratory diseases. The focus of this review is to describe and discuss current studies of artificial respiratory systems based on organ-on-a-chip technology and to summarize their applications in the real world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China; (D.W.); (Q.D.); (X.H.)
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Second Medical School, China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China
| | - Ye Cong
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116023, China; (Y.C.); (S.Z.)
| | - Quanfeng Deng
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China; (D.W.); (Q.D.); (X.H.)
| | - Xiahe Han
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China; (D.W.); (Q.D.); (X.H.)
| | - Suonan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116023, China; (Y.C.); (S.Z.)
| | - Li Zhao
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Second Medical School, China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China
- Correspondence: (L.Z.); (Y.L.); (X.Z.); Tel.: +86-138-4116-9035 (X.Z.)
| | - Yong Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116023, China; (Y.C.); (S.Z.)
- Correspondence: (L.Z.); (Y.L.); (X.Z.); Tel.: +86-138-4116-9035 (X.Z.)
| | - Xiuli Zhang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China; (D.W.); (Q.D.); (X.H.)
- Correspondence: (L.Z.); (Y.L.); (X.Z.); Tel.: +86-138-4116-9035 (X.Z.)
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Ziółkowska-Suchanek I. Mimicking Tumor Hypoxia in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Employing Three-Dimensional In Vitro Models. Cells 2021; 10:cells10010141. [PMID: 33445709 PMCID: PMC7828188 DOI: 10.3390/cells10010141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia is the most common microenvironment feature of lung cancer tumors, which affects cancer progression, metastasis and metabolism. Oxygen induces both proteomic and genomic changes within tumor cells, which cause many alternations in the tumor microenvironment (TME). This review defines current knowledge in the field of tumor hypoxia in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), including biology, biomarkers, in vitro and in vivo studies and also hypoxia imaging and detection. While classic two-dimensional (2D) in vitro research models reveal some hypoxia dependent manifestations, three-dimensional (3D) cell culture models more accurately replicate the hypoxic TME. In this study, a systematic review of the current NSCLC 3D models that have been able to mimic the hypoxic TME is presented. The multicellular tumor spheroid, organoids, scaffolds, microfluidic devices and 3D bioprinting currently being utilized in NSCLC hypoxia studies are reviewed. Additionally, the utilization of 3D in vitro models for exploring biological and therapeutic parameters in the future is described.
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Tirpe AA, Gulei D, Ciortea SM, Crivii C, Berindan-Neagoe I. Hypoxia: Overview on Hypoxia-Mediated Mechanisms with a Focus on the Role of HIF Genes. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E6140. [PMID: 31817513 PMCID: PMC6941045 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20246140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 12/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia represents a frequent player in a number of malignancies, contributing to the development of the neoplastic disease. This review will discuss the means by which hypoxia powers the mechanisms behind cancer progression, with a majority of examples from lung cancer, the leading malignancy in terms of incidence and mortality rates (the frequent reference toward lung cancer is also for simplification purposes and follow up of the global mechanism in the context of a disease). The effects induced by low oxygen levels are orchestrated by hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) which regulate the expression of numerous genes involved in cancer progression. Hypoxia induces epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and metastasis through a complex machinery, by mediating various pathways such as TGF-β, PI3k/Akt, Wnt, and Jagged/Notch. Concomitantly, hypoxic environment has a vast implication in angiogenesis by stimulating vessel growth through the HIF-1α/VEGF axis. Low levels of oxygen can also promote the process through several other secondary factors, including ANGPT2, FGF, and HGF. Metabolic adaptations caused by hypoxia include the Warburg effect-a metabolic switch to glycolysis-and GLUT1 overexpression. The switch is achieved by directly increasing the expression of numerous glycolytic enzymes that are isoforms of those found in non-malignant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandru Andrei Tirpe
- Faculty of Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 Victor Babes Street, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (A.A.T.); (S.M.C.)
| | - Diana Gulei
- Research Center for Advanced Medicine-Medfuture, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 23 Marinescu Street, 400337 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Stefana Maria Ciortea
- Faculty of Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 Victor Babes Street, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (A.A.T.); (S.M.C.)
| | - Carmen Crivii
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 Victor Babes Street, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Ioana Berindan-Neagoe
- Research Center for Advanced Medicine-Medfuture, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 23 Marinescu Street, 400337 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
- Research Center for Functional Genomics, Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 23 Marinescu Street, 400337 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Department of Functional Genomics and Experimental Pathology, The Oncology Institute “Prof. Dr. Ion Chiricuta”, 34-36 Republicii Street, 400015 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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