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Elbialy A, Kappala D, Desai D, Wang P, Fadiel A, Wang SJ, Makary MS, Lenobel S, Sood A, Gong M, Dason S, Shabsigh A, Clinton S, Parwani AV, Putluri N, Shvets G, Li J, Liu X. Patient-Derived Conditionally Reprogrammed Cells in Prostate Cancer Research. Cells 2024; 13:1005. [PMID: 38920635 PMCID: PMC11201841 DOI: 10.3390/cells13121005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2024] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) remains a leading cause of mortality among American men, with metastatic and recurrent disease posing significant therapeutic challenges due to a limited comprehension of the underlying biological processes governing disease initiation, dormancy, and progression. The conventional use of PCa cell lines has proven inadequate in elucidating the intricate molecular mechanisms driving PCa carcinogenesis, hindering the development of effective treatments. To address this gap, patient-derived primary cell cultures have been developed and play a pivotal role in unraveling the pathophysiological intricacies unique to PCa in each individual, offering valuable insights for translational research. This review explores the applications of the conditional reprogramming (CR) cell culture approach, showcasing its capability to rapidly and effectively cultivate patient-derived normal and tumor cells. The CR strategy facilitates the acquisition of stem cell properties by primary cells, precisely recapitulating the human pathophysiology of PCa. This nuanced understanding enables the identification of novel therapeutics. Specifically, our discussion encompasses the utility of CR cells in elucidating PCa initiation and progression, unraveling the molecular pathogenesis of metastatic PCa, addressing health disparities, and advancing personalized medicine. Coupled with the tumor organoid approach and patient-derived xenografts (PDXs), CR cells present a promising avenue for comprehending cancer biology, exploring new treatment modalities, and advancing precision medicine in the context of PCa. These approaches have been used for two NCI initiatives (PDMR: patient-derived model repositories; HCMI: human cancer models initiatives).
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdalla Elbialy
- OSU Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (A.E.)
- Computational Oncology Unit, The University of Chicago Comprehensive Cancer Center, 900 E 57th Street, KCBD Bldg., STE 4144, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Deepthi Kappala
- OSU Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (A.E.)
| | - Dhruv Desai
- OSU Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (A.E.)
| | - Peng Wang
- OSU Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (A.E.)
| | - Ahmed Fadiel
- Computational Oncology Unit, The University of Chicago Comprehensive Cancer Center, 900 E 57th Street, KCBD Bldg., STE 4144, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Shang-Jui Wang
- OSU Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (A.E.)
- Department of Radiation Oncology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Mina S. Makary
- OSU Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (A.E.)
- Division of Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Scott Lenobel
- OSU Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (A.E.)
- Division of Musculoskeletal Imaging, Department of Radiology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Akshay Sood
- OSU Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (A.E.)
- Department of Urology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Michael Gong
- OSU Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (A.E.)
- Department of Urology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Shawn Dason
- OSU Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (A.E.)
- Department of Urology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Ahmad Shabsigh
- OSU Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (A.E.)
- Department of Urology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Steven Clinton
- OSU Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (A.E.)
| | - Anil V. Parwani
- OSU Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (A.E.)
- Departments of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Nagireddy Putluri
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Gennady Shvets
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
| | - Jenny Li
- OSU Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (A.E.)
- Departments of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Xuefeng Liu
- OSU Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (A.E.)
- Departments of Pathology, Urology, and Radiation Oncology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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Zhang Z, Liu J, Wu Y, Gu Z, Zou L, Liu Y, Geng J, Mao S, Luo M, Guo C, Zhang W, Yao X. The functions and mechanisms of RNA modification in prostate: Current status and future perspectives. Front Genet 2024; 15:1380746. [PMID: 38798700 PMCID: PMC11116725 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2024.1380746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
The increasing incidence and mortality of prostate cancer worldwide significantly impact the life span of male patients, emphasizing the urgency of understanding its pathogenic mechanism and associated molecular changes that regulate tumor progression for effective prevention and treatment. RNA modification, an important post-transcriptional regulatory process, profoundly influences tumor cell growth and metabolism, shaping cell fate. Over 170 RNA modification methods are known, with prominent research focusing on N6-methyladenosine, N7-methylguanosine, N1-methyladenosine, 5-methylcytidine, pseudouridine, and N4-acetylcytidine modifications. These alterations intricately regulate coding and non-coding RNA post-transcriptionally, affecting the stability of RNA and protein expression levels. This article delves into the latest advancements and challenges associated with various RNA modifications in prostate cancer tumor cells, tumor microenvironment, and core signaling molecule androgen receptors. It aims to provide new research targets and avenues for molecular diagnosis, treatment strategies, and improvement of the prognosis in prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijin Zhang
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- Urologic Cancer Institute, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ji Liu
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- Urologic Cancer Institute, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Wu
- School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhuoran Gu
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- Urologic Cancer Institute, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Libin Zou
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- Urologic Cancer Institute, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yingdi Liu
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiang Geng
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- Urologic Cancer Institute, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shiyu Mao
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- Urologic Cancer Institute, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ming Luo
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- Urologic Cancer Institute, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Changcheng Guo
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- Urologic Cancer Institute, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wentao Zhang
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- Urologic Cancer Institute, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xudong Yao
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- Urologic Cancer Institute, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
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3
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Bilen MA, Akintayo A, Liu Y, Abiodun-Ojo O, Kucuk O, Carthon BC, Schuster DM, Parent EE. Prognostic Evaluation of Metastatic Castration Resistant Prostate Cancer and Neuroendocrine Prostate Cancer with [ 68Ga]Ga DOTATATE PET-CT. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:6039. [PMID: 36551525 PMCID: PMC9775365 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14246039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: Prostate cancer is well known to express high levels of somatostatin receptors and preliminary data suggests that PET imaging with the somatostatin analog, [68Ga]Ga-DOTATATE, may allow for whole body staging of patients with metastatic castration resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) and neuroendocrine prostate cancer (NePC). This study explores the utility of [68Ga]Ga-DOTATATE PET-CT to identify metastatic deposits in men with mCRPC and NePC and prognosticate disease progression. Methods: [68Ga]Ga-DOTATATE PET-CT was performed in 17 patients with mCRPC and of those, 2/17 had NePC. A semiquantitative analysis with standardized uptake values (SUV) (e.g., SUVmax, SUVmean) was performed for each metastatic lesion and reference background tissues. [68Ga]Ga-DOTATATE uptake in metastatic deposits was further classified as: mild (less than liver), moderate (up to liver average), or marked (greater than liver). Serial prostate-specific antigen measurements and patient survival were followed up to 3 years after PET imaging to assess response to standard of care treatment. Results: All patients had at least one metastatic lesion with identifiable [68Ga]Ga-DOTATATE uptake. Marked [68Ga]Ga-DOTATATE uptake was found in 7/17 patients, including both NePC patients, and all were non-responders to systemic therapy and died within the follow up period, with a mean time to death of 8.1 months. Three patients had mild [68Ga]Ga-DOTATATE uptake, and all were responders to systemic therapy and were alive 36 months after [68Ga]Ga-DOTATATE imaging. Conclusions: [68Ga]Ga-DOTATATE is able to identify mCRPC and NePC metastatic deposits, and lesions with [68Ga]Ga-DOTATATE uptake > liver may portend poor outcomes in patients with mCRPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Asim Bilen
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Akinyemi Akintayo
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Yuan Liu
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Olayinka Abiodun-Ojo
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Omer Kucuk
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Bradley C. Carthon
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - David M. Schuster
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Ephraim E. Parent
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
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Kotamarti S, Armstrong AJ, Polascik TJ, Moul JW. Molecular Mechanisms of Castrate-Resistant Prostate Cancer. Urol Clin North Am 2022; 49:615-626. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ucl.2022.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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5
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Kannan A, Clouston D, Frydenberg M, Ilic D, Karim MN, Evans SM, Toivanen R, Risbridger GP, Taylor RA. Neuroendocrine cells in prostate cancer correlate with poor outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BJU Int 2021; 130:420-433. [PMID: 34784097 DOI: 10.1111/bju.15647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To perform a systematic review and meta-analysis of the literature to understand the variation in the reporting of neuroendocrine staining and determine the influence of reporting neuroendocrine staining at diagnosis on patient outcomes. METHODS Medical databases were searched to identify studies in which adenocarcinoma specimens were stained with any of the following four neuroendocrine markers: chromogranin A (CgA), neuron-specific enolase (NSE), synaptophysin and CD56. The prevalence of neuroendocrine staining and correlation of the prevalence of neuroendocrine staining to patient outcomes were analysed using a random-effects model. All statistical tests were two-sided. RESULTS Sixty-two studies spanning 7616 patients were analysed. The pooled prevalence for the most common marker, CgA (41%), was similar to that of NSE (39%) and higher than that of synaptophysin (31%). The prevalence of CgA staining was significantly influenced by reporting criteria, where objective thresholds reduced the variation in prevalence to 26%. No correlation was found between CgA prevalence and tumour grade. Patients positive for CgA staining using objective criteria had more rapid biochemical progression (hazard ratio [HR] 1.98, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.49 to 2.65) and poorer prostate cancer-specific survival (HR 7.03, 95% CI 2.55 to 19.39) compared to negative patients, even among those with low-risk cancers. CONCLUSION Discrepancies in the reported prevalence of neuroendocrine cells in adenocarcinoma are driven by the inconsistent scoring criteria. This study unequivocally demonstrates that when neuroendocrine cell staining is assessed with objective criteria it identifies patients with poor clinical outcomes. Future studies are needed to determine the exact quantifiable thresholds for use in reporting neuroendocrine cell staining to identify patients at higher risk of progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashwini Kannan
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology and Department of Physiology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Cancer Program, Monash University, Melbourne, Vic., Australia.,School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | | | - Mark Frydenberg
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology and Department of Physiology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Cancer Program, Monash University, Melbourne, Vic., Australia.,Department of Surgery, Monash University, Melbourne, Vic., Australia.,Department of Urology, Cabrini Institute, Cabrini Health, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - Dragan Ilic
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - Md Nazmul Karim
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - Sue M Evans
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Vic., Australia.,Victorian Cancer Registry, Cancer Council Victorian, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - Roxanne Toivanen
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology and Department of Physiology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Cancer Program, Monash University, Melbourne, Vic., Australia.,Prostate Cancer Research Program, Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Vic., Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum, Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic., Australia
| | - Gail P Risbridger
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology and Department of Physiology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Cancer Program, Monash University, Melbourne, Vic., Australia.,Prostate Cancer Research Program, Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Vic., Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum, Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic., Australia
| | - Renea A Taylor
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology and Department of Physiology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Cancer Program, Monash University, Melbourne, Vic., Australia.,Prostate Cancer Research Program, Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Vic., Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum, Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic., Australia
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Quan Y, Zhang X, Butler W, Du Z, Wang M, Liu Y, Ping H. The role of N-cadherin/c-Jun/NDRG1 axis in the progression of prostate cancer. Int J Biol Sci 2021; 17:3288-3304. [PMID: 34512147 PMCID: PMC8416735 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.63300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The dysregulation of androgen receptor (AR) signaling is a critical event in the progression of prostate cancer (PCa) and hormone therapy consisting of androgen deprivation (ADT) or AR inhibition is therefore used to treat advanced cases. It is known that N-cadherin becomes upregulated following ADT and can directly induce PCa transformation to the castration-resistant stage (CRPC). However, the relationship between AR and N-cadherin is unclear and may promote better understanding of CRPC pathogenesis and progression. Here, we demonstrate a new axis of N-cadherin/c-Jun/N-myc downstream regulated gene 1 (NDRG1) that N-cadherin promotes c-Jun expression and suppresses NDRG1 to promote invasion and migration of PCa cells through epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT). Targeting N-cadherin in combination with enzalutamide (ENZ) treatment synergistically suppressed PC3 cell proliferation in vivo and in vitro. Further studies showed that compared to lower Gleason score (GS) (GS < 7) cases, high GS (GS > 7) cases exhibited elevated N-cadherin expression and reduced NDRG1 expression, corroborating our in vitro observations. We further demonstrate that c-Jun, AR, and DNA methyltransferase-1 (DNMT1) form a complex in the 12-O-tetradecanoyl phorbol-13-acetate (TPA) response elements (TREs) region of the NDRG1 promoter, which suppresses NDRG1 transcription through DNA hypermethylation. In conclusion, we demonstrate an underlying mechanism for how N-cadherin collaborates with AR and NDRG1 to promote CRPC progression. Controlling N-cadherin/c-Jun/NDRG1 axis may help to overcome resistance to commonly used hormone therapy to improve long-term patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjun Quan
- Department of Urology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Xiaodong Zhang
- Department of Urology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, China
| | - William Butler
- Department of Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham NC 27710, USA
| | - Zhen Du
- Department of Urology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Mingdong Wang
- Department of Urology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Yuexin Liu
- Department of Urology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Hao Ping
- Department of Urology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100730, China
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Zhu J, Liang X, Wu D, Chen S, Yang B, Mao W, Shen D. Clinicopathological characteristics and survival outcomes in neuroendocrine prostate cancer: A population-based study. Medicine (Baltimore) 2021; 100:e25237. [PMID: 33847621 PMCID: PMC8052035 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000025237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to investigate the clinicopathological features and the survival outcomes of neuroendocrine prostate cancer (NEPC). METHODS Within the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database of the National Cancer Institute, we identified a total of 510 patients with NEPC between 2006 and 2015. Age-adjusted incidence rates were evaluated in the study by the SEER∗Stat Software version 8.3.6. Kaplan-Meier analysed assessed overall survival (OS) after stratification according to marital status, age, histologic subtype, metastatic status, and treatment. The significant differences were assessed in a log-rank test. Univariate and multivariate cox hazard regression analysis were performed to determine independent predictors of OS. RESULTS From a total of 560,124 patients with prostate cancer diagnosed between 2006 and 2015, we identified 510 cases of de novo NEPC. Regarding histology, among all the NEPC, 329 (64.5%) patients were diagnosed as small cell carcinoma, 181 (39.8%) were nonsmall cell carcinoma. The overall age-adjusted incidence of NEPC statistically significantly increased from 0.321/1,000,000 person-years in 2006 to 0.587/1,000,000 person-years in 2015. The median OS in our study cohort was 9 months (95% CI, 8-10 months). Multivariate cox regression analysis showed that age, histologic subtype, and stage were independent prognostic factors for NEPC patients. The majority of NEPC (78.2%) were metastatic at diagnosis. In terms of treatment, for metastatic tumor patients, chemotherapy was the most effective therapy. Chemotherapy increased the OS of patients with regional (distant) metastases from 8 months (5 months) to 13.5 months (9 months). CONCLUSION NEPC is extremely rare but the incidence of NEPC has been increasing in the past years. The prognosis of NEPC is poor because most cases are diagnosed at metastatic stage. The patients with metastases are typically treated with chemotherapy and chemotherapy shows survival benefits in both regional and distant metastatic tumor patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiamin Zhu
- Department of Oncology, the Affiliated Jiangyin Hospital of Southeast University Medical College, Jiangyin
| | - Xiao Liang
- Department of Oncology, the Affiliated Jiangyin Hospital of Southeast University Medical College, Jiangyin
| | - Dan Wu
- Department of Oncology, the Affiliated Jiangyin Hospital of Southeast University Medical College, Jiangyin
| | - Shusen Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Nantong Tumor Hospital, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Baixia Yang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Nantong Tumor Hospital, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Weidong Mao
- Department of Oncology, the Affiliated Jiangyin Hospital of Southeast University Medical College, Jiangyin
| | - Dong Shen
- Department of Oncology, the Affiliated Jiangyin Hospital of Southeast University Medical College, Jiangyin
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Mangosh TL, Awadallah WN, Grabowska MM, Taylor DJ. SLX4IP Promotes Telomere Maintenance in Androgen Receptor-Independent Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer through ALT-like Telomeric PML Localization. Mol Cancer Res 2021; 19:301-316. [PMID: 33188147 PMCID: PMC8086381 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-20-0314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In advanced prostate cancer, resistance to androgen deprivation therapy is achieved through numerous mechanisms, including loss of the androgen receptor (AR) allowing for AR-independent growth. Therapeutic options are limited for AR-independent castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), and defining mechanisms critical for survival is of utmost importance for targeting this lethal disease. Our studies focus on identifying telomere maintenance mechanism (TMM) hallmarks adopted by CRPC to promote survival. TMMs are responsible for telomere elongation to instill replicative immortality and prevent senescence, with the two TMM pathways available being telomerase and alternative lengthening of telomeres (ALT). Here, we show that AR-independent CRPC demonstrates an atypical ALT-like phenotype with variable telomerase expression and activity, whereas AR-dependent models lack discernible ALT hallmarks. In addition, AR-independent CRPC cells exhibited elevated levels of SLX4IP, a protein implicated in promoting ALT. SLX4IP overexpression in AR-dependent C4-2B cells promoted an ALT-like phenotype and telomere maintenance. SLX4IP knockdown in AR-independent DU145 and PC-3 cells led to ALT-like hallmark reduction, telomere shortening, and induction of senescence. In PC-3 xenografts, this effect translated to reduced tumor volume. Using an in vitro model of AR-independent progression, loss of AR in AR-dependent C4-2B cells promoted an atypical ALT-like phenotype in an SLX4IP-dependent manner. Insufficient SLX4IP expression diminished ALT-like hallmarks and resulted in accelerated telomere loss and senescence. IMPLICATIONS: This study demonstrates a unique reliance of AR-independent CRPC on SLX4IP-mediated ALT-like hallmarks and loss of these hallmarks induces telomere shortening and senescence, thereby impairing replicative immortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tawna L Mangosh
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Wisam N Awadallah
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cleveland, Ohio
- Department of Urology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Magdalena M Grabowska
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio.
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cleveland, Ohio
- Department of Urology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio
- Department of Biochemistry, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Derek J Taylor
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio.
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cleveland, Ohio
- Department of Biochemistry, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio
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9
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Wang Y, Gao W, Li Y, Chow ST, Xie W, Zhang X, Zhou J, Chan FL. Interplay between orphan nuclear receptors and androgen receptor-dependent or-independent growth signalings in prostate cancer. Mol Aspects Med 2020; 78:100921. [PMID: 33121737 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2020.100921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
It is well-established that both the initial and advanced growth of prostate cancer depends critically on androgens and thus on the activated androgen receptor (AR) -mediated signaling pathway. The unique hormone-dependent feature of prostate cancer forms the biological basis of hormone or androgen-deprivation therapy (ADT) that aims to suppress the AR signaling by androgen depletion or AR antagonists. ADT still remains the mainstay treatment option for locally advanced or metastatic prostate cancer. However, most patients upon ADT will inevitably develop therapy-resistance and progress to relapse in the form of castration-resistant disease (castration-resistant prostate cancer or CRPC) or even a more aggressive androgen-independent subtype (therapy-related neuroendocrine prostate cancer or NEPC). Recent advances show that besides AR, some ligand-independent members of nuclear receptor superfamily-designated as orphan nuclear receptors (ONRs), as their endogenous physiological ligands are either absent or not yet identified to date, also play significant roles in the growth regulation of prostate cancer via multiple AR-dependent or -independent (AR-bypass) pathways or mechanisms. In this review, we summarize the recent progress in the newly elucidated roles of ONRs in prostate cancer, with a focus on their interplay in the AR-dependent pathways (intratumoral androgen biosynthesis and suppression of AR signaling) and AR-independent pathways or cellular processes (hypoxia, oncogene- or tumor suppressor-induced senescence, apoptosis and regulation of prostate cancer stem cells). These ONRs with their newly characterized roles not only can serve as novel biomarkers but also as potential therapeutic targets for management of advanced prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuliang Wang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Weijie Gao
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Youjia Li
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Sin Ting Chow
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wenjuan Xie
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xingxing Zhang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jianfu Zhou
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510370, China
| | - Franky Leung Chan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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10
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The Correlation between PSCA Expression and Neuroendocrine Differentiation in Prostate Cancer. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:5395312. [PMID: 33029516 PMCID: PMC7532369 DOI: 10.1155/2020/5395312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 08/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The prostate stem cell antigen (PSCA), as a predominantly prostate-specific marker, is overexpressed in most prostate cancer specimens, is positively correlated with prostate cancer androgen independence, and has the potential to be treated with castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) as a gene therapy target. Using the typical androgen deprivation therapy, most tumors will progress to CRPC, as well as develop into neuroendocrine prostate cancer (NEPC) characterized by the expression of neuroendocrine markers such as enolase 2 (NSE). Our study was aimed at investigating the expressions of PSCA and NSE and the relationship between the two markers, as well as the correlation between the PSCA and NSE expressions and the clinicopathological parameters in prostate cancer specimens from 118 patients by using immunohistochemistry. Our results demonstrated that the PSCA and NSE protein expressions did not correlate with the prostate cancer patients' age or the hormone therapy but showed a significant correlation with the pathological tumor stage of prostate cancer, the Gleason score, and the presence of metastasis. There is a positive association between PSCA and NSE but a negative one between the prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and PSCA or between PSA and NSE. High PSCA and NSE expressions correlated with a poor prognosis in prostate cancer patients. PSCA may play an important role in the progression of neuroendocrine prostate cancer (NEPC).
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11
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Szarvas T, Csizmarik A, Fazekas T, Hüttl A, Nyirády P, Hadaschik B, Grünwald V, Püllen L, Jurányi Z, Kocsis Z, Shariat SF, Sevcenco S, Maj-Hes A, Kramer G. Comprehensive analysis of serum chromogranin A and neuron-specific enolase levels in localized and castration-resistant prostate cancer. BJU Int 2020; 127:44-55. [PMID: 32314509 DOI: 10.1111/bju.15086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess chromogranin A (CGA) and neuron-specific enolase (NSE) levels and changes in these at different stages of prostatic adenocarcinoma (PCA). METHODS Overall, 1095 serum samples from 395 patients, divided into three treatment groups, were analysed; the radical prostatectomy (RP) cohort (n = 157) included patients with clinically localized PCA, while the docetaxel (DOC) and the abiraterone (ABI)/enzalutamide (ENZA) cohorts included 95 and 143 patients, respectively, with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. CGA, NSE and total PSA levels were measured using the KRYPTOR method. RESULTS Baseline CGA and NSE levels were higher in castration-resistant (DOC and ABI/ENZA cohorts) than in hormone-naïve, clinically localized PCA (P < 0.001). High baseline CGA levels were independently associated with poor overall survival in both the DOC and the ABI/ENZA cohorts, with a stronger association in the ABI/ENZA cohort. In the ABI/ENZA cohort, a > 50% CGA increase at 3 months was associated with poor survival, especially in patients with high baseline CGA levels. CONCLUSIONS The two- to threefold higher neuroendocrine marker levels in castration-resistant compared to hormone-naïve PCA support the presence of neuroendocrine transdifferentiation under androgen deprivation therapy. Our results showed patients with high baseline CGA levels who experienced a further CGA increase during ABI and ENZA treatment had the poorest prognosis. Serum CGA levels could help in tailoring and monitoring therapy in advanced PCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tibor Szarvas
- Department of Urology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.,Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Anita Csizmarik
- Department of Urology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tamás Fazekas
- Department of Urology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - András Hüttl
- Department of Urology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Péter Nyirády
- Department of Urology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Boris Hadaschik
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Viktor Grünwald
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Lukas Püllen
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Zsolt Jurányi
- Department of Radiobiology and Diagnostic Onco-Cytogenetics, Centre of Radiotherapy, National Institute of Oncology, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsuzsa Kocsis
- Department of Radiobiology and Diagnostic Onco-Cytogenetics, Centre of Radiotherapy, National Institute of Oncology, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Sabina Sevcenco
- Department of Urology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Agnieszka Maj-Hes
- Department of Urology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gero Kramer
- Department of Urology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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12
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Quan Y, Cui Y, Wahafu W, Liu Y, Ping H, Zhang X. MLL5α activates AR/NDRG1 signaling to suppress prostate cancer progression. Am J Cancer Res 2020; 10:1608-1629. [PMID: 32509400 PMCID: PMC7269778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is one of the most prevalent malignancies in men. However, the molecular mechanism controlling the transformation of androgen-dependent PCa (ADPC) to castration-resistant PCa (CRPC) is largely unknown. Androgen receptor (AR) signaling has been reported to play a key role in this process; thus, searching for the novel AR co-activator is important for identifying the mechanism underlying PCa progression. In this study, we focused on the function of mixed lineage leukemia-5α (MLL5α), an epigenetic regulator that exhibits aberrant expression in PCa. MLL5α was the primary expressed form of MLL5 protein in PCa cells and it significantly suppressed proliferation, invasion, and migration in PCa cell lines. Upon stimulation with dihydrotestosterone (DHT), knockdown of MLL5α significantly suppressed N-myc downstream regulated gene 1 (NDRG1) and Kallikrein-related peptidase 3 (KLK3) expression. MLL5α directly bound with AR on the androgen response elements (AREs) and recruited H3K4me3 to the promoters of NDRG1 and KLK3. Downregulation of NDRG1 partially restored the cell invasion and migration suppressed by MLL5α. As evaluated by the proliferation of PCa cells, overexpression of MLL5α synergistically promoted sensitivity to enzalutamide (ENZ) treatment. In PCa patients, MLL5α expression was lower in the high Gleason score (GS) (GS > 7) group than in the low GS (GS < 7) group. In conclusion, suppression of AR/NDRG1 signaling via androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) may be a potential mechanism of CRPC progression. MLL5α significantly suppressed PCa progression by promoting AR/NDRG1 signaling, indicating that regulating MLL5α expression may be a potential treatment approach for patients with advanced PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjun Quan
- Department of Urology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical UniversityBeijing 100020, China
- Department of Urology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical UniversityBeijing 100730, China
| | - Yun Cui
- Department of Urology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical UniversityBeijing 100020, China
| | - Wasilijiang Wahafu
- Department of Urology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical UniversityBeijing 100020, China
| | - Yuexin Liu
- Department of Urology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical UniversityBeijing 100730, China
| | - Hao Ping
- Department of Urology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical UniversityBeijing 100730, China
| | - Xiaodong Zhang
- Department of Urology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical UniversityBeijing 100020, China
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13
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Bery F, Cancel M, Chantôme A, Guibon R, Bruyère F, Rozet F, Mahéo K, Fromont G. The Calcium-Sensing Receptor is A Marker and Potential Driver of Neuroendocrine Differentiation in Prostate Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12040860. [PMID: 32252342 PMCID: PMC7226072 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12040860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms underlying neuroendocrine (NE) differentiation in prostate cancer (PCa) remain mostly uncharacterized. Since a deregulated calcium homeostasis has been reported in neuroendocrine prostate cancer (NEPC), we explored herein the link between NE differentiation and the calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR). CaSR expression was evaluated by immunohistochemistry-together with NE markers-on tissue microarrays containing samples of normal prostate, localized PCa, metastatic castration resistant PCa (MCRPC) and NEPC. In prostate tissues, we observed a strong association between CaSR and chromogranin expression. Both markers were strongly expressed in all cases of NEPC and co-expression was confirmed by double immunostaining. In MCRPC, the expression of CaSR was significantly associated with shorter overall survival. The involvement of CaSR in NE differentiation was evaluated in PCa cell lines. Inhibition of CaSR led to decrease the expression of neuronal (NSE, βtubulinIII) and NE (chromogranin, synaptophysin) markers in the NE PCa cell line NCI-H660. A decrease of neuronal and NE markers was also observed in siCaSR-transfected PC3 and 22RV1 cells, respectively, whereas CaSR activation increased both NSE and synaptophysin expression in PC3 cells. These results strongly suggest that CaSR is a marker and a driver of NE differentiation in PCa and emphasize the potential of CaSR directed therapy for NEPC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanny Bery
- Inserm N2C UMR1069 “Nutrition, Croissance et Cancer” Université de Tours, CEDEX 1, F-37032 Tours, France; (F.B.); (M.C.); (A.C.); (R.G.); (K.M.)
| | - Mathilde Cancel
- Inserm N2C UMR1069 “Nutrition, Croissance et Cancer” Université de Tours, CEDEX 1, F-37032 Tours, France; (F.B.); (M.C.); (A.C.); (R.G.); (K.M.)
- Department of Oncology, CHRU Bretonneau, CEDEX 9, F-37044 Tours, France
| | - Aurélie Chantôme
- Inserm N2C UMR1069 “Nutrition, Croissance et Cancer” Université de Tours, CEDEX 1, F-37032 Tours, France; (F.B.); (M.C.); (A.C.); (R.G.); (K.M.)
| | - Roseline Guibon
- Inserm N2C UMR1069 “Nutrition, Croissance et Cancer” Université de Tours, CEDEX 1, F-37032 Tours, France; (F.B.); (M.C.); (A.C.); (R.G.); (K.M.)
- Department of Pathology CHRU Bretonneau, CEDEX 9, F-37044 Tours, France
| | - Franck Bruyère
- Department of Urology, CHRU Bretonneau, CEDEX 9, F-37044 Tours, France;
| | - François Rozet
- Institut Mutualiste Montsouris, Department of Urology, F-75014 Paris, France;
| | - Karine Mahéo
- Inserm N2C UMR1069 “Nutrition, Croissance et Cancer” Université de Tours, CEDEX 1, F-37032 Tours, France; (F.B.); (M.C.); (A.C.); (R.G.); (K.M.)
| | - Gaëlle Fromont
- Inserm N2C UMR1069 “Nutrition, Croissance et Cancer” Université de Tours, CEDEX 1, F-37032 Tours, France; (F.B.); (M.C.); (A.C.); (R.G.); (K.M.)
- Department of Pathology CHRU Bretonneau, CEDEX 9, F-37044 Tours, France
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-(0)2-47-47-82-72
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14
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The Prospect of Identifying Resistance Mechanisms for Castrate-Resistant Prostate Cancer Using Circulating Tumor Cells: Is Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition a Key Player? Prostate Cancer 2020; 2020:7938280. [PMID: 32292603 PMCID: PMC7149487 DOI: 10.1155/2020/7938280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is initially driven by excessive androgen receptor (AR) signaling with androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) being a major therapeutic approach to its treatment. However, the development of drug resistance is a significant limitation on the effectiveness of both first-line and more recently developed second-line ADTs. There is a need then to study AR signaling within the context of other oncogenic signaling pathways that likely mediate this resistance. This review focuses on interactions between AR signaling, the well-known phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase/AKT pathway, and an emerging mediator of these pathways, the Hippo/YAP1 axis in metastatic castrate-resistant PCa, and their involvement in the regulation of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), a feature of disease progression and ADT resistance. Analysis of these pathways in circulating tumor cells (CTCs) may provide an opportunity to evaluate their utility as biomarkers and address their importance in the development of resistance to current ADT with potential to guide future therapies.
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15
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Wang Z, Zhao Y, An Z, Li W. Molecular Links Between Angiogenesis and Neuroendocrine Phenotypes in Prostate Cancer Progression. Front Oncol 2020; 9:1491. [PMID: 32039001 PMCID: PMC6985539 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.01491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
As a common therapy for prostate cancer, androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) is effective for the majority of patients. However, prolonged ADT promotes drug resistance and progression to an aggressive variant with reduced androgen receptor signaling, so called neuroendocrine prostate cancer (NEPC). Until present, NEPC is still poorly understood, and lethal with no effective treatments. Elevated expression of neuroendocrine related markers and increased angiogenesis are two prominent phenotypes of NEPC, and both of them are positively associated with cancers progression. However, direct molecular links between the two phenotypes in NEPC and their mechanisms remain largely unclear. Their elucidation should substantially expand our knowledge in NEPC. This knowledge, in turn, would facilitate the development of effective NEPC treatments. We recently showed that a single critical pathway regulates both ADT-enhanced angiogenesis and elevated expression of neuroendocrine markers. This pathway consists of CREB1, EZH2, and TSP1. Here, we seek new insights to identify molecules common to pathways promoting angiogenesis and neuroendocrine phenotypes in prostate cancer. To this end, our focus is to summarize the literature on proteins reported to regulate both neuroendocrine marker expression and angiogenesis as potential molecular links. These proteins, often described in separate biological contexts or diseases, include AURKA and AURKB, CHGA, CREB1, EZH2, FOXA2, GRK3, HIF1, IL-6, MYCN, ONECUT2, p53, RET, and RB1. We also present the current efforts in prostate cancer or other diseases to target some of these proteins, which warrants testing for NEPC, given the urgent unmet need in treating this aggressive variant of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Wang
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, United States
| | - Yicheng Zhao
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, United States
| | - Zhiqiang An
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, United States
- MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences (GSBS), Houston, TX, United States
| | - Wenliang Li
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, United States
- MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences (GSBS), Houston, TX, United States
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16
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Lee GT, Rosenfeld JA, Kim WT, Kwon YS, Palapattu G, Mehra R, Kim WJ, Kim IY. TCF4 induces enzalutamide resistance via neuroendocrine differentiation in prostate cancer. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0213488. [PMID: 31536510 PMCID: PMC6752758 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0213488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In treating patients with castration resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), enzalutamide, the second-generation androgen receptor (AR) antagonist, is an accepted standard of care. However, clinical benefits are limited to a median time of 4.8 months because resistance inevitably emerges. To determine the mechanism of treatment resistance, we carried out a RNA sequence analysis and found increased expression levels of neuroendocrine markers in the enzalutamide-resistant LNCaP human prostate cancer (CaP) cell line when compared to the parental cell line. Subsequent studies demonstrated that Transcription Factor-4 (TCF4), a transcription factor implicated in WNT signaling, mediated neuroendocrine differentiation (NED) in response to enzalutamide treatment and was elevated in the enzalutamide-resistant LNCaP. In addition, we observed that PTHrP mediated enzalutamide resistance in tissue culture and inducible TCF4 overexpression resulted in enzalutamide-resistance in a mouse xenograft model. Finally, small molecule inhibitors of TCF4 or PTHrP partially reversed enzalutamide resistance in CaP cells. When tissues obtained from men who died of metastatic CaP were examined, a positive correlation was found between the expression levels of TCF4 and PTHrP. Taken together, the current results indicate that TCF4 induces enzalutamide resistance via NED in CaP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geun Taek Lee
- Section of Urologic Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, and Division of Urology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey A. Rosenfeld
- Section of Urologic Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, and Division of Urology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, United States of America
| | - Won Tae Kim
- Section of Urologic Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, and Division of Urology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, United States of America
- Department of Urology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Young Suk Kwon
- Section of Urologic Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, and Division of Urology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, United States of America
| | - Ganesh Palapattu
- Department of Urology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
| | - Rohit Mehra
- Department of Urology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
| | - Wun-Jae Kim
- Department of Urology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Isaac Yi Kim
- Section of Urologic Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, and Division of Urology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, United States of America
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17
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Morais CI, Lobo J, Barreto JP, Lobo C, Gonçalves ND. Neuroendocrine differentiation of prostatic adenocarcinoma – an important cause for castration-resistant disease recurrence. J LAB MED 2019. [DOI: 10.1515/labmed-2018-0190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Neuroendocrine differentiation of prostatic carcinoma is a rare entity associated with metastatic castration-resistant disease. Among useful biomarkers of neuroendocrine differentiation, chromogranin A, serotonin, synaptophysin and neuron-specific enolase stand out, while total prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels are often low or undetectable.
Case presentation
We report a case of prostatic adenocarcinoma recurrence after a 6-year disease-free follow-up, in which increased serum chromogranin A levels and undetectable total PSA provided a prompt indication of neuroendocrine transformation, confirmed through immunohistochemical evaluation.
Conclusions
Neuroendocrine differentiation is a relevant cause of prostatic adenocarcinoma recurrence, and awareness of this entity is crucial due to its underdiagnosis and adverse prognosis.
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18
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Dong L, Zieren RC, Xue W, de Reijke TM, Pienta KJ. Metastatic prostate cancer remains incurable, why? Asian J Urol 2019; 6:26-41. [PMID: 30775246 PMCID: PMC6363601 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajur.2018.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Revised: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastatic prostate cancer patients present in two ways-with already disseminated disease at the time of presentation or with disease recurrence after definitive local therapy. Androgen deprivation therapy is given as the most effective initial treatment to patients. However, after the initial response, almost all patients will eventually progress despite the low levels of testosterone. Disease at this stage is termed castration resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). Before 2010, the taxane docetaxel was the first and only life prolonging agent for metastatic CRPC (mCRPC). The last decade has witnessed robust progress in CRPC therapeutics development. Abiraterone, enzalutamide, apalutamide and sipuleucel-T have been evaluated as first- and second-line agents in mCRPC patients, while cabazitaxel was approved as a second-line treatment. Radium-223 dichloride was approved in symptomatic patients with bone metastases and no known visceral metastases pre- and post-docetaxel. However, despite significant advances, mCRPC remains a lethal disease. Both primary and acquired resistance have been observed in CRPC patients treated by these new agents. It could be solely cell intrinsic or it is possible that the clonal heterogeneity in treated tumors may result from the adaptive responses to the selective pressures within the tumor microenvironment. The aim of this review is to list current treatment agents of CRPC and summarize recent findings in therapeutic resistance mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Dong
- The Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Urology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Richard C. Zieren
- The Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Urology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Wei Xue
- Department of Urology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Theo M. de Reijke
- Department of Urology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Kenneth J. Pienta
- The Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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19
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Bousset L, Rambur A, Fouache A, Bunay J, Morel L, Lobaccaro JMA, Baron S, Trousson A, de Joussineau C. New Insights in Prostate Cancer Development and Tumor Therapy: Modulation of Nuclear Receptors and the Specific Role of Liver X Receptors. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E2545. [PMID: 30154328 PMCID: PMC6164771 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19092545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) incidence has been dramatically increasing these last years in westernized countries. Though localized PCa is usually treated by radical prostatectomy, androgen deprivation therapy is preferred in locally advanced disease in combination with chemotherapy. Unfortunately, PCa goes into a castration-resistant state in the vast majority of the cases, leading to questions about the molecular mechanisms involving the steroids and their respective nuclear receptors in this relapse. Interestingly, liver X receptors (LXRα/NR1H3 and LXRβ/NR1H2) have emerged as new actors in prostate physiology, beyond their historical roles of cholesterol sensors. More importantly LXRs have been proposed to be good pharmacological targets in PCa. This rational has been based on numerous experiments performed in PCa cell lines and genetic animal models pointing out that using selective liver X receptor modulators (SLiMs) could actually be a good complementary therapy in patients with a castration resistant PCa. Hence, this review is focused on the interaction among the androgen receptors (AR/NR3C4), estrogen receptors (ERα/NR3A1 and ERβ/NR3A2), and LXRs in prostate homeostasis and their putative pharmacological modulations in parallel to the patients' support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Bousset
- Université Clermont Auvergne, GReD, CNRS UMR 6293, INSERM U1103, 28, place Henri Dunant, BP38, F63001 Clermont-Ferrand, France.
- Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine d'Auvergne, 58 Boulevard Montalembert, F-63009 Clermont-Ferrand, France.
| | - Amandine Rambur
- Université Clermont Auvergne, GReD, CNRS UMR 6293, INSERM U1103, 28, place Henri Dunant, BP38, F63001 Clermont-Ferrand, France.
- Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine d'Auvergne, 58 Boulevard Montalembert, F-63009 Clermont-Ferrand, France.
| | - Allan Fouache
- Université Clermont Auvergne, GReD, CNRS UMR 6293, INSERM U1103, 28, place Henri Dunant, BP38, F63001 Clermont-Ferrand, France.
- Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine d'Auvergne, 58 Boulevard Montalembert, F-63009 Clermont-Ferrand, France.
| | - Julio Bunay
- Université Clermont Auvergne, GReD, CNRS UMR 6293, INSERM U1103, 28, place Henri Dunant, BP38, F63001 Clermont-Ferrand, France.
- Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine d'Auvergne, 58 Boulevard Montalembert, F-63009 Clermont-Ferrand, France.
| | - Laurent Morel
- Université Clermont Auvergne, GReD, CNRS UMR 6293, INSERM U1103, 28, place Henri Dunant, BP38, F63001 Clermont-Ferrand, France.
- Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine d'Auvergne, 58 Boulevard Montalembert, F-63009 Clermont-Ferrand, France.
| | - Jean-Marc A Lobaccaro
- Université Clermont Auvergne, GReD, CNRS UMR 6293, INSERM U1103, 28, place Henri Dunant, BP38, F63001 Clermont-Ferrand, France.
- Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine d'Auvergne, 58 Boulevard Montalembert, F-63009 Clermont-Ferrand, France.
| | - Silvère Baron
- Université Clermont Auvergne, GReD, CNRS UMR 6293, INSERM U1103, 28, place Henri Dunant, BP38, F63001 Clermont-Ferrand, France.
- Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine d'Auvergne, 58 Boulevard Montalembert, F-63009 Clermont-Ferrand, France.
| | - Amalia Trousson
- Université Clermont Auvergne, GReD, CNRS UMR 6293, INSERM U1103, 28, place Henri Dunant, BP38, F63001 Clermont-Ferrand, France.
- Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine d'Auvergne, 58 Boulevard Montalembert, F-63009 Clermont-Ferrand, France.
| | - Cyrille de Joussineau
- Université Clermont Auvergne, GReD, CNRS UMR 6293, INSERM U1103, 28, place Henri Dunant, BP38, F63001 Clermont-Ferrand, France.
- Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine d'Auvergne, 58 Boulevard Montalembert, F-63009 Clermont-Ferrand, France.
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20
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Orphan nuclear receptor TLX contributes to androgen insensitivity in castration-resistant prostate cancer via its repression of androgen receptor transcription. Oncogene 2018; 37:3340-3355. [PMID: 29555975 PMCID: PMC6013422 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-018-0198-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Revised: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) is a lethal form of prostate cancer, in which the expression of androgen receptor (AR) is highly heterogeneous. Indeed, lower AR expression and attenuated AR signature activity is shown in CRPC tissues, especially in the subset of neuroendocrine prostate cancer (NEPC) and prostate cancer stem-like cells (PCSCs). However, the significance of AR downregulation in androgen insensitivity and de-differentiation of tumor cells in CRPC is poorly understood and much neglected. Our previous study shows that the orphan nuclear receptor TLX (NR2E1), which is upregulated in prostate cancer, plays an oncogenic role in prostate carcinogenesis by suppressing oncogene-induced senescence. In the present study, we further established that TLX exhibited an increased expression in metastatic CRPC. Further analyses showed that overexpression of TLX could confer resistance to androgen deprivation and anti-androgen in androgen-dependent prostate cancer cells in vitro and in vivo, whereas knockdown of endogenous TLX could potentiate the sensitivity to androgen deprivation and anti-androgen in prostate cancer cells. Our study revealed that the TLX-induced resistance to androgen deprivation and anti-androgen was mediated through its direct suppression of AR gene transcription and signaling in both androgen-stimulated and -unstimulated prostate cancer cells. We also characterized that TLX could bind directly to AR promoter and repress AR transcription by recruitment of histone modifiers, including HDAC1, HDAC3, and LSD1. Together, our present study shows, for the first time, that TLX can contribute to androgen insensitivity in CRPC via repression of AR gene transcription and signaling, and also implicates that targeting the druggable TLX may have a potential therapeutic significance in CRPC management, particularly in NEPC and PCSCs.
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Sang M, Hulsurkar M, Zhang X, Song H, Zheng D, Zhang Y, Li M, Xu J, Zhang S, Ittmann M, Li W. GRK3 is a direct target of CREB activation and regulates neuroendocrine differentiation of prostate cancer cells. Oncotarget 2018; 7:45171-45185. [PMID: 27191986 PMCID: PMC5216714 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 04/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroendocrine prostate cancer (NEPC) is an aggressive subtype of prostate cancer that commonly arises through neuroendocrine differentiation (NED) of prostate adenocarcinoma (PAC) after therapy, such as radiation therapy and androgen deprivation treatment (ADT). No effective therapeutic is available for NEPC and its molecular mechanisms remain poorly understood. We have reported that G protein-coupled receptor kinase 3 (GRK3, also called ADRBK2) promotes prostate cancer progression. In this study, we demonstrate that the ADT-activated cAMP response element binding protein (CREB) directly targets and induces GRK3. We show GRK3 expression is higher in NEPC than in PAC cells and mouse models, and it positively correlates with the expression and activity of CREB in human prostate cancers. Notably, overexpression of GRK3 in PAC cells increased the expression of NE markers in a kinase activity dependent manner. Conversely, silencing GRK3 blocked CREB-induced NED in PAC cells, reversed NE phenotypes and inhibited proliferation of NEPC cells. Taken together, these results indicate that GRK3 is a new critical activator of NE phenotypes and mediator of CREB activation in promoting NED of prostate cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meixiang Sang
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA.,Tumor Research Institute, the Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Mohit Hulsurkar
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA.,Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Xiaochong Zhang
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA.,Tumor Research Institute, the Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Haiping Song
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA.,Breast and Thyroid surgery center, The Union Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of science and technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Dayong Zheng
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Medical Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA.,The Union Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of science and technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Min Li
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jianming Xu
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Songlin Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Michael Ittmann
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, and Michael E. DeBakey VAMC, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Wenliang Li
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA.,Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA.,Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, and Memorial Herman Cancer Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
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22
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Mechanisms of resistance to systemic therapy in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. Cancer Treat Rev 2017; 57:16-27. [PMID: 28527407 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2017.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Revised: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCPRC) now have an unprecedented number of approved treatment options, including chemotherapies (docetaxel, cabazitaxel), androgen receptor (AR)-targeted therapies (enzalutamide, abiraterone), a radioisotope (radium-223) and a cancer vaccine (sipuleucel-T). However, the optimal treatment sequencing pathway is unknown, and this problem is exacerbated by the issues of primary and acquired resistance. This review focuses on mechanisms of resistance to AR-targeted therapies and taxane-based chemotherapy. Patients treated with abiraterone, enzalutamide, docetaxel or cabazitaxel may present with primary resistance, or eventually acquire resistance when on treatment. Multiple resistance mechanisms to AR-targeted agents have been proposed, including: intratumoral androgen production, amplification, mutation, or expression of AR splice variants, increased steroidogenesis, upregulation of signals downstream of the AR, and development of androgen-independent tumor cells. Known mechanisms of resistance to chemotherapy are distinct, and include: tubulin alterations, increased expression of multidrug resistance genes, TMPRSS2-ERG fusion genes, kinesins, cytokines, and components of other signaling pathways, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Utilizing this information, biomarkers of resistance/response have the potential to direct treatment decisions. Expression of the AR splice variant AR-V7 may predict resistance to AR-targeted agents, but available biomarker assays are yet to be prospectively validated in the clinic. Ongoing prospective trials are evaluating the sequential use of different drugs, or combination regimens, and the results of these studies, combined with a deeper understanding of mechanisms of primary and acquired resistance to treatment, have the potential to drive future treatment decisions in mCRPC.
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23
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Dong B, Fan L, Wang Y, Chi C, Ma X, Wang R, Cai W, Shao X, Pan J, Zhu Y, Shangguan X, Xin Z, Hu J, Xie S, Kang X, Zhou L, Xue W. Influence of abiraterone acetate on neuroendocrine differentiation in chemotherapy-naive metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. Prostate 2017; 77:1373-1380. [PMID: 28804908 DOI: 10.1002/pros.23397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To determine the influence of abiraterone Acetate (AA) on neuroendocrine differentiation (NED) in patients with chemotherapy-naive metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). METHODS We conducted an analysis in 115 chemotherapy-naïve mCRPC patients who would be treated with chemotherapy. The serum levels of chromogranin A (CgA), neurone-specific enolase (NSE) were measured in 67 mCRPC patients without AA treatment and 48 patients after the failure of AA treatment, in which these markers were also measured in 34 patients before and after 6 months of AA treatment. Comparative t-test was used to evaluate the serial changes of serum NED markers during AA treatment and univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to test the influence of AA treatment on NED. RESULTS Serum CgA were NSE were evaluated to be above the upper limit of normal (ULN) in 56 (48.7%) and 29 (25.2%) patients before chemotherapy. In 34 patients with serial evaluation, serum CgA level of 14 patients and NSE of 14 patients increased after the failure of AA treatment. There was no significant difference of NED markers (CgA or NSE variation (P = 0.243) between at baseline and after the failure of AA treatment. Compared with the CgA elevation group in the first 6 months of AA treatment and baseline supranormal CgA group, the CgA decline group, and baseline normal CgA group has a much longer median PSA PFS (14.34 vs 10.00 months, P < 0.001, and 14.23 vs 10.30 months, P = 0.02) and rPFS, respectively (18.33 vs 11.37 months, P < 0.001, and 17.10 vs 12.07 months, P = 0.03). In logistic univariate analysis, AA treatment and its duration were not independent factors influencing NED. CONCLUSIONS We hypothesized that AA might not significantly lead to progression of NED of mCRPC in general. Furthermore, we found there was heterogeneity in changes of NED markers in different mCRPC patients during AA treatment. Serial CgA and NSE evaluation might help clinicians guide clinical treatment of mCRPC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baijun Dong
- Department of Urology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Liancheng Fan
- Department of Urology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanqing Wang
- Department of Urology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chenfei Chi
- Department of Urology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaowei Ma
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Rui Wang
- Department of Ultrasound in Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen Cai
- Department of Urology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoguang Shao
- Department of Urology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiahua Pan
- Department of Urology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yinjie Zhu
- Department of Urology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xun Shangguan
- Department of Urology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhixiang Xin
- Department of Urology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianian Hu
- Department of Urology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shaowei Xie
- Department of Urology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaonan Kang
- Department of Biobank, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lixin Zhou
- Department of Urology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Xue
- Department of Urology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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24
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Gupta K, Gupta S. Neuroendocrine differentiation in prostate cancer: key epigenetic players. Transl Cancer Res 2017; 6:S104-S108. [PMID: 30613478 DOI: 10.21037/tcr.2017.01.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Karishma Gupta
- Department of Urology, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA.,The Urology Institute, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Sanjay Gupta
- Department of Urology, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA.,The Urology Institute, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA.,Department of Urology, Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA.,Department of Nutrition, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.,Division of General Medical Sciences, Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
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25
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26
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Pascale M, Aversa C, Barbazza R, Marongiu B, Siracusano S, Stoffel F, Sulfaro S, Roggero E, Bonin S, Stanta G. The proliferation marker Ki67, but not neuroendocrine expression, is an independent factor in the prediction of prognosis of primary prostate cancer patients. Radiol Oncol 2016; 50:313-20. [PMID: 27679548 PMCID: PMC5030813 DOI: 10.1515/raon-2016-0033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Neuroendocrine markers, which could indicate for aggressive variants of prostate cancer and Ki67 (a well-known marker in oncology for defining tumor proliferation), have already been associated with clinical outcome in prostate cancer. The aim of this study was to investigate the prognostic value of those markers in primary prostate cancer patients. Patients and methods NSE (neuron specific enolase), ChrA (chromogranin A), Syp (Synaptophysin) and Ki67 staining were performed by immunohistochemistry. Then, the prognostic impact of their expression on overall survival was investigated in 166 primary prostate cancer patients by univariate and multivariate analyses. Results NSE, ChrA, Syp and Ki67 were positive in 50, 45, 54 and 146 out of 166 patients, respectively. In Kaplan-Meier analysis only diffuse NSE staining (negative vs diffuse, p = 0.004) and Ki67 (≤ 10% vs > 10%, p < 0.0001) were significantly associated with overall survival. Ki67 expression, but not NSE, resulted as an independent prognostic factor for overall survival in multivariate analysis. Conclusions A prognostic model incorporating Ki67 expression with clinical-pathological covariates could provide additional prognostic information. Ki67 may thus improve prediction of prostate cancer outcome based on standard clinical-pathological parameters improving prognosis and management of prostate cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariarosa Pascale
- Oncology Institute of Southern Switzerland (IOSI), Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Cinzia Aversa
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Trieste, Cattinara Hospital, Trieste, Italy
| | - Renzo Barbazza
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Trieste, Cattinara Hospital, Trieste, Italy
| | - Barbara Marongiu
- Oncology Institute of Southern Switzerland (IOSI), Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Salvatore Siracusano
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Trieste, Cattinara Hospital, Trieste, Italy
| | - Flavio Stoffel
- Department of Urology, Ospedale San Giovanni, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Sando Sulfaro
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, S.C. Pathology, Santa Maria degli Angeli Hospital, Pordenone, Italy
| | - Enrico Roggero
- Oncology Institute of Southern Switzerland (IOSI), Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Serena Bonin
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Trieste, Cattinara Hospital, Trieste, Italy
| | - Giorgio Stanta
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Trieste, Cattinara Hospital, Trieste, Italy
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27
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The cannabinoid WIN 55,212-2 prevents neuroendocrine differentiation of LNCaP prostate cancer cells. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 2016; 19:248-57. [PMID: 27324222 PMCID: PMC5411672 DOI: 10.1038/pcan.2016.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 04/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Neuroendocrine (NE) differentiation represents a common feature of prostate cancer and is associated with accelerated disease progression and poor clinical outcome. Nowadays, there is no treatment for this aggressive form of prostate cancer. The aim of this study was to determine the influence of the cannabinoid WIN 55,212-2 (WIN, a non-selective cannabinoid CB1 and CB2 receptor agonist) on the NE differentiation of prostate cancer cells. METHODS: NE differentiation of prostate cancer LNCaP cells was induced by serum deprivation or by incubation with interleukin-6, for 6 days. Levels of NE markers and signaling proteins were determined by western blotting. Levels of cannabinoid receptors were determined by quantitative PCR. The involvement of signaling cascades was investigated by pharmacological inhibition and small interfering RNA. RESULTS: The differentiated LNCaP cells exhibited neurite outgrowth, and increased the expression of the typical NE markers neuron-specific enolase and βIII tubulin (βIII Tub). Treatment with 3 μM WIN inhibited NK differentiation of LNCaP cells. The cannabinoid WIN downregulated the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway, resulting in NE differentiation inhibition. In addition, an activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) was observed in WIN-treated cells, which correlated with a decrease in the NE markers expression. Our results also show that during NE differentiation the expression of cannabinoid receptors CB1 and CB2 dramatically decreases. CONCLUSIONS: Taken together, we demonstrate that PI3K/Akt/AMPK might be an important axis modulating NE differentiation of prostate cancer that is blocked by the cannabinoid WIN, pointing to a therapeutic potential of cannabinoids against NE prostate cancer.
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28
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Heck MM, Thaler MA, Schmid SC, Seitz AK, Tauber R, Kübler H, Maurer T, Thalgott M, Hatzichristodoulou G, Höppner M, Nawroth R, Luppa PB, Gschwend JE, Retz M. Chromogranin A and neurone-specific enolase serum levels as predictors of treatment outcome in patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer undergoing abiraterone therapy. BJU Int 2016; 119:30-37. [PMID: 27037533 DOI: 10.1111/bju.13493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the impact of elevated neuroendocrine serum markers on treatment outcome in patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) undergoing treatment with abiraterone in a post-chemotherapy setting. PATIENTS AND METHOD Chromogranin A (CGa) and neurone-specific enolase (NSE) were determined in serum drawn before treatment with abiraterone from 45 patients with mCRPC. Outcome measures were overall survival (OS), prostate-specific antigen (PSA) response defined by a PSA level decline of ≥50%, PSA progression-free survival (PSA-PFS), and clinical or radiographic PFS. RESULTS The CGa and NSE serum levels did not correlate (P = 0.6). Patients were stratified in to low- (nine patients), intermediate- (18) or high-risk (18) groups according to elevation of none, one, or both neuroendocrine markers, respectively. The risk groups correlated with decreasing median OS (median OS not reached vs 15.3 vs 6.6 months; P < 0.001), decreasing median clinical or radiographic PFS (8.3 vs 4.4 vs 2.7 months; P = 0.001) and decreasing median PSA-PFS (12.0 vs 3.2 vs 2.7 months; P = 0.012). In multivariate Cox regression analysis the combination of CGa and NSE (≥1 marker positive vs both markers negative) remained significant predictors of OS, clinical or radiographic PFS, and PSA-PFS. We did not observe a correlation with PSA response (63% vs 35% vs 31%; P = 0.2). CONCLUSION Chromogranin A and NSE did not predict PSA response in patients with mCRPC treated with abiraterone. However, we observed a correlation with shorter PSA-PFS, clinical or radiographic PFS, and OS. This might be due to an elevated risk of developing resistance under abiraterone treatment related to neuroendocrine differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias M Heck
- Department of Urology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Markus A Thaler
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Sebastian C Schmid
- Department of Urology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Anna-Katharina Seitz
- Department of Urology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Robert Tauber
- Department of Urology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Hubert Kübler
- Department of Urology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Tobias Maurer
- Department of Urology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Mark Thalgott
- Department of Urology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Michael Höppner
- Department of Urology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Roman Nawroth
- Department of Urology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Peter B Luppa
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Jürgen E Gschwend
- Department of Urology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Margitta Retz
- Department of Urology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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29
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Crea F, Venalainen E, Ci X, Cheng H, Pikor L, Parolia A, Xue H, Nur Saidy NR, Lin D, Lam W, Collins C, Wang Y. The role of epigenetics and long noncoding RNA MIAT in neuroendocrine prostate cancer. Epigenomics 2016; 8:721-31. [PMID: 27096814 DOI: 10.2217/epi.16.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroendocrine prostate cancer (NEPC) is the most lethal prostatic neoplasm. NEPC is thought to originate from the transdifferentiation of AR-positive adenocarcinoma cells. We have previously shown that an epigenetic/noncoding interactome (ENI) orchestrates cancer cells' plasticity, thereby allowing the emergence of metastatic, drug-resistant neoplasms. The primary objective of this manuscript is to discuss evidence indicating that some components of the ENI (Polycomb genes, miRNAs) play a key role in NEPC initiation and progression. Long noncoding RNAs represent vast and largely unexplored component of the ENI. Their role in NEPC has not been investigated. We show preliminary evidence indicating that a lncRNA (MIAT) is selectively upregulated in NEPCs and might interact with Polycomb genes. Our results indicate that long noncoding RNAs can be exploited as new biomarkers and therapeutic targets for NEPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Crea
- Experimental Therapeutics, BC Cancer Agency Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Life Health & Chemical Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK
| | - Erik Venalainen
- Experimental Therapeutics, BC Cancer Agency Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Xinpei Ci
- Experimental Therapeutics, BC Cancer Agency Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Vancouver Prostate Centre, Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Hongwei Cheng
- Experimental Therapeutics, BC Cancer Agency Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Vancouver Prostate Centre, Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Larissa Pikor
- Genetics Unit, Integrative Oncology, BC Cancer Agency Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Abhijit Parolia
- Experimental Therapeutics, BC Cancer Agency Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Hui Xue
- Experimental Therapeutics, BC Cancer Agency Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Nur Ridzwan Nur Saidy
- Experimental Therapeutics, BC Cancer Agency Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Dong Lin
- Experimental Therapeutics, BC Cancer Agency Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Vancouver Prostate Centre, Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Wan Lam
- Genetics Unit, Integrative Oncology, BC Cancer Agency Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Colin Collins
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Yuzhuo Wang
- Experimental Therapeutics, BC Cancer Agency Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Vancouver Prostate Centre, Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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30
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Significant advances have been made in the study of ubiquitination-mediated regulation of androgen receptor (AR). This review will highlight the latest developments in the mechanisms by which E3 ubiquitin ligases control AR activity, with implications in castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). RECENT FINDINGS Several ubiquitin ligases have been identified to interact with and ubiquitinate AR, and consequently regulate the AR transcriptional programme. Different ubiquitin ligases can use distinct mechanisms to modulate the expression of AR target genes, including local turnover of AR chromatin complex, recruitment of AR coactivators and global AR stability. The expression or activity of ubiquitin ligases can be altered in prostate cancer and thus contribute to the growth of androgen-insensitive prostate cancer cells by modulating the AR transcriptional activity. SUMMARY Understanding the regulation of AR transcriptional activity by ubiquitin ligases will contribute to the elucidation of mechanisms underlying AR reactivation that is believed to drive the development of CRPC. Ubiquitin ligases could potentially serve as promising targets for developing therapeutics in the treatment of advanced prostate cancers.
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31
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Zhang X, Coleman IM, Brown LG, True LD, Kollath L, Lucas JM, Lam HM, Dumpit R, Corey E, Chéry L, Lakely B, Higano CS, Montgomery B, Roudier M, Lange PH, Nelson PS, Vessella RL, Morrissey C. SRRM4 Expression and the Loss of REST Activity May Promote the Emergence of the Neuroendocrine Phenotype in Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2015; 21:4698-708. [PMID: 26071481 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-15-0157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2015] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The neuroendocrine phenotype is associated with the development of metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). Our objective was to characterize the molecular features of the neuroendocrine phenotype in CRPC. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Expression of chromogranin A (CHGA), synaptophysin (SYP), androgen receptor (AR), and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) was analyzed by IHC in 155 CRPC metastases from 50 patients and in 24 LuCaP prostate cancer patient-derived xenografts (PDX). Seventy-one of 155 metastases and the 24 LuCaP xenograft lines were analyzed by whole-genome microarrays. REST splicing was verified by PCR. RESULTS Coexpression of CHGA and SYP in >30% of cells was observed in 22 of 155 metastases (9 patients); 11 of the 22 metastases were AR(+)/PSA(+) (6 patients), 11/22 were AR-/PSA- (4 patients), and 4/24 LuCaP PDXs were AR(-)/PSA(-). By IHC, of the 71 metastases analyzed by whole-genome microarrays, 5 metastases were CHGA(+)/SYP(+)/AR(-), and 5 were CHGA(+)/SYP(+)/AR(+). Only CHGA(+)/SYP(+) metastases had a neuroendocrine transcript signature. The neuronal transcriptional regulator SRRM4 transcript was associated with the neuroendocrine signature in CHGA(+)/SYP(+) metastases and all CHGA(+)/SYP(+) LuCaP xenografts. In addition, expression of SRRM4 in LuCaP neuroendocrine xenografts correlated with a splice variant of REST that lacks the transcriptional repressor domain. CONCLUSIONS (i) Metastatic neuroendocrine status can be heterogeneous in the same patient, (ii) the CRPC neuroendocrine molecular phenotype can be defined by CHGA(+)/SYP(+) dual positivity, (iii) the neuroendocrine phenotype is not necessarily associated with the loss of AR activity, and (iv) the splicing of REST by SRRM4 could promote the neuroendocrine phenotype in CRPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotun Zhang
- Department of Urology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Ilsa M Coleman
- Divison of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Lisha G Brown
- Department of Urology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Lawrence D True
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Lori Kollath
- Department of Urology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Jared M Lucas
- Divison of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Hung-Ming Lam
- Department of Urology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Ruth Dumpit
- Divison of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Eva Corey
- Department of Urology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Lisly Chéry
- Department of Urology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Bryce Lakely
- Department of Urology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Celestia S Higano
- Department of Urology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington. Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Bruce Montgomery
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Martine Roudier
- Department of Urology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Paul H Lange
- Department of Urology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington. Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Peter S Nelson
- Divison of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington. Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Robert L Vessella
- Department of Urology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington. Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Colm Morrissey
- Department of Urology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.
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Grigore AD, Ben-Jacob E, Farach-Carson MC. Prostate cancer and neuroendocrine differentiation: more neuronal, less endocrine? Front Oncol 2015; 5:37. [PMID: 25785244 PMCID: PMC4347593 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2015.00037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroendocrine differentiation (NED) marks a structural and functional feature of certain cancers, including prostate cancer (PCa), whereby the malignant tissue contains a significant proportion of cells displaying neuronal, endocrine, or mixed features. NED cells produce, and can secrete, a cocktail of mediators commonly encountered in the nervous system, which may stimulate and coordinate cancer growth. In PCa, NED appears during advanced stages, subsequent to treatment, and accompanies treatment resistance and poor prognosis. However, the term “neuroendocrine” in this context is intrinsically vague. This article seeks to provide a framework on which a unified view of NED might emerge. First, we review the mutually beneficial interplay between PCa and neural structures, mainly supported by cell biology experiments and neurological conditions. Next, we address the correlations between PCa and neural functions, as described in the literature. Based upon the integration of clinical and basic observations, we suggest that it is legitimate to seek for true neural differentiation, or neuromimicry, in cancer progression, most notably in PCa cells exhibiting what is commonly described as NED.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandru Dan Grigore
- Department of BioSciences, Rice University , Houston, TX , USA ; Center for Theoretical Biological Physics, Rice University , Houston, TX , USA
| | - Eshel Ben-Jacob
- Center for Theoretical Biological Physics, Rice University , Houston, TX , USA ; Sackler School of Physics and Astronomy, Tel Aviv University , Tel Aviv , Israel ; Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University , Tel Aviv , Israel
| | - Mary C Farach-Carson
- Department of BioSciences, Rice University , Houston, TX , USA ; Center for Theoretical Biological Physics, Rice University , Houston, TX , USA ; Department of Bioengineering, Rice University , Houston, TX , USA
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Lu M, Lu H, Kong Q. Leading causes of castration-resistant prostate cancer. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2015; 15:425-32. [PMID: 25645203 DOI: 10.1586/14737140.2015.1007957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is the second leading cause of cancer-related death in men. Androgen receptor has a key role in the initiation and progression of PCa. Currently, androgen deprivation therapy is the standard treatment for PCa patients due to its effective suppression of androgen receptor signaling. Even though androgen deprivation therapy shows its initial effectiveness on shrinking tumor size, it eventually fails to cure advanced PCa, which is determined by the occurrence of castration-resistance. In this review, we summarize the widely accepted mechanisms that account for castration-resistant PCa and discuss potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingqian Lu
- Clinical Medical College, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430061, Hubei province, China
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34
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Santoni M, Conti A, Burattini L, Berardi R, Scarpelli M, Cheng L, Lopez-Beltran A, Cascinu S, Montironi R. Neuroendocrine differentiation in prostate cancer: Novel morphological insights and future therapeutic perspectives. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2014; 1846:630-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2014.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2014] [Revised: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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35
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Park JY, Lee JE, Park JB, Yoo H, Lee SH, Kim JH. Roles of Long Non-Coding RNAs on Tumorigenesis and Glioma Development. Brain Tumor Res Treat 2014; 2:1-6. [PMID: 24926466 PMCID: PMC4049559 DOI: 10.14791/btrt.2014.2.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Revised: 03/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
More than 98% of eukaryotic transcriptomes are composed of non-coding RNAs with no functional protein-coding capacity. Those transcripts also include tens of thousands of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) which are emerging as key elements of cellular homeostasis, essentially tumorigenesis steps. However, we are only beginning to understand the nature and extent of the involvement of lncRNAs on tumorigeneis. Here, we highlight recent progresses that have identified a myriad of molecular functions on tumorigenesis for several lncRNAs including metastasis-associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1 (MALAT1), prostate cancer associated non-coding RNA 1 (PRNCR1), prostate cancer gene expression marker 1 (PCGEM1), H19, and homeobox transcript antisense intergenic RNA (HOTAIR), and several new lncRNAs for glioma development. Potential therapeutic approaches for the lncRNAs in various human diseases are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju Young Park
- Cancer Cell and Molecular Biology Branch, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
| | - Jeong Eun Lee
- Cancer Cell and Molecular Biology Branch, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
| | - Jong Bae Park
- Specific Organs Cancer Branch, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea. ; Department of System Cancer Science, Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
| | - Heon Yoo
- Specific Organs Cancer Branch, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea. ; Department of System Cancer Science, Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
| | - Seung-Hoon Lee
- Specific Organs Cancer Branch, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea. ; Department of System Cancer Science, Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
| | - Jong Heon Kim
- Cancer Cell and Molecular Biology Branch, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea. ; Department of System Cancer Science, Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
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36
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Komiya A, Kato T, Hori T, Fukuoka J, Yasuda K, Fuse H. Application of a new technique, spiral tissue microarrays constructed using needle biopsy specimens, to prostate cancer research. Int J Oncol 2013; 44:195-202. [PMID: 24220327 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2013.2173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Accepted: 10/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue microarrays were constructed using prostate needle biopsy specimens obtained from 58 patients who underwent radical prostatectomy for localized or locally advanced prostate cancer (PC). We used the spiral array (SA) technique, a novel approach for tissue array construction in a spiral form, which has advantages over small needle biopsy specimens. Roll-shaped tissue pieces produced by slicing a prostate biopsy tissue block and trimming the cancer segment were used to obtain a tissue array block. Cancer segments measuring >3 mm were incorporated into the tissue arrays. Cancer fragments (n=253) were obtained from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded needle biopsy specimens. The median number of cancer fragments per patient was four (1-8, min-max). On SA, the median number of confirmed cancer fragments per patient was four (1-7) and 224 cancer fragments (88.5%) were confirmed histologically. Each core of reeled tissue contained at least one cancer fragment. The expressions of multiple prognostic molecular markers for PC (Ki-67, p53 and bcl-2) were immunohistochemically measured using the SA. The Ki-67 and bcl-2 expressions were significantly associated with the Gleason score (GS). A univariate analysis identified Ki-67, bcl-2 and GS as significant predictors of cancer-specific survival, p53 and bcl-2 as significant predictors of overall survival and Ki-67, adjuvant androgen deprivation and GS as significant predictors of biochemical progression. In a multivariate analysis, p53 was independently associated with overall survival, while adjuvant androgen deprivation and GS were associated with biochemical progression. These results indicate that SA has potential as a new tool for translational research on PC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Komiya
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences for Research, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
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