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Yaka H, Baako Y, Özer M, Kanatli U. Is prenatal testosterone-estrogen balance related to critical shoulder angle? Early Hum Dev 2023; 187:105890. [PMID: 37944265 DOI: 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2023.105890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The 2D:4D ratio (an indicator of prenatal testosterone-estrogen balance) is the ratio of the second finger length to the fourth finger length. We hypothesized that low 2D:4D values indicating high prenatal testosterone exposure may be associated with increased critical shoulder angle (CSA). AIMS The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between CSA and 2D:4D ratio. METHODS Meeting the study criteria, 252 patients were included in the study. We measured CSA on true anterior-posterior radiographs, glenoid version(GV) and glenoid inclination(GI) on MRI images and the lengths of the second and fourth fingers on both hands of the patients. Additionally, we compared 2D:4D ratios and CSA, GV, GI measurements. RESULTS We found a significant negative correlation between CSA and the 2D:4D ratio in both hands (p < 0.001). Patients with CSA > 35° had a significantly lower 2D:4D ratio than patients with CSA < 35° (p < 0.001). When the patients were grouped according to CSA35°, the cut-off value for the left-hand 2D:4D ratio was 0.96, which showed 84.8 % sensitivity and 83.3 % specificity(AUC:0.911). Patients were compared in terms of CSA by categorizing as 2D:4D > 1 and 2D:4D < 1. Accordingly, the CSA value was significantly lower in patients with 2D:4D > 1. In the classification made according to this length classification of the left hand, the cut-off value was 30.25°. This value showed 92.2 % sensitivity and 85 % specificity(AUC:0.956). CONCLUSION The 2D:4D ratio is related to CSA. A low 2D:4D ratio(<0.96), indicating high intrauterine testosterone exposure, is associated with CSA > 35°, while a high 2D:4D ratio (>1), indicating low intrauterine testosterone exposure, is associated with a low CSA(<30.25°).
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Affiliation(s)
- Haluk Yaka
- Konya City Hospital, Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, Konya, Turkey.
| | - Yahaya Baako
- Necmettin Erbakan University School of Medicine, Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, Konya, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Özer
- Necmettin Erbakan University School of Medicine, Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, Konya, Turkey
| | - Ulunay Kanatli
- Gazi University School of Medicine, Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, Ankara, Turkey
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Yaka H, Özer M. Is the ratio of the index to ring finger length, a potential marker for prenatal testosterone-estrogen balance, related to posterior tibial slope? Knee 2023; 43:200-207. [PMID: 37459693 DOI: 10.1016/j.knee.2023.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The 2D:4D ratio, an indicator of prenatal testosterone-estrogen balance, is the index finger (second finger) size's ratio to the ring finger (fourth finger) size. Asymmetric growth in the proximal tibial growth plate is considered to cause the increased posterior tibial slope (PTS) formation. Factors determining the amount of this asymmetry still need clarification. This study aims to evaluate the relationship between the 2D:4D ratio, which indicates the prenatal testosterone-estrogen balance, and the PTS. METHOD Meeting the study criteria, 267 patients were included in the study. We measured the medial PTS (MPTS) and lateral PTS (LPTS) on MRI images and the lengths of the second and fourth fingers on both hands of the patients. Additionally, we compared 2D:4D ratios and MPTS and LPTS measurements. RESULTS We found a significant negative correlation between MPTS and the 2D:4D ratio, as well as between LPTS and the 2D:4D ratio in both hands (MPTS left vs. right hand: P < 0.001, r = -0.627 vs. P < 0.001, r = -0.498) (LPTS left vs. right hand: P < 0.001, r = 0.589 vs. P < 0.001, r = 0.404). Separately among males and females, there was a significant negative correlation between MPTS and the 2D:4D ratio, as well as between LPTS and the 2D:4D ratio in both hands (for males: MPTS left vs. right hand: P < 0.001, r = -0.607 vs. P < 0.001, r = -0.540)(for males: LPTS left vs.right hand: P < 0.001, r = 0.451 vs. P < 0.001, r = 0.406) (for females:MPTS left vs. right hand: P < 0.001, r = -0.638 vs. P < 0.001, r = -0.446) (for females:LPTS left vs.right hand: P < 0.001, r = 0.618 vs. P < 0.001, r = 0.403). CONCLUSIONS The 2D:4D ratio, an indicator of intrauterine testosterone-estrogen balance, is related to PTS. The effect of testosterone on the growth plate of the proximal tibia may be one of the factors determining the PTS value. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE III retrospective comparative study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haluk Yaka
- Konya City Hospital, Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, Konya, Turkey.
| | - Mustafa Özer
- Necmettin Erbakan University School of Medicine, Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, Konya, Turkey
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Massimino S, Rinella S, Guerrera CS, Di Corrado D, Astuto R, Sorbello A, Reina F, Perciavalle V, Buscemi A, Coco M. Self-Efficacy and the Digit Ratio in a Group of Sports University Students. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2023; 8:97. [PMID: 37489310 PMCID: PMC10366832 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk8030097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Self-efficacy is one's awareness of being able to cope optimally with different situations. Perceived self-efficacy is a belief that closely involves emotional and personological functioning. In fact, when one perceives oneself as capable, the likelihood of success increases significantly. The aim of this research was to verify a possible correlation between self-efficacy and the Digit Ratio (2D:4D), referred to as prenatal androgen levels, and whether these correlate with some psychological variables, considering possible gender differences. This study involved 56 sports university students, whose 2D:4D ratio was calculated. Moreover, self-assessment questionnaires: the Self-efficacy Scale (SES), the Big Five Questionnaire-2 (BFQ-2), the Profile of Mood State (POMS), the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory Form Y (STAI-Y) and the Emotional Regulation Questionnaire (ERQ) were administered. The data show that the perceived levels of self-efficacy seem to be influenced by an innate predisposition linked to prenatal androgen values to which the subjects were exposed during uterine life (2D:4D). This negative correlation indicates that the higher the value of the digit ratio, the more likely it is that the level of perceived self-efficacy will be lower. Finally, the degree of perceived self-efficacy also seems to depend on the levels of subjective anxiety, understood both as a personological disposition and a contingent condition, and the latter also seems to be influenced by prenatal androgen levels, particularly in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Massimino
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Physiology, University of Catania, 95100 Catania, Italy
| | - Sergio Rinella
- Department of Educational Sciences, University of Catania, 95100 Catania, Italy
| | | | | | - Romina Astuto
- Department of Educational Sciences, University of Catania, 95100 Catania, Italy
| | - Alessia Sorbello
- Department of Sport Sciences, Kore University, 94100 Enna, Italy
| | - Francesca Reina
- Department of Educational Sciences, University of Catania, 95100 Catania, Italy
| | | | - Andrea Buscemi
- Study Center of Italian Osteopathy and Horus Social Cooperative, 95100 Catania, Italy
| | - Marinella Coco
- Department of Educational Sciences, University of Catania, 95100 Catania, Italy
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2D:4D digit ratio and its relationship to BMI, sporting choices and physiological predispositions among women. ANTHROPOLOGICAL REVIEW 2022. [DOI: 10.18778/1898-6773.85.2.07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The 2D:4D digit ratio has been established as a biomarker of the level of exposure to prenatal sex hormones’ balancebetween prenatal testosterone (PT) and estrogenne levels. Higher 2D:4D indicates lower PT exposure and vice versa. Data suggests that PT exposure is linked to a risk-taking attitude and physical aggressiveness, both of which are requirements in contact sport. A possible correlation between 2D:4D and human body mass index has also been identified. The aim of the study was to examine the relation between 2D:4D ratio and choice of sport. It was assumed that female soccer players who choose a contact sport would have a lower 2D:4D ratio (thus experiencing higher exposure to PT) than female volleyball players (selecting non-contact sport). The analysis was also aimed at identifying whether a correlation between prenatal testosterone level and BMI exists. The participant sample consisted of 103 women – 36 volleyball players, 33 soccer players and a control group (N=34). Measurements were collected in 2019–2020. The results suggest that 2D:4D was significantly different in women practicing various sports (contact and non-contact sports). Women engaged in contact sports had lower 2D:4D than women engaged in non-contact sports, and vice versa (p<0.05). 2D:4D correlated positively with BMI and body weight – the higher the 2D:4D ratio, the higher the BMI and body weight (and vice versa) (p<0.05). Low 2D:4D (high PT exposure) may predict the choice of more risky, aggressive contact sports, and vice versa. High 2D:4D may predict a higher BMI and body weight, and vice versa.
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Rinella S, Massimino S, Sorbello A, Perciavalle V, Coco M. Cognitive Performances: The Role of Digit Ratio (D2:D4) With a Protective Factor for Anxiety. FRONTIERS IN NEUROERGONOMICS 2022; 3:870362. [PMID: 38235465 PMCID: PMC10790902 DOI: 10.3389/fnrgo.2022.870362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
This study aimed to identify a possible correlation between the D2:D4 ratio and state and/or trait anxiety in adult healthy subjects and, if so, whether it exists any difference between men and women. In addition, we also wanted to observe whether there is a relationship between participants' age and state and/or trait anxiety. The research involved 125 subjects of both sexes, who were calculated the D2:D4 ratio and were administered the self-assessment questionnaire State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI-Y). Results show that there are positive significant correlations between the D2:D4 ratio and score at state anxiety and trait anxiety, in the total sample. However, if men are examined separately from women, it can be observed that only men have a statistically significant relationship between D2:D4 ratios and state anxiety and trait anxiety. Moreover, about possible relations between the age of participants and state and trait anxiety, a significant negative relationship was observed, without differences between men and women. However, only subjects with a D2:D4 ratio ≥ 1, without differences between men and women, showed a statistically significant negative linear correlation between their age and their state and trait anxiety. The present data allow us to conclude that a low D2:D4 ratio (<1) represents a protective factor against anxiety in both men and women and that this protection seems likely to act throughout life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Rinella
- Section of Physiology, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Simona Massimino
- Section of Physiology, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Alessia Sorbello
- Section of Physiology, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | | | - Marinella Coco
- Section of Physiology, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
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6
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Are facial width-to-height ratio, 2D:4D digit ratio and skeletal muscle mass related to men dominant behavior in the Chicken Game? PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2021.111209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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7
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Savage D, Chan HF, Moy N, Schaffner M, Torgler B. Personality and individual characteristics as indicators of lifetime climbing success among Everest mountaineers. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2020.110044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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8
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Rinella S, Buscemi A, Massimino S, Perciavalle V, Tortorici MM, Tomaselli DG, Perciavalle V, Di Corrado D, Coco M. Risk-taking behavior, the second-to-fourth digit ratio and psychological features in a sample of cavers. PeerJ 2019; 7:e8029. [PMID: 31720126 PMCID: PMC6844240 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.8029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The risk-taking behavior is largely modulated by the subject's history, its lifestyles, by the characteristics of the situations with which it is compared, and also by the effects of prenatal androgens. Thus, the personality of the single person is a significant predictor of such way of acting. Methods The present study aimed to explore the relationship between Digit Ratio Measurement (2D:4D) and personality factors capable to be good predictors for choosing highly risky activities, such as caving. Furthermore, our purpose was to investigate whether 2D:4D ratio is related to cavers' affective states and to assess the personological and emotional features of 34 healthy cavers, aged between 24 and 71 years (M = 39.70, SD = 9.81). Results Data analysis showed several significant correlations between 2D:4D and Deliberate Risk Taking (RTI) and Precautionary Behavior (RTI), confirming that 2D:4D is a reliable index able to predict risk-taking behaviors. Furthermore, data analysis showed that Conscientiousness and its sub-dimension Scrupulousness (BFQ-2) are recurrent among significant correlations; in particular, the latter reports negative correlations with many factors of POMS. Moreover, all participants seemed to have a good attitude to collaboration, in terms of goal-direct strategy, and an adequate management of negative affective states, useful to maintaining a good level of stress within the group. Finally, the BFQ-2 factor Openness to culture seemed to be a predominant feature in the cavers, and this feature could be considered as predictive in the choice of an activity, such as caving, which requires curiosity, perseverance and a great planning of cave exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Rinella
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy, Italy
| | - Andrea Buscemi
- Department of Research, Horus Social Cooperative, Ragusa, Italy, Italy
| | - Simona Massimino
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Perciavalle
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy, Italy
| | - Marta Maria Tortorici
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy, Italy
| | - Daria Ghiunè Tomaselli
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy, Italy
| | | | | | - Marinella Coco
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy, Italy
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9
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Butovskaya M, Burkova V, Karelin D, Filatova V. The association between 2D:4D ratio and aggression in children and adolescents: Cross-cultural and gender differences. Early Hum Dev 2019; 137:104823. [PMID: 31330462 DOI: 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2019.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Two recent meta-analyses have suggested the association between digit ratio (2D:4D) and aggression is weak. This conclusion has been criticised because the meta-analyses conflate forms of aggression that show strong sex differences with those that do not, and most studies have considered post-pubertal participants. AIMS We test the influence of 2D:4D and ethnicity in the expression of aggression in children and adolescents in four ethnic groups of European and African origin. STUDY DESIGN Buss and Perry aggression questionnaire. Direct measurement of the 2nd and 4th digits. SUBJECTS 1296 children and adolescents from Tanzania and Russia from 4 ethnic groups - Datoga, Meru, Russians, Tatars. RESULTS There were ethnic and gender differences in ratings on aggression with boys consistently reporting more physical aggression. In all four samples right 2D:4D was significantly lower in boys, compared to girls. With regard to our total sample of boys, the right 2D:4D was significantly and negatively associated with self-ratings on physical aggression, but no association was found for left 2D:4D. No associations between 2D:4D and physical aggression were found for girls. Hostility was negatively correlated with 2D:4D for boys, and anger was positively correlated with 2D:4D in girls. CONCLUSION Sex differences were strongest for right 2D:4D (boys<girls), and for physical aggression (boys>girls). Right 2D:4D was negatively related to physical aggression in boys only, suggesting possible relationship to prenatal androgenization.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Butovskaya
- Russian State University for the Humanities, Moscow, Russia; Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia; National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russia.
| | - V Burkova
- Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - D Karelin
- Institute of Geography, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - V Filatova
- Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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Zhang K, Yang X, Zhang M, Wang C, Fang P, Xue M, Zhao J, Gao X, Pan R, Gong P. Revisiting the relationships of 2D:4D with androgen receptor (AR) gene and current testosterone levels: Replication study and meta-analyses. J Neurosci Res 2019; 98:353-370. [PMID: 31359506 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 07/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The relationships of digit ratio (2D:4D) with the length of AR (CAG)n, and testosterone levels from saliva and blood have been extensively debated over the years. This research including three studies further clarifies such controversies. To do so, we re-examined the relationships between the length of AR (CAG)n, 2D:4D, and current testosterone levels, through replication study and meta-analysis for each study. The results indicate: (a) the length of AR (CAG)n is not significantly associated with 2D:4D; (b) current testosterone levels are not significantly associated with the ratio; and (c) the length is not significantly associated with testosterone levels. Thus, AR (CAG)n and current testosterone levels are not significantly related to 2D:4D at individual level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kejin Zhang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Animal Conservation, Northwest University, Xi'an, China.,College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xing Yang
- College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Mengfei Zhang
- College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Chunlan Wang
- College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Pengpeng Fang
- College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Mengying Xue
- College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiaocai Gao
- Institute of Population and Health, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Ruliang Pan
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Animal Conservation, Northwest University, Xi'an, China.,School of Human Sciences, Centre for Evolutionary Biology, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia.,School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Pingyuan Gong
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Animal Conservation, Northwest University, Xi'an, China.,College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, China.,Institute of Population and Health, Northwest University, Xi'an, China.,Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
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11
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Kociuba M, Chakraborty R, Ignasiak Z, Kozieł S. Digit ratio (2D:4D) moderates the change in handgrip strength on an aggressive stimulus: A study among Polish young adults. Early Hum Dev 2019; 128:62-68. [PMID: 30530102 DOI: 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2018.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The ratio of the lengths of second finger (2D) to the fourth (4D) is a putative indicator of foetal hormonal exposure. The link between 2D:4D and physical strength or sports performance in not consistent. It was suggested that the association of 2D:4D with the sporting and physical ability is better demonstrated in the context of challenge and competition, either real or simulated. However the evidence is limited to a few studies till date. AIM The objective of this study was to assess whether an aggressive video show could increase muscular strength and if 2D:4D moderated such increase. STUDY DESIGN We compared outcome measures in two experimental conditions. OUTCOME MEASURES Lengths of second (2D) and fourth (4D) digits and their ratio (2D:4D) for both hands, height and weight, handgrip strength of both hands. SUBJECTS 250 healthy young adults (76 female). RESULTS The mean left-, right- and average HGS values increased after aggressive video watching than after control blank screen show. The increase was higher in females compared to males. The increase was higher among the individuals with lower 2D:4D, more clearly among females. CONCLUSIONS The 2D:4D correlated negatively with HGS after exposure to challenge condition and this relationship is pronounced in females than males. Thus there is link between prenatal androgenisation and enhanced physical power in challenge situation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Kociuba
- General Tadeusz Kosciuszko Military Academy of Land Forces, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Raja Chakraborty
- Department of Anthropology, Dinabandhu Mahavidyalaya, Bongaon, West Bengal, India
| | - Zofia Ignasiak
- Faculty of Physical Education, University School of Physical Education in Wroclaw, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Sławomir Kozieł
- Department of Anthropology, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland.
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Massimino S, Rinella S, Buscemi A, Similia E, Perciavalle V, Perciavalle V, Petralia MC, Di Corrado D, Laspina A, Coco M. Digit ratio, personality and emotions in skydivers. Biomed Rep 2018; 10:39-46. [PMID: 30588302 DOI: 10.3892/br.2018.1174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was investigate if there is an association between second-to-fourth digit length (2D:4D) ratio and personality factors capable of serving as predictors of individual choice towards high-risk activities in a group of experts skydivers; Furthermore, their skills in regulating anxiety and emotions were assessed. The 2D:4D ratio of the right hand of 41 expert skydivers was measured and each of them completed four questionnaires: Big Five Questionnaire-2 (BFQ-2), Profile of Mood States (POMS), State-Trait Anxiety Inventory Form Y (STAI-Y) and Risk-Taking Inventory. Lower 2D:4D ratios did not appear associated with a greater propensity for taking risks but rather with a lower aptitude to assume precautions in unsafe conditions. In fact, the only sub-dimensions of personality, analyzed by the BFQ-2, correlated with the 2D:4D ratio were conscientiousness and agreeableness. Furthermore, prior to launch, the skydiver's level of stress, measured by the POMS, or state anxiety, measured by the STAI-Y, was not significantly correlated with 2D:4D ratio; whereas there was significant positive correlation between 2D:4D values and trait anxiety. Data analysis further revealed that social desirability correlated negatively with state anxiety and total mood disturbance index, and positively with emotion control. The present results suggest that lower 2D:4D ratio may represent a significant predictor of less attentive precautionary behavior when risk-taking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Massimino
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, I-95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Sergio Rinella
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, I-95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Andrea Buscemi
- Department of Research, Horus Social Cooperative, I-97100 Ragusa, Italy.,Department of Research, Italian Center Studies of Osteopathy, I-95100 Catania, Italy
| | - Elisa Similia
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, I-95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Perciavalle
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, I-95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Valentina Perciavalle
- Department of Educational Sciences, Italian Center Studies of Osteopathy, I-95100 Catania, Italy
| | - Maria Cristina Petralia
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, I-95123 Catania, Italy.,Department of Research, Italian Center Studies of Osteopathy, I-95100 Catania, Italy
| | - Donatella Di Corrado
- Department of Human and Social Sciences, School of Sport Sciences, Kore University, I-94100 Enna, Italy
| | - Annarita Laspina
- Department of Educational Sciences, Italian Center Studies of Osteopathy, I-95100 Catania, Italy
| | - Marinella Coco
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, I-95123 Catania, Italy
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Petralia MC, Sagone E, Coco M, Gueli R, Di Gregorio G, Coco LSG, Buscemi A, Perciavalle V. The 2D:4D ratio is associated with performance in the 'TEACCH program' of subjects with autism spectrum disorder. Exp Ther Med 2018; 16:5373-5375. [PMID: 30542497 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2018.6834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Problems arising on the autistic spectrum are more common in male individuals, leading scholars to attempt to determine whether there is a correlation with testosterone levels to which fetuses were exposed during intrauterine life. The aim of the present study was to investigate, through the digit ratio technique, the possible correlation between testosterone exposure during intrauterine life and the achievement of predetermined objectives during the educational program Treatment and Education of Autistic and Related Communication Handicapped Children (TEACCH) in a group of subjects with different forms of autism. The results showed a positive correlation of the TEACCH program and 2D:4D ratio. Therefore, we hypothesize that a base screening may be useful to pinpoint the optimal teaching strategies to obtain the best possible performance from each subject.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elisabetta Sagone
- Department of Educational Sciences, University of Catania, I-95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Marinella Coco
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, I-95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Raffaele Gueli
- Department of Educational Sciences, University of Catania, I-95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Giulia Di Gregorio
- Department of Educational Sciences, University of Catania, I-95123 Catania, Italy
| | | | - Andrea Buscemi
- Horus Social Cooperative, I-97100 Ragusa, Italy.,Department of Research, Center Studies of Osteopathy, I-95100 Catania, Italy
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Klapprodt KL, Fitzgerald JS, Short SE, Manning JT, Tomkinson GR. Relationships between the digit ratio (2D:4D) and game-related statistics in professional and semi-professional male basketball players. Am J Hum Biol 2018; 30:e23182. [PMID: 30251289 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.23182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Revised: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The primary aim of this study was to examine relationships between digit ratio (2D:4D) and game-related statistics in professional and semi-professional male basketball players. The secondary aim was to quantify differences in mean 2D:4Ds between starting and reserve players. METHODS Using a cross-sectional design, 93 male basketball players from the professional Australian National Basketball League and the semi-professional South Australian Premier League were measured in-season for height, mass, and 2D:4D, with game-related statistics collected end-season. Linear relationships between right and left 2D:4Ds and game-related statistics were quantified using nonparametric partial correlations, and differences in mean 2D:4Ds between starting and reserve players were quantified using analysis of covariance (ANCOVA). All partial correlations and ANCOVAs were adjusted for playing experience, body size, and competitive standard. RESULTS 2D:4D was a weak to moderate negative correlate of points scored and assists-to-turnovers ratio, indicating that males with lower 2D:4Ds were generally better offensively as they recorded more points and assists relative to turnovers. The difference in mean 2D:4D between starting and reserve players was negligible. CONCLUSIONS 2D:4D was favorably correlated with open-skill sports performance, as evidenced by the better offensive statistics of male basketball players with lower 2D:4Ds. These results probably reflect the organizational benefits of prenatal testosterone and indicate that 2D:4D may be a useful complement to traditional physical, physiological, skill, and behavioral predictors of basketball success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katelyn L Klapprodt
- Department of Education, Health and Behavior Studies, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota
| | - John S Fitzgerald
- Department of Education, Health and Behavior Studies, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota
| | - Sandra E Short
- Department of Education, Health and Behavior Studies, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota
| | - John T Manning
- Applied Sports, Technology, Exercise, and Medicine (A-STEM), Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Grant R Tomkinson
- Department of Education, Health and Behavior Studies, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota.,Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), School of Health Sciences and Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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15
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Millet K, Buehler F. A Context Dependent Interpretation of Inconsistencies in 2D:4D Findings: The Moderating Role of Status Relevance. Front Behav Neurosci 2018; 11:254. [PMID: 29403365 PMCID: PMC5785725 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2017.00254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Whereas direct relationships between 2D:4D and dominance related attitudes or behavior often turn out to be weak, some literature suggests that the relation between 2D:4D and dominance is context-specific. That is, especially in status-challenging situations 2D:4D may be related to dominant behavior and its correlates. Based on this perspective, we interpret inconsistencies in the literature on the relation between 2D:4D and risk taking, aggression and dominance related outcomes and investigate in our empirical study how attitudes in low 2D:4D men may change as a function of the status relevance of the context. We provide evidence for the idea that status relevance of the particular situation at hand influences the attitude towards performance-enhancing means for low 2D:4D men, but not for high 2D:4D men. We argue that 2D:4D may be related to any behavior that is functional to attain status in a specific context. Implications for (economic) decision making are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kobe Millet
- Department of Marketing, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Florian Buehler
- Department of Marketing, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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17
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Joyce CW, O' Regan A, Kelly JL, O' Shaughnessy M. Fight Bite Injuries: Aggressive Tendencies Associated with Smaller Second to Fourth Digit Ratio. J Hand Surg Asian Pac Vol 2017; 22:452-456. [PMID: 29117839 DOI: 10.1142/s0218810417500496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fight bite injuries are typically sustained by young, combative males and are the direct consequence of an aggressive act. Second to fourth digit ratios (2D:4D) are dependent on prenatal androgen exposure and lower ratios have been shown to be linked to various psychological and physical traits, including aggression. The aim of this study was to examine the 2D:4D ratios in a cohort of patients with fight bite injuries and compare these to an age and gender-matched control group. METHODS The 2D:4D ratios were calculated using plain films of the hand from 133 patients (122 males, 11 females) with fight bite injuries. A further 133 radiographs were obtained from patients that did not have fight bite injuries and digit ratios were calculated in the same fashion. Statistical analysis was then carried out to compare the 2D:4D ratios between the different groups. RESULTS The 2D:4D ratios for male fight bite patients was significantly smaller than the male control group (p < 0.05). No significant difference was observed between the female fight bite patients and the female control group (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Fight bite injuries are usually sustained as a result of aggression. 2D:4D ratios are reflect intrauterine androgen exposure and low ratios have been linked to aggressive tendencies. We have demonstrated that male patients who sustained fight bite injuries have a lower 2D:4D ratio then the general population, thereby suggesting that exposure to prenatal androgens can lead to aggressive tendencies in adulthood. This suggests that lower ratios may predict a predisposition to acts of aggression, and as such result in an increased likelihood of sustaining an injury such as a fight bite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cormac W Joyce
- * Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Hand Surgery, Cork, Ireland
| | - Andrew O' Regan
- * Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Hand Surgery, Cork, Ireland
| | - Jack L Kelly
- † Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Hand Surgery, Galway, Ireland
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18
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Reed S, Meggs J. Examining the effect of prenatal testosterone and aggression on sporting choice and sporting longevity. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2017.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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19
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Di Corrado D. Biological underpinnings of mood and the role of physical exercise. SPORT SCIENCES FOR HEALTH 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11332-017-0374-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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20
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Georgiev AV, Ryan CP, Gettler LT, McDade TW, Kuzawa CW. Second‐to‐fourth digit ratio (2D:4D) is unrelated to measures of somatic reproductive effort among young men from Cebu, the Philippines. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2017; 163:437-445. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Revised: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Calen P. Ryan
- Department of AnthropologyNorthwestern UniversityEvanston Illinois
| | - Lee T. Gettler
- Department of AnthropologyUniversity of Notre DameNotre Dame Indiana
- The Eck Institute for Global HealthUniversity of Notre DameNotre Dame Indiana
| | - Thomas W. McDade
- Department of AnthropologyNorthwestern UniversityEvanston Illinois
- Institute for Policy ResearchNorthwestern UniversityEvanston Illinois
| | - Christopher W. Kuzawa
- Department of AnthropologyNorthwestern UniversityEvanston Illinois
- Institute for Policy ResearchNorthwestern UniversityEvanston Illinois
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21
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Kim TB, Kim KH. Why is digit ratio correlated to sports performance? J Exerc Rehabil 2016; 12:515-519. [PMID: 28119871 PMCID: PMC5227311 DOI: 10.12965/jer.1632862.431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Second to fourth digit ratio is the ratio of second to fourth digit length. It has been known that digit ratio is sexually dimorphic in humans, such that males tend to have lower digit ratio (longer fourth digits relative to second digits) than females. Digit ratio is thought to be a biomarker of the balance between fetal testosterone (FT) and fetal estrogen (FE) in a relatively narrow developmental window at the end of the first trimester of pregnancy. On the contrary, the relationships between digit ratio and levels of sex steroids in adults are not clear. Most correlational studies between digit ratio and adult sex steroids have revealed that this association is statistically not significant. However, for many years, a lot of researches showed negative relationships between digit ratio and sports performance such as rugby, surfing, rowing, sprinting, endurance, and hand grip strength. Here, we discuss possible mechanisms about the relationships between digit ratio and sports performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Beom Kim
- Department of Urology, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Gachon University School of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
| | - Khae Hawn Kim
- Department of Urology, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Gachon University School of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
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22
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Mailhos A, Buunk AP, del Arca D, Tutte V. Soccer players awarded one or more red cards exhibit lower 2D:4D ratios. Aggress Behav 2016; 42:417-26. [PMID: 26699684 DOI: 10.1002/ab.21638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Revised: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Anatomical, cognitive and behavioral sex differences are widely recognized in many species. It has been proposed that some of these differences might result from the organizing effects of prenatal sex steroids. In humans, males usually exhibit higher levels of physical aggression and prowess. In this study, we analyze the relationship between second-to-fourth digit (2D:4D) ratios-a proxy for prenatal androgen levels-and foul play and sporting performance in a sample of junior soccer players from a professional Uruguayan soccer club. Our results show that the most aggressive players (i.e., those awarded one or more red cards) have a more masculine finger pattern (lower 2D:4D ratio), while no relationship could be found between sporting performance and 2D:4D ratios. The results are discussed in the context of previous findings. Aggr. Behav. 42:417-426, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvaro Mailhos
- Facultad de Psicología; Universidad de la República (Uruguay); Montevideo Uruguay
| | - Abraham P. Buunk
- University of Groningen; Groningen Netherlands
- Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences; Amsterdam Netherlands
- University of Curaçao; Curaçao, Curaçao
| | - Denise del Arca
- Facultad de Psicología; Universidad Católica del Uruguay; Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Verónica Tutte
- Facultad de Psicología; Universidad Católica del Uruguay; Montevideo, Uruguay
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Abstract
The second to fourth digit ratio (2D:4D) is claimed to be a biomarker of prenatal sex steroids. This study compared 2D:4D and waist-hip ratio (WHR) in men and women with nose deformity caused by injuries suggesting risky behaviour with those of unaffected controls. This kind of facial trauma was accepted as an indicator of risk-taking behaviour. The study involved 100 patients (50 women aged 30.74±8.09 years and 50 men aged 30.98±10.86 years) who underwent rhinoplasty due to nose trauma in a hospital in Łódź, Poland, in 2015. For comparison purposes, a control sample of 70 women (aged 23.03±3.36 years) and 70 men (aged 22.87±3.46 years) was recruited. In both groups the following measurements were taken: body height, waist and hip circumferences, II and IV digit lengths and body weight. The results showed that women and men who had suffered nose injury had significantly higher values of WHR than controls. The 2D:4D in women with post-traumatic nose deformity was significantly different than the ratio in control women (p<0.0001) and presented the male pattern. It is concluded that in women risky behaviours seem to be associated with prenatal sex hormone influence, while differences in WHR suggest that this tendency is also related to postnatal hormonal factors. Risky behaviours in men should be linked to postnatal hormonal changes rather than to increased prenatal androgen exposure.
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Perciavalle V, di Corrado D, Scuto C, Perciavalle V, Coco M. Anthropometrics Related to the Performance of a Sample of Male Swimmers. Percept Mot Skills 2014; 118:940-50. [DOI: 10.2466/19.50.pms.118k27w8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The main purpose of the present investigation of 21 elite male swimmers was to assess whether the Ape Index (the ratio between the individual's arm span and height) and/or the second-to-fourth digit length ratio (2D:4D), i.e., the ratio between the length of the second and the fourth fingers of the right hand, are associated with the performance of high-level swimmers, when mood and / or executive function are covaried. The results showed no statistically significant correlation between the Ape Index and 2D:4D ratio, performance, executive function, or mood. In contrast, statistically significant correlations were found between 2D:4D ratio and performance, executive function, and mood. Regressions indicated that 2D:4D ratio and not Ape Index is related to the performances of a sample of male swimmers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Claudia Scuto
- Department of Bio-Medical Sciences, Section of Physiology, University of Catania
| | - Vincenzo Perciavalle
- Department of Bio-Medical Sciences, Section of Physiology, University of Catania
| | - Marinella Coco
- Department of Bio-Medical Sciences, Section of Physiology, University of Catania
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25
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Manning J, Kilduff L, Cook C, Crewther B, Fink B. Digit Ratio (2D:4D): A Biomarker for Prenatal Sex Steroids and Adult Sex Steroids in Challenge Situations. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2014; 5:9. [PMID: 24523714 PMCID: PMC3906590 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2014.00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2013] [Accepted: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Digit ratio (2D:4D) denotes the relative length of the second and fourth digits. This ratio is considered to be a biomarker of the balance between fetal testosterone (T) and estrogen (E) in a narrow window of early ontogeny. Evidence for this assertion is derived from direct and indirect measures of prenatal hormonal exposure (in experimental animals, via amniotic fluid samples and in the study of sex-typical traits) in relation to 2D:4D. In contrast, the relationships between 2D:4D and levels of sex steroids in adults are less clear, as many correlational studies of 2D:4D and adult sex steroids have concluded that this association is statistically non-significant. Here, we suggest that in order to understand the link between 2D:4D and sex hormones, one must consider both fetal organizing and adult activating effects of T and E. In particular, we hypothesize that 2D:4D correlates with organizing effects on the endocrine system that moderate activating effects in adulthood. We argue that this is particularly evident in "challenging" conditions such as aggressive and sexual encounters, in which individuals show increased levels of T. We discuss this refinement of the 2D:4D paradigm in relation to the links between 2D:4D and sports performance, and aggression.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Manning
- Department of Psychology, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- *Correspondence: John Manning, Department of Psychology, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, UK e-mail:
| | - Liam Kilduff
- Applied Sports Technology, Exercise and Medicine Research Centre, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - Christian Cook
- School of Sport, Health and Exercise Science, Bangor University, Gwynedd, UK
| | | | - Bernhard Fink
- Department of Biological Personality Psychology and Assessment, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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26
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Joyce CW, Kelly JC, Chan JC, Colgan G, O'Briain D, Mc Cabe JP, Curtin W. Second to fourth digit ratio confirms aggressive tendencies in patients with boxers fractures. Injury 2013; 44:1636-9. [PMID: 23972912 DOI: 10.1016/j.injury.2013.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Revised: 07/22/2013] [Accepted: 07/26/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Upper limb second to fourth digit ratio (2D:4D) has been shown to be dependent on prenatal androgen exposure. A longer relative fourth digit to second digit is indicative of increased intrauterine testosterone exposure prenatally and the converse is also true for oestrogen exposure. The 2D:4D ratio has implications in the sporting, academic, financial and sexual arenas. The purpose of this study was to examine the association between smaller finger length ratios (2D:4D) and boxers fractures, in both men and women, by comparing the 2D:4D ratios in 150 boxers fractures and comparing them to matched controls. Boxers fractures are an injury classically incurred during acts of aggression and we postulated that this cohort of patients would have a smaller 2D:4D ratio in comparison to the normal population mean ratio. METHODS One hundred and fifty radiographs from patients with boxers fractures secondary to aggressive actions were analysed and the 2D:4D ratio was calculated. A further 150 X-rays from patients not involved in aggressive activities were used as a control group and the 2D:4D ratio was calculated in the same manner. We then performed statistical analysis to compare the 2D:4D ratios between our two groups. RESULTS As predicted, the 2D:4D in males was smaller than females in all of the groups. However, our results showed that those presenting with a boxers fracture due to an aggression related injury had a statistically significant smaller 2D:4D ratio when compared to the normal population. CONCLUSION Boxers fractures are injuries that typically occur from an aggressive act. It is well documented that a low 2D:4D ratio is reflective of an increased prenatal exposure to androgens, particularly testosterone. We have shown that boxers fractures are associated with a smaller 2D:4D ratio than the normal population, thus suggesting that persons exposed to high levels of prenatal androgens are more likely to exhibit aggressive tendencies in adulthood. Our results suggest that smaller digit ratios may predict a predisposition to acts of aggression, and as such result in an increased likelihood of sustaining an injury such as a boxers fracture. This relationship seems to be present independently of gender.
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Affiliation(s)
- C W Joyce
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland.
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Kilduff LP, Hopp RN, Cook CJ, Crewther BT, Manning JT. Digit ratio (2D:4D), aggression, and testosterone in men exposed to an aggressive video stimulus. EVOLUTIONARY PSYCHOLOGY 2013; 11:953-964. [PMID: 24113579 PMCID: PMC10434407 DOI: 10.1177/147470491301100502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2013] [Accepted: 07/25/2013] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The relative lengths of the 2(nd) and 4(th) digits (2D:4D) is a negative biomarker for prenatal testosterone, and low 2D:4D may be associated with aggression. However, the evidence for a 2D:4D-aggression association is mixed. Here we test the hypothesis that 2D:4D is robustly linked to aggression in "challenge" situations in which testosterone is increased. Participants were exposed to an aggressive video and a control video. Aggression was measured after each video and salivary free testosterone levels before and after each video. Compared to the control video, the aggressive video was associated with raised aggression responses and a marginally significant increase in testosterone. Left 2D:4D was negatively correlated with aggression after the aggressive video and the strength of the correlation was higher in those participants who showed the greatest increases in testosterone. Left 2D:4D was also negatively correlated to the difference between aggression scores in the aggressive and control conditions. The control video did not influence testosterone concentrations and there were no associations between 2D:4D and aggression. We conclude that 2D:4D moderates the impact of an aggressive stimulus on aggression, such that an increase in testosterone resulting from a "challenge" is associated with a negative correlation between 2D:4D and aggression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam P. Kilduff
- Applied Sports Technology, Exercise and Medicine Research Centre, Swansea
University, Swansea, UK
| | - Renato N. Hopp
- Department of Pathology, University Estadual Paulista, Brazil
| | | | | | - John T. Manning
- Applied Sports Technology, Exercise and Medicine Research Centre, Swansea
University, Swansea, UK
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28
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Kilduff LP, Hopp RN, Cook CJ, Crewther BT, Manning JT. Digit ratio (2D:4D), aggression, and testosterone in men exposed to an aggressive video stimulus. EVOLUTIONARY PSYCHOLOGY 2013; 11:953-64. [PMID: 24113579 PMCID: PMC10434407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2013] [Accepted: 07/25/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The relative lengths of the 2(nd) and 4(th) digits (2D:4D) is a negative biomarker for prenatal testosterone, and low 2D:4D may be associated with aggression. However, the evidence for a 2D:4D-aggression association is mixed. Here we test the hypothesis that 2D:4D is robustly linked to aggression in "challenge" situations in which testosterone is increased. Participants were exposed to an aggressive video and a control video. Aggression was measured after each video and salivary free testosterone levels before and after each video. Compared to the control video, the aggressive video was associated with raised aggression responses and a marginally significant increase in testosterone. Left 2D:4D was negatively correlated with aggression after the aggressive video and the strength of the correlation was higher in those participants who showed the greatest increases in testosterone. Left 2D:4D was also negatively correlated to the difference between aggression scores in the aggressive and control conditions. The control video did not influence testosterone concentrations and there were no associations between 2D:4D and aggression. We conclude that 2D:4D moderates the impact of an aggressive stimulus on aggression, such that an increase in testosterone resulting from a "challenge" is associated with a negative correlation between 2D:4D and aggression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam P. Kilduff
- Applied Sports Technology, Exercise and Medicine Research Centre, Swansea
University, Swansea, UK
| | - Renato N. Hopp
- Department of Pathology, University Estadual Paulista, Brazil
| | | | | | - John T. Manning
- Applied Sports Technology, Exercise and Medicine Research Centre, Swansea
University, Swansea, UK
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