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Yang S, Guo J, Xiong Y, Han G, Luo T, Peng S, Liu J, Hu T, Zha Y, Lin X, Tan Y, Zhang J. Unraveling the genetic and molecular landscape of sepsis and acute kidney injury: A comprehensive GWAS and machine learning approach. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 137:112420. [PMID: 38851159 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.112420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to explore the underlying mechanisms of sepsis and acute kidney injury (AKI), including sepsis-associated AKI (SA-AKI), a frequent complication in critically ill sepsis patients. METHODS GWAS data was analyzed for genetic association between AKI and sepsis. Then, we systematically applied three distinct machine learning algorithms (LASSO, SVM-RFE, RF) to rigorously identify and validate signature genes of SA-AKI, assessing their diagnostic and prognostic value through ROC curves and survival analysis. The study also examined the functional and immunological aspects of these genes, potential drug targets, and ceRNA networks. A mouse model of sepsis was created to test the reliability of these signature genes. RESULTS LDSC confirmed a positive genetic correlation between AKI and sepsis, although no significant shared loci were found. Bidirectional MR analysis indicated mutual increased risks of AKI and sepsis. Then, 311 key genes common to sepsis and AKI were identified, with 42 significantly linked to sepsis prognosis. Six genes, selected through LASSO, SVM-RFE, and RF algorithms, showed excellent predictive performance for sepsis, AKI, and SA-AKI. The models demonstrated near-perfect AUCs in both training and testing datasets, and a perfect AUC in a sepsis mouse model. Significant differences in immune cells, immune-related pathways, HLA, and checkpoint genes were found between high- and low-risk groups. The study identified 62 potential drug treatments for sepsis and AKI and constructed a ceRNA network. CONCLUSIONS The identified signature genes hold potential clinical applications, including prognostic evaluation and targeted therapeutic strategies for sepsis and AKI. However, further research is needed to confirm these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sha Yang
- Guizhou University Medical College, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Jing Guo
- Guizhou University Medical College, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Yunbiao Xiong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, China
| | - Guoqiang Han
- Department of Neurosurgery, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, China
| | - Tao Luo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, China
| | - Shuo Peng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, China
| | - Jian Liu
- Guizhou University Medical College, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou Province, China; Department of Neurosurgery, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, China
| | - Tieyi Hu
- Department of Neurology, the Affiliated Dazu Hospital of Chongqing Medical University , China
| | - Yan Zha
- Guizhou University Medical College, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou Province, China; Department of Nephrology, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, China
| | - Xin Lin
- Department of Nephrology, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, China.
| | - Ying Tan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, China.
| | - Jiqin Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, China.
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2
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Wang T, He M, Zhang X, Guo Z, Wang P, Long F. Deciphering the impact of circRNA-mediated autophagy on tumor therapeutic resistance: a novel perspective. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2024; 29:60. [PMID: 38671354 PMCID: PMC11046940 DOI: 10.1186/s11658-024-00571-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Cancer therapeutic resistance remains a significant challenge in the pursuit of effective treatment strategies. Circular RNAs (circRNAs), a class of non-coding RNAs, have recently emerged as key regulators of various biological processes, including cancer progression and drug resistance. This review highlights the emerging role of circRNAs-mediated autophagy in cancer therapeutic resistance, a cellular process that plays a dual role in cancer by promoting both cell survival and death. Increasing evidence suggests that circRNAs can modulate autophagy pathways, thereby influencing the response of cancer cells to therapeutic agents. In this context, the intricate interplay between circRNAs, autophagy, and therapeutic resistance is explored. Various mechanisms are discussed through which circRNAs can impact autophagy, including direct interactions with autophagy-related genes, modulation of signaling pathways, and cross-talk with other non-coding RNAs. Furthermore, the review delves into specific examples of how circRNA-mediated autophagy regulation can contribute to resistance against chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Understanding these intricate molecular interactions provides valuable insights into potential strategies for overcoming therapeutic resistance in cancer. Exploiting circRNAs as therapeutic targets or utilizing them as diagnostic and predictive biomarkers opens new avenues for developing personalized treatment approaches. In summary, this review underscores the importance of circRNA-mediated autophagy in cancer therapeutic resistance and proposes future directions for research in this exciting and rapidly evolving field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Wang
- Department of Clinical Research, Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sichuan Cancer Hospital and Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Mengjie He
- Laboratory Medicine Center, Sichuan Provincial Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Affiliated Women's and Children's Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Xudong Zhang
- Department of Clinical Research, Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sichuan Cancer Hospital and Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Zhixun Guo
- Department of Clinical Research, Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sichuan Cancer Hospital and Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Pinghan Wang
- Laboratory Medicine Center, Sichuan Provincial Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Affiliated Women's and Children's Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Fangyi Long
- Laboratory Medicine Center, Sichuan Provincial Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Affiliated Women's and Children's Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, 610041, China.
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3
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Sun D, Zhang Z, Yu X, Li H, Wang X, Chen L. The mechanism of UNC-51-like kinase 1 and the applications of small molecule modulators in cancer treatment. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 268:116273. [PMID: 38432059 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Autophagy is a process of self-renewal in cells, which not only provides the necessary nutrients for cells, but also clears necrotic organelles. Autophagy disorders are closely related to diseases such as cancer. UNC-51-like kinase 1 (ULK1) is a serine/threonine protein kinase that plays a crucial role in receiving input from energy and nutrient sensors, activating autophagy to maintain cellular homeostasis under stressful conditions. In recent years, targeting ULK1 has become a highly promising strategy for cancer treatment. This review introduces the regulatory mechanism of ULK1 in autophagy through the AMPK/mTOR/ULK1 pathway and reviews the research progress of ULK1 activators and inhibitors and their applications in cancer treatment. In addition, we analyze the binding modes between ULK1 and modulators through virtual molecular docking, which will provide a reliable basis and theoretical guidance for the design and development of new therapeutic drugs targeting ULK1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dejuan Sun
- Wuya College of Innovation, Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China; Chinese People's Liberation Army Logistics Support Force, No. 967 Hospital, Dalian, 116021, China
| | - Zhiqi Zhang
- Wuya College of Innovation, Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Xinbo Yu
- Wuya College of Innovation, Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Hua Li
- Wuya College of Innovation, Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China; Institute of Structural Pharmacology & TCM Chemical Biology, Fujian Key Laboratory of Chinese Materia Medica, College of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, 350122, China.
| | - Xiaobo Wang
- Chinese People's Liberation Army Logistics Support Force, No. 967 Hospital, Dalian, 116021, China.
| | - Lixia Chen
- Wuya College of Innovation, Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China.
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4
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Yuan W, Fang W, Zhang R, Lyu H, Xiao S, Guo D, Ali DW, Michalak M, Chen XZ, Zhou C, Tang J. Therapeutic strategies targeting AMPK-dependent autophagy in cancer cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2023; 1870:119537. [PMID: 37463638 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2023.119537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
Macroautophagy is a health-modifying process of engulfing misfolded or aggregated proteins or damaged organelles, coating these proteins or organelles into vesicles, fusion of vesicles with lysosomes to form autophagic lysosomes, and degradation of the encapsulated contents. It is also a self-rescue strategy in response to harsh environments and plays an essential role in cancer cells. AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is the central pathway that regulates autophagy initiation and autophagosome formation by phosphorylating targets such as mTORC1 and unc-51 like activating kinase 1 (ULK1). AMPK is an evolutionarily conserved serine/threonine protein kinase that acts as an energy sensor in cells and regulates various metabolic processes, including those involved in cancer. The regulatory network of AMPK is complicated and can be regulated by multiple upstream factors, such as LKB1, AKT, PPAR, SIRT1, or noncoding RNAs. Currently, AMPK is being investigated as a novel target for anticancer therapies based on its role in macroautophagy regulation. Herein, we review the effects of AMPK-dependent autophagy on tumor cell survival and treatment strategies targeting AMPK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbin Yuan
- Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation (Ministry of Education & Hubei Province), Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, National "111" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Wanyi Fang
- Membrane Protein Disease Research Group, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Rui Zhang
- Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation (Ministry of Education & Hubei Province), Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, National "111" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hao Lyu
- Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation (Ministry of Education & Hubei Province), Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, National "111" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Shuai Xiao
- Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation (Ministry of Education & Hubei Province), Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, National "111" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Dong Guo
- Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation (Ministry of Education & Hubei Province), Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, National "111" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Declan William Ali
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Marek Michalak
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Xing-Zhen Chen
- Membrane Protein Disease Research Group, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Cefan Zhou
- Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation (Ministry of Education & Hubei Province), Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, National "111" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Jingfeng Tang
- Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation (Ministry of Education & Hubei Province), Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, National "111" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China.
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5
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Hwang M, Jun DW, Song BR, Shim H, Lee CH, Kim S. Ataxia-Telangiectasia Mutated Is Involved in Autolysosome Formation. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2023; 31:559-565. [PMID: 36941082 PMCID: PMC10468418 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2023.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM), a master kinase of the DNA damage response (DDR), phosphorylates a multitude of substrates to activate signaling pathways after DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs). ATM inhibitors have been evaluated as anticancer drugs to potentiate the cytotoxicity of DNA damage-based cancer therapy. ATM is also involved in autophagy, a conserved cellular process that maintains homeostasis by degrading unnecessary proteins and dysfunctional organelles. In this study, we report that ATM inhibitors (KU-55933 and KU-60019) provoked accumulation of autophagosomes and p62 and restrained autolysosome formation. Under autophagy-inducing conditions, the ATM inhibitors caused excessive autophagosome accumulation and cell death. This new function of ATM in autophagy was also observed in numerous cell lines. Repression of ATM expression using an siRNA inhibited autophagic flux at the autolysosome formation step and induced cell death under autophagy-inducing conditions. Taken together, our results suggest that ATM is involved in autolysosome formation and that the use of ATM inhibitors in cancer therapy may be expanded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihwa Hwang
- Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang 10408, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Wha Jun
- Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang 10408, Republic of Korea
| | - Bo Ram Song
- Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang 10408, Republic of Korea
| | - Hanna Shim
- Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang 10408, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Hun Lee
- Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang 10408, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunshin Kim
- Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang 10408, Republic of Korea
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6
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Zhang P, Cao F, Zhang J, Tan Y, Yao S. Temozolomide and chloroquine co-loaded mesoporous silica nanoparticles are effective against glioma. Heliyon 2023; 9:e18490. [PMID: 37576252 PMCID: PMC10412909 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e18490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The past decades have witnessed great progress in nanoparticle-based cancer-targeting drug delivery systems, but their therapeutic potentials is yet to be fully exploited. In this research, temozolomide (TMZ) and chloroquine (CQ) were loaded into the mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs), the surface was coated with polydopamine (PDA), and the complex was coupled with arginine-glycine-aspartic (RGD) to successfully prepare TMZ/CQ@MSN-RGD. RGD-MSNs accumulated more in the cell and tumor models than in unmodified MSNs in the in vitro and in vivo experiments and can directly induce apoptosis and autophagy in tumor cells. In addition, TMZ/CQ@MSN-RGD therapy enhanced the apoptosis effect of the RGD-MSNs in glioma. Therefore, the combination of autophagy inhibitor with chemotherapy drugs in nanocarriers may promote therapeutic efficacy in treating glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Guizhou, 563000, PR China
| | - Fang Cao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Guizhou, 563000, PR China
| | - Jiqin Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guizhou, 550002, PR China
| | - Ying Tan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guizhou, 550002, PR China
| | - Shengtao Yao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Guizhou, 563000, PR China
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7
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Rafii S, Kandoussi S, Ghouzlani A, Naji O, Reddy KP, Ullah Sadiqi R, Badou A. Deciphering immune microenvironment and cell evasion mechanisms in human gliomas. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1135430. [PMID: 37274252 PMCID: PMC10235598 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1135430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Gliomas are considered one of the most malignant cancers in the body. Despite current therapies, including surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy, these tumors usually recur with more aggressive and resistant phenotypes. Indeed, the survival following these conventional therapies is very poor, which makes immunotherapy the subject of active research at present. The anti-tumor immune response could also be considered a prognostic factor since each stage of cancer development is regulated by immune cells. However, glioma microenvironment contains malignant cells that secrete numerous chemokines, cytokines and growth factors, promoting the infiltration of immunosuppressive cells into the tumor, which limit the functioning of the immune system against glioma cells. Recently, researchers have been able to reverse the immune resistance of cancer cells and thus activate the anti-tumor immune response through different immunotherapy strategies. Here, we review the general concept of glioma's immune microenvironment and report the impact of its distinct components on the anti-tumor immune response. We also discuss the mechanisms of glioma cell evasion from the immune response and pinpoint some potential therapeutic pathways, which could alleviate such resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumaya Rafii
- Immuno-Genetics and Human Pathologies Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hassan II University, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Sarah Kandoussi
- Immuno-Genetics and Human Pathologies Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hassan II University, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Amina Ghouzlani
- Immuno-Genetics and Human Pathologies Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hassan II University, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Oumayma Naji
- Immuno-Genetics and Human Pathologies Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hassan II University, Casablanca, Morocco
| | | | - Rizwan Ullah Sadiqi
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Middlesex University, London, United Kingdom
| | - Abdallah Badou
- Immuno-Genetics and Human Pathologies Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hassan II University, Casablanca, Morocco
- Mohammed VI Center for Research and Innovation, Rabat, Morocco and Mohammed VI University of Sciences and Health, Casablanca, Morocco
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8
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Laribee RN, Boucher AB, Madireddy S, Pfeffer LM. The STAT3-Regulated Autophagy Pathway in Glioblastoma. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:671. [PMID: 37242454 PMCID: PMC10223172 DOI: 10.3390/ph16050671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common primary brain malignancy in adults with a dismal prognosis. Despite advances in genomic analysis and surgical technique and the development of targeted therapeutics, most treatment options are ineffective and mainly palliative. Autophagy is a form of cellular self-digestion with the goal of recycling intracellular components to maintain cell metabolism. Here, we describe some recent findings that suggest GBM tumors are more sensitive to the excessive overactivation of autophagy leading to autophagy-dependent cell death. GBM cancer stem cells (GSCs) are a subset of the GBM tumor population that play critical roles in tumor formation and progression, metastasis, and relapse, and they are inherently resistant to most therapeutic strategies. Evidence suggests that GSCs are able to adapt to a tumor microenvironment of hypoxia, acidosis, and lack of nutrients. These findings have suggested that autophagy may promote and maintain the stem-like state of GSCs as well as their resistance to cancer treatment. However, autophagy is a double-edged sword and may have anti-tumor properties under certain conditions. The role of the STAT3 transcription factor in autophagy is also described. These findings provide the basis for future research aimed at targeting the autophagy-dependent pathway to overcome the inherent therapeutic resistance of GBM in general and to specifically target the highly therapy-resistant GSC population through autophagy regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald Nicholas Laribee
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Center for Cancer Research, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA;
| | - Andrew B. Boucher
- Department of Neurosurgery, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA;
| | - Saivikram Madireddy
- College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA;
| | - Lawrence M. Pfeffer
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Center for Cancer Research, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA;
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9
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Gupta S, Panda PK, Silveira DA, Ahuja R, Hashimoto RF. Quadra-Stable Dynamics of p53 and PTEN in the DNA Damage Response. Cells 2023; 12:cells12071085. [PMID: 37048159 PMCID: PMC10093226 DOI: 10.3390/cells12071085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell fate determination is a complex process that is frequently described as cells traveling on rugged pathways, beginning with DNA damage response (DDR). Tumor protein p53 (p53) and phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) are two critical players in this process. Although both of these proteins are known to be key cell fate regulators, the exact mechanism by which they collaborate in the DDR remains unknown. Thus, we propose a dynamic Boolean network. Our model incorporates experimental data obtained from NSCLC cells and is the first of its kind. Our network's wild-type system shows that DDR activates the G2/M checkpoint, and this triggers a cascade of events, involving p53 and PTEN, that ultimately lead to the four potential phenotypes: cell cycle arrest, senescence, autophagy, and apoptosis (quadra-stable dynamics). The network predictions correspond with the gain-and-loss of function investigations in the additional two cell lines (HeLa and MCF-7). Our findings imply that p53 and PTEN act as molecular switches that activate or deactivate specific pathways to govern cell fate decisions. Thus, our network facilitates the direct investigation of quadruplicate cell fate decisions in DDR. Therefore, we concluded that concurrently controlling PTEN and p53 dynamics may be a viable strategy for enhancing clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shantanu Gupta
- Instituto de Matemática e Estatística, Departamento de Ciência da Computação, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão 1010, São Paulo 05508-090, SP, Brazil
| | - Pritam Kumar Panda
- Condensed Matter Theory Group, Materials Theory Division, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 516, SE-751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Rajeev Ahuja
- Condensed Matter Theory Group, Materials Theory Division, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 516, SE-751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Rupnagar 140001, Punjab, India
| | - Ronaldo F Hashimoto
- Instituto de Matemática e Estatística, Departamento de Ciência da Computação, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão 1010, São Paulo 05508-090, SP, Brazil
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10
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Hispidulin Enhances Temozolomide (TMZ)-Induced Cytotoxicity against Malignant Glioma Cells In Vitro by Inhibiting Autophagy. COMPUTATIONAL INTELLIGENCE AND NEUROSCIENCE 2022; 2022:5266770. [PMID: 35800695 PMCID: PMC9256375 DOI: 10.1155/2022/5266770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Temozolomide (TMZ), an oral alkylating agent, is the widely used first-line chemotherapeutic reagent for glioma in clinical practice. However, TMZ-induced autophagy is another cellular process favoring glioma cell survival. This study aimed to explore whether hispidulin can facilitate TMZ-induced cell death of glioma. The MTT assay showed that coadministration with hispidulin and TMZ could significantly decrease the viability of glioma U87MG cells. Meanwhile, hispidulin administration was also observed to promote TMZ-induced apoptosis. Furthermore, additional hispidulin treatment further elevated TMZ-induced expression of Bax, cleaved-caspase-9, and cleaved-caspase-3 protein but decreased Bcl-2 protein expression in U87MG cells. We also observed that hispidulin suppressed TMZ-induced autophagy to promote apoptosis, as showed by decreased AVOs and LC3B-I/II protein expression. These results collectively suggested that the combination of hispidulin and TMZ could improve the antitumor efficiency of TMZ against malignant gliomas.
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11
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Zou L, Liao M, Zhen Y, Zhu S, Chen X, Zhang J, Hao Y, Liu B. Autophagy and beyond: Unraveling the complexity of UNC-51-like kinase 1 (ULK1) from biological functions to therapeutic implications. Acta Pharm Sin B 2022; 12:3743-3782. [PMID: 36213540 PMCID: PMC9532564 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2022.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
UNC-51-like kinase 1 (ULK1), as a serine/threonine kinase, is an autophagic initiator in mammals and a homologous protein of autophagy related protein (Atg) 1 in yeast and of UNC-51 in Caenorhabditis elegans. ULK1 is well-known for autophagy activation, which is evolutionarily conserved in protein transport and indispensable to maintain cell homeostasis. As the direct target of energy and nutrition-sensing kinase, ULK1 may contribute to the distribution and utilization of cellular resources in response to metabolism and is closely associated with multiple pathophysiological processes. Moreover, ULK1 has been widely reported to play a crucial role in human diseases, including cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, cardiovascular disease, and infections, and subsequently targeted small-molecule inhibitors or activators are also demonstrated. Interestingly, the non-autophagy function of ULK1 has been emerging, indicating that non-autophagy-relevant ULK1 signaling network is also linked with diseases under some specific contexts. Therefore, in this review, we summarized the structure and functions of ULK1 as an autophagic initiator, with a focus on some new approaches, and further elucidated the key roles of ULK1 in autophagy and non-autophagy. Additionally, we also discussed the relationships between ULK1 and human diseases, as well as illustrated a rapid progress for better understanding of the discovery of more candidate small-molecule drugs targeting ULK1, which will provide a clue on novel ULK1-targeted therapeutics in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Zou
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Minru Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yongqi Zhen
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Shiou Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xiya Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Jin Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Corresponding authors. Tel./fax: +86 28 85503817.
| | - Yue Hao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
- Corresponding authors. Tel./fax: +86 28 85503817.
| | - Bo Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Corresponding authors. Tel./fax: +86 28 85503817.
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12
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Vilar JB, Christmann M, Tomicic MT. Alterations in Molecular Profiles Affecting Glioblastoma Resistance to Radiochemotherapy: Where Does the Good Go? Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14102416. [PMID: 35626024 PMCID: PMC9139489 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14102416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Glioblastoma is a type of brain cancer that remains incurable. Despite multiple past and ongoing preclinical studies and clinical trials, involving adjuvants to the conventional therapy and based on molecular targeting, no relevant benefit for patients’ survival has been achieved so far. The current first-line treatment regimen is based on ionizing radiation and the monoalkylating compound, temozolomide, and has been administered for more than 15 years. Glioblastoma is extremely resistant to most agents due to a mutational background that elicits quick response to insults and adapts to microenvironmental and metabolic changes. Here, we present the most recent evidence concerning the molecular features and their alterations governing pathways involved in GBM response to the standard radio-chemotherapy and discuss how they collaborate with acquired GBM’s resistance. Abstract Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a brain tumor characterized by high heterogeneity, diffuse infiltration, aggressiveness, and formation of recurrences. Patients with this kind of tumor suffer from cognitive, emotional, and behavioral problems, beyond exhibiting dismal survival rates. Current treatment comprises surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy with the methylating agent, temozolomide (TMZ). GBMs harbor intrinsic mutations involving major pathways that elicit the cells to evade cell death, adapt to the genotoxic stress, and regrow. Ionizing radiation and TMZ induce, for the most part, DNA damage repair, autophagy, stemness, and senescence, whereas only a small fraction of GBM cells undergoes treatment-induced apoptosis. Particularly upon TMZ exposure, most of the GBM cells undergo cellular senescence. Increased DNA repair attenuates the agent-induced cytotoxicity; autophagy functions as a pro-survival mechanism, protecting the cells from damage and facilitating the cells to have energy to grow. Stemness grants the cells capacity to repopulate the tumor, and senescence triggers an inflammatory microenvironment favorable to transformation. Here, we highlight this mutational background and its interference with the response to the standard radiochemotherapy. We discuss the most relevant and recent evidence obtained from the studies revealing the molecular mechanisms that lead these cells to be resistant and indicate some future perspectives on combating this incurable tumor.
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Petrosyan E, Fares J, Cordero A, Rashidi A, Arrieta VA, Kanojia D, Lesniak MS. Repurposing Autophagy Regulators in Brain Tumors. Int J Cancer 2022; 151:167-180. [PMID: 35179776 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.33965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Malignant brain tumors, such as glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) and brain metastases, continue to be an unmet medical challenge. Despite advances in cancer diagnostics and therapeutics, tumor cell colonization in the central nervous system (CNS) renders most treatment options ineffective. This is primarily due to the selective permeability of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), which hinders the crossing of targeting agents into the brain. As such, repositioning medications that demonstrate anti-cancer effects and possess the ability to cross the BBB can be a promising option. Antidepressants, which are BBB-permeable, have been reported to exhibit cytotoxicity against tumor cells. Autophagy, specifically, has been identified as one of the common key mediators of antidepressant's antitumor effects. In this work, we provide a comprehensive overview of US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved antidepressants with reported cytotoxic activities in different tumor models, where autophagy dysregulation was demonstrated to play the main part. As such, imipramine, maprotiline, fluoxetine and escitalopram were shown to induce autophagy, whereas nortriptyline, clomipramine and paroxetine were identified as autophagy inhibitors. Sertraline and desipramine, depending on the neoplastic context, were demonstrated to either induce or inhibit autophagy. Collectively, these medications were associated with favorable therapeutic outcomes in a variety of cancer cell models, including brain tumors. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edgar Petrosyan
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States.,Northwestern Medicine Malnati Brain Tumor Institute, Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Jawad Fares
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States.,Northwestern Medicine Malnati Brain Tumor Institute, Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Alex Cordero
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States.,Northwestern Medicine Malnati Brain Tumor Institute, Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Aida Rashidi
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States.,Northwestern Medicine Malnati Brain Tumor Institute, Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Víctor A Arrieta
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States.,Northwestern Medicine Malnati Brain Tumor Institute, Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Deepak Kanojia
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States.,Northwestern Medicine Malnati Brain Tumor Institute, Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Maciej S Lesniak
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States.,Northwestern Medicine Malnati Brain Tumor Institute, Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
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14
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Lee MG, Choi Z, Lim NJ, Lim JS, Lee KW, Ko KP, Ryu BK, Kang SH, Chi SG. XAF1 directs glioma response to temozolomide through apoptotic transition of autophagy by activation of ROS-ATM-AMPK signaling. Neurooncol Adv 2022; 4:vdac013. [PMID: 35274103 PMCID: PMC8903238 DOI: 10.1093/noajnl/vdac013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis-associated factor 1 (XAF1) is a tumor suppressor that is commonly inactivated in multiple human cancers. However, its role in the pathogenesis and therapeutic response of glioma is poorly characterized.
Methods
XAF1 activation by temozolomide (TMZ) and its effect on TMZ cytotoxicity were defined using luciferase reporter, flow cytometry, and immunofluorescence assays. Signaling mechanism was analyzed using genetic and pharmacologic experiments. In vivo studies were performed in mice to validate the role of XAF1 in TMZ therapy.
Results
Epigenetic alteration of XAF1 is frequent in cell lines and primary tumors and contributes to cancer cell growth. XAF1 transcription is activated by TMZ via JNK-IRF-1 signaling to promote apoptosis while it is impaired by promoter hypermethylation. In tumor cells expressing high O 6methylguanineDNA methyltransferase (MGMT), XAF1 response to TMZ is debilitated. XAF1 facilitates TMZ-mediated autophagic flux to direct an apoptotic transition of protective autophagy. Mechanistically, XAF1 is translocated into the mitochondria to stimulate reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM)-AMPactivated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling. A mutant XAF1 lacking the zinc finger 6 domain fails to localize in the mitochondria and activate ROS-ATMAMPK signaling and autophagy-mediated apoptosis. XAF1restored xenograft tumors display a reduced growth rate and enhanced therapeutic response to TMZ, which is accompanied with activation of ATMAMPK signaling. XAF1 expression is associated with overall survival of TMZ treatment patients, particularly with low MGMT cancer.
Conclusions
This study uncovers an important role for the XAF1ATMAMPK axis as a linchpin to govern glioma response to TMZ therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Goo Lee
- Department of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Zisun Choi
- Department of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Na Jung Lim
- Department of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Sun Lim
- Department of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Woo Lee
- Department of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Phil Ko
- Department of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung Kyu Ryu
- Department of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Shin Hyuk Kang
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Gil Chi
- Department of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
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15
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Zou J, Xu MX, Li F, Wang YH, Li XQ, Yu DJ, Ma YJ, Zhang YY, Sun XD. Icaritin alleviates docetaxel-induced skin injury by suppressing reactive oxygen species via estrogen receptors. Thorac Cancer 2021; 13:190-201. [PMID: 34825483 PMCID: PMC8758434 DOI: 10.1111/1759-7714.14245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 11/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Docetaxel (DTX) exhibits antitumor effects against breast cancer by stabilizing microtubules and increasing the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). DTX extravasation during infusion often causes skin injury. The present study aimed to investigate the effects and mechanisms of icaritin (ICT) on DTX‐induced skin injury. Methods The effects of ICT on the viability and apoptosis of HaCaT cells were measured by SRB assay and flow cytometry, respectively. Endogenous LC3 puncta and microtubules were determined by immunofluorescence. The number of mitochondria was measured by MitoTracker orange staining. ROS were determined by dihydroethidium staining. The expression of markers of ROS and autophagy were measured by western blotting. Chloroquine, compound D, and tamoxifen were employed as the inhibitor for autophagy and AMPK, estrogen receptors (ERs) modulator, respectively. Results DTX inhibited the viability and decreased apoptosis of HaCaT cells, which can be rescued by ICT. ICT decreased microtubule bundles, increased the number of mitochondria, and attenuated ROS of HaCaT cells induced by DTX. ICT blocks autophagy and the autophagic flux. Compound C or tamoxifen diminished the protection effects of ICT on DTX‐treated HaCaT cells. Conclusion ICT alleviates DTX‐induced skin injury by suppressing ROS, reducing microtubule bundles, and blocking autophagy via ERs. Our study indicated that ICT may be a potential candidate for DTX‐induced skin injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zou
- West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Meng-Xia Xu
- West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Fang Li
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Sichuan Cancer Hospital and Institute, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Yu-Hao Wang
- West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiao-Qian Li
- West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Dao-Jiang Yu
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, China National Nuclear Corporation 416 Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Yi-Jia Ma
- West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Zhang
- West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiao-Dong Sun
- West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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16
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Tomar MS, Kumar A, Srivastava C, Shrivastava A. Elucidating the mechanisms of Temozolomide resistance in gliomas and the strategies to overcome the resistance. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2021; 1876:188616. [PMID: 34419533 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2021.188616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Revised: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Temozolomide (TMZ) is a first-choice alkylating agent inducted as a gold standard therapy for glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) and astrocytoma. A majority of patients do not respond to TMZ during the course of their treatment. Activation of DNA repair pathways is the principal mechanism for this phenomenon that detaches TMZ-induced O-6-methylguanine adducts and restores genomic integrity. Current understanding in the domain of oncology adds several other novel mechanisms of resistance such as the involvement of miRNAs, drug efflux transporters, gap junction's activity, the advent of glioma stem cells as well as upregulation of cell survival autophagy. This review describes a multifaceted account of different mechanisms responsible for the intrinsic and acquired TMZ-resistance. Here, we summarize different strategies that intensify the TMZ effect such as MGMT inhibition, development of novel imidazotetrazine analog, and combination therapy; with an aim to incorporate a successful treatment and increased overall survival in GBM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manendra Singh Tomar
- Center for Advance Research, Faculty of Medicine, King George's Medical University, Lucknow 226003, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ashok Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS) Bhopal, Saket Nagar, Bhopal 462020, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Chhitij Srivastava
- Department of Neurosurgery, King George's Medical University, Lucknow 226003, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ashutosh Shrivastava
- Center for Advance Research, Faculty of Medicine, King George's Medical University, Lucknow 226003, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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17
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Asemi Z, Behnam M, Pourattar MA, Mirzaei H, Razavi ZS, Tamtaji OR. Therapeutic Potential of Berberine in the Treatment of Glioma: Insights into Its Regulatory Mechanisms. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2021; 41:1195-1201. [PMID: 32557203 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-020-00903-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Glioma is known as one of the most common primary intracranial tumors accounting for four-fifths of malignant brain tumors. There are several biological pathways that play a synergistic, pathophysiological role in glioma, including apoptosis, autophagy, oxidative stress, and cell cycle arrest. According to previous rese arches, the drugs used in the treatment of glioma have been associated with significant limitations. Therefore, improved and/or new therapeutic platforms are required. In this regard, multiple flavonoids and alkaloids have been extensively studied in the treatment of glioma. Berberine is a protoberberine alkaloid with wide range of pharmacological activities, applicable to various pathological conditions. Few studies have reported beneficial roles of berberine in glioma. Berberine exerts its pharmacological functions in glioma by controlling different molecular and cellular pathways. We reviewed the existing knowledge supporting the use of berberine in the treatment of glioma and its effects on molecular and cellular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zatollah Asemi
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | | | - Mohammad Ali Pourattar
- Department of Radiobiology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Hamed Mirzaei
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Zahra Sadat Razavi
- Student Research Committee, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Omid Reza Tamtaji
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Islamic Republic of Iran.
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18
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Zheng Y, Liu L, Wang Y, Xiao S, Mai R, Zhu Z, Cao Y. Glioblastoma stem cell (GSC)-derived PD-L1-containing exosomes activates AMPK/ULK1 pathway mediated autophagy to increase temozolomide-resistance in glioblastoma. Cell Biosci 2021; 11:63. [PMID: 33789726 PMCID: PMC8011168 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-021-00575-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Temozolomide (TMZ)-resistance hampers the therapeutic efficacy of this drug for glioblastoma (GBM) treatment in clinic, and emerging evidences suggested that exosomes from GBM-derived stem cells (GSCs) contributed to this process, but the detailed mechanisms are still largely unknown. In the present study, we reported that GSCs derived programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) containing exosomes activated AMPK/ULK1 pathway mediated protective autophagy enhanced TMZ-resistance in GBM in vitro and in vivo. Specifically, we noticed that continuous low-dose TMZ stimulation promoted GSCs generation and PD-L1 containing exosomes (PD-L1-ex) secretion in GBM cells, and that PD-L1-ex inhibited cell apoptosis and promoted cell autophagy to increased TMZ-resistance in GBM cells, which were reversed by co-treating cells with the autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine (3-MA). Consistently, upregulation of PD-L1 also increased TMZ-resistance in TS-GBM cells, and silencing of PD-L1 sensitized TR-GBM cells to TMZ. In addition, PD-L1-ex activated AMPK/ULK1 pathway to induce autophagy in TMZ treated GBM cells, and the inhibitors for AMPK (compound C) and ULK1 (SBI-0206965) promoted cell apoptosis in GBM cells co-treated with PD-L1-ex and high-dose TMZ. Finally, we evidenced that PD-L1-ex promoted tumor growth and Ki67 protein expressions to increase TMZ-resistance in GBM in vivo. Collectively, we concluded that GSCs-derived PD-L1-ex activated AMPK1/ULK1 signaling cascade mediated autophagy to increase TMZ-resistance in GBM, and this study provided potential strategies to improve the therapeutic efficacy of TMZ in GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Zheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University (People's Hospital of Shenzhen Baoan District), Longjing Second Road No. 118, Shenzhen, 518101, Guang Dong, China.
| | - Liang Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University (People's Hospital of Shenzhen Baoan District), Longjing Second Road No. 118, Shenzhen, 518101, Guang Dong, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of General Practice Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University (People's Hospital of Shenzhen Baoan District), Longjing Second Road No. 118, Shenzhen, 518101, Guang Dong, China
| | - Shan Xiao
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University (People's Hospital of Shenzhen Baoan District), Longjing Second Road No. 118, Shenzhen, 518101, Guang Dong, China
| | - Rongkang Mai
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University (People's Hospital of Shenzhen Baoan District), Longjing Second Road No. 118, Shenzhen, 518101, Guang Dong, China
| | - Zifeng Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University (People's Hospital of Shenzhen Baoan District), Longjing Second Road No. 118, Shenzhen, 518101, Guang Dong, China
| | - Yiyao Cao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University (People's Hospital of Shenzhen Baoan District), Longjing Second Road No. 118, Shenzhen, 518101, Guang Dong, China
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19
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Alvarez-Meythaler JG, Garcia-Mayea Y, Mir C, Kondoh H, LLeonart ME. Autophagy Takes Center Stage as a Possible Cancer Hallmark. Front Oncol 2020; 10:586069. [PMID: 33194736 PMCID: PMC7643020 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.586069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer remains one of the leading causes of death worldwide, despite significant advances in cancer research and improvements in anticancer therapies. One of the major obstacles to curing cancer is the difficulty of achieving the complete annihilation of resistant cancer cells. The resistance of cancer cells may not only be due to intrinsic factors or factors acquired during the evolution of the tumor but may also be caused by chemotherapeutic treatment failure. Conversely, autophagy is a conserved cellular process in which intracellular components, such as damaged organelles, aggregated or misfolded proteins and macromolecules, are degraded or recycled to maintain cellular homeostasis. Importantly, autophagy is an essential mechanism that plays a key role in tumor initiation and progression. Depending on the cellular context and microenvironmental conditions, autophagy acts as a double-edged sword, playing a role in inducing apoptosis or promoting cell survival. In this review, we propose several scenarios in which autophagy could contribute to cell survival or cell death. Moreover, a special focus on novel promising targets and therapeutic strategies based on autophagic resistant cells is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose G. Alvarez-Meythaler
- Biomedical Research in Cancer Stem Cells Laboratory, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Yoelsis Garcia-Mayea
- Biomedical Research in Cancer Stem Cells Laboratory, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Mir
- Biomedical Research in Cancer Stem Cells Laboratory, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Hiroshi Kondoh
- Geriatric Unit, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Matilde E. LLeonart
- Biomedical Research in Cancer Stem Cells Laboratory, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Barcelona, Spain
- Spanish Biomedical Research Network Center in Oncology, CIBERONC, Barcelona, Spain
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20
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Gupta S, Silveira DA, Mombach JCM. Towards DNA-damage induced autophagy: A Boolean model of p53-induced cell fate mechanisms. DNA Repair (Amst) 2020; 96:102971. [PMID: 32987354 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2020.102971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
How a cell determines a given phenotype upon damaged DNA is an open problem. Cell fate decisions happen at cell cycle checkpoints and it is becoming clearer that the p53 pathway is a major regulator of cell fate decisions involving apoptosis or senescence upon DNA damage, especially at G1/S. However, recent results suggest that this pathway is also involved in autophagy induction upon DNA damage. To our knowledge, in this work we propose the first model of the DNA damage-induced G1/S checkpoint contemplating the decision between three phenotypes: apoptosis, senescence, and autophagy. The Boolean model is proposed based on experiments with U87 glioblastoma cells using the transfection of miR-16 that can induce a DNA damage response. The wild-type case of the model shows that DNA damage induces the checkpoint and the coexistence of the three phenotypes (tristable dynamics), each with a different probability. We also predict that the positive feedback involving ATM, miR-16, and Wip1 has an influence on the tristable state. The model predictions were compared to experiments of gain and loss of function in other three different cell lines (MCF-7, A549, and U2OS) presenting agreement. For p53-deficient cell lines such as HeLa, H1299, and PC-3, our model contemplates the experimental observation that the alternative AMPK pathway can compensate this deficiency. We conclude that at the G1/S checkpoint the p53 pathway (or, in its absence, the AMPK pathway) can regulate the induction of different phenotypes in a stochastic manner in the U87 cell line and others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shantanu Gupta
- Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
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21
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Cheng A, Tse KH, Chow HM, Gan Y, Song X, Ma F, Qian YXY, She W, Herrup K. ATM loss disrupts the autophagy-lysosomal pathway. Autophagy 2020; 17:1998-2010. [PMID: 32757690 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2020.1805860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
ATM (ataxia telangiectasia mutated) protein is found associated with multiple organelles including synaptic vesicles, endosomes and lysosomes, often in cooperation with ATR (ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3 related). Mutation of the ATM gene results in ataxia-telangiectasia (A-T), an autosomal recessive disorder with defects in multiple organs including the nervous system. Precisely how ATM deficiency leads to the complex phenotypes of A-T, however, remains elusive. Here, we reported that part of the connection may lie in autophagy and lysosomal abnormalities. We found that ATM was degraded through the autophagy pathway, while ATR was processed by the proteasome. Autophagy and lysosomal trafficking were both abnormal in atm-/- neurons and the deficits impacted cellular functions such as synapse maintenance, neuronal survival and glucose uptake. Upregulated autophagic flux was observed in atm-/- lysosomes, associated with a more acidic pH. Significantly, we found that the ATP6V1A (ATPase, H+ transporting, lysosomal V1 subunit A) proton pump was an ATM kinase target. In atm-/- neurons, lysosomes showed enhanced retrograde transport and accumulated in the perinuclear regions. We attributed this change to an unexpected physical interaction between ATM and the retrograde transport motor protein, dynein. As a consequence, SLC2A4/GLUT4 (solute carrier family 4 [facilitated glucose transporter], member 4) translocation to the plasma membrane was inhibited and trafficking to the lysosomes was increased, leading to impaired glucose uptake capacity. Together, these data underscored the involvement of ATM in a variety of neuronal vesicular trafficking processes, offering new and therapeutically useful insights into the pathogenesis of A-T.Abbreviations: 3-MA: 3-methyladenine; A-T: ataxia-telangiectasia; ALG2: asparagine-linked glycosylation 2 (alpha-1,3-mannosyltransferase); AMPK: adenosine 5'-monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase; ATG5: autophagy related 5; ATM: ataxia telangiectasia mutated; ATP6V1A: ATPase, H+ transporting, lysosomal V1 subunit A; ATR: ataxia-telangiectasia and Rad3 related; BFA1: bafilomycin A1; CC3: cleaved-CASP3; CGN: cerebellar granule neuron; CLQ: chloroquine; CN: neocortical neuron; CTSB: cathepsin B; CTSD: cathepsin D; DYNLL1: the light chain1 of dynein; EIF4EBP1/4E-BP1: eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E binding protein 1; Etop: etoposide; FBS: fetal bovine serum; GAPDH: glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; HBS: HEPES-buffered saline; HEPES: 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid; HOMER1: homer protein homolog 1; KU: KU-60019; LAMP1: lysosomal-associated membrane protein 1; LC3B-II: LC3-phosphatidylethanolamine conjugate; Lyso: lysosome; LysopH-GFP: lysopHluorin-GFP; MAP1LC3B/LC3B: microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 beta; MAP2: microtubule associated protein 2; MAPK14: mitogen-activated protein kinase 14; MAPK8/JNK1: mitogen-activated protein kinase 8; MCOLN1/TRPML1: mucolipin 1; OSBPL1A: oxysterol binding protein like 1A; PIKK: phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase related kinase; Rapa: rapamycin; RILP: rab interacting lysosomal protein; ROS: reactive oxygen species; SEM: standard error of mean; SLC2A4/GLUT4: solute carrier family 2 (facilitated glucose transporter), member 4; TSC2/tuberin: TSC complex subunit 2; ULK1: unc-51 like kinase 1; UPS: ubiquitin-proteasome system; VE: VE-822; WCL: whole-cell lysate; WT: wild type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aifang Cheng
- Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong.,Department of Ocean Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong
| | - Kai-Hei Tse
- Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong.,Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
| | - Hei-Man Chow
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Yunqiao Gan
- Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong
| | - Xuan Song
- Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong
| | - Fulin Ma
- Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong
| | | | - Weiyi She
- Department of Ocean Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong
| | - Karl Herrup
- Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong.,Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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22
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Combination Therapy with Nanomicellar-Curcumin and Temozolomide for In Vitro Therapy of Glioblastoma Multiforme via Wnt Signaling Pathways. J Mol Neurosci 2020; 70:1471-1483. [PMID: 32666415 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-020-01639-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most serious brain tumor and shows a high rate of drug resistance. Wnt signaling is a very important pathway in GBM that can activate/inhibit other pathways, such as apoptosis and autophagy. In this study, we evaluated the efficacy of a combination of temozolomide (TMZ) plus curcumin or nanomicellar-curcumin on the inhibition of GBM growth in vitro, via effects on autophagy, apoptosis, and the Wnt signaling pathway. Two concentrations of curcumin and nanomicellar-curcumin (i.e., 20 μM and 50 μM) alone, and in combination with TMZ (50 μM) were used to induce cytotoxicity in the U87 GBM cell line. Wnt signaling-, autophagy-, and apoptosis-related genes were assessed by quantitative reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and Western blots. All treatments (except 20 μM curcumin alone) significantly decreased the viability of U87 cells compared to controls. Curcumin (50 μM), nanomicellar-curcumin alone and in combination with TMZ significantly decreased the invasion and migration of U87 cells. Autophagy-related proteins (Beclin 1, LC3-I, LC3-II) were significantly increased. Apoptosis-related proteins (Bcl-2 and caspase 8) were also significantly increased, while Bax protein was significantly decreased. The expression levels of Wnt pathway-associated genes (β-catenin, cyclin D1, Twist, and ZEB1) were significantly reduced.
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23
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LKB1/AMPK Pathway and Drug Response in Cancer: A Therapeutic Perspective. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:8730816. [PMID: 31781355 PMCID: PMC6874879 DOI: 10.1155/2019/8730816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Inactivating mutations of the tumor suppressor gene Liver Kinase B1 (LKB1) are frequently detected in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and cervical carcinoma. Moreover, LKB1 expression is epigenetically regulated in several tumor types. LKB1 has an established function in the control of cell metabolism and oxidative stress. Clinical and preclinical studies support a role of LKB1 as a central modifier of cellular response to different stress-inducing drugs, suggesting LKB1 pathway as a highly promising therapeutic target. Loss of LKB1-AMPK signaling confers sensitivity to energy depletion and to redox homeostasis impairment and has been associated with an improved outcome in advanced NSCLC patients treated with chemotherapy. In this review, we provide an overview of the interplay between LKB1 and its downstream targets in cancer and focus on potential therapeutic strategies whose outcome could depend from LKB1.
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Ni Q, Fan Y, Zhang X, Fan H, Li Y. In vitro and in vivo Study on Glioma Treatment Enhancement by Combining Temozolomide with Calycosin and Formononetin. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 242:111699. [PMID: 31005632 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2019.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Revised: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Astragalina alpestris is a traditional Chinese herbal medicine with anti-inflammatory, anti-immune, anti-tumor and other pharmacological effects. Calycosin and formononetin (FMN) are two natural compounds isolated from astragalus. It has been shown that calycosin and FMN are active anti-tumor ingredient. AIM OF THE STUDY The aim of this current work was to study the therapeutic enhancement of temozolomide (TMZ) on gliomavia combining with calycosin and FMN. MATERIALS AND METHODS The effect of co-administration via hematoxylin-eosin staining (HE staining) was determined by measuring cell proliferation toxicity with the 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2-H-tetrazolium bromide, Thiazolyl Blue Tetrazolium Bromide (MTT) assay and sequentially observing the cell morphology. To synchronously explore the effect of migration on C6, transwell assay and wound healing assay were performed. Apoptosis was measured by Annexin V/propidium iodide (PI) staining. Meanwhile, western blot was used to investigate proteins involved in the mechanisms for migration and apoptosis. Furthermore, HE staining and immunohistochemistry were also analyzed for curative effect in vivo. RESULTS The efficacy of TMZ on glioma could be enhanced by combining with calycosin and FMN through inhibiting the proliferation and migration of glioma cells and promoting their apoptosis. Western blot assays indicated that expression of apoptotic proteins (Bcl-2 Associated XProtein (Bax), Cleaved Caspase-3, Cleaved Caspase-9) were up-regulated. Anti-apoptotic protein (B-cell lymphoma-2,Bcl-2) was down-regulated. The migratory proteins (Matrix metallopeptidase 2, 9, MMP-2, MMP-9) was downregulated. In vivo study, this kind of co-administration (calycosin, FMN, and TMZ) exhibited the marked therapeutic effect on glioma. CONCLUSIONS This study has identified that calycosin and FMN can increase the treatment effect of TMZ in vitro and in vivo. These attractive features substantially broadened the application range of TMZ as a glioma treatment medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Ni
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology Lab, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210006, China
| | - Yani Fan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology Lab, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210006, China
| | - Xiong Zhang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology Lab, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210006, China
| | - Hongwei Fan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology Lab, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210006, China.
| | - Yingbin Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210011, China.
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25
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Taher MM, Hassan AA, Saeed M, Jastania RA, Nageeti TH, Alkhalidi H, Dairi G, Abduljaleel Z, Athar M, Bouazzaoui A, El-Bjeirami WM, Al-Allaf FA. Next generation DNA sequencing of atypical choroid plexus papilloma of brain: Identification of novel mutations in a female patient by Ion Proton. Oncol Lett 2019; 18:5063-5076. [PMID: 31612017 PMCID: PMC6781611 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2019.10882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Choroid plexus papilloma (CPP) is a rare benign tumor of the central nervous system that is usually confined to the cerebral ventricles. According to the World Health Organization, CPP corresponds to a grade I atypical CPP (a-CPP); however, it can become more aggressive and reach grade II, which can rarely undergo malignant transformation into a choroid plexus carcinoma (grade III). To the best of our knowledge, identification of these tumors mutations by next generation DNA sequencing (NGS) has not been yet reported. In the present study, NGS analysis of an a-CPP case was performed. Data were analyzed using Advaita Bioinformatics i-VariantGuide and Ion Reporter 5.6 programs. The results from NGS identified 12 novel missense mutations in the following genes: NOTCH1, ATM, STK36, MAGI1, DST, RECQL4, NUMA1, THBS1, MYH11, MALT1, SMARCA4 and CDH20. The PolyPhen score of six variants viz., DST, RECQL4, NUMA1, THBS1, MYHI1 and SMARCA4 were high, which suggested these variants represents pathogenic variants. Two novel insertions that caused frameshift were also found. Furthermore, two novel nonsense mutations and 14 novel intronic variants were identified in this tumor. The novel missense mutation detected in ATM gene was situated in c.5808A>T; p. (Leu1936Phe) in exon 39, and a known ATM mutation was in c.5948A>G; p. (Asn1983Ser). These novel mutations had not been reported in previous database. Subsequently, the quality statistics of these variants, including allele coverage, allele ratio, P-value, Phred quality score, sequencing coverage, PolyPhen score and alleles frequency was performed. For all variants, P-value was highly significant and the Phred quality score was high. In addition, the results from sequencing coverage demonstrated that 97.02% reads were on target and that 97.88% amplicons had at least 500 reads. These findings may serve at determining new strategies to distinguish the types of choroid plexus tumor, and at developing novel targeted therapies. Development of NGS technologies in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia may be used in molecular pathology laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohiuddin M Taher
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Umm-Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia.,Science and Technology Unit, Umm-Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amal Ali Hassan
- Histopathology Division, Al-Noor Specialty Hospital, Makkah 24242, Saudi Arabia.,Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Al Azhar University, Cairo 11651, Egypt
| | - Muhammad Saeed
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Umm-Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Raid A Jastania
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Umm-Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tahani H Nageeti
- Department of Radiation Oncology, King Abdullah Medical City, Makkah 24246, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hisham Alkhalidi
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh 11461, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ghida Dairi
- Medicine and Medical Sciences Research Center, Deanship of Scientific Research, Umm-Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zainularifeen Abduljaleel
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Umm-Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia.,Science and Technology Unit, Umm-Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Athar
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Umm-Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia.,Science and Technology Unit, Umm-Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdellatif Bouazzaoui
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Umm-Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia.,Science and Technology Unit, Umm-Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wafa M El-Bjeirami
- Laboratory Medicine and Molecular Diagnostics Unit, King Abdullah Medical City, Makkah 24246, Saudi Arabia
| | - Faisal A Al-Allaf
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Umm-Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia.,Science and Technology Unit, Umm-Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia
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26
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Crocin induces anti-ischemia in middle cerebral artery occlusion rats and inhibits autophagy by regulating the mammalian target of rapamycin. Eur J Pharmacol 2019; 857:172424. [PMID: 31150648 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2019.172424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Crocin, an active compound found in Gardenia jasminoides Ellis, has been shown to possess neuron-protective properties, but its potential mechanisms of action still remain poorly understood. In this study, the anti-ischemic effect and underlying mechanism of action of crocin were investigated in male rats with right middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion. Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging were used to evaluate the area of infarction 24 h after reperfusion. Neurological scores were employed to evaluate nerve injury. Direct 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining was used to calculate the infarct ratio 120 h after reperfusion. Finally, HT22 cells and Western blot were used to study the underlying mechanisms. Crocin showed a decreased infarct volume and neurological score in vivo, while the expression of LC3-II/I and AMP-activated protein kinase was remarkably down-regulated with increased levels of p62 and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) expression. However, rapamycin significantly inhibited mTOR, which can impact the anti-ischemic effect of crocin in vitro. These results suggest that crocin may elicit an anti-ischemic effect probably through the mTOR pathway.
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27
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Multiple molecular pathways stimulating macroautophagy protect from alpha-synuclein-induced toxicity in human neurons. Neuropharmacology 2019; 149:13-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2019.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Revised: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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28
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Abstract
Resistance to therapy is one of the prime causes for treatment failure in cancer and recurrent disease. In recent years, autophagy has emerged as an important cell survival mechanism in response to different stress conditions that are associated with cancer treatment and aging. Autophagy is an evolutionary conserved catabolic process through which damaged cellular contents are degraded after uptake into autophagosomes that subsequently fuse with lysosomes for cargo degradation, thereby alleviating stress. In addition, autophagy serves to maintain cellular homeostasis by enriching nutrient pools. Although autophagy can act as a double-edged sword at the interface of cell survival and cell death, increasing evidence suggest that in the context of cancer therapy-induced stress responses, it predominantly functions as a cell survival mechanism. Here, we provide an up-to-date overview on our current knowledge of the role of pro-survival autophagy in cancer therapy at the preclinical and clinical stages and delineate the molecular mechanisms of autophagy regulation in response to therapy-related stress conditions. A better understanding of the interplay of cancer therapy and autophagy may allow to unveil new targets and avenues for an improved treatment of therapy-resistant tumors in the foreseeable future.
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29
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Eskelinen EL. Autophagy: Supporting cellular and organismal homeostasis by self-eating. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2019; 111:1-10. [PMID: 30940605 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2019.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is a conserved catabolic process that delivers cytoplasmic components and organelles to lysosomes for degradation and recycling. This pathway serves to degrade nonfunctional organelles and aggregate-prone proteins, as well as to produce substrates for energy production and biosynthesis. Autophagy is especially important for the maintenance of stem cells, and for the survival and homeostasis of post-mitotic cells like neurons. Functional autophagy promotes longevity in several model organisms. Autophagy regulates immunity and inflammation at several levels and has both anti- and pro-tumorigenic roles in cancer. This review provides a concise overview of autophagy and its importance in cellular and organismal homeostasis, with emphasis on aging, stem cells, neuronal cells, immunity, inflammation, and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eeva-Liisa Eskelinen
- University of Turku, Institute of Biomedicine, Turku, Finland; University of Helsinki, Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Programme, Helsinki, Finland.
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30
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He Y, Su J, Lan B, Gao Y, Zhao J. Targeting off-target effects: endoplasmic reticulum stress and autophagy as effective strategies to enhance temozolomide treatment. Onco Targets Ther 2019; 12:1857-1865. [PMID: 30881038 PMCID: PMC6413742 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s194770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common and aggressive adult primary central nervous system tumor. Unfortunately, GBM is resistant to the classic chemotherapy drug, temozolomide (TMZ). As well as its classic DNA-targeting effects, the off-target effects of TMZ can have pro-survival or pro-death roles and regulate GBM chemoradiation sensitivity. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is one of the most common off-target effects. ER stress and its downstream induction of autophagy, apoptosis, and other events have important roles in regulating TMZ sensitivity. Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved cellular homeostasis mechanism that is closely associated with ER stress-induced apoptosis. Under ER stress, autophagy cannot only remove misfolded/unfolded proteins and damaged organelles and degrade and inhibit apoptosis-related caspase activation to reduce cell damage, but may also promote apoptosis dependent on ER stress intensity. Although some protein interactions between autophagy and apoptosis and common upstream signaling pathways have been found, the underlying regulatory mechanisms are still not fully understood. This review summarizes the possible mechanisms underlying the current known off-target roles of ER stress and downstream autophagy in the regulation of cell fate and evaluates their role in TMZ treatment and their potential as therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yichun He
- Department of Neurosurgery, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China,
| | - Jing Su
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Beiwu Lan
- Department of Neurosurgery, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China,
| | - Yufei Gao
- Department of Neurosurgery, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China,
| | - Jingxia Zhao
- Experimental Teaching Center, School of Nursing, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China,
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31
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Visa A, Sallán MC, Maiques O, Alza L, Talavera E, López-Ortega R, Santacana M, Herreros J, Cantí C. T-Type Ca v3.1 Channels Mediate Progression and Chemotherapeutic Resistance in Glioblastoma. Cancer Res 2019; 79:1857-1868. [PMID: 30755443 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-18-1924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
T-type Ca2+ channels (TTCC) have been identified as key regulators of cancer cell cycle and survival. In vivo studies in glioblastoma (GBM) murine xenografts have shown that drugs able to block TTCC in vitro (such as tetralol derivatives mibefradil/NNC-55-096, or different 3,4-dihydroquinazolines) slow tumor progression. However, currently available TTCC pharmacologic blockers have limited selectivity for TTCC and are unable to distinguish between TTCC isoforms. Here we analyzed the expression of TTCC transcripts in human GBM cells and show a prevalence of Cacna1g/Cav3.1 mRNAs. Infection of GBM cells with lentiviral particles carrying short hairpin RNA against Cav3.1 resulted in GBM cell death by apoptosis. We generated a murine GBM xenograft via subcutaneous injection of U87-MG GBM cells and found that tumor size was reduced when Cav3.1 expression was silenced. Furthermore, we developed an in vitro model of temozolomide-resistant GBM that showed increased expression of Cav3.1 accompanied by the activation of macroautophagy. We confirmed a positive correlation between Cav3.1 and autophagic markers in both GBM cultures and biopsies. Of note, Cav3.1 knockdown resulted in transcriptional downregulation of p62/SQSTM1 and deficient autophagy. Together, these data identify Cav3.1 channels as potential targets for slowing GBM progression and recurrence based on their role in regulating autophagy. SIGNIFICANCE: These findings identify Cav3.1 calcium channels as a molecular target to regulate autophagy and prevent progression and chemotherapeutic resistance in glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Visa
- Calcium Signalling Lab, IRBLleida, University of Lleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - Marta C Sallán
- Calcium Signalling Lab, IRBLleida, University of Lleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - Oscar Maiques
- Centre for Cancer and Inflammation, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lía Alza
- Calcium Signalling Lab, IRBLleida, University of Lleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - Elisabet Talavera
- Cytogenetic Unit, Clinic Lab, Hospital Universitari Arnau de Vilanova, ICS, Lleida, Spain
| | - Ricard López-Ortega
- Cytogenetic Unit, Clinic Lab, Hospital Universitari Arnau de Vilanova, ICS, Lleida, Spain
| | | | - Judit Herreros
- Calcium Signalling Lab, IRBLleida, University of Lleida, Lleida, Spain.
| | - Carles Cantí
- Calcium Signalling Lab, IRBLleida, University of Lleida, Lleida, Spain.
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32
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Taylor MA, Das BC, Ray SK. Targeting autophagy for combating chemoresistance and radioresistance in glioblastoma. Apoptosis 2018; 23:563-575. [PMID: 30171377 PMCID: PMC6193815 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-018-1480-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved catabolic process that plays an essential role in maintaining cellular homeostasis by degrading unneeded cell components. When exposed to hostile environments, such as hypoxia or nutrient starvation, cells hyperactivate autophagy in an effort to maintain their longevity. In densely packed solid tumors, such as glioblastoma, autophagy has been found to run rampant due to a lack of oxygen and nutrients. In recent years, targeting autophagy as a way to strengthen current glioblastoma treatment has shown promising results. However, that protective autophagy inhibition or autophagy overactivation is more beneficial, is still being debated. Protective autophagy inhibition would lower a cell's previously activated defense mechanism, thereby increasing its sensitivity to treatment. Autophagy overactivation would cause cell death through lysosomal overactivation, thus introducing another cell death pathway in addition to apoptosis. Both methods have been proven effective in the treatment of solid tumors. This systematic review article highlights scenarios where both autophagy inhibition and activation have proven effective in combating chemoresistance and radioresistance in glioblastoma, and how autophagy may be best utilized for glioblastoma therapy in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A Taylor
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Building 2, Room C11, 6439 Garners Ferry Road, Columbia, SC, 29209, USA
| | - Bhaskar C Das
- Departments of Medicine and Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Swapan K Ray
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Building 2, Room C11, 6439 Garners Ferry Road, Columbia, SC, 29209, USA.
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33
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JIAPAER S, FURUTA T, TANAKA S, KITABAYASHI T, NAKADA M. Potential Strategies Overcoming the Temozolomide Resistance for Glioblastoma. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo) 2018; 58:405-421. [PMID: 30249919 PMCID: PMC6186761 DOI: 10.2176/nmc.ra.2018-0141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is a highly malignant type of primary brain tumor with a high mortality rate. Although the current standard therapy consists of surgery followed by radiation and temozolomide (TMZ), chemotherapy can extend patient's post-operative survival but most cases eventually demonstrate resistance to TMZ. O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) repairs the main cytotoxic lesion, as O6-methylguanine, generated by TMZ, can be the main mechanism of the drug resistance. In addition, mismatch repair and BER also contribute to TMZ resistance. TMZ treatment can induce self-protective autophagy, a mechanism by which tumor cells resist TMZ treatment. Emerging evidence also demonstrated that a small population of cells expressing stem cell markers, also identified as GBM stem cells (GSCs), contributes to drug resistance and tumor recurrence owing to their ability for self-renewal and invasion into neighboring tissue. Some molecules maintain stem cell properties. Other molecules or signaling pathways regulate stemness and influence MGMT activity, making these GCSs attractive therapeutic targets. Treatments targeting these molecules and pathways result in suppression of GSCs stemness and, in highly resistant cases, a decrease in MGMT activity. Recently, some novel therapeutic strategies, targeted molecules, immunotherapies, and microRNAs have provided new potential treatments for highly resistant GBM cases. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of different resistance mechanisms, novel strategies for enhancing the effect of TMZ, and emerging therapeutic approaches to eliminate GSCs, all with the aim to produce a successful GBM treatment and discuss future directions for basic and clinical research to achieve this end.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Takuya FURUTA
- Department of Pathology, Kurume University, Kurume, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shingo TANAKA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | | | - Mitsutoshi NAKADA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
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34
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Coordinated autophagy modulation overcomes glioblastoma chemoresistance through disruption of mitochondrial bioenergetics. Sci Rep 2018; 8:10348. [PMID: 29985441 PMCID: PMC6037778 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-28590-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma Multiforme (GBM) is known to be one of the most malignant and aggressive forms of brain cancer due to its resistance to chemotherapy. Recently, GBM was found to not only utilise both oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) and aerobic glycolysis, but also depend on the bulk protein degradation system known as macroautophagy to uphold proliferation. Although autophagy modulators hold great potential as adjuvants to chemotherapy, the degree of upregulation or inhibition necessary to achieve cell death sensitisation remains unknown. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the degree of autophagy modulation necessary to impair mitochondrial bioenergetics to the extent of promoting cell death onset. It was shown that coordinated upregulation of autophagy followed by its inhibition prior to chemotherapy decreased electron transfer system (ETS) and oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) capacity, impaired mitochondrial fission and fusion dynamics and enhanced apoptotic cell death onset in terms of cleaved caspase 3 and cleaved PARP expression. Therefore, coordinated autophagy modulation may present a favourable avenue for improved chemotherapeutic intervention in the future.
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35
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Lo Dico A, Martelli C, Diceglie C, Lucignani G, Ottobrini L. Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-1α Activity as a Switch for Glioblastoma Responsiveness to Temozolomide. Front Oncol 2018; 8:249. [PMID: 30013951 PMCID: PMC6036118 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2018.00249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale The activity of the transcription factor, hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α, is a common driver of a number of the pathways involved in the aggressiveness of glioblastomas (GBMs), and it has been suggested that the reduction in this activity observed, soon after the administration of temozolomide (TMZ), can be a biomarker of an early response in GBM models. As HIF-1α is a tightly regulated protein, studying the processes involved in its downregulation could shed new light on the mechanisms underlying GBM sensitivity or resistance to TMZ. Methods The effect of HIF-1α silencing on cell responsiveness to TMZ was assessed in four genetically different human GBM cell lines by evaluating cell viability and apoptosis-related gene balance. LAMP-2A silencing was used to evaluate the contribution of chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA) to the modulation of HIF-1α activity in TMZ-sensitive and TMZ-resistant cells. Results The results showed that HIF-1α but not HIF-2α activity is associated with GBM responsiveness to TMZ: its downregulation improves the response of TMZ-resistant cells, while blocking CMA-mediated HIF-1α degradation induces resistance to TMZ in TMZ-sensitive cells. These findings are in line with the modulation of crucial apoptosis-related genes. Conclusion Our results demonstrate the central role played by HIF-1α activity in determining the sensitivity or resistance of GBMs to TMZ, and we suggest that CMA is the cellular mechanism responsible for modulating this activity after TMZ treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Lo Dico
- Institute of Molecular Bioimaging and Physiology (IBFM), CNR, Milan, Italy.,Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Cristina Martelli
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Cecilia Diceglie
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Giovanni Lucignani
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,Department of Diagnostic Services, Unit of Nuclear Medicine, San Paolo Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Luisa Ottobrini
- Institute of Molecular Bioimaging and Physiology (IBFM), CNR, Milan, Italy.,Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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36
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Hombach-Klonisch S, Mehrpour M, Shojaei S, Harlos C, Pitz M, Hamai A, Siemianowicz K, Likus W, Wiechec E, Toyota BD, Hoshyar R, Seyfoori A, Sepehri Z, Ande SR, Khadem F, Akbari M, Gorman AM, Samali A, Klonisch T, Ghavami S. Glioblastoma and chemoresistance to alkylating agents: Involvement of apoptosis, autophagy, and unfolded protein response. Pharmacol Ther 2018; 184:13-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2017.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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37
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Booth L, Roberts JL, Poklepovic A, Gordon S, Dent P. PDE5 inhibitors enhance the lethality of pemetrexed through inhibition of multiple chaperone proteins and via the actions of cyclic GMP and nitric oxide. Oncotarget 2018; 8:1449-1468. [PMID: 27903966 PMCID: PMC5352068 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.13640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphodiesterase 5 (PDE5) inhibitors prevent the breakdown of cGMP that results in prolonged protein kinase G activation and the generation of nitric oxide. PDE5 inhibitors enhanced the anti-NSCLC cell effects of the NSCLC therapeutic pemetrexed. [Pemetrexed + sildenafil] activated an eIF2α – ATF4 – CHOP – Beclin1 pathway causing formation of toxic autophagosomes; activated a protective IRE1 – XBP-1 – chaperone induction pathway; and activated a toxic eIF2α – CHOP – DR4 / DR5 / CD95 induction pathway. [Pemetrexed + sildenafil] reduced the expression of c-FLIP-s, MCL-1 and BCL-XL that was blocked in a cell-type -dependent fashion by either over-expression of HSP90 / GRP78 / HSP70 / HSP27 or by blockade of eIF2α-CHOP signaling. Knock down of PKGI/II abolished the ability of sildenafil to enhance pemetrexed toxicity whereas pan-inhibition of NOS using L-NAME or knock down of [iNOS + eNOS] only partially reduced the lethal drug interaction. Pemetrexed reduced the ATPase activities of HSP90 and HSP70 in an ATM-AMPK-dependent fashion that was enhanced by sildenafil signaling via PKGI/II. The drug combination activated an ATM-AMPK-TSC2 pathway that was associated with reduced mTOR S2448 and ULK-1 S757 phosphorylation and increased ULK-1 S317 and ATG13 S318 phosphorylation. These effects were prevented by chaperone over-expression or by expression of an activated form of mTOR that prevented autophagosome formation and reduced cell killing. In two models of NSCLC, sildenafil enhanced the ability of pemetrexed to suppress tumor growth. Collectively we argue that the combination of [pemetrexed + PDE5 inhibitor] should be explored in a new NSCLC phase I trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Booth
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298-0035, USA
| | - Jane L Roberts
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298-0035, USA
| | - Andrew Poklepovic
- Department of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298-0035, USA
| | - Sarah Gordon
- Department of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298-0035, USA
| | - Paul Dent
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298-0035, USA
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38
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Zhang L, Ouyang L, Guo Y, Zhang J, Liu B. UNC-51-like Kinase 1: From an Autophagic Initiator to Multifunctional Drug Target. J Med Chem 2018; 61:6491-6500. [PMID: 29509411 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b01684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
UNC-51-like kinase 1 (ULK1), known as an ortholog of the yeast Atg1, is the serine-threonine kinase and the autophagic initiator in mammals. Accumulating evidence has recently revealed the kinase domain structure of ULK1 and its post-translational modifications, as well as further elucidated its regulatory autophagic pathways and associations with diverse human diseases. Interestingly, a series of small molecules have been recently reported to target ULK1 or ULK1-modulating autophagy, which may provide a clue on exploiting them as novel candidate drugs. Taken together, this review discusses how ULK1 acts as an autophagic initiator for modulation of its intricate mechanisms, as well as how ULK1 becomes a multifunctional target for potential therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital , Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy , Chengdu 610041 , China
| | - Liang Ouyang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital , Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy , Chengdu 610041 , China
| | - Yongzhi Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital , Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy , Chengdu 610041 , China
| | - Jin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital , Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy , Chengdu 610041 , China
| | - Bo Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital , Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy , Chengdu 610041 , China
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39
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Huang Z, Huang X, Wang Q, Jiang R, Sun G, Xu Y, Wu Q. Extract of Euryale ferox Salisb
exerts antidepressant effects and regulates autophagy through the adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase-UNC-51-like kinase 1 pathway. IUBMB Life 2018; 70:300-309. [DOI: 10.1002/iub.1731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiheng Huang
- School of Pharmacy; Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine; Nanjing China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization; Nanjing China
| | - Xiaoyan Huang
- School of Pharmacy; Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine; Nanjing China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization; Nanjing China
| | - Qian Wang
- School of Pharmacy; Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine; Nanjing China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization; Nanjing China
| | - Ruizhi Jiang
- School of Pharmacy; Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine; Nanjing China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization; Nanjing China
| | - Guangda Sun
- School of Pharmacy; Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine; Nanjing China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization; Nanjing China
| | - Yiming Xu
- School of Pharmacy; Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine; Nanjing China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization; Nanjing China
| | - Qinan Wu
- School of Pharmacy; Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine; Nanjing China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization; Nanjing China
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40
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Min Z, Ting Y, Mingtao G, Xiaofei T, Dong Y, Chenguang Z, Wei D. Monitoring autophagic flux using p62/SQSTM1 based luciferase reporters in glioma cells. Exp Cell Res 2017; 363:84-94. [PMID: 29289595 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2017.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Revised: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is a highly dynamic process characterized with the term of autophagic flux. In the present study, we developed a quantifiable luciferase reporter system to measure the capacity as well as the dynamics of autophagic flux. Briefly, a luciferase variant of Luc2p was fused with p62/SQSTM1 or its UBA domain deletion mutant (p62ΔU) and transfected into cells. The expressed Luc2p-p62 fusion protein was primarily degraded via autophagy, while Luc2p-p62ΔU was employed as a normalization control due to its resistance to autophagic degradation. The luciferase activity of the lysates from two parallel populations of glioma cells expressing either Luc2p-p62 or Luc2p-p62ΔU was determined and the ratio of Luc2p-p62ΔU/Luc2p-p62 was used to assay the autophagic flux. By this approach, the induction of autophagy was manifested as an increased Luc2p-p62ΔU/Luc2p-p62 ratio, which could be neutralized by autophagy inhibitors or knockdown of ATG5. The performance of our autophagic flux detection system was comparable to a recently reported GFP-LC3-RFP-LC3ΔG probe. We tested the system in TMZ treated glioma cells, and found that coadministration of chloroquine to attenuate cellular autophagic flux significantly improved the TMZ efficacy by triggering more early apoptosis. Collectively, our luciferase-based autophagic flux assay may serve as a useful alternative yet sensitive method for autophagic flux detection in tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhang Min
- Department of Medical Genetics and Developmental Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; Beijing Stomatological Hospital & School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Yao Ting
- Department of Medical Genetics and Developmental Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Gong Mingtao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Tang Xiaofei
- Beijing Stomatological Hospital & School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Yan Dong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Zhang Chenguang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; Beijing Key Laboratory for Researches in Cancer Invasion and Metastasis, Cancer Institute of Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.
| | - Ding Wei
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; Beijing Key Laboratory for Researches in Cancer Invasion and Metastasis, Cancer Institute of Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Beijing 100069,China.
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41
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Valtorta S, Lo Dico A, Raccagni I, Gaglio D, Belloli S, Politi LS, Martelli C, Diceglie C, Bonanomi M, Ercoli G, Vaira V, Ottobrini L, Moresco RM. Metformin and temozolomide, a synergic option to overcome resistance in glioblastoma multiforme models. Oncotarget 2017; 8:113090-113104. [PMID: 29348889 PMCID: PMC5762574 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.23028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most aggressive primary brain tumor with poor survival. Cytoreduction in association with radiotherapy and temozolomide (TMZ) is the standard therapy, but response is heterogeneous and life expectancy is limited. The combined use of chemotherapeutic agents with drugs targeting cell metabolism is becoming an interesting therapeutic option for cancer treatment. Here, we found that metformin (MET) enhances TMZ effect on TMZ-sensitive cell line (U251) and overcomes TMZ-resistance in T98G GBM cell line. In particular, combined-treatment modulated apoptosis by increasing Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, and reduced Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) production. We also observed that MET associated with TMZ was able to reduce the expression of glioma stem cells (GSC) marker CD90 particularly in T98G cells but not that of CD133. In vivo experiments showed that combined treatment with TMZ and MET significantly slowed down growth of TMZ-resistant tumors but did not affect overall survival of TMZ-sensitive tumor bearing mice. In conclusion, our results showed that metformin is able to enhance TMZ effect in TMZ-resistant cell line suggesting its potential use in TMZ refractory GBM patients. However, the lack of effect on a GBM malignancy marker like CD133 requires further evaluation since it might influence response duration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Valtorta
- Tecnomed Foundation and Medicine and Surgery Department, University of Milan-Bicocca, Monza, Italy.,Institute of Molecular Bioimaging and Physiology (IBFM), CNR, Segrate, Italy.,Experimental Imaging Center, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.,SYSBIO.IT, Centre of Systems Biology, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessia Lo Dico
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation (DEPT), University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Isabella Raccagni
- Tecnomed Foundation and Medicine and Surgery Department, University of Milan-Bicocca, Monza, Italy.,Institute of Molecular Bioimaging and Physiology (IBFM), CNR, Segrate, Italy.,Experimental Imaging Center, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.,SYSBIO.IT, Centre of Systems Biology, Milan, Italy
| | - Daniela Gaglio
- Institute of Molecular Bioimaging and Physiology (IBFM), CNR, Segrate, Italy.,SYSBIO.IT, Centre of Systems Biology, Milan, Italy
| | - Sara Belloli
- Institute of Molecular Bioimaging and Physiology (IBFM), CNR, Segrate, Italy.,Experimental Imaging Center, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.,SYSBIO.IT, Centre of Systems Biology, Milan, Italy
| | - Letterio S Politi
- Imaging Core, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.,University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.,Hematology/Oncology Division and Radiology Department, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Cristina Martelli
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation (DEPT), University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Cecilia Diceglie
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation (DEPT), University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,Tecnomed Foundation and Medicine and Surgery Department, University of Milan-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | | | - Giulia Ercoli
- Division of Pathology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Valentina Vaira
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation (DEPT), University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,Division of Pathology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Luisa Ottobrini
- Institute of Molecular Bioimaging and Physiology (IBFM), CNR, Segrate, Italy.,Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation (DEPT), University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Rosa Maria Moresco
- Tecnomed Foundation and Medicine and Surgery Department, University of Milan-Bicocca, Monza, Italy.,Institute of Molecular Bioimaging and Physiology (IBFM), CNR, Segrate, Italy.,Experimental Imaging Center, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.,SYSBIO.IT, Centre of Systems Biology, Milan, Italy
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42
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Li B, Zhou C, Yi L, Xu L, Xu M. Effect and molecular mechanism of mTOR inhibitor rapamycin on temozolomide-induced autophagic death of U251 glioma cells. Oncol Lett 2017; 15:2477-2484. [PMID: 29434961 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.7537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioma is a malignant tumor of the glial tissue that is difficult to excise through surgery, with poor patient prognosis. The use of chemotherapeutic drugs alone to treat glioma following surgery results in a high probability of sequelae, such as tumor recurrence. The present study investigated the effects of a novel treatment combination on glioma cells and determined the molecular mechanisms underlying its action. The effect of temozolomide (TMZ) combined with rapamycin (RAPA) on the TMZ-induced autophagic death of U251 glioma cells was examined. The U251 cell line was treated with TMZ combined with RAPA, and the cell survival rate and half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of TMZ/RAPA was detected using the Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assay. Flow cytometry was used to detect changes in cell cycle distribution. The formation of acidic vesicular organelles (AVOs) in the cytoplasm was identified using fluorescence microscopy and quantitatively analyzed. Western blotting was performed to detect the expression levels of autophagy-associated proteins Beclin-1 and microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3 alpha (MAP1LC3A)-I and II. RAPA (1.25 nM) combined with 5 µM TMZ markedly inhibited U251 cell growth. RAPA reinforced TMZ-induced autophagic death, reducing the IC50 value of treatment when combined (TMZ alone, 22.5±3.23 µM vs. TMZ and RAPA, 10.35±2.81 µM). Compared with the control group, the proportion of cells in G2/M were markedly increased following treatment with TMZ combined with RAPA. Acridine orange staining demonstrated that TMZ combined with RAPA could markedly enhance the generation of intracellular AVOs compared with TMZ or RAPA alone. In addition, Beclin-1 and LC3-II protein expression was markedly increased compared with the control and single treatment groups (P<0.05). The results of the present study indicate that RAPA reinforces TMZ-induced autophagic death of U251 glioma cells, providing a novel therapeutic combination for the treatment of malignant glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Yuzhong, Chongqing 400042, P.R. China
| | - Chun Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Yuzhong, Chongqing 400042, P.R. China
| | - Liang Yi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Yuzhong, Chongqing 400042, P.R. China
| | - Lunshan Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Yuzhong, Chongqing 400042, P.R. China
| | - Minhui Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Yuzhong, Chongqing 400042, P.R. China
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43
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Wu Q, Allouch A, Martins I, Brenner C, Modjtahedi N, Deutsch E, Perfettini JL. Modulating Both Tumor Cell Death and Innate Immunity Is Essential for Improving Radiation Therapy Effectiveness. Front Immunol 2017; 8:613. [PMID: 28603525 PMCID: PMC5445662 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiation therapy is one of the cornerstones of cancer treatment. In tumor cells, exposure to ionizing radiation (IR) provokes DNA damages that trigger various forms of cell death such as apoptosis, necrosis, autophagic cell death, and mitotic catastrophe. IR can also induce cellular senescence that could serve as an additional antitumor barrier in a context-dependent manner. Moreover, accumulating evidence has demonstrated that IR interacts profoundly with tumor-infiltrating immune cells, which cooperatively drive treatment outcomes. Recent preclinical and clinical successes due to the combination of radiation therapy and immune checkpoint blockade have underscored the need for a better understanding of the interplay between radiation therapy and the immune system. In this review, we will present an overview of cell death modalities induced by IR, summarize the immunogenic properties of irradiated cancer cells, and discuss the biological consequences of IR on innate immune cell functions, with a particular attention on dendritic cells, macrophages, and NK cells. Finally, we will discuss their potential applications in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuji Wu
- Cell Death and Aging Team, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France.,Laboratory of Molecular Radiotherapy, INSERM U1030, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France.,Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France.,Université Paris Saclay, Villejuif, France.,Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behaviors, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Awatef Allouch
- Cell Death and Aging Team, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France.,Laboratory of Molecular Radiotherapy, INSERM U1030, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France.,Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France.,Université Paris Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | - Isabelle Martins
- Cell Death and Aging Team, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France.,Laboratory of Molecular Radiotherapy, INSERM U1030, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France.,Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France.,Université Paris Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | - Catherine Brenner
- Laboratory of Signaling and Cardiovascular Pathophysiology, INSERM UMR-S 1180, Université Paris-Sud, Faculté de Pharmacie, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Nazanine Modjtahedi
- Laboratory of Molecular Radiotherapy, INSERM U1030, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France.,Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France.,Université Paris Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | - Eric Deutsch
- Laboratory of Molecular Radiotherapy, INSERM U1030, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France.,Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France.,Université Paris Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | - Jean-Luc Perfettini
- Cell Death and Aging Team, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France.,Laboratory of Molecular Radiotherapy, INSERM U1030, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France.,Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France.,Université Paris Saclay, Villejuif, France
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44
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Zhou W, Liu L, Xue Y, Zheng J, Liu X, Ma J, Li Z, Liu Y. Combination of Endothelial-Monocyte-Activating Polypeptide-II with Temozolomide Suppress Malignant Biological Behaviors of Human Glioblastoma Stem Cells via miR-590-3p/MACC1 Inhibiting PI3K/AKT/mTOR Signal Pathway. Front Mol Neurosci 2017; 10:68. [PMID: 28348518 PMCID: PMC5346543 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2017.00068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aims to investigate the effect of Endothelial-Monocyte-Activating Polypeptide-II (EMAP-II) combined with temozolomide (TMZ) upon glioblastoma stem cells (GSCs) and its possible molecular mechanisms. In this study, combination of EMAP-II with TMZ inhibited cell viability, migration and invasion in GSCs, and autophagy inhibitor 3-methyl adenine (3-MA) and chloroquine (CQ) partly reverse the anti-proliferative effect of the combination treatment. Autophagic vacuoles were formed in GSCs after the combination therapy, accompanied with the up-regulation of LC3-II and Beclin-1 as well as the down-regulation of p62/SQSTM1. Further, miR-590-3p was up-regulated and Metastasis-associated in colon cancer 1 (MACC1) was down-regulated by the combination treatment in GSCs; MiR-590-3p overexpression and MACC1 knockdown up-regulated LC3-II and Beclin-1 as well as down-regulated p62/SQSTM1 in GSCs; MACC1 was identified as a direct target of miR-590-3p, mediating the effects of miR-590-3p in the combination treatment. Furthermore, the combination treatment and MACC1 knockdown decreased p-PI3K, p-Akt, p-mTOR, p-S6 and p-4EBP in GSCs; PI3K/Akt agonist insulin-like growth factor-1(IGF-1) partly blocked the effect of the combination treatment. Moreover, in vivo xenograft models, the mice given stable overexpressed miR-590-3p cells and treated with EMAP-II and TMZ had the smallest tumor sizes, besides, miR-590-3p + EMAP-II + TMZ up-regulated the expression level of miR-590-3p, LC3-II and Beclin-1 as well as down-regulated p62/SQSTM1. In conclusion, these results elucidated anovel molecular mechanism of EMAP-II in combination with TMZ suppressed malignant biological behaviors of GSCs via miR-590-3p/MACC1 inhibiting PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway, and might provide potential therapeutic approaches for human GSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical UniversityShenyang, China; Liaoning Research Center for Translational Medicine in Nervous System DiseaseShenyang, China
| | - Libo Liu
- Department of Neurobiology, College of Basic Medicine, China Medical UniversityShenyang, China; Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health of China, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education of China, China Medical UniversityShenyang, China
| | - Yixue Xue
- Department of Neurobiology, College of Basic Medicine, China Medical UniversityShenyang, China; Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health of China, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education of China, China Medical UniversityShenyang, China
| | - Jian Zheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical UniversityShenyang, China; Liaoning Research Center for Translational Medicine in Nervous System DiseaseShenyang, China
| | - Xiaobai Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical UniversityShenyang, China; Liaoning Research Center for Translational Medicine in Nervous System DiseaseShenyang, China
| | - Jun Ma
- Department of Neurobiology, College of Basic Medicine, China Medical UniversityShenyang, China; Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health of China, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education of China, China Medical UniversityShenyang, China
| | - Zhen Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical UniversityShenyang, China; Liaoning Research Center for Translational Medicine in Nervous System DiseaseShenyang, China
| | - Yunhui Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical UniversityShenyang, China; Liaoning Research Center for Translational Medicine in Nervous System DiseaseShenyang, China
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45
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Oliveira KA, Dal-Cim T, Lopes FG, Ludka FK, Nedel CB, Tasca CI. Atorvastatin Promotes Cytotoxicity and Reduces Migration and Proliferation of Human A172 Glioma Cells. Mol Neurobiol 2017; 55:1509-1523. [PMID: 28181188 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-017-0423-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Malignant gliomas have resistance mechanisms to chemotherapy that enable tumor invasiveness and aggressiveness. Alternative therapies in cancer treatment, as statins, have been suggested to decrease proliferation, inhibit cell migration, and induce cell death. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of atorvastatin (ATOR) on cell viability, migration, proliferation, apoptosis, and autophagy in A172 human glioma cells. Temozolomide (TMZ), a chemotherapic used to glioma treatment, was tested as a comparison to cytotoxic effects on gliomas. Cell viability was also assessed in primary culture of cortical astrocytes. ATOR treatment (0.1 to 20 μM) did not alter astrocytic viability. However, in glioma cells, ATOR showed cytotoxic effect at 10 and 20 μM concentrations. TMZ (500 μM) reduced cell viability similarly to ATOR, and drug association did not show additive effect on cell viability. ATOR, TMZ, and their association decreased cell migration. ATOR also decreased glioma cell proliferation. ATOR increased apoptosis, and TMZ association showed a potentiation effect, enhancing it. ATOR and TMZ treatment increased acidic vesicular organelle (AVO) presence in A172 cells, an indicative of autophagy. ATOR effect of reducing A172 cell viability did not alter glutamate transport and glutamine synthetase activity, but it was partially prevented through antagonism of ionotropic and metabotropic glutamate receptors. Our data shows a cytotoxic effect of ATOR on glioma cells, whereas no toxicity was observed to astrocytes. ATOR showed similar cytotoxic effect as TMZ to glioma cells, and it may be a safer drug, regarding side effect induction, than chemotherapic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen A Oliveira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica, Florianópolis, Brazil
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, 88040900, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Tharine Dal-Cim
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociências, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Flávia G Lopes
- Departamento de Biologia Celular, Embriologia e Genética, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Fabiana K Ludka
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica, Florianópolis, Brazil
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, 88040900, Florianópolis, Brazil
- Curso de Farmácia, Universidade do Contestado, Canoinhas, Brazil
| | - Cláudia B Nedel
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociências, Florianópolis, Brazil
- Departamento de Biologia Celular, Embriologia e Genética, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Carla I Tasca
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica, Florianópolis, Brazil.
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, 88040900, Florianópolis, Brazil.
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociências, Florianópolis, Brazil.
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Smida M, Fece de la Cruz F, Kerzendorfer C, Uras IZ, Mair B, Mazouzi A, Suchankova T, Konopka T, Katz AM, Paz K, Nagy-Bojarszky K, Muellner MK, Bago-Horvath Z, Haura EB, Loizou JI, Nijman SMB. MEK inhibitors block growth of lung tumours with mutations in ataxia-telangiectasia mutated. Nat Commun 2016; 7:13701. [PMID: 27922010 PMCID: PMC5150652 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms13701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer deaths, and effective treatments are urgently needed. Loss-of-function mutations in the DNA damage response kinase ATM are common in lung adenocarcinoma but directly targeting these with drugs remains challenging. Here we report that ATM loss-of-function is synthetic lethal with drugs inhibiting the central growth factor kinases MEK1/2, including the FDA-approved drug trametinib. Lung cancer cells resistant to MEK inhibition become highly sensitive upon loss of ATM both in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, ATM mediates crosstalk between the prosurvival MEK/ERK and AKT/mTOR pathways. ATM loss also enhances the sensitivity of KRAS- or BRAF-mutant lung cancer cells to MEK inhibition. Thus, ATM mutational status in lung cancer is a mechanistic biomarker for MEK inhibitor response, which may improve patient stratification and extend the applicability of these drugs beyond RAS and BRAF mutant tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Smida
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (CeMM), 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ferran Fece de la Cruz
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (CeMM), 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Ltd, University of Oxford, OX3 7FZ Oxford, UK
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Target Discovery Institute, University of Oxford, OX3 7FZ Oxford, UK
| | - Claudia Kerzendorfer
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (CeMM), 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Iris Z. Uras
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (CeMM), 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Barbara Mair
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (CeMM), 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Ltd, University of Oxford, OX3 7FZ Oxford, UK
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Target Discovery Institute, University of Oxford, OX3 7FZ Oxford, UK
| | - Abdelghani Mazouzi
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (CeMM), 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Tereza Suchankova
- Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Institute of Biophysics, 61200 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Tomasz Konopka
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (CeMM), 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Ltd, University of Oxford, OX3 7FZ Oxford, UK
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Target Discovery Institute, University of Oxford, OX3 7FZ Oxford, UK
| | | | - Keren Paz
- Champions Oncology, Hackensack, New Jersey 07601, USA
| | - Katalin Nagy-Bojarszky
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (CeMM), 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Markus K. Muellner
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (CeMM), 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Zsuzsanna Bago-Horvath
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria
- Clinical Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Eric B. Haura
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida 33612, USA
| | - Joanna I. Loizou
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (CeMM), 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Sebastian M. B. Nijman
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (CeMM), 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Ltd, University of Oxford, OX3 7FZ Oxford, UK
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Target Discovery Institute, University of Oxford, OX3 7FZ Oxford, UK
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47
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Glioblastoma, hypoxia and autophagy: a survival-prone 'ménage-à-trois'. Cell Death Dis 2016; 7:e2434. [PMID: 27787518 PMCID: PMC5133985 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2016.318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Revised: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme is the most common and the most aggressive primary brain tumor. It is characterized by a high degree of hypoxia and also by a remarkable resistance to therapy because of its adaptation capabilities that include autophagy. This degradation process allows the recycling of cellular components, leading to the formation of metabolic precursors and production of adenosine triphosphate. Hypoxia can induce autophagy through the activation of several autophagy-related proteins such as BNIP3, AMPK, REDD1, PML, and the unfolded protein response-related transcription factors ATF4 and CHOP. This review summarizes the most recent data about induction of autophagy under hypoxic condition and the role of autophagy in glioblastoma.
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48
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Li J, Tang C, Li L, Li R, Fan Y. Quercetin blocks t-AUCB-induced autophagy by Hsp27 and Atg7 inhibition in glioblastoma cells in vitro. J Neurooncol 2016; 129:39-45. [PMID: 27174198 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-016-2149-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
We previously demonstrated that the acquired resistance because of Hsp27 activation weakens the cytotoxic effect of t-AUCB on glioblastoma cells. Since autophagy is regarded as a survival mechanism for cells exposed to cytotoxic agents, the aim of this study is to investigate whether t-AUCB induces autophagy and whether Hsp27 and autophagy are interacted with each other. Our data demonstrated that t-AUCB induces autophagy in glioblastoma cells and regulates multiple autophagy related-gene expression. t-AUCB induces overexpression of Atg7, which is downstream of Hsp27 and participates in the resistance of glioblastoma cells to t-AUCB treatment. Hsp27 inhibitor quercetin suppresses Atg7 expression and strengthens t-AUCB-induced cell death by autophagy blockage. We concluded that combination of quercetin and t-AUCB might be a potential strategy for glioblastoma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyang Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, 305 East Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210002, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Chao Tang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, 305 East Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210002, Jiangsu, China
| | - Liwen Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, 305 East Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210002, Jiangsu, China
| | - Rujun Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 1055 Sanxiang Road, Suzhou, 215004, China
| | - Youwu Fan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, 305 East Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210002, Jiangsu, China.
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49
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RLIP76 Depletion Enhances Autophagic Flux in U251 Cells. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2016; 37:555-562. [PMID: 27473470 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-016-0410-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Our previous study showed that RalA-binding protein 1 (RLIP76) is overexpressed in gliomas and is associated with higher tumour grade and decreased patient survival. Furthermore, RLIP76 downregulation increases chemosensitivity of glioma cells to temozolomide by inducing apoptosis. However, other mechanisms underlying RLIP76-associated chemoresistance are unknown. In this study, we investigated the effect of RLIP76 depletion on autophagy. RLIP76 was knocked down in U251 glioma cells using shRNA and autophagy-related proteins, and PI3K/Akt signalling components were evaluated. RLIP76 depletion significantly increased cell autophagy as demonstrated by a significant increase in LC3 II, autophagy protein 5 (ATG-5), and Beclin1, and a decrease in p62 expression levels. Furthermore, RLIP76 knockdown increased autophagic flux in U251 cells as autolysosome numbers increased relative to autophagosome numbers. Autophagy induced by RLIP76 knockdown resulted in increased apoptosis that was independent of temozolomide treatment. Moreover, RLIP76 knockdown decreased PI3K and Akt activation. RLIP76 depletion also resulted in decreased levels of the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl2. LY294002, a PI3K/Akt pathway inhibitor, led to increased autophagy and apoptosis in U251 RLIP76-depleted cells. Therefore, RLIP76 knockdown increased autophagic flux and apoptosis in U251 glioma cells, possibly through inhibition of the PI3K/Akt pathway. Thus, this study provides a novel mechanism for the role of RLIP76 in glioma pathogenesis and chemoresistance.
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50
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Gupta A, Misra A, Deretic V. Targeted pulmonary delivery of inducers of host macrophage autophagy as a potential host-directed chemotherapy of tuberculosis. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2016; 102:10-20. [PMID: 26829287 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2016.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Revised: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
One of the promising host-directed chemotherapeutic interventions in tuberculosis (TB) is based on inducing autophagy as an immune effector. Here we consider the strengths and weaknesses of potential autophagy-based pharmacological intervention. Using the existing drugs that induce autophagy is an option, but it has limitations given the broad role of autophagy in most cells, tissues, and organs. Thus, it may be desirable that the agent being used to modulate autophagy is applied in a targeted manner, e.g. delivered to affected tissues, with infected macrophages being an obvious choice. This review addresses the advantages and disadvantages of delivering drugs to induce autophagy in M. tuberculosis-infected macrophages. One option, already being tested in models, is to design particles for inhalation delivery to lung macrophages. The choice of drugs, drug release kinetics and intracellular residence times, non-target cell exposure and feasibility of use by patients is discussed. We term here this (still experimental) approach, of compartment-targeting, autophagy-based, host-directed therapy as "Track-II antituberculosis chemotherapy."
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