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Long J, Xu Y, Zhang X, Wu B, Wang C. Role of FXR in the development of NAFLD and intervention strategies of small molecules. Arch Biochem Biophys 2024; 757:110024. [PMID: 38703803 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2024.110024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) remains a prevailing etiological agent behind hepatocyte diseases like chronic liver disease. The spectrum of processes involved in NAFLD stages includes hepatic steatosis, non-alcoholic fatty liver, and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Without intervention, the progression of NASH can further deteriorate into cirrhosis and ultimately, hepatocellular carcinoma. The cardinal features that characterize NAFLD are insulin resistance, lipogenesis, oxidative stress and inflammation, extracellular matrix deposition and fibrosis. Due to its complex pathogenesis, existing pharmaceutical agents fail to take a curative or ameliorative effect on NAFLD. Consequently, it is imperative to identify novel therapeutic targets and strategies for NAFLD, ideally to improve the aforementioned key features in patients. As an enterohepatic regulator of bile acid homeostasis, lipid metabolism, and inflammation, FarnesoidX receptor (FXR) is an important pharmacological target for the treatment of NAFLD. Manipulating FXR to regulate lipid metabolic signaling pathways is a potential mechanism to mitigate NAFLD. Therefore, elucidating the modulatory character of FXR in regulating lipid metabolism in NAFLD has the potential to yield groundbreaking perspectives for drug design. This review details recent advances in the regulation of lipid depletion in hepatocytes and investigates the pivotal function of FXR in the progress of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiachan Long
- State Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome, International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yuanhang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome, International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Xuerong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome, International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Bingxing Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome, International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Caiyan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome, International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
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Luo Y, Zhu S, Peng J, Li R, Huang Q, Li S, Xu B, Cui H, Ho CT. Formation of Volatile Pyrazinones in Amadori Rearrangement Products and Maillard Reaction Systems and the Major Formation Pathways. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:10570-10578. [PMID: 38652024 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c09885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Amadori rearrangement products (ARPs) are gaining more attention for their potential usage in the food flavor industry. Peptide-ARPs have been studied, but pyrazinones that were theoretically found in the Maillard reaction (MR) have not been reported to be formed from small peptide-ARPs. This study found four pyrazinones: 1-methyl-, 1,5-dimethyl-, 1,6-dimethyl-, and 1,5,6-trimethyl-2(1H)-pyrazinones in both MR and ARP systems. It was the first time 1-methyl-2(1H)-pyrazinone was reported, along with 1,5-dimethyl- and 1,5,6-trimethyl-2(1H)-pyrazinones being purified and analyzed by nuclear magnetic resonance for the first time. The primary formation routes of the pyrazinones were also proven as the reaction between diglycine and α-dicarbonyls, including glyoxal, methylglyoxal, and diacetyl. The pyrazinones, especially 1,5-dimethyl-2(1H)-pyrazinone, have strong fluorescence intensity, which may be the reason for the increase of fluorescence intensity in MR besides α-dicarbonyls. Cytotoxicity analysis showed that both Gly-/Digly-/Trigly-ARP and the three pyrazinones [1-methyl-, 1,5-dimethyl-, and 1,5,6-trimethyl-2(1H)-pyrazinones] showed no prominent cytotoxicity in the HepG2 cell line below 100 μg/mL, further suggesting that ARPs or pyrazinones could be used as flavor additives in the future. Further research should be conducted to investigate pyrazinones in various systems, especially the peptide-ARPs, which are ubiquitous in real food systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Luo
- Department of Food Science, Rutgers University, 65 Dudley Road, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, United States
| | - Siyue Zhu
- Department of Food Science, Rutgers University, 65 Dudley Road, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, United States
| | - Jie Peng
- Department of Food Science, Rutgers University, 65 Dudley Road, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, United States
| | - Run Li
- Department of Food Science, Rutgers University, 65 Dudley Road, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, United States
| | - Qingrong Huang
- Department of Food Science, Rutgers University, 65 Dudley Road, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, United States
| | - Shiming Li
- College of Biology and Agricultural Resources, Huanggang Normal University, Huanggang, Hubei 438000, China
| | - Baojun Xu
- Food Science and Technology Program, BNU-HKBU United International College, Zhuhai, Guangdong 519087, China
| | - Heping Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, School of Food Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Chi-Tang Ho
- Department of Food Science, Rutgers University, 65 Dudley Road, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, United States
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Zhang Q, Song S, Jiang R, Zhang J, Na L. Protective effect of manganese treatment on insulin resistance in HepG2 hepatocytes. NUTR HOSP 2023; 40:746-754. [PMID: 37409718 DOI: 10.20960/nh.04521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Objectives: manganese (Mn) is closely related to type 2 diabetes mellitus and insulin resistance (IR), but the exact mechanism is unclear. This study aimed to explore the regulatory effects and mechanism of Mn on IR using hepatocyte IR model induced by high palmitate (PA), high glucose (HG) or insulin. Methods: HepG2 cells were exposed to PA (200 μM), HG (25 mM) or insulin (100 nM) respectively, alone or with 5 μM Mn for 24 hours. The expression of key proteins in insulin signaling pathway, intracellular glycogen content and glucose accumulation, reactive oxygen species (ROS) level and Mn superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) activity were detected. Results: compared with control group, the expression of phosphorylated protein kinase B (Akt), glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) and forkhead box O1 (FOXO1) in the three IR groups was declined, and this decrease was reversed by Mn. The reduction of intracellular glycogen content and increase in glucose accumulation in IR groups were also inhibited by Mn. Additionally, the production of ROS was increased in IR models, compared with normal control group, while Mn reduced the excessive production of ROS induced by PA, HG or insulin. However, Mn did not alter the activity of MnSOD in the three IR models. Conclusion: this study demonstrated that Mn treatment can improve IR in hepatocytes. The mechanism is probably by reducing the level of intracellular oxidative stress, enhancing the activity of Akt/GSK-3β/FOXO1 signal pathway, promoting glycogen synthesis, and inhibiting gluconeogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shili Song
- Linping District Center for Disease Control and Prevention
| | - Ruyue Jiang
- Publich Health College. Harbin Medical University
| | - Jingyi Zhang
- College of Public Health. Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences
| | - Lixin Na
- Collaborative Innovation Center. Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences
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Csongová M, Scheijen JLJM, van de Waarenburg MPH, Gurecká R, Koborová I, Tábi T, Szökö É, Schalkwijk CG, Šebeková K. Association of α-Dicarbonyls and Advanced Glycation End Products with Insulin Resistance in Non-Diabetic Young Subjects: A Case-Control Study. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14224929. [PMID: 36432614 PMCID: PMC9695161 DOI: 10.3390/nu14224929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
α-Dicarbonyls and advanced glycation end products (AGEs) may contribute to the pathogenesis of insulin resistance by a variety of mechanisms. To investigate whether young insulin-resistant subjects present markers of increased dicarbonyl stress, we determined serum α-dicarbonyls-methylglyoxal, glyoxal, 3-deoxyglucosone; their derived free- and protein-bound, and urinary AGEs using the UPLC/MS-MS method; soluble receptors for AGEs (sRAGE), and cardiometabolic risk markers in 142 (49% females) insulin resistant (Quantitative Insulin Sensitivity Check Index (QUICKI) ≤ 0.319) and 167 (47% females) age-, and waist-to-height ratio-matched insulin-sensitive controls aged 16-to-22 years. The between-group comparison was performed using the two-factor (sex, presence/absence of insulin resistance) analysis of variance; multiple regression via the orthogonal projection to latent structures model. In comparison with their insulin-sensitive peers, young healthy insulin-resistant individuals without diabetes manifest alterations throughout the α-dicarbonyls-AGEs-sRAGE axis, dominated by higher 3-deoxyglucosone levels. Variables of α-dicarbonyls-AGEs-sRAGE axis were associated with insulin sensitivity independently from cardiometabolic risk markers, and sex-specifically. Cleaved RAGE associates with QUICKI only in males; while multiple α-dicarbonyls and AGEs independently associate with QUICKI particularly in females, who displayed a more advantageous cardiometabolic profile compared with males. Further studies are needed to elucidate whether interventions alleviating dicarbonyl stress ameliorate insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melinda Csongová
- Institute of Molecular Biomedicine, Medical Faculty, Comenius University, 811 07 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Jean L. J. M. Scheijen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Radana Gurecká
- Institute of Molecular Biomedicine, Medical Faculty, Comenius University, 811 07 Bratislava, Slovakia
- Institute of Medical Physics, Biophysics, Informatics and Telemedicine, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, 813 72 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Ivana Koborová
- Institute of Molecular Biomedicine, Medical Faculty, Comenius University, 811 07 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Tamás Tábi
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Semmelweis University, 1089 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Éva Szökö
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Semmelweis University, 1089 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Casper G. Schalkwijk
- Department of Internal Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Katarína Šebeková
- Institute of Molecular Biomedicine, Medical Faculty, Comenius University, 811 07 Bratislava, Slovakia
- Correspondence:
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Zhou L, Wang F, Song X, Shi M, Liang G, Zhang L, Huang F, Jiang G. 3-Deoxyglucosone reduces glucagon-like peptide-1 secretion at low glucose levels through down-regulation of SGLT1 expression in STC-1 cells. Arch Physiol Biochem 2021; 127:311-317. [PMID: 31291135 DOI: 10.1080/13813455.2019.1638413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Sodium glucose co-transporter 1 (SGLT1) triggers low glucose-induced glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) secretion. We reported that a two-week administration of 3-deoxyglucosone (3DG), an independent factor associated with the development of pre-diabetes, reduces basal GLP-1 secretion in rats. OBJECTIVE This study investigated the effects of 3DG on GLP-1 secretion and SGLT1 pathway under low-glucose conditions in STC-1 cells. METHODS STC-1 cells were incubated with phloridzin or 3DG at 5.6 mM glucose. SGLT1 expression (by western blotting), GLP-1 and cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) levels (by ELISA), and intracellular Ca2+ concentration (by Fluo-3/AM) were measured. RESULTS Phloridzin inhibited GLP-1 secretion. SGLT1 protein expression in STC-1 cells cultured in 5.6 mM glucose is higher than that in 25 mM glucose. Exposure to 3DG for 6 h reduced GLP-1 secretion, SGLT1 protein expression, and intracellular concentrations of cAMP and Ca2+. CONCLUSIONS 3DG reduces low glucose-induced GLP-1 secretion in part through reduction of SGLT1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Zhou
- Suzhou Academy of Wumen Chinese Medicine, Suzhou TCM Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Suzhou, China
| | - Fei Wang
- Suzhou Academy of Wumen Chinese Medicine, Suzhou TCM Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiudao Song
- Suzhou Academy of Wumen Chinese Medicine, Suzhou TCM Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Suzhou, China
| | - Min Shi
- Suzhou Academy of Wumen Chinese Medicine, Suzhou TCM Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Suzhou, China
| | - Guoqiang Liang
- Suzhou Academy of Wumen Chinese Medicine, Suzhou TCM Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Suzhou, China
| | - Lurong Zhang
- Suzhou Academy of Wumen Chinese Medicine, Suzhou TCM Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Suzhou, China
| | - Fei Huang
- Suzhou Academy of Wumen Chinese Medicine, Suzhou TCM Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Suzhou, China
| | - Guorong Jiang
- Suzhou Academy of Wumen Chinese Medicine, Suzhou TCM Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Suzhou, China
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Poonprasartporn A, Chan KLA. Live-cell ATR-FTIR spectroscopy as a novel bioanalytical tool for cell glucose metabolism research. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2021; 1868:119024. [PMID: 33831457 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2021.119024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Current novel drug developments for the treatment of diabetes require multiple bioanalytical assays to interrogate the cellular metabolism, which are costly, laborious and time-consuming. Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy is a nondestructive, label-free, sensitive and low-cost technique that is recently found to be suitable for studying living cells. The aim of this study is to demonstrate that live-cell FTIR can be applied to study the differences in glucose metabolism in cells in normal culturing medium and cells treated in high glucose (a diabetes model) in order to highlight the potential of the technique in diabetes research. Live HepG2 cells were treated in normal glucose (3.8 mM; control) or high glucose (25 mM) medium and were measured directly using the FTIR approach. Principal component analysis was used to highlight any possible correlated changes 24, 48 and 72 h after treatments. FTIR spectra of live cell treated in normal and high glucose medium have shown significant differences (p < 0.05) for all treatment time. The control cells have seen an increased in the absorbance at 1088, 1240 and 1400 cm-1, which are associated with phosphate stretching mode vibrations from phosphorylated proteins and DNA back bone; and symmetric stretching mode vibration of COO- from fatty acids, amino acids, lipids and carbohydrate metabolites. However, the high glucose treated cells have shown a different changes in the 1000-1200 cm-1 region, which is linked to the glycogen and ATP:ADP ratio. In conclusion, live-cell FTIR can be a low-cost method for the studies of metabolic changes in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anchisa Poonprasartporn
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, SE1 9NH, United Kingdom
| | - K L Andrew Chan
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, SE1 9NH, United Kingdom.
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Alteration of Intestinal Microbiota in 3-Deoxyglucosone-Induced Prediabetic Rats. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:8406846. [PMID: 32908918 PMCID: PMC7468600 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8406846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Our previous research suggests that 3-deoxyglucosone (3DG), formed in the caramelization course and Maillard reactions in food, is an independent factor for the development of prediabetes. Since the relationship between type 2 diabetes (T2D) and intestinal microbiota is moving from correlation to causality, we investigated the alterations in the composition and function of the intestinal microbiota in 3DG-induced prediabetic rats. Rats were given 50 mg/kg 3DG by intragastric administration for two weeks. Microbial profiling in faeces samples was determined through the 16S rRNA gene sequence. The glucagon-like peptide 2 (GLP-2) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) levels in plasma and intestinal tissues were measured by ELISA and Limulus test, respectively. 3DG treatment did not significantly change the richness and evenness but affected the composition of intestinal microbiota. At the phylum level, 3DG treatment increased the abundance of nondominant bacteria Proteobacteria but did not cause the change of the dominant bacteria. Meanwhile, the abundance of the Prevotellaceae family and Parasutterela genus and the Alcaligencaeae family and Burkholderiales order and its attachment to the Betaproteobacteria class were overrepresented in the 3DG group. The bacteria of Candidatus Soleaferrea genus, Gelria genus, and Thermoanaerobacteraceae family and its attachment to Thermoanaerobacterales order were apparently more abundant in the control group. In addition, 45 KEGG pathways were altered after two-week intragastric administration of 3DG. Among these KEGG pathways, 13 KEGG pathways were involved in host metabolic function related to amino acid metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, metabolism of cofactors and vitamins, and metabolism of terpenoids and polyketides. Moreover, the increased LPS levels and the decreased GLP-2 concentration in plasma and intestinal tissues were observed in 3DG-treated rats, together with the impaired fasting glucose and oral glucose tolerance. The alterations in composition and function of the intestinal microbiota were observed in 3DG-treated rats, which provides a possible mechanism linking exogenous 3DG intake to the development of prediabetes.
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Li AL, Gao SS, Guo ML, Jing CQ. CYP3A4 and microRNA-122 are involved in the apoptosis of HepG2 cells induced by ILs 1-decyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2019; 34:e22419. [PMID: 31702098 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.22419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Ionic liquids (ILs) as green alternatives for volatile organic solvents are increasingly used in commercial applications. It is necessary to explore the cytotoxic mechanism of ILs to reduce the risk to human health. For this purpose, cell viability, apoptosis, cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4), glucose transporter type 2 (GLUT2), and microRNA-122 (miR-122) gene expression in HepG2 cells was evaluated after IL exposure. The results showed that ILs reduced the viability of HepG2 cells through apoptotic cell death. Moreover, ILs markedly upregulated the transcription and protein levels of CYP3A4, but did not affect the expression of GLUT2 in either messenger RNA level or protein level. Finally, ILs increased the expression of miR-122 and inhibition of miR-122 with miR-122 inhibitor blocked ILs-induced apoptosis in HepG2 cells. This finding may contribute to an increased understanding of the in vitro molecular toxicity mechanism of ILs to further understand IL-related human health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai-Ling Li
- Life Science and Food Engineering College, Shaanxi Xueqian Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Shan-Shan Gao
- School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Meng-Long Guo
- School of Life Science and Technology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Chang-Qin Jing
- School of Life Science and Technology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
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3-Deoxyglucosone interferes with insulin signaling and attenuates insulin action on glucose-induced GLP-1 secretion in the enteroendocrine L cell line STC-1. Mol Biol Rep 2019; 46:4799-4808. [PMID: 31228040 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-019-04926-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Maintenance of glucose homeostasis is reciprocally regulated by insulin and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1). We previously reported that GLP-1 secretion in response to an oral glucose load was impaired following an administration of 3-deoxyglucosone (3DG), an independent factor associated with the development of pre-diabetes. Here we investigated the effects of 3DG on insulin signaling and insulin-induced GLP-1 secretion under high-glucose conditions in the enteroendocrine L cell line STC-1. STC-1 cells were exposed to 3DG (80, 300, and 1000 ng/ml) in the presence of 10-7 M insulin and 25 mM glucose. GLP-1 secretion was determined by ELISA, glucose uptake was monitored with 2-NBDG (2-(N(7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl) amino)-2-deoxyglucose), glucose consumption was detected by glucoseoxidase, and protein expression of insulin signaling molecules was examined by western blot. Results showed a decrease in insulin-induced GLP-1 secretion and insulin receptor phosphorylation after 3DG treatment. Concomitantly, 3DG treatment inhibited insulin-induced phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt) pathway activation. In the presence, but not absence, of insulin, 3DG treatment decreased insulin-stimulated glucose consumption. Inhibition of PI3K with Wortmannin attenuated insulin-induced increment in glucose transporter 2 (GLUT2) expression and 2-NBDG uptake. Accordingly, insulin-induced increase in GLUT2 expression and 2-NBGD uptake was significantly inhibited by 3DG treatment. 3DG-mediated reduction in GLUT2 expression contributes to the attenuation of insulin-induced GLP-1 secretion under high-glucose conditions in part through the insulin-PI3K/Akt/GLUT2 pathway in STC-1 cells. We conclude that 3DG interferes with insulin signaling and attenuates insulin action on glucose-induced GLP-1 secretion in STC-1 cells.
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Song X, Liang G, Shi M, Zhou L, Wang F, Zhang L, Huang F, Jiang G. Acute exposure to 3‑deoxyglucosone at high glucose levels impairs insulin secretion from β‑cells by downregulating the sweet taste receptor signaling pathway. Mol Med Rep 2019; 19:5015-5022. [PMID: 31059088 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2019.10163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Sweet taste receptors (STRs) expressed on β‑cells stimulate insulin secretion in response to an increase in the circulating level of glucose, maintaining glucose homeostasis. 3‑Deoxyglucosone (3DG), a highly reactive α‑dicarbonyl compound, has been previously described as an independent factor associate with the development of prediabetes. In our previous study, pathological plasma levels of 3DG were induced in normal rats with a single intravenous injection of 50 mg/kg 3DG, and an acute rise in circulating 3DG induced glucose intolerance by impairing the function of pancreatic β‑cells. The present study aimed to investigate whether the deleterious effects of pathological plasma levels of 3DG on β‑cell function and insulin secretion were associated with STRs. INS‑1 cells, an in vitro model to study rat β‑cells, were treated with various concentrations of 3DG (1.85, 30.84 and 61.68 mM) or lactisole (5 mM). Pancreatic islets were collected from rats 2 h after a single intravenous injection of 50 mg/kg 3DG + 0.5 g/kg glucose. The insulin concentration was measured by ELISA. The protein expression levels of components of the STR signaling pathways were determined by western blot analysis. Treatment with 3DG and 25.5 mM glucose for 1 h significantly reduced insulin secretion by INS‑1 cells, which was consistent with the phenotype observed in INS‑1 cells treated with the STR inhibitor lactisole. Accordingly, islets isolated from rats treated with 3DG exhibited a significant reduction in insulin secretion following treatment with 25.5 mM glucose. Furthermore, acute exposure of INS‑1 cells to 3DG following treatment with 25.5 mM glucose for 1 h significantly reduced the protein expression level of the STR subunit taste 1 receptor member 3 and its downstream factors, transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily M member 5 and glucose transporter 2. Notably, islet tissues collected from rats treated with 3DG exhibited a similar downregulation of these factors. The present results suggested that acute exposure to pathologically relevant levels of 3DG in presence of high physiological levels of glucose decreased insulin secretion from β‑cells by, at least in part, downregulating the STR signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiudao Song
- Basic Research Laboratory, Suzhou Academy of Wumen Chinese Medicine, Suzhou TCM Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215009, P.R. China
| | - Guoqiang Liang
- Basic Research Laboratory, Suzhou Academy of Wumen Chinese Medicine, Suzhou TCM Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215009, P.R. China
| | - Min Shi
- Basic Research Laboratory, Suzhou Academy of Wumen Chinese Medicine, Suzhou TCM Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215009, P.R. China
| | - Liang Zhou
- Basic Research Laboratory, Suzhou Academy of Wumen Chinese Medicine, Suzhou TCM Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215009, P.R. China
| | - Fei Wang
- Basic Research Laboratory, Suzhou Academy of Wumen Chinese Medicine, Suzhou TCM Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215009, P.R. China
| | - Lurong Zhang
- Basic Research Laboratory, Suzhou Academy of Wumen Chinese Medicine, Suzhou TCM Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215009, P.R. China
| | - Fei Huang
- Basic Research Laboratory, Suzhou Academy of Wumen Chinese Medicine, Suzhou TCM Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215009, P.R. China
| | - Guorong Jiang
- Basic Research Laboratory, Suzhou Academy of Wumen Chinese Medicine, Suzhou TCM Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215009, P.R. China
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Sung Y, Jeong J, Kang RJ, Choi M, Park S, Kwon W, Lee J, Jang S, Park SJ, Kim S, Yi J, Choi S, Lee M, Liu K, Dong Z, Ryoo ZY, Kim MO. Lin28a expression protects against streptozotocin‐induced β‐cell destruction and prevents diabetes in mice. Cell Biochem Funct 2019; 37:139-147. [DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Revised: 12/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yonghun Sung
- School of Life Sciences, BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch GroupKyungpook National University Daegu Republic of Korea
| | - Jain Jeong
- School of Life Sciences, BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch GroupKyungpook National University Daegu Republic of Korea
- Core Protein Resources Center, DGIST Daegu Republic of Korea
| | - Ri jin Kang
- Department of Food Science and NutritionKyungpook National University Sangju Republic of Korea
| | - Minjee Choi
- School of Life Sciences, BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch GroupKyungpook National University Daegu Republic of Korea
| | - Song Park
- School of Life Sciences, BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch GroupKyungpook National University Daegu Republic of Korea
- Core Protein Resources Center, DGIST Daegu Republic of Korea
| | - Wookbong Kwon
- School of Life Sciences, BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch GroupKyungpook National University Daegu Republic of Korea
| | - Jinhee Lee
- School of Life Sciences, BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch GroupKyungpook National University Daegu Republic of Korea
| | - Soyoung Jang
- School of Life Sciences, BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch GroupKyungpook National University Daegu Republic of Korea
| | - Si Jun Park
- School of Life Sciences, BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch GroupKyungpook National University Daegu Republic of Korea
| | - Sung‐Hyun Kim
- School of Life Sciences, BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch GroupKyungpook National University Daegu Republic of Korea
- China‐US (Henan) Hormel Cancer Institute, No.127 Dongming Road Zhengzhou China
| | - Junkoo Yi
- Gyeongsangbukdo Livestock Research Institute Yeongju Republic of Korea
| | | | - Mee‐Hyun Lee
- China‐US (Henan) Hormel Cancer Institute, No.127 Dongming Road Zhengzhou China
| | - Kangdong Liu
- China‐US (Henan) Hormel Cancer Institute, No.127 Dongming Road Zhengzhou China
| | - Zigang Dong
- China‐US (Henan) Hormel Cancer Institute, No.127 Dongming Road Zhengzhou China
| | - Zae Young Ryoo
- School of Life Sciences, BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch GroupKyungpook National University Daegu Republic of Korea
| | - Myoung Ok Kim
- Department of Food Science and NutritionKyungpook National University Sangju Republic of Korea
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Song X, Wang F, Xu H, Liang G, Zhou L, Zhang L, Huang F, Jiang G. 3-Deoxyglucosone Induces Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Secretion from STC-1 Cells via Upregulating Sweet Taste Receptor Expression under Basal Conditions. Int J Endocrinol 2019; 2019:4959646. [PMID: 31772575 PMCID: PMC6854250 DOI: 10.1155/2019/4959646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
3-Deoxyglucosone (3DG) is derived from D-glucose during food processing and storage and under physiological conditions. We reported that glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) secretion in response to an oral glucose load in vivo and high-glucose stimulation in vitro was decreased by acute 3DG administration. In this study, we determined the acute effect of 3DG on GLP-1 secretion under basal conditions and investigated the possible mechanisms. Normal fasting rats were given a single acute intragastric administration of 50 mg/kg 3DG. Plasma basal GLP-1 levels and duodenum 3DG content and sweet taste receptor expression were measured. STC-1 cells were acutely exposed to 3DG (80, 300, and 1000 ng/ml) for 1 h under basal conditions (5.6 mM glucose), and GLP-1 secretion, intracellular concentrations of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and Ca2+, and molecular expression of STR signaling pathway were measured. Under the fasted state, plasma GLP-1 levels, duodenum 3DG content, and duodenum STR expression were elevated in 3DG-treated rats. GLP-1 secretion was increased in 3DG-treated cells under either 5.6 mM glucose or glucose-free conditions. 3DG-induced acute GLP-1 secretion from STC-1 cells under 5.6 mM glucose was inhibited in the presence of the STR inhibitor lactisole, which was consistent with the observation under glucose-free conditions. Moreover, acute exposure to 3DG increased the protein expression of TAS1R2 and TAS1R3 under either 5.6 mM glucose or glucose-free conditions, with affecting other components of STR signaling pathway, including the upregulation of transient receptor potential channel type M5 TRPM5 and the increment of intracellular Ca2+ concentration. In summary, the glucose-free condition was used to first demonstrate the involvement of STR in 3DG-induced acute GLP-1 secretion. These results first showed that acute 3DG administration induces basal GLP-1 secretion in part through upregulation of STR expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiudao Song
- Clinical Pharmaceutical Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Suzhou TCM Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Suzhou 215009, Jiangsu, China
- Clinical Pharmaceutical Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Suzhou Academy of Wumen Chinese Medicine, Suzhou 215009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Fei Wang
- Clinical Pharmaceutical Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Suzhou TCM Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Suzhou 215009, Jiangsu, China
- Clinical Pharmaceutical Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Suzhou Academy of Wumen Chinese Medicine, Suzhou 215009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Heng Xu
- Clinical Pharmaceutical Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Suzhou TCM Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Suzhou 215009, Jiangsu, China
- Clinical Pharmaceutical Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Suzhou Academy of Wumen Chinese Medicine, Suzhou 215009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Guoqiang Liang
- Clinical Pharmaceutical Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Suzhou TCM Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Suzhou 215009, Jiangsu, China
- Clinical Pharmaceutical Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Suzhou Academy of Wumen Chinese Medicine, Suzhou 215009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Liang Zhou
- Clinical Pharmaceutical Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Suzhou TCM Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Suzhou 215009, Jiangsu, China
- Clinical Pharmaceutical Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Suzhou Academy of Wumen Chinese Medicine, Suzhou 215009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lurong Zhang
- Clinical Pharmaceutical Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Suzhou TCM Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Suzhou 215009, Jiangsu, China
- Clinical Pharmaceutical Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Suzhou Academy of Wumen Chinese Medicine, Suzhou 215009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Fei Huang
- Department of Endocrinology, Suzhou TCM Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Suzhou 215009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Guorong Jiang
- Clinical Pharmaceutical Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Suzhou TCM Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Suzhou 215009, Jiangsu, China
- Clinical Pharmaceutical Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Suzhou Academy of Wumen Chinese Medicine, Suzhou 215009, Jiangsu, China
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13
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Wang F, Song X, Zhou L, Liang G, Huang F, Jiang G, Zhang L. The downregulation of sweet taste receptor signaling in enteroendocrine L-cells mediates 3-deoxyglucosone-induced attenuation of high glucose-stimulated GLP-1 secretion. Arch Physiol Biochem 2018; 124:430-435. [PMID: 29277113 DOI: 10.1080/13813455.2017.1419366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Sweet taste receptors (STRs) involve in regulating the release of glucose-stimulated glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1). Our in vivo and in vitro studies found that 3-deoxyglucosone (3DG) inhibited glucose-stimulated GLP-1 secretion. OBJECTIVE This study investigated the role of STRs in 3DG-induced inhibition of high glucose-stimulated GLP-1 secretion. METHODS STC-1 cells were incubated with lactisole or 3DG for 1 h under 25 mM glucose conditions. Western blotting was used to study the expression of STRs signaling molecules and ELISA was used to analyse GLP-1 and cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) levels. RESULTS Lactisole inhibited GLP-1 secretion. Exposure to 25 mM glucose increased the expressions of STRs subunits when compared with 5.6 mM glucose. 3DG decreased GLP-1 secretion and STRs subunits expressions, with affecting other components of STRs pathway, including the downregulation of transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily M member 5 (TRPM5) expression and the reduction of intracellular cAMP levels. CONCLUSION 3DG attenuates high glucose-stimulated GLP-1 secretion by reducing STR subunit expression and downstream signaling components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Wang
- a Suzhou Academy of Wumen Chinese Medicine , Suzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Suzhou , P. R. China
| | - Xiudao Song
- a Suzhou Academy of Wumen Chinese Medicine , Suzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Suzhou , P. R. China
| | - Liang Zhou
- a Suzhou Academy of Wumen Chinese Medicine , Suzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Suzhou , P. R. China
| | - Guoqiang Liang
- a Suzhou Academy of Wumen Chinese Medicine , Suzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Suzhou , P. R. China
| | - Fei Huang
- a Suzhou Academy of Wumen Chinese Medicine , Suzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Suzhou , P. R. China
| | - Guorong Jiang
- a Suzhou Academy of Wumen Chinese Medicine , Suzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Suzhou , P. R. China
| | - Lurong Zhang
- a Suzhou Academy of Wumen Chinese Medicine , Suzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Suzhou , P. R. China
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14
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Zhang L, Zhou L, Song X, Liang G, Xu Z, Wang F, Huang F, Jiang G. Involvement of exogenous 3‑deoxyglucosone in β‑cell dysfunction induces impaired glucose regulation. Mol Med Rep 2017; 16:2976-2984. [PMID: 28656301 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.6856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
β‑cell dysfunction is the primary cause of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). 1,2‑dicarbonyl compounds, such as 3‑deoxyglucosone (3DG) have been reported to increase the risk of T2DM. Abnormal elevation of plasma 3DG may impair β‑cell function and thereby, it is linked to T2DM. Previous findings suggest that exogenous 3DG may serve an important role in the development of pre‑diabetes. In the present study, the authors examine whether exogenous 3DG induces impaired glucose regulation in mice by decreasing β‑cell function involving of accumulation of plasma 3DG. At two weeks following administration of 3DG, fasting blood glucose (FBG) levels, oral glucose tolerance (by a glucose meter) and plasma levels of 3DG (by HPLC) and insulin (by radioimmunoassay) were measured. Glucose‑stimulated insulin secretion in cultured pancreas islets and INS‑1 cells was measured by radioimmunoassay. Western blotting was used to examine the expression of the key molecules of the insulin‑PI3K signaling pathway. 3DG treatment increased FBG and fasting blood insulin levels, reduced oral glucose tolerance in conjunction with decreased ∆Ins30‑0/∆G30‑0. In 3DG‑treated mice, an increase in the plasma 3DG level was observed, which was most likely the mechanism for decreased β‑cell function. This idea was further supported by these results that non‑cytotoxic 3DG concentration obviously decreased glucose‑stimulated insulin secretion in cultured pancreas islets and INS‑1 cells exposure to high glucose (25.5 mM). 3DG decreased the expression of GLUT2 and phosphorylation of IRS‑1, PI3K‑p85 and Akt in high glucose‑induced INS‑1 cells. To the best of the authors' knowledge, the present study is the first to demonstrate that exogenous 3DG induced normal mice to develop IGR, resulting from β‑cell dysfunction. Exogenous 3DG administration increased plasma 3DG levels, which participates in inducing β‑cell dysfunction, at least in part, through impairing IRS‑1/PI3K/GLUT2 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lurong Zhang
- Suzhou Academy of Wumen Chinese Medicine, Suzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215003, P.R. China
| | - Liang Zhou
- Suzhou Academy of Wumen Chinese Medicine, Suzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215003, P.R. China
| | - Xiudao Song
- Suzhou Academy of Wumen Chinese Medicine, Suzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215003, P.R. China
| | - Guoqiang Liang
- Suzhou Academy of Wumen Chinese Medicine, Suzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215003, P.R. China
| | - Zhongrui Xu
- Suzhou Academy of Wumen Chinese Medicine, Suzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215003, P.R. China
| | - Fei Wang
- Suzhou Academy of Wumen Chinese Medicine, Suzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215003, P.R. China
| | - Fei Huang
- Suzhou Academy of Wumen Chinese Medicine, Suzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215003, P.R. China
| | - Guorong Jiang
- Suzhou Academy of Wumen Chinese Medicine, Suzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215003, P.R. China
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15
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Zhang L, Song X, Zhou L, Liang G, Xu H, Wang F, Huang F, Jiang G. Accumulation of intestinal tissue 3-deoxyglucosone attenuated GLP-1 secretion and its insulinotropic effect in rats. Diabetol Metab Syndr 2016; 8:78. [PMID: 27956941 PMCID: PMC5129672 DOI: 10.1186/s13098-016-0194-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Our recent findings support the idea that 3-deoxyglucosone (3DG), a dietary composition, has been suggested as an independent factor for the development of prediabetes. Secretion of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) has been suggested to be impaired in T2DM and in conditions associated with hyperglycemia. Since low oral bioavailability of 3DG has been indicated in a single administration study, in the present study we examined if 3DG is capable of accumulating in intestinal tissue of rats after 2-week administration of 3DG, and the 3DG treatment affects GLP-1 secretion and glucose tolerance. METHODS Rats were administered by gastric gavage for 2 weeks. We measured 3DG contents of intestinal tissues (by HPLC), plasma levels of total GLP-1 (by ELISA), insulin and glucagon (both by radioimmunoassay) and blood glucose concentrations. The expressions of the sweet receptor subunits (TAS1R2, TAS1R3) and its downstream molecule TRPM5 in duodenum and colon tissues of rats were quantified by WB. We examined GLP-1 secretion in enteroendocrine STC-1 cells exposured to 3DG. RESULTS 3DG treatment for 2 weeks increased 3DG content of intestinal tissues, fasting blood glucose concentration, and reduced plasma concentrations of GLP-1 and insulin at fasting and 15 and 180 min after the glucose load and oral glucose tolerance in conjunction with increased plasma glucagon concentrations. The expressions of TAS1R2, TAS1R3 and TRPM5 were shown to be reduced whereas 3DG treatment did not affect plasma dipeptidyl peptidase-4 activity, indicating an impaired GLP-1 secretion in 3DG-treated rats. This idea was further supported by the fact that exposure to 3DG directly decrease GLP-1 secretion in STC-1. CONCLUSION It is the first demonstration that 3DG was capable of accumulating in intestinal tissue and thereby decreased secretion of GLP-1 and insulin in a similar manner. 3DG-treated rats developed impaired glucose regulation (IGR) with obviously pancreatic islet cell dysfunction. It is further concluded that a decrease in the biological function of GLP-1 resulting from the decreased GLP-1 secretion is the most likely mechanism for the impaired insulin secretion, which ultimately promoted the development of IGR. These results will also contribute to a better understanding of the significance for restoring physiological GLP-1 secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lurong Zhang
- Suzhou Academy of Wumen Chinese Medicine, Suzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 18, Yangsu Road, Suzhou, 215003 Jiangsu People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiudao Song
- Suzhou Academy of Wumen Chinese Medicine, Suzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 18, Yangsu Road, Suzhou, 215003 Jiangsu People’s Republic of China
| | - Liang Zhou
- Suzhou Academy of Wumen Chinese Medicine, Suzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 18, Yangsu Road, Suzhou, 215003 Jiangsu People’s Republic of China
| | - Guoqiang Liang
- Suzhou Academy of Wumen Chinese Medicine, Suzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 18, Yangsu Road, Suzhou, 215003 Jiangsu People’s Republic of China
| | - Heng Xu
- Suzhou Academy of Wumen Chinese Medicine, Suzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 18, Yangsu Road, Suzhou, 215003 Jiangsu People’s Republic of China
| | - Fei Wang
- Suzhou Academy of Wumen Chinese Medicine, Suzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 18, Yangsu Road, Suzhou, 215003 Jiangsu People’s Republic of China
| | - Fei Huang
- Suzhou Academy of Wumen Chinese Medicine, Suzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 18, Yangsu Road, Suzhou, 215003 Jiangsu People’s Republic of China
| | - Guorong Jiang
- Suzhou Academy of Wumen Chinese Medicine, Suzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 18, Yangsu Road, Suzhou, 215003 Jiangsu People’s Republic of China
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