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Ashrafizadeh M, Aref AR, Sethi G, Ertas YN, Wang L. Natural product/diet-based regulation of macrophage polarization: Implications in treatment of inflammatory-related diseases and cancer. J Nutr Biochem 2024; 130:109647. [PMID: 38604457 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2024.109647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Macrophages are phagocytic cells with important physiological functions, including the digestion of cellular debris, foreign substances, and microbes, as well as tissue development and homeostasis. The tumor microenvironment (TME) shapes the aggressiveness of cancer, and the biological and cellular interactions in this complicated space can determine carcinogenesis. TME can determine the progression, biological behavior, and therapy resistance of human cancers. The macrophages are among the most abundant cells in the TME, and their functions and secretions can determine tumor progression. The education of macrophages to M2 polarization can accelerate cancer progression, and therefore, the re-education and reprogramming of these cells is promising. Moreover, macrophages can cause inflammation in aggravating pathological events, including cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and neurological disorders. The natural products are pleiotropic and broad-spectrum functional compounds that have been deployed as ideal alternatives to conventional drugs in the treatment of cancer. The biological and cellular interactions in the TME can be regulated by natural products, and for this purpose, they enhance the M1 polarization of macrophages, and in addition to inhibiting proliferation and invasion, they impair the chemoresistance. Moreover, since macrophages and changes in the molecular pathways in these cells can cause inflammation, the natural products impair the pro-inflammatory function of macrophages to prevent the pathogenesis and progression of diseases. Even a reduction in macrophage-mediated inflammation can prevent organ fibrosis. Therefore, natural product-mediated macrophage targeting can alleviate both cancerous and non-cancerous diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milad Ashrafizadeh
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China; Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Amir Reza Aref
- Belfer Center for Applied Cancer Science, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Translational Sciences, Xsphera Biosciences Inc., Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Gautam Sethi
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Yavuz Nuri Ertas
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Türkiye; ERNAM-Nanotechnology Research and Application Center, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Türkiye.
| | - Lu Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China.
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Choi Y, Ha NY, Kim AR, Jeong H, Kwon O, Park KS, Kim J, Kim J, Kim H. Modified Gwakjeongtang for Diarrhea-Predominant Irritable Bowel Syndrome: Study Protocol for a Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Pilot Clinical Trial. Int J Gen Med 2024; 17:1545-1556. [PMID: 38680195 PMCID: PMC11048363 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s447701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a chronic condition characterized by recurrent abdominal pain associated with bowel movements. Modified Gwakjeongtang (MGT), an herbal prescription rooted in traditional East Asian medicine, consists of thirteen botanical drugs known for their potential to enhance intestinal barrier function, regulate gastrointestinal motility, and exhibit anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. Despite a few previous clinical trials highlighting MGT's potential for IBS symptom management, limited evidence exists with placebo control. Methods and Analysis In this pilot randomized clinical trial protocol, we aim to exploratively evaluate the efficacy and safety of MGT in patients with diarrhea-predominant IBS (IBS-D) by comparing it with a placebo. A total of 60 IBS-D patients will be enrolled, and eligible participants will be randomly allocated to either the MGT or placebo groups. Over a 4-week period, they will receive MGT or placebo granules three times a day. The primary endpoint will be the overall response rate post-treatment, determined through daily assessments of abdominal pain intensity and stool consistency. Ethics and Dissemination This clinical trial protocol has received approval from the Korean Ministry of Food and Drug Safety for an investigational new drug application and Institutional Review Board of the Kyung Hee University Korean Medicine Hospital. The research findings will be submitted and published in international peer-reviewed journal. Trial Registration Clinical research information service (registration number: KCT0008523).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujin Choi
- KM Science Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Na-Yeon Ha
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Korean Internal Medicine, Kyung Hee University College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University Korean Medicine Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ae-Ran Kim
- R&D Strategy Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Haein Jeong
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Korean Internal Medicine, Kyung Hee University College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University Korean Medicine Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ojin Kwon
- KM Science Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Sun Park
- KM Science Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jieun Kim
- KM Science Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinsung Kim
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Korean Internal Medicine, Kyung Hee University College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University Korean Medicine Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyungjun Kim
- KM Science Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
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Tong T, Xu A, Tan S, Jiang H, Liu L, Deng S, Wang H. Biological Effects and Biomedical Applications of Areca Nut and Its Extract. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2024; 17:228. [PMID: 38399443 PMCID: PMC10893415 DOI: 10.3390/ph17020228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The dried, mature fruit of the palm tree species Areca catechu L. is known as the areca nut (AN) or betel nut. It is widely cultivated in the tropical regions. In many nations, AN is utilized for traditional herbal treatments or social activities. AN has historically been used to address various health issues, such as diarrhea, arthritis, dyspepsia, malaria, and so on. In this review, we have conducted a comprehensive summary of the biological effects and biomedical applications of AN and its extracts. Initially, we provided an overview of the constituents in AN extract. Subsequently, we summarized the biological effects of AN and its extracts on the digestive system, nervous system, and circulatory system. And we elucidated the contributions of AN and its extracts in antidepressant, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antibacterial applications. Finally, we have discussed the challenges and future perspectives regarding the utilization of AN and its extracts as emerging pharmaceuticals or valuable adjuncts within the pharmaceutical field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Tong
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Economic Crops Genetic Improvement and Integrated Utilization, Hunan Binglang Science Institute, School of Life and Health Sciences, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, China
| | - Aiqing Xu
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Economic Crops Genetic Improvement and Integrated Utilization, Hunan Binglang Science Institute, School of Life and Health Sciences, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, China
| | - Shuhua Tan
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Economic Crops Genetic Improvement and Integrated Utilization, Hunan Binglang Science Institute, School of Life and Health Sciences, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, China
| | - Hengzhi Jiang
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Economic Crops Genetic Improvement and Integrated Utilization, Hunan Binglang Science Institute, School of Life and Health Sciences, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, China
| | - Lixin Liu
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Economic Crops Genetic Improvement and Integrated Utilization, Hunan Binglang Science Institute, School of Life and Health Sciences, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, China
| | - Senwen Deng
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Economic Crops Genetic Improvement and Integrated Utilization, Hunan Binglang Science Institute, School of Life and Health Sciences, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, China
| | - Haihua Wang
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Economic Crops Genetic Improvement and Integrated Utilization, Hunan Binglang Science Institute, School of Life and Health Sciences, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, China
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Feng L, Shi Y, Zou J, Zhang X, Zhai B, Guo D, Sun J, Wang M, Luan F. Recent advances in Platycodon grandiflorum polysaccharides: Preparation techniques, structural features, and bioactivities. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 259:129047. [PMID: 38171434 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.129047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Platycodon grandiflorum, a globally recognized medicinal and edible plant, possesses significant nutritional value and pharmacological value. In traditional Chinese medicine, it has the effects of tonifying the spleen and replenishing the Qi, moistening the lung and relieving the cough, clearing the heat and detoxifying, and relieving the pain. Accumulating evidence has revealed that the polysaccharides from P. grandiflorum (PGPs) are one of the major and representative biologically active macromolecules and have diverse biological activities, such as immunomodulatory activity, anti-inflammatory activity, anti-tumor activity, regulation of the gut microbiota, anti-oxidant activity, anti-apoptosis activity, anti-angiogenesis activity, hypoglycemic activity, anti-microbial activity, and so on. Although the polysaccharides extracted from P. grandiflorum have been extensively studied for the extraction and purification methods, structural characteristics, and pharmacological activities, the knowledge of their structures and bioactivity relationship, toxicologic effects, and pharmacokinetic profile is limited. The main purpose of the present review is to provide comprehensively and systematically reorganized information on extraction and purification, structure characterizations, and biological functions as well as toxicities of PGPs to support their therapeutic potentials and sanitarian functions. New valuable insights for future research regarding PGPs were also proposed in the fields of therapeutic agents and functional foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lile Feng
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Fundamentals and New Drugs Research, School of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xi'an 712046, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Yajun Shi
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Fundamentals and New Drugs Research, School of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xi'an 712046, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Junbo Zou
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Fundamentals and New Drugs Research, School of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xi'an 712046, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Xiaofei Zhang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Fundamentals and New Drugs Research, School of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xi'an 712046, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Bingtao Zhai
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Fundamentals and New Drugs Research, School of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xi'an 712046, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Dongyan Guo
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Fundamentals and New Drugs Research, School of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xi'an 712046, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Jing Sun
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Fundamentals and New Drugs Research, School of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xi'an 712046, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Mei Wang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Fundamentals and New Drugs Research, School of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xi'an 712046, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Fei Luan
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Fundamentals and New Drugs Research, School of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xi'an 712046, Shaanxi, PR China.
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Nechita MA, Toiu A, Benedec D, Hanganu D, Ielciu I, Oniga O, Nechita VI, Oniga I. Agastache Species: A Comprehensive Review on Phytochemical Composition and Therapeutic Properties. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:2937. [PMID: 37631149 PMCID: PMC10459224 DOI: 10.3390/plants12162937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
The Agastache genus is part of the Lamiaceae family and is native to North America, while one species, Agastache rugosa (A. rugosa), is native to East Asia. A review on the phytochemistry and bioactivity of Agastache genus was last performed in 2014. Since then, a lot of progress has been made on the characterization of the phytochemical and pharmacological profiles of Agastache species. Thus, the purpose of this paper is to present a summary of the findings on the phytochemistry and biological effects of several Agastache species, including both extracts and essential oil characterization. We performed a comprehensive search using PubMed and Scopus databases, following PRISMA criteria regarding the study selection process. The available data is focused mainly on the description of the chemical composition and bioactivity of A. rugosa, with fewer reports referring to Agastache mexicana (A. mexicana) and Agastache foeniculum (A. foeniculum). Agastache species are characterized by the dominance of flavonoids and phenolic acids, as well as volatile compounds, particularly phenylpropanoids and monoterpenes. Moreover, a series of pharmacological effects, including antioxidant, cytotoxic, antimicrobial, anti-atherosclerotic, and cardioprotective properties, have been reported for species from the Agastache genus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihaela-Ancuța Nechita
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Iuliu Hațieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 12 Ion Creangă Street, 400010 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Anca Toiu
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Iuliu Hațieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 12 Ion Creangă Street, 400010 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Daniela Benedec
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Iuliu Hațieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 12 Ion Creangă Street, 400010 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Daniela Hanganu
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Iuliu Hațieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 12 Ion Creangă Street, 400010 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Irina Ielciu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Iuliu Haţieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 23 Gheorghe Marinescu Street, 400337 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Ovidiu Oniga
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Iuliu Hațieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 41 Victor Babeș Street, 400010 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Vlad-Ionuț Nechita
- Department of Medical Informatics and Biostatistics, Faculty of Medicine, “Iuliu Hațieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 6 Louis Pasteur Street, 400349 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Ilioara Oniga
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Iuliu Hațieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 12 Ion Creangă Street, 400010 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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Levilactobacillus brevis KU15151 Inhibits Staphylococcus aureus Lipoteichoic Acid-Induced Inflammation in RAW 264.7 Macrophages. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2022; 14:767-777. [PMID: 35554865 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-022-09949-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation is a host defense response to harmful agents, such as pathogenic invasion, and is necessary for health. Excessive inflammation may result in the development of inflammatory disorders. Levilactobacillus brevis KU15151 has been reported to exhibit probiotic characteristics and antioxidant activities, but the effect of this strain on inflammatory responses has not been determined. The present study aimed to investigate the anti-inflammatory potential of L. brevis KU15151 in Staphylococcus aureus lipoteichoic acid (aLTA)-induced RAW264.7 macrophages. Treatment with L. brevis KU15151 reduced the production of nitric oxide and prostaglandin E2 by suppressing the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2. Additionally, the production of proinflammatory cytokines including tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-1β, decreased after treatment with L. brevis KU15151 in aLTA-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. Furthermore, this strain alleviated the activation of nuclear factor-κB and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathways. Moreover, the generation of reactive oxygen species was downregulated by treatment with L. brevis KU15151. These results demonstrate that L. brevis KU15151 possesses an inhibitory effect against aLTA-mediated inflammation and may be employed as a functional probiotic for preventing inflammatory disorders.
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Shin MR, Park HJ, Seo BI, Roh SS. New approach of medicinal herbs and sulfasalazine mixture on ulcerative colitis induced by dextran sodium sulfate. World J Gastroenterol 2020; 26:5272-5286. [PMID: 32994687 PMCID: PMC7504242 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v26.i35.5272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sulfasalazine has been used as a standard-of-care in ulcerative colitis for decades, however, it results in severe adverse symptoms, such as hepatotoxicity, blood disorders, male infertility, and hypospermia. Accordingly, the new treatment strategy has to enhance pharmacological efficacy and stimultaneously minimize side effects.
AIM To compare the anti-inflammatory action of sulfasalazine alone or in combination with herbal medicine for ulcerative colitis in a dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis mouse model.
METHODS To induce ulcerative colitis, mice received 5% DSS in drinking water for 7 d. Animals were divided into five groups (n = 9 each) for use as normal (non-DSS), DSS controls, DSS + sulfasalazine (30 mg/kg)-treatment experimentals, DSS + sulfasalazine (60 mg/kg)-treatment experimentals, DSS + sulfasalazine (30 mg/kg) + Citrus unshiu peel and Bupleuri radix mixture (30 mg/kg) (SCPB)-treatment experimentals.
RESULTS The SCPB treatment showed an outstanding effectiveness in counteracting the ulcerative colitis, as evidenced by reduction in body weight, improvement in crypt morphology, increase in antioxidant defenses, down-regulation of proinflammatory proteins and cytokines, and inhibition of proteins related to apoptosis.
CONCLUSION SCPB may represent a promising alternative therapeutic against ulcerative colitis, without inducing adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Rae Shin
- Department of Herbology, Korean Medicine College, Daegu Haany University, Suseong-gu, Deagu 42158, South Korea
| | - Hae-Jin Park
- DHU Bio Convergence Testing Center, Gyeongsan-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 38610, South Korea
| | - Bu-Il Seo
- Department of Herbology, Korean Medicine College, Daegu Haany University, Suseong-gu, Deagu 42158, South Korea
| | - Seong-Soo Roh
- Department of Herbology, Korean Medicine College, Daegu Haany University, Suseong-gu, Deagu 42158, South Korea
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Nam HH, Kim JS, Lee J, Seo YH, Kim HS, Ryu SM, Choi G, Moon BC, Lee AY. Pharmacological Effects of Agastache rugosa against Gastritis Using a Network Pharmacology Approach. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10091298. [PMID: 32916904 PMCID: PMC7565599 DOI: 10.3390/biom10091298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Agastache rugosa is used as a Korean traditional medicine to treat gastric diseases. However, the active ingredients and pharmacological targets of A. rugosa are unknown. In this study, we aimed to reveal the pharmacological effects of A. rugosa on gastritis by combining a mice model and a network pharmacology method. The macrophage and gastritis-induced models were used to evaluate the pharmacological effects of A. rugosa. The results show that A. rugosa relieved mucosal damage induced by HCl/EtOH in vivo. Network analysis identified 99 components in A. rugosa; six components were selected through systematic screening, and five components were linked to 45 gastritis-related genes. The main components were acacetin and luteolin, and the identified core genes were AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 (AKT1), nuclear factor kappa B inhibitor alpha (NFKBIA), and mitogen-activated protein kinase-3 (MAPK3) etc. in this network. The network of components, target genes, protein–protein interactions, and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway was closely connected with chemokines and with phosphoinositide 3-kinase-Akt (PI3K/AKT), tumor-necrosis-factor alpha (TNFα), mitogen-activated protein kinase, nuclear factor kappa B, and Toll-like receptor (TLR) pathways. In conclusion, A. rugosa exerts gastro-protective effects through a multi-compound and multi-pathway regulatory network and holds potential for treating inflammatory gastric diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - A Yeong Lee
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-61-338-7128; Fax: +82-61-338-7136
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Paranagama MP, Piyarathne NS, Nandasena TL, Jayatilake S, Navaratne A, Galhena BP, Williams S, Rajapakse J, Kita K. The Porphyromonas gingivalis inhibitory effects, antioxidant effects and the safety of a Sri Lankan traditional betel quid - an in vitro study. BMC Complement Med Ther 2020; 20:259. [PMID: 32819379 PMCID: PMC7439561 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-020-03048-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The Sri Lankan traditional betel quid (TBQ) which had been extensively used in the country before its colonization is claimed to have antiperiodontopathic effects in the Sri Lankan folklore. However, there is no reported scientific evidence to support the claimed antiperiodontopathic effects mediated by this TBQ. The present study was carried out to investigate the protective effect of the Sri Lankan TBQ in the pathogenesis of periodontitis. Methods We investigate the ethyl acetate extract of the Sri Lankan TBQ for its antibacterial effects against the keystone periodontopathic bacterium, P. gingivalis and also its antioxidant potential, which is important to protect the periodontium from oxidative stress. Further, its safety was analyzed using the cytokinesis block micronucleus assay on human peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs). Results Ethyl acetate extract of this TBQ inhibited the growth of P. gingivalis with a minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of 125 μg/ml. It was found to be a rich source of polyphenols and displayed considerable DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities and a strong ferric reducing antioxidant power. This extract could protect the cultured human gingival fibroblasts from H2O2 induced oxidative stress. In addition, this TBQ extract was not genotoxic to human PBLs even at a concentration of 2.5 mg/ml. Moreover, it exhibited protective effects against bleomycin induced genotoxicity in PBLs. Conclusion Ethyl acetate extract of the Sri Lankan TBQ is a source of natural antibacterial compounds against P. gingivalis. It is also a source of natural antioxidants which can protect human gingival fibroblasts from H2O2 induced oxidative stress. These properties of the TBQ may have contributed to its claimed antiperiodontopathic effects. Besides, it was found to be relatively non-toxic to human cells. Thus this TBQ extract has a huge potential to be developed as a novel adjunctive therapeutic lead against periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tharanga Lakmali Nandasena
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Dental Sciences, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | - Sumedha Jayatilake
- Department of Oral Medicine and Periodontology, Faculty of Dental Sciences, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | - Ayanthi Navaratne
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | - Bandula Prasanna Galhena
- Department of Biochemistry and Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kelaniya, Ragama, Sri Lanka
| | - Senani Williams
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kelaniya, Ragama, Sri Lanka
| | - Jayantha Rajapakse
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine & Animal Science, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | - Kiyoshi Kita
- School of Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4, Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan
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Son MJ, Kim MH, Kang M, Kim YE, Jung J, Choi I. Safety and efficacy of an herbal formula, Gwakhyangjeonggi-san on atopic dermatitis with gastrointestinal symptoms: Protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Medicine (Baltimore) 2020; 99:e20675. [PMID: 32664064 PMCID: PMC7360236 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000020675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Gwakhyangjeonggi-san (GJS) is an herbal formula with anti-inflammatory and anti-allergic properties that is broadly used to treat a wide range of diseases including gastrointestinal disorders and allergic diseases. There have been several clinical studies conducted on its effects on atopic dermatitis (AD). So far, no randomized controlled trials have been conducted. Here, we describe the protocol for a randomized controlled study designed to investigate the efficacy and safety of GJS for treating patients with AD that have gastrointestinal symptoms. METHODS AND ANALYSIS A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, clinical trial has been designed to investigate the clinical efficacy and safety of GJS on patients with AD that have gastrointestinal symptoms. A total of 58 participants with AD will be recruited and randomly allocated to the GJS or placebo group in a 1:1 ratio. The participants will be administered GJS or placebo granules 3 times a day for 8 weeks. Data will be collected from the participants at baseline and after 4 and 8 weeks. The primary outcome measure will be the mean change in the SCORing of Atopic Dermatitis (SCORAD) index from baseline to 8 weeks. The secondary outcomes will include the eczema area and severity index (EASI), dermatology life quality index (DLQI), EuroQoL 5 dimensions 5 levels (EQ-5D-5L), and immunological factors. The Korean Gastrointestinal Symptom Rating Scale (KGSRS), Nepean Dyspepsia Index will also be obtained for assessing the gastrointestinal status. DISCUSSION The findings of this study are expected to provide evidence on the safety and effectiveness of GJS and for treating patients with AD that have gastrointestinal symptoms. Additionally, the study will explore the mechanism of GJS action via gut microbiome. This study will provide new perspectives on approaching treatment for AD. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION The study protocol was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Kyung Hee University Korean Medicine Hospital at Gangdong (KHNMCOH2019-06-002-001). TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER This study has been registered at the Korean National Clinical Trial Registry, Clinical Research Information Service (KCT0004299).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Ju Son
- Clinical Medicine Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon
| | - Min Hee Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Otolaryngology and Dermatology of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong, Seoul
| | - Minseo Kang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Otolaryngology and Dermatology of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong, Seoul
| | - Young-Eun Kim
- Future Medicine Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeeyoun Jung
- Clinical Medicine Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon
| | - Inhwa Choi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Otolaryngology and Dermatology of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong, Seoul
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Mongalo N, Mashele S, Makhafola T. Ziziphus mucronata Willd. (Rhamnaceae): it's botany, toxicity, phytochemistry and pharmacological activities. Heliyon 2020; 6:e03708. [PMID: 32322712 PMCID: PMC7170964 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e03708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2019] [Revised: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ziziphus mucronata is an important multi-purpose plant species that has been used in African traditional medicine for ages in the treatment of various devastating human and animal infections. The current paper is aimed at providing an overview of uses, toxicology, pharmacological properties and phytochemistry of Z. mucronata. The information used in the current work was retrieved using various search engines, including Pubmed, Science Direct, Google Scholar, Scielo, SciFinder and Scopus. The key words used included Ziziphus mucronata, secondary metabolites, chemistry, biological activity and pharmacology, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antifungal, antiviral, ethnobotanical survey, medicinal uses, safety, toxicology and other related words. Out of the 46 infections which the plant species is used to treat, the most common uses includes sexually transmitted infections, skin infections, diarrhoea and dysentery, respiratory and chest complaints and gynaecological complaints (citations ≥6). Pharmacologically, the plant species exhibited a potential antimicrobial activity yielding a minimum inhibitory concentration of <1 mg/ml against important pathogens which includes Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Moraxella catarrhalis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Propionibacterium acnes, Candida albicans, Cryptoccoos neoformans amongst other microorganisms. Furthermore, the extracts and compounds from Z mucronata revealed potent antiviral, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and other activities in vitro. Phytochemically, cyclo-peptide alkaloids (commonly called mucronines) dominates and in conjunction with triterpenes, flavonoids, phenolic acids and anthocyanins. Besides these compounds, the plant species exhibited the presence of important in minerals. These phytoconstituents may well explain the reported biological activities. Although the extracts revealed no cytotoxic effect to Vero cells, further toxicological characteristics of the plant species still needs to be explored. There is also a need to carry out the comprehensive safety profiles of the plant species, including heavy metal detection. Although the plant species revealed important biological activities, which includes antimicrobial, antiviral, anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, anti-plasmodial, anthelmintic, and anti-anaemic activity in vitro, further research is needed to explore the in vivo studies, other compounds responsible for such activities and the mechanisms of action thereof. Such activities validates the use of the plant species in traditional medicine. The data on the possible use of the plant species in the treatment of diarrhoea, sexually transmitted infections, skin related and gynaecological complaints are scant and still needs to be explored and validated both in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, the anticancer and anthelmintic activity of the plant species also needs to be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- N.I. Mongalo
- University of South Africa, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences Laboratories, Private Bag X06, Florida, 0610, South Africa
| | - S.S. Mashele
- Central University of Technology, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Centre for Quality of Health and Living, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa
| | - T.J. Makhafola
- Central University of Technology, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Centre for Quality of Health and Living, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa
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Qiu X, Ma J, Shi Y, Zhang D, Li D, Dong Z, Lin X, Shi H, Jiang G, Wang Y, Liu G. BAOXIN Granules Protected Mouse Model With Elevated Afterload From Cardiac Hypertrophy by Suppressing Both Inflammatory Reaction and Collagen Deposition. Front Physiol 2019; 10:820. [PMID: 31333486 PMCID: PMC6624790 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BAOXIN Pill was reported to be effective clinically for chronic heart failure based on the principles of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), invigorating qi and activating blood. The present study evaluated preclinically the effects of the improved dosage form, BAOXIN Granules, on cardiac hypertrophy. Transverse aortic constriction (TAC) was performed in mice to model cardiac hypertrophy by aortic stenosis for 4 weeks. The sham and TAC group were intragastrically administrated with saline as the controls. Two treatment groups were administrated orally with 10 mg/kg⋅d Enalapril (positive control) or 0.77 g/kg⋅d BAOXIN Granules for 4 weeks respectively. The effects were evaluated by echocardiography, morphology, and biological markers for cardiac function. The specific genes involved in inflammation and fibrosis were also examined for their expressions to investigate the pathways involved in early heart failure. Just as Enalapril, BAOXIN Granules administration markedly attenuated left ventricular hypertrophy and improved heart function as evidenced by echo cardiography, morphology. Accordingly, the biomarkers of the early stage heart failure, ANP, BNP and β-MHC, were decreased in the two treatment groups. We also found that mRNA expressions of some inflammatory factors and fibrosis associated genes were down-regulated in the tissue of heart after treatment. BAOXIN Granules may protect the heart from myocardial hypertrophy caused by increasing left ventricular afterload. It can suppress both inflammatory reaction and collagen deposition during pressure overload. BAOXIN Granules is advised to be tested in clinical trials for heart failure in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science Ministry of Education, Institute of Cardiovascular Science, Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Ji Ma
- Jishantang Clinic of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yinchuan, China
| | - Yujing Shi
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dong Zhang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Defeng Li
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhao Dong
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science Ministry of Education, Institute of Cardiovascular Science, Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao Lin
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science Ministry of Education, Institute of Cardiovascular Science, Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Haozhe Shi
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science Ministry of Education, Institute of Cardiovascular Science, Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Guining Jiang
- Clinical Measurement, Cardiology Department, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Yuhui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science Ministry of Education, Institute of Cardiovascular Science, Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - George Liu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science Ministry of Education, Institute of Cardiovascular Science, Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, China
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Han KH, Park JM, Jeong M, Han YM, Go EJ, Park J, Kim H, Han JG, Kwon O, Hahm KB. Heme Oxygenase-1 Induction and Anti-inflammatory Actions of Atractylodes macrocephala and Taraxacum herba Extracts Prevented Colitis and Was More Effective than Sulfasalazine in Preventing Relapse. Gut Liver 2018. [PMID: 28651306 PMCID: PMC5593328 DOI: 10.5009/gnl16496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/Aims In inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), repeated bouts of remission and relapse occur in patients and can impose a risk of colitis-associated cancer. We hypothesized that plant extracts of Atractylodes macrocephala (AM) or Taraxacum herba (TH) may be better than sulfasalazine for treating this disease because these extracts can promote additional regeneration. Methods Murine intestinal epithelial IEC-6 cells were pretreated with AM or TH before a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced challenge. Acute colitis was induced with 7 days of dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) in male C57BL/6 mice, and extracts of AM and TH were administered for 2 weeks before DSS administration. Results In vitro studies demonstrated that AM or TH treatment reduced LPS-induced COX-2 and tumor necrosis factor-α mRNA levels but increased heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1). Oral preadministration of AM and TH rescued mice from DSS-induced colitis by inhibiting inflammatory mediators via inactivated extracellular signal regulated kinase and repressed nuclear factor κB and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3, but the effect was weaker for sulfasalazine than that for the extracts. Anti-inflammatory activities occurred via the inhibition of macrophage and T lymphocyte infiltrations. Unlike sulfasalazine, which did not induce HO-1, TH extracts afforded significant HO-1 induction. Conclusions Because the AM or TH extracts were far superior in preventing DSS-induced colitis than sulfasalazine, AM or TH extracts can be considered natural agents that can prevent IBD relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyu-Hyun Han
- Digestive Disease Center, CHA University Bundang Medical Center, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Jong-Min Park
- CHA Cancer Prevention Research Center, CHA Cancer Institute, CHA University, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Migyeong Jeong
- CHA Cancer Prevention Research Center, CHA Cancer Institute, CHA University, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Young-Min Han
- CHA Cancer Prevention Research Center, CHA Cancer Institute, CHA University, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Eun-Jin Go
- CHA Cancer Prevention Research Center, CHA Cancer Institute, CHA University, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Juyeon Park
- Korea Institute of Science and Technology for Eastern Medicine (KISTEM), NeuMed Inc., Seoul, Korea
| | - Hocheol Kim
- Department of Herbal Pharmacology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae Gab Han
- Department of Health Food Research & Development, Daesang Corp., Icheon, Korea
| | - Oran Kwon
- Department of Nutritional Science and Food Management, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ki Baik Hahm
- Digestive Disease Center, CHA University Bundang Medical Center, Seongnam, Korea.,CHA Cancer Prevention Research Center, CHA Cancer Institute, CHA University, Seongnam, Korea
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Park SM, Min BG, Jung JY, Jegal KH, Lee CW, Kim KY, Kim YW, Choi YW, Cho IJ, Ku SK, Kim SC. Combination of Pelargonium sidoides and Coptis chinensis root inhibits nuclear factor kappa B-mediated inflammatory response in vitro and in vivo. Altern Ther Health Med 2018; 18:20. [PMID: 29351747 PMCID: PMC5775528 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-018-2088-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Background Pelargonium sidoides (PS) and Coptis chinensis root (CR) have traditionally been used to treat various diseases, including respiratory and gastrointestinal infections, dysmenorrhea, and hepatic disorders. The present study was conducted to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effects of a combination of PS and CR in vitro and in vivo. Methods The in vitro effects of PS + CR on the induction of inflammation-related proteins were evaluated in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. The levels of nitric oxide (NO) and of inflammatory cytokines and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) were measured using the Griess reagent and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) methods, respectively. The expression of inflammation-related proteins was confirmed by Western blot. Additionally, the effects of PS + CR on paw edema volume, skin thickness, and numbers of infiltrated inflammatory cells, mast cells, COX-2-, iNOS-, and TNF-α-immunoreactive cells in dorsum and ventrum pedis skin were evaluated in a rat model of carrageenan (CA)-induced paw edema. Results PS + CR significantly reduced production of NO, PGE2 and three pro-inflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-6) and also decreased levels of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). Treatment with PS + CR significantly reduced the protein expression levels of LPS-stimulated nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and phosphorylated inhibitor of NF-κB (p-I-κBα). Additionally, PS + CR significantly inhibited the increases in paw swelling, skin thickness, infiltrated inflammatory cells, mast cell degranulation, COX-2-, iNOS-, and TNF-α-immunoreactive cells in the rat model of CA-induced acute edematous paw. Conclusions These results demonstrate that PS + CR exhibits anti-inflammatory properties through decreasing the production of pro-inflammatory mediators (NO, PGE2, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6), suppressing NF-κB signaling in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells. Additionally, the results of the CA-induced rat paw edema assay revealed an anti-edema effect of PS + CR. Furthermore, it is suggested that PS + CR also inhibits acute edematous inflammation by suppressing mast cell degranulation and inflammatory mediators (COX-2, iNOS, and TNF-α). Thus, PS + CR may be a potential candidate for the treatment of various inflammatory diseases, and it may also contribute to a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying inflammatory response regulation.
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