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Kim YE, Lee JH, Lee EJ, Kim DH, Jeong MR, Hong S, Lee CK, Yoo B, Youn J, Chang EJ, Kim YG. The Expression of the Alpha7 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor and the Effect of Smoking in Curdlan-Administered SKG Mice. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2757. [PMID: 37893130 PMCID: PMC10603960 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11102757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Nicotine, an abundant molecule in tobacco, has immunomodulatory effects on inflammatory diseases, primarily due to the activation of alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7 nAChR). We aim to evaluate the expression of the α7 nAChR+ cells in joint tissue and the effect of smoking on immune cells and peripheral arthritis in curdlan-administered SKG mice, a murine model of spondyloarthropathy (SpA). The SKG mice were injected with curdlan two times at 2-week intervals and were divided into two groups; one exposed to cigarette smoke and the other not exposed. We found that the α7 nAChR+ cells increased in the joint tissue of curdlan-administered SKG mice compared to in the wild type. Furthermore, the peripheral arthritis scores and histological scores for synovial inflammation were lower in smoke-exposed curdlan-administered SKG mice than in mice not exposed to smoke. Immunofluorescence staining of the α7 nAChR+ and IL-17A+ cells was lower in the synovia of smoke-exposed mice than the control mice. The proportions of α7 nAChR+IL-17A+ and α7 nAChR+IL-17A+FOXP3+ cells also decreased in the synovia of smoke-exposed mice compared with the controls. We observed an increase in the α7 nAChR+ cells within the joint tissue of curdlan-administered SKG mice and that cigarette smoke had an influence on both peripheral arthritis and immune cell population, especially α7 nAChR+ cells. Thus, exposure to cigarette smoke after arthritogenic stimuli may have an anti-arthritogenic effect in curdlan-administered SKG mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Eun Kim
- Department of Rheumatology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea; (Y.-E.K.); (J.-H.L.); (E.-J.L.); (D.H.K.); (M.R.J.); (S.H.); (C.-K.L.); (B.Y.)
| | - Jae-Hyun Lee
- Department of Rheumatology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea; (Y.-E.K.); (J.-H.L.); (E.-J.L.); (D.H.K.); (M.R.J.); (S.H.); (C.-K.L.); (B.Y.)
| | - Eun-Ju Lee
- Department of Rheumatology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea; (Y.-E.K.); (J.-H.L.); (E.-J.L.); (D.H.K.); (M.R.J.); (S.H.); (C.-K.L.); (B.Y.)
| | - Do Hoon Kim
- Department of Rheumatology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea; (Y.-E.K.); (J.-H.L.); (E.-J.L.); (D.H.K.); (M.R.J.); (S.H.); (C.-K.L.); (B.Y.)
| | - Mi Ryeong Jeong
- Department of Rheumatology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea; (Y.-E.K.); (J.-H.L.); (E.-J.L.); (D.H.K.); (M.R.J.); (S.H.); (C.-K.L.); (B.Y.)
| | - Seokchan Hong
- Department of Rheumatology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea; (Y.-E.K.); (J.-H.L.); (E.-J.L.); (D.H.K.); (M.R.J.); (S.H.); (C.-K.L.); (B.Y.)
| | - Chang-Keun Lee
- Department of Rheumatology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea; (Y.-E.K.); (J.-H.L.); (E.-J.L.); (D.H.K.); (M.R.J.); (S.H.); (C.-K.L.); (B.Y.)
| | - Bin Yoo
- Department of Rheumatology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea; (Y.-E.K.); (J.-H.L.); (E.-J.L.); (D.H.K.); (M.R.J.); (S.H.); (C.-K.L.); (B.Y.)
| | - Jeehee Youn
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea;
| | - Eun-Ju Chang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea;
| | - Yong-Gil Kim
- Department of Rheumatology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea; (Y.-E.K.); (J.-H.L.); (E.-J.L.); (D.H.K.); (M.R.J.); (S.H.); (C.-K.L.); (B.Y.)
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2
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Keever KR, Yakubenko VP, Hoover DB. Neuroimmune nexus in the pathophysiology and therapy of inflammatory disorders: role of α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Pharmacol Res 2023; 191:106758. [PMID: 37028776 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2023.106758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Abstract
The α7-nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7nAChR) is a key protein in the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway (CAP) that links the nervous and immune systems. Initially, the pathway was discovered based on the observation that vagal nerve stimulation (VNS) reduced the systemic inflammatory response in septic animals. Subsequent studies form a foundation for the leading hypothesis about the central role of the spleen in CAP activation. VNS evokes noradrenergic stimulation of ACh release from T cells in the spleen, which in turn activates α7nAChRs on the surface of macrophages. α7nAChR-mediated signaling in macrophages reduces inflammatory cytokine secretion and modifies apoptosis, proliferation, and macrophage polarization, eventually reducing the systemic inflammatory response. A protective role of the CAP has been demonstrated in preclinical studies for multiple diseases including sepsis, metabolic disease, cardiovascular diseases, arthritis, Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, endometriosis, and potentially COVID-19, sparking interest in using bioelectronic and pharmacological approaches to target α7nAChRs for treating inflammatory conditions in patients. Despite a keen interest, many aspects of the cholinergic pathway are still unknown. α7nAChRs are expressed on many other subsets of immune cells that can affect the development of inflammation differently. There are also other sources of ACh that modify immune cell functions. How the interplay of ACh and α7nAChR on different cells and in various tissues contributes to the anti-inflammatory responses requires additional study. This review provides an update on basic and translational studies of the CAP in inflammatory diseases, the relevant pharmacology of α7nAChR-activated drugs and raises some questions that require further investigation.
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3
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Zhang W, Lin H, Zou M, Yuan Q, Huang Z, Pan X, Zhang W. Nicotine in Inflammatory Diseases: Anti-Inflammatory and Pro-Inflammatory Effects. Front Immunol 2022; 13:826889. [PMID: 35251010 PMCID: PMC8895249 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.826889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
As an anti-inflammatory alkaloid, nicotine plays dual roles in treating diseases. Here we reviewed the anti-inflammatory and pro-inflammatory effects of nicotine on inflammatory diseases, including inflammatory bowel disease, arthritis, multiple sclerosis, sepsis, endotoxemia, myocarditis, oral/skin/muscle inflammation, etc., mainly concerning the administration methods, different models, therapeutic concentration and duration, and relevant organs and tissues. According to the data analysis from recent studies in the past 20 years, nicotine exerts much more anti-inflammatory effects than pro-inflammatory ones, especially in ulcerative colitis, arthritis, sepsis, and endotoxemia. On the other hand, in oral inflammation, nicotine promotes and aggravates some diseases such as periodontitis and gingivitis, especially when there are harmful microorganisms in the oral cavity. We also carefully analyzed the nicotine dosage to determine its safe and effective range. Furthermore, we summarized the molecular mechanism of nicotine in these inflammatory diseases through regulating immune cells, immune factors, and the vagus and acetylcholinergic anti-inflammatory pathways. By balancing the “beneficial” and “harmful” effects of nicotine, it is meaningful to explore the effective medical value of nicotine and open up new horizons for remedying acute and chronic inflammation in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenji Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering & Technology Research Center for Tobacco Breeding and Comprehensive Utilization, Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement of Guangdong Province, Crops Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hui Lin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mingmin Zou
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering & Technology Research Center for Tobacco Breeding and Comprehensive Utilization, Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement of Guangdong Province, Crops Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qinghua Yuan
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering & Technology Research Center for Tobacco Breeding and Comprehensive Utilization, Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement of Guangdong Province, Crops Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhenrui Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering & Technology Research Center for Tobacco Breeding and Comprehensive Utilization, Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement of Guangdong Province, Crops Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoying Pan
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering & Technology Research Center for Tobacco Breeding and Comprehensive Utilization, Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement of Guangdong Province, Crops Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Xiaoying Pan, ; Wenjuan Zhang,
| | - Wenjuan Zhang
- Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Xiaoying Pan, ; Wenjuan Zhang,
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Lv J, Ji X, Li Z, Hao H. The role of the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway in autoimmune rheumatic diseases. Scand J Immunol 2021; 94:e13092. [PMID: 34780075 DOI: 10.1111/sji.13092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway (CAP) is a classic neuroimmune pathway, consisting of the vagus nerve, acetylcholine (ACh)-the pivotal neurotransmitter of the vagus nerve-and its receptors. This pathway can activate and regulate the activities of immune cells, inhibit cell proliferation and differentiation, as well as suppress cytokine release, thereby playing an anti-inflammatory role, and widely involved in the occurrence and development of various diseases; recent studies have demonstrated that the CAP may be a new target for the treatment of autoimmune rheumatic diseases. In this review, we will summarize the latest progress with the view of figuring out the role of the cholinergic pathway and how it interacts with inflammatory reactions in several autoimmune rheumatic diseases, and many advances are results from a wide range of experiments performed in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Lv
- Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China.,Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Taiyuan, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Ji
- Basic Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, China
| | - Zhen Li
- Basic Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, China
| | - Huiqin Hao
- Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China.,Basic Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, China
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5
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Saranyutanon S, Acharya S, Deshmukh SK, Khan MA, Singh S, Singh AP. Nicotine causes alternative polarization of macrophages via Src-mediated STAT3 activation: Potential pathobiological implications. J Cell Physiol 2021; 237:1486-1497. [PMID: 34647621 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Nicotine is an addictive ingredient of tobacco products and other noncigarette substitutes, including those being used for smoking cessation to relieve withdrawal symptoms. Earlier research, however, has associated nicotine with the risk and poorer outcome of several diseases, including cancer. Macrophages are an important component of the innate immune system and can have both pro-and anti-inflammatory functions depending upon their polarization state. Here, we investigated the effect of nicotine on macrophage polarization, growth, and invasion to understand its role in human physiology. We observed that nicotine induced M2 polarization of RAW264.7 and THP-1-derived macrophages in a dose-dependent manner. Cytokine profiling suggested a mixed M2a/d phenotype of nicotine-polarized macrophages associated with tissue repair and pro-angiogenic functions. Moreover, nicotine treatment also enhanced the growth, motility, and invasion of macrophages. Mechanistic studies revealed increased phosphorylation of STAT3 in nicotine-treated macrophages that was mediated through Src activation. Importantly, pretreatment of macrophages with either Src or STAT3 inhibitor abrogated nicotine-induced macrophage polarization, growth, and motility, suggesting a functional role of the Src-STAT3 signaling axis. Together, our findings reveal a novel role of nicotine in immunosuppression via causing M2 polarization of macrophages that could be implicated in the pathogenesis of various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sirin Saranyutanon
- Department of Pathology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama, USA
- Cancer Biology Program, Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama, USA
| | - Srijan Acharya
- Department of Pathology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama, USA
- Cancer Biology Program, Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama, USA
| | - Sachin Kumar Deshmukh
- Department of Pathology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama, USA
- Cancer Biology Program, Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama, USA
| | - Mohammad Aslam Khan
- Department of Pathology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama, USA
- Cancer Biology Program, Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama, USA
| | - Seema Singh
- Department of Pathology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama, USA
- Cancer Biology Program, Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama, USA
| | - Ajay Pratap Singh
- Department of Pathology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama, USA
- Cancer Biology Program, Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama, USA
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6
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Pohanka M. Pharmacological Influencing of The Cholinergic Anti-inflammatory Pathway in Infectious Diseases and Inflammatory Pathologies. Mini Rev Med Chem 2021; 21:660-669. [PMID: 33208075 DOI: 10.2174/1389557520666201117111715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway is a part of the parasympathetic nervous system and it can also be entitled as an anti-inflammatory reflex. It consists of terminations of the vagal nerve into blood, acetylcholine released from the terminations, macrophages and other cells having α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7 nAChR), calcium ions crossing through the receptor and interacting with nuclear factors, and erythrocytes with acetylcholinesterase (AChE) terminating the neurotransmission. Stopping of inflammatory cytokines production is the major task for the cholinergic antiinflammatory pathway. The cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway can be stimulated or suppressed by agonizing or antagonizing α7 nAChR or by inhibition of AChE. This review is focused on cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway regulation by drugs. Compounds that inhibit cholinesterases (for instance, huperzine, rivastigmine, galantamine), and their impact on the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway are discussed here and a survey of actual literature is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miroslav Pohanka
- Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defense, Trebesska 1575, Hradec Kralove CZ-50001, Czech Republic
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7
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Hajiasgharzadeh K, Khabbazi A, Mokhtarzadeh A, Baghbanzadeh A, Asadzadeh Z, Adlravan E, Baradaran B. Cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway and connective tissue diseases. Inflammopharmacology 2021; 29:975-986. [PMID: 34125373 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-021-00812-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Connective tissue diseases (CTDs) consist of an extensive range of heterogeneous medical conditions, which are caused by immune-mediated chronic inflammation and influences the various connective tissues of the body. They include rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, systemic sclerosis, vasculitis, Sjögren's syndrome, Behcet's disease, and many other autoimmune CTDs. To date, several anti-inflammatory approaches have been developed to reduce the severity of inflammation or its subsequent organ manifestations. As a logical mechanism to harnesses the undesired inflammation, some studies investigated the role of the intrinsic cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway (CAP) in the modulation of chronic inflammation. Many different experimental and clinical models have been developed to evaluate the therapeutic significance of the CAP in CTDs. On the other hand, an issue that is less emphasized in this regard is the presence of autonomic neuropathy in CTDs, which influences the efficiency of CAP in such clinical settings. This condition occurs during CTDs and is a well-known complication of patients suffering from them. The advantages and limitations of CAP in the control of inflammatory responses and its possible therapeutic benefits in the treatment of CTDs are the main subjects of the current study. Therefore, this narrative review article is provided based on the recent findings of the complicated role of CAP in CTDs which were retrieved by searching Science Direct, PubMed, Google Scholar, and Web of Science. It seems that delineating the complex influences of CAP would be of great interest in designing novel surgical or pharmacological therapeutic strategies for CTDs therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalil Hajiasgharzadeh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Golgasht St, Postcode: 5166614766, Tabriz, Iran.,Connective Tissue Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Golgasht St, Postcode: 5166614756, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Alireza Khabbazi
- Connective Tissue Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Golgasht St, Postcode: 5166614756, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Ahad Mokhtarzadeh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Golgasht St, Postcode: 5166614766, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Amir Baghbanzadeh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Golgasht St, Postcode: 5166614766, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Zahra Asadzadeh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Golgasht St, Postcode: 5166614766, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Elham Adlravan
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Golgasht St, Postcode: 5166614766, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Behzad Baradaran
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Golgasht St, Postcode: 5166614766, Tabriz, Iran. .,Pharmaceutical Analysis Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran. .,Neurosciences Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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8
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Lu J, Wu W. Cholinergic modulation of the immune system - A novel therapeutic target for myocardial inflammation. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 93:107391. [PMID: 33548577 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.107391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 12/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The immune system and the nervous system depend on each other for their fine tuning and working, thus cooperating to maintain physiological homeostasis and prevent infections. The cholinergic system regulates the mobilization, differentiation, secretion, and antigen presentation of adaptive and innate immune cells mainly through α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (α7nAChRs). The neuro-immune interactions are established and maintained by the following mechanisms: colocalization of immune and neuronal cells at defined anatomical sites, expression of the non-neuronal cholinergic system by immune cells, and the acetylcholine receptor-mediated activation of intracellular signaling pathways. Based on these immunological mechanisms, the protective effects of cholinergic system in animal models of diseases were summarized in this paper, such as myocardial infarction/ischemia-reperfusion, viral myocarditis, and endotoxin-induced myocardial damage. In addition to maintaining hemodynamic stability and improving the energy metabolism of the heart, both non-neuronal acetylcholine and neuronal acetylcholine in the heart can alleviate myocardial inflammation and remodeling to exert a significant cardioprotective effect. The new findings on the role of cholinergic agonists and vagus nerve stimulation in immune regulation are updated, so as to develop improved approaches to treat inflammatory heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Lu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Shuangyong Road 6, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530021, PR China.
| | - Weifeng Wu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Shuangyong Road 6, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530021, PR China; Key Laboratory of Longevity and Aging-related Diseases of Chinese Ministry of Education, Center for Translational Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Shuangyong Road 22, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530021, PR China.
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Uni R, Inoue T, Nakamura Y, Fukaya D, Hasegawa S, Wu CH, Fujii R, Surattichaiyakul B, Peerapanyasut W, Ozeki A, Akimitsu N, Wada Y, Nangaku M, Inagi R. Vagus nerve stimulation even after injury ameliorates cisplatin-induced nephropathy via reducing macrophage infiltration. Sci Rep 2020; 10:9472. [PMID: 32528023 PMCID: PMC7290038 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-66295-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The efficacy of prior activation of an anti-inflammatory pathway called the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway (CAP) through vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) has been reported in renal ischemia-reperfusion injury models. However, there have been no reports that have demonstrated the effectiveness of VNS after injury. We investigated the renoprotective effect of VNS in a cisplatin-induced nephropathy model. C57BL/6 mice were injected with cisplatin, and VNS was conducted 24 hours later. Kidney function, histology, and a kidney injury marker (Kim-1) were evaluated 72 hours after cisplatin administration. To further explore the role of the spleen and splenic macrophages, key players in the CAP, splenectomy, and adoptive transfer of macrophages treated with the selective α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist GTS-21 were conducted. VNS treatment significantly suppressed cisplatin-induced kidney injury. This effect was abolished by splenectomy, while adoptive transfer of GTS-21-treated macrophages improved renal outcomes. VNS also reduced the expression of cytokines and chemokines, including CCL2, which is a potent chemokine attracting monocytes/macrophages, accompanied by a decline in the number of infiltrating macrophages. Taken together, stimulation of the CAP protected the kidney even after injury in a cisplatin-induced nephropathy model. Considering the feasibility and anti-inflammatory effects of VNS, the findings suggest that VNS may be a promising therapeutic tool for acute kidney injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rie Uni
- Division of Nephrology and Endocrinology, The University of Tokyo Graduate, School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan.,Division of CKD, Pathophysiology, The University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Inoue
- Division of CKD, Pathophysiology, The University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan.
| | - Yasuna Nakamura
- Division of Nephrology and Endocrinology, The University of Tokyo Graduate, School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Daichi Fukaya
- Division of CKD, Pathophysiology, The University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Sho Hasegawa
- Division of Nephrology and Endocrinology, The University of Tokyo Graduate, School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan.,Division of CKD, Pathophysiology, The University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Chia-Hsien Wu
- Division of Nephrology and Endocrinology, The University of Tokyo Graduate, School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Rie Fujii
- Division of Nephrology and Endocrinology, The University of Tokyo Graduate, School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan.,Division of CKD, Pathophysiology, The University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Bongkod Surattichaiyakul
- Division of CKD, Pathophysiology, The University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | | | - Atsuko Ozeki
- Isotope Science Center, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0032, Japan
| | - Nobuyoshi Akimitsu
- Isotope Science Center, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0032, Japan
| | - Youichiro Wada
- Isotope Science Center, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0032, Japan
| | - Masaomi Nangaku
- Division of Nephrology and Endocrinology, The University of Tokyo Graduate, School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Reiko Inagi
- Division of CKD, Pathophysiology, The University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
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Impact of Key Nicotinic AChR Subunits on Post-Stroke Pneumococcal Pneumonia. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8020253. [PMID: 32481512 PMCID: PMC7349987 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8020253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pneumonia is the most frequent severe medical complication after stroke. An overactivation of the cholinergic signaling after stroke contributes to immunosuppression and the development of spontaneous pneumonia caused by Gram-negative pathogens. The α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7nAChR) has already been identified as an important mediator of the anti-inflammatory pathway after stroke. However, whether the α2, α5 and α9/10 nAChR expressed in the lung also play a role in suppression of pulmonary innate immunity after stroke is unknown. In the present study, we investigate the impact of various nAChRs on aspiration-induced pneumonia after stroke. Therefore, α2, α5, α7 and α9/10 nAChR knockout (KO) mice and wild type (WT) littermates were infected with Streptococcus pneumoniae (S. pneumoniae) three days after middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo). One day after infection pathogen clearance, cellularity in lung and spleen, cytokine secretion in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) and alveolar-capillary barrier were investigated. Here, we found that deficiency of various nAChRs does not contribute to an enhanced clearance of a Gram-positive pathogen causing post-stroke pneumonia in mice. In conclusion, these findings suggest that a single nAChR is not sufficient to mediate the impaired pulmonary defense against S. pneumoniae after experimental stroke.
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11
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Nicotine Suppresses the Invasiveness of Human Trophoblasts by Downregulation of CXCL12 Expression through the Alpha-7 Subunit of the Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor. Reprod Sci 2020; 27:916-924. [PMID: 31933163 PMCID: PMC7077928 DOI: 10.1007/s43032-019-00095-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Smoke exposure during pregnancy has detrimental effects upon numerous fetal and neonatal outcomes. Nicotine (the main component of tobacco) has been suggested to affect placental development. During placental development, efficient invasion by trophoblasts is required for establishment of the fetus–maternal circulation. In this study we explored the regulation of trophoblast invasion by nicotine. An immortalized first trimester extravillous trophoblast cell line (HTR-8/SVneo cells) was used for all the experiments, which were treated by nicotine, methyllycaconitine, and C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 12 (CXCL12). Total RNA and protein were used to study the expressions of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs), and transwell assay was used to study invasiveness. Changes of RNA expression due to nicotine treatment were detected by RNA sequence. Level of CXCL12 mRNA was verified by quantitative PCR. We showed that HTR-8/SVneo expressed subunits α2–4, α7, α9, β1, and β2 of nAChRs. Nicotine downregulated CXCL12 expression and inhibited trophoblast invasion. Methyllycaconitine, as an antagonist of the α7 homopolymer, blocked the inhibitory effect of nicotine. CXCL12 could rescue the nicotine-induced inhibitory effect on invasion of HTR-8/SVneo cells. These results suggest that the α7 subunit of the nAChR has important roles in modulating trophoblast invasion through CXCL12.
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Kunzler E, Hynan LS, Chong BF. Autoimmune Diseases in Patients With Cutaneous Lupus Erythematosus. JAMA Dermatol 2019; 154:712-716. [PMID: 29801110 DOI: 10.1001/jamadermatol.2018.0616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Importance Increased rates of autoimmune conditions have been reported in association with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Little is known about coexisting autoimmune conditions in patients with cutaneous lupus erythematosus (CLE) without SLE. Objective To determine the prevalence and risk factors of having coexisting autoimmune conditions in patients with CLE. Design, Setting, and Participants This cross-sectional study was performed from November 2008 to February 2017 at the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (UTSW) and Parkland Health and Hospital System, Dallas, Texas. Participants were identified through the UTSW Cutaneous Lupus Registry. All participants had a dermatologist-confirmed diagnosis of CLE using clinicopathological correlation. Exclusion criteria included age younger than 18 years, and meeting at least 4 American College of Rheumatology diagnostic criteria for SLE. Participants with CLE and without concomitant autoimmune diseases were compared by demographic and disease characteristics. Main Outcomes and Measures The primary and secondary outcomes were presence of coexisting autoimmune condition(s) and individual autoimmune diseases, respectively. Predictor variables significantly associated with coexisting autoimmune diseases were identified by univariate and multivariable logistic regression analyses. Results Among the 285 participants initially screened, 129 participants with CLE were included (102 [79.1%] female; median age, 49 years [interquartile range, 38.3-57.1 years]). Coexisting autoimmune conditions were found in 23 (17.8%). Autoimmune thyroid disease had the highest frequency at 4.7% (n = 6). Multivariable logistic regression analyses showed that patients with CLE who were white (odds ratio [OR], 2.88; 95% CI, 1.00-8.29; P = .0498), never smokers (OR, 3.28; 95% CI, 1.14-9.39; P = .03), had family history of autoimmune disease (OR, 3.54; 95% CI, 1.21-10.39; P = .02), and history of positive antinuclear antibody test result (OR, 4.87; 95% CI, 1.69-14.03; P = .003) had a significant association with having coexisting autoimmune conditions. Conclusions and Relevance This study suggests that patients with CLE without concurrent SLE can have increased rates of coexisting autoimmune conditions. Collecting a thorough review of systems can prompt clinicians to pursue further testing and evaluation by other specialists. Future studies investigating development of coexisting autoimmune conditions over time in the CLE population are necessary to confirm these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine Kunzler
- Department of Dermatology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas.,medical student at Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown
| | - Linda S Hynan
- Department of Clinical Sciences (Biostatistics), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas.,Department of Psychology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas
| | - Benjamin F Chong
- Department of Dermatology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas
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Liu D, Li T, Luo H, Zuo X, Liu S, Wu S. The effect of the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway on collagen-induced arthritis involves the modulation of dendritic cell differentiation. Arthritis Res Ther 2018; 20:263. [PMID: 30486874 PMCID: PMC6262974 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-018-1759-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway (CAP) has a strong anti-inflammatory effect on collagen-induced arthritis (CIA), a classic animal model of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). However, the underlying immune regulatory mechanism remains unclear. Here, we investigated the effect of the CAP on arthritis development and the involvement of dendritic cells (DCs). METHODS Forty DBA/1 mice were randomly divided into five groups: a control group (sham vagotomy+ phosphate-buffered saline; shamVGX+PBS), a CIA group (shamVGX+CIA + PBS), a vagotomy group (VGX + CIA + PBS), a GTS-21 (4 mg/kg) group (shamVGX+CIA + GTS-4), and a GTS-21 (8 mg/kg) group (shamVGX+CIA + GTS-8). The vagotomy group underwent left cervical vagotomy 4 days before arthritis induction, whereas the sham-vagotomy group underwent vagus nerve exposure. Mice were pretreated with GTS-21 by intraperitoneal injection on the day of surgery. The degree of arthritis was measured by using the arthritis score, hematoxylin and eosin staining, and TRAP (tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase) staining. Flow cytometry was used to detect the expression of CD80 and major histocompatibility complex II (MHC II) on CD11c+ DCs in the spleen. Luminex was used to detect the serum concentration of interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα), and IL-10. Immunohistochemistry was used to detect CD11c expression in the synovium. The effects of GTS-21 on DC differentiation and maturation were examined in vitro by treating bone marrow-derived DCs with GTS-21 and assessing differentiation and maturation. Flow cytometry was used to analyze CD80 and MHC II expression on the surface of DCs. RESULTS GTS-21 treatment ameliorated clinical arthritis in a mouse model of CIA in vivo, decreasing the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the serum and downregulating CD80 and MHC II expression on DCs in the spleen of CIA mice. GTS-21 treatment strongly suppressed the infiltration of DCs into the synovium. Vagotomy itself did not exacerbate the severity of arthritis in CIA mice. In vitro, GTS-21 (10 μmol/L) significantly downregulated CD80 and MHC II in bone marrow-derived immature DCs and this effect was blocked by the α7-nicotinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist methyllycaconitine (MLA). However, GTS-21 had no effects on mature DCs. CONCLUSIONS The present study provides new insight into the mechanism underlying the effects of the CAP on RA and indicates that the immunosuppressive effect of GTS-21 may be mediated by the inhibition of DC differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Liu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan Province, Changsha, 410008, People's Republic of China
| | - Tong Li
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan Province, Changsha, 410008, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Luo
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan Province, Changsha, 410008, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoxia Zuo
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan Province, Changsha, 410008, People's Republic of China
| | - Sijia Liu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan Province, Changsha, 410008, People's Republic of China.
| | - Shiyao Wu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan Province, Changsha, 410008, People's Republic of China.
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Kong W, Kang K, Gao Y, Liu H, Meng X, Cao Y, Yang S, Liu W, Zhang J, Yu K, Zhao M. GTS-21 Protected Against LPS-Induced Sepsis Myocardial Injury in Mice Through α7nAChR. Inflammation 2018; 41:1073-1083. [PMID: 29680908 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-018-0759-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Sepsis-induced myocardial injury is a well-known cause of mortality. The cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway (CHAIP) is a physiological mechanism by which the central nervous system regulates immune response through the vagus nerve and acetylcholine; the α7-nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7nAChR) is the main component of CHAIP; GTS-21, a synthetic α7nAChR selective agonist, has repeatedly shown its powerful anti-inflammatory effect. However, little is known about its effect on LPS-induced myocardial injury. We investigated the protective effects of GTS-21 on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced cardiomyopathy via the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway in a mouse sepsis model. We constructed the model of myocardial injury in sepsis mice by C57BL/6 using LPS and determined the time of LPS treatment by hematoxylin-eosin (HE) and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL). C57BL/6 mice were randomized into five groups: blank control group, model group, α-bungarotoxin + LPS group, GTS-21 + LPS group, and α-bungarotoxin + GTS-21 + LPS group. The pathological results of myocardial tissue were detected by the HE method; the apoptosis rate was detected by the TUNEL method; the relative expressions of NF-κB p65, Caspase-3, Caspase-8, Bcl-2, Bax, p53, and a7nAChR were detected by real-time quantitative PCR (RT-PCR); and the protein expressions of IL-6, IL-1 β, TNF-α, and pSTAT3 were detected by western blot. The results showed that LPS-induced myocardial pathological and apoptosis changes were significant compared with the blank group, which was reversed by GTS-21; however, pretreatment with α-bungarotoxin obviously blocked the protective effect of GTS-21. NF-κB p65, Caspase-3, Caspase-8, Bax, p53, IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α, and pSTAT3 were significantly increased in the model group, while a7nAChR and Bcl-2 were significantly decreased; GTS-21 treatment reversed that result, while pretreatment with α-bungarotoxin strengthened the result in the model. And pretreatment with α-bungarotoxin blocked the protective effect of GTS-21. GTS-21 can alleviate the LPS-induced damage in the heart via a7nAChR, and pretreatment with α-bungarotoxin obviously blocked the protective effect of GTS-21 on sepsis in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weilan Kong
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 23 Youzheng Road, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Kai Kang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 23 Youzheng Road, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Yang Gao
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 246 Xuefu Road, Harbin, 150086, China
| | - Haitao Liu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, the Cancer Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 150 Haping Road, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Xianglin Meng
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 23 Youzheng Road, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Yanhui Cao
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 23 Youzheng Road, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Songliu Yang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 23 Youzheng Road, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Wen Liu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 23 Youzheng Road, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Jiannan Zhang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 23 Youzheng Road, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Kaijiang Yu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, the Cancer Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 150 Haping Road, Harbin, 150081, China. .,Institute of Critical Care Medicine in Sino Russian Medical Research Center of Harbin Medical University, 150 Haping Road, Harbin, 150081, China.
| | - Mingyan Zhao
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 23 Youzheng Road, Harbin, 150001, China.
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Yue M, Zhang X, Dou Y, Wei Z, Tao Y, Xia Y, Dai Y. Gut-Sourced Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide Induced by the Activation of α7 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Substantially Contributes to the Anti-inflammatory Effect of Sinomenine in Collagen-Induced Arthritis. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:675. [PMID: 29997506 PMCID: PMC6028598 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Sinomenine has long been used for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis in China. However, its anti-inflammatory mechanism is still debatable because the in vitro minimal effective concentration (≥250 μM) is hardly reached in either synovium or serum after oral administration at a therapeutic dose. Recent findings suggest that the α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7nAChR) might mediate the inhibitory effect of sinomenine on macrophage activation, which attracts us to explore the anti-arthritis mechanism of sinomenine by taking neuroendocrine-inflammation axis into consideration. Here, we showed that orally administered sinomenine ameliorated the systemic inflammation of collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) rats, which was significantly diminished by either vagotomy or the antagonists of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (especially the antagonist of α7nAChR), but not by the antagonists of muscarinic receptor. Sinomenine might bind to α7nAChR through interacting with the residues Tyr184 and Tyr191 in the pocket. In addition, the generation of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) from the gut of CIA rats and cultured neuron-like cells was selectively enhanced by sinomenine through the activation of α7nAChR-PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway. The elevated levels of VIP in the serum and small intestine of rats were negatively correlated with the scores of joint destruction. The crucial role of VIP in the anti-arthritic effect of sinomenine was confirmed by using VIP hybrid, a non-specific antagonist of VIP receptor. Taken together, intestine-sourced VIP mediates the anti-arthritic effect of sinomenine, which is generated by the activation of α7nAChR.
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Affiliation(s)
- MengFan Yue
- Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - XinYu Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.,Experiment Center of Teaching and Learning, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - YanNong Dou
- Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - ZhiFeng Wei
- Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yu Tao
- Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - YuFeng Xia
- Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yue Dai
- Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
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Kanashiro A, Shimizu Bassi G, de Queiróz Cunha F, Ulloa L. From neuroimunomodulation to bioelectronic treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 1:151-165. [PMID: 30740246 DOI: 10.2217/bem-2018-0001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Neuronal stimulation is an emerging field in modern medicine to control organ function and reestablish physiological homeostasis during illness. The nervous system innervates most of the peripheral organs and provides a fine tune to control the immune system. Most of these studies have focused on vagus nerve stimulation and the physiological, cellular and molecular mechanisms regulating the immune system. Here, we review the new results revealing afferent vagal signaling pathways, immunomodulatory brain structures, spinal cord-dependent circuits, neural and non-neural cholinergic/catecholaminergic signals and their respective receptors contributing to neuromodulation of inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis. These new neuromodulatory networks and structures will allow the design of innovative bioelectronic or pharmacological approaches for safer and low-cost treatment of arthritis and related inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Kanashiro
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.,Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCAR), São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Shimizu Bassi
- Yueyang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Fernando de Queiróz Cunha
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Luis Ulloa
- Department of Surgery, Center of Immunology & Inflammation, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ 07101, USA
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