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Wu W, Cheng C, Yuan D, Peng L, Li L. Explore intersection genes of oxymatrine and COVID-19 with lung cancer as potential therapeutic targets based on network pharmacology. J Med Microbiol 2023; 72. [PMID: 37855710 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.001766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction. Oxymatrine is a natural quinazine alkaloid extracted from Sophora flavescens and has many medicinal values. Oxymatrine showed protective effects, viral inhibition and effects against lung cancer.Hypothesis/Gap Statement. Individuals with lung cancer exhibit heightened vulnerability to COVID-19 infection due to compromised immune function. In conjunction with COVID-19, it is hypothesized that oxymatrine may exert potent pharmacological effects on lung cancer patients.Aim. The objective of this study was to assess the pharmacological mechanisms and targets of oxymatrine in relation to COVID-19 lung cancer.Methodology. Utilizing network pharmacology analysis, a selection of 2628 genes were identified as co-targets for both COVID-19 and lung cancer. Subsequently, a clinicopathological analysis was conducted by integrating RNA-Seq and clinical data obtained from the TCGA-LUAD lung cancer dataset, which was acquired from the official TCGA website. The identification of pharmacological targets for oxymatrine was accomplished through the utilization of various databases including Pharm mapper, SWISS Target prediction, and STITCH. These identified targets were further investigated for protein-protein interaction (PPI) using STRING, as well as for gene ontology (GO) and KEGG pathways.Results. The effects of oxymatrine on COVID-19-induced lung cancer were mediated by immune regulation, cytoprotection, antiviral, and anti-inflammatory activities, immune regulation, and control of related signalling pathways, including the formation of the neutrophil extracellular trap, phagosome, Toll-like receptor signalling pathway, apoptosis, proteoglycans in cancer, extracellular matrix disassembly, and proteolysis involved in cellular protein catabolism. Furthermore, important substances and genes like ALB, MMP3, MMP1, and TLR4 may affect how oxymatrine suppresses lung cancer/COVID-19 development.Conclusion. To treat COVID-19 or lung cancer paired with COVID-19, oxymatrine may improve the therapeutic efficacy of current clinical antiviral medicines and immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wu
- Key Lab of Ministry of Education for Protection and Utilization of Special Biological Resources in Western China, School of Life Sciences, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, PR China
| | - Chuan Cheng
- Key Lab of Ministry of Education for Protection and Utilization of Special Biological Resources in Western China, School of Life Sciences, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, PR China
| | - Dongdong Yuan
- Key Lab of Ministry of Education for Protection and Utilization of Special Biological Resources in Western China, School of Life Sciences, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, PR China
| | - Li Peng
- Key Lab of Ministry of Education for Protection and Utilization of Special Biological Resources in Western China, School of Life Sciences, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, PR China
| | - Le Li
- Key Lab of Ministry of Education for Protection and Utilization of Special Biological Resources in Western China, School of Life Sciences, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, PR China
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Abd-Alla HI, Souguir D, Radwan MO. Genus Sophora: a comprehensive review on secondary chemical metabolites and their biological aspects from past achievements to future perspectives. Arch Pharm Res 2021; 44:903-986. [PMID: 34907492 PMCID: PMC8671057 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-021-01354-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Sophora is deemed as one of the most remarkable genera of Fabaceae, and the third largest family of flowering plants. The genus Sophora comprises approximately 52 species, 19 varieties, and 7 forms that are widely distributed in Asia and mildly in Africa. Sophora species are recognized to be substantial sources of broad spectrum biopertinent secondary metabolites namely flavonoids, isoflavonoids, chalcones, chromones, pterocarpans, coumarins, benzofuran derivatives, sterols, saponins (mainly triterpene glycosides), oligostilbenes, and mainly alkaloids. Meanwhile, extracts and isolated compounds from Sophora have been identified to possess several health-promising effects including anti-inflammatory, anti-arthritic, antiplatelets, antipyretic, anticancer, antiviral, antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-osteoporosis, anti-ulcerative colitis, antidiabetic, anti-obesity, antidiarrheal, and insecticidal activities. Herein, the present review aims to provide comprehensive details about the phytochemicals and biological effects of Sophora species. The review spotlighted on the promising phytonutrients extracted from Sophora and their plethora of bioactivities. The review also clarifies the remaining gaps and thus qualifies and supplies a platform for further investigations of these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Howaida I Abd-Alla
- Chemistry of Natural Compounds Department, National Research Centre, El-Bohouth Street, Giza-Dokki, 12622, Egypt.
| | - Dalila Souguir
- Institut National de Recherches en Génie Rural, Eaux et Forêts (INRGREF), Université de Carthage, 10 Rue Hédi Karray, Manzeh IV, 2080, Ariana, Tunisia
| | - Mohamed O Radwan
- Chemistry of Natural Compounds Department, National Research Centre, El-Bohouth Street, Giza-Dokki, 12622, Egypt.
- Medicinal and Biological Chemistry Science Farm Joint Research Laboratory, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 862-0973, Japan.
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Albuquerque C, Manguinhas R, Costa JG, Gil N, Codony-Servat J, Castro M, Miranda JP, Fernandes AS, Rosell R, Oliveira NG. A narrative review of the migration and invasion features of non-small cell lung cancer cells upon xenobiotic exposure: insights from in vitro studies. Transl Lung Cancer Res 2021; 10:2698-2714. [PMID: 34295671 PMCID: PMC8264350 DOI: 10.21037/tlcr-21-121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Lung cancer (LC) is the leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide, being non-small lung cancer (NSCLC) sub-types the most prevalent. Since most LC cases are only detected during the last stage of the disease the high mortality rate is strongly associated with metastases. For this reason, the migratory and invasive capacity of these cancer cells as well as the mechanisms involved have long been studied to uncover novel strategies to prevent metastases and improve the patients’ prognosis. This narrative review provides an overview of the main in vitro migration and invasion assays employed in NSCLC research. While several methods have been developed, experiments using conventional cell culture models prevailed, specifically the wound-healing and the transwell migration and invasion assays. Moreover, it is provided herewith a summary of the available information concerning chemical contaminants that may promote the migratory/invasive properties of NSCLC cells in vitro, shedding some light on possible LC risk factors. Most of the reported agents with pro-migration/invasion effects derive from cigarette smoking [e.g., Benzo(a)pyrene and cadmium] and air pollution. This review further presents several studies in which different dietary/plant-derived compounds demonstrated to impair migration/invasion processes in NSCLC cells in vitro. These chemicals that have been proposed as anti-migratory consisted mainly of natural bioactive substances, including polyphenols non-flavonoids, flavonoids, bibenzyls, terpenes, alkaloids, and steroids. Some of these compounds may eventually represent novel therapeutic strategies to be considered in the future to prevent metastasis formation in LC, which highlights the need for additional in vitro methodologies that more closely resemble the in vivo tumor microenvironment and cancer cell interactions. These studies along with adequate in vivo models should be further explored as proof of concept for the most promising compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina Albuquerque
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Rita Manguinhas
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - João G Costa
- CBIOS, Universidade Lusófona's Research Center for Biosciences & Health Technologies, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Nuno Gil
- Lung Cancer Unit, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Jordi Codony-Servat
- Laboratory of Oncology/Pangaea Oncology S.L., Quirón-Dexeus University Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Matilde Castro
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Joana P Miranda
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ana S Fernandes
- CBIOS, Universidade Lusófona's Research Center for Biosciences & Health Technologies, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Rafael Rosell
- Laboratory of Oncology/Pangaea Oncology S.L., Quirón-Dexeus University Institute, Barcelona, Spain.,Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute for Health Science Research Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Campus Can Ruti, Barcelona, Spain.,Internal Medicine Department, Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, Campus de la UAB, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nuno G Oliveira
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
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Rhaponticin suppresses osteosarcoma through the inhibition of PI3K-Akt-mTOR pathway. Saudi J Biol Sci 2021; 28:3641-3649. [PMID: 34220214 PMCID: PMC8241634 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma is the frequent pediatric bone cancer where pediatric osteosarcoma incidences are more than 10% within the population. Most of the patients with osteosarcoma fall within the age of 15-30 years. Therefore, in this research, we examined the anticancer effect of Rhaponticin against the human osteosarcoma (MG-63) cells. The cytotoxicity of Rhaponticin on the MC3T3-E1 and MG-63 cells was examined through the MTT assay. The intracellular ROS accumulation, cell nuclear morphological alterations, apoptotic cell death and nuclear damages, and MMP status of Rhaponticin administered MG-63 cells were inspected by fluorescent staining techniques. The cell migration was assessed through scratch assay. The mRNA expressions of PI3K-Akt-mTOR signaling proteins were studied by RT-PCR analysis. Rhaponticin showed potent cytotoxicity, substantially inhibited the MG-63 cell growth, and displayed morphological alterations. However, rhaponticin did not affect the MC3T3-E1 cell viability. Rhaponticin administered MG-63 cells demonstrated augmented intracellular ROS accretion, weakened MMP, increased nuclear damages, and increased apoptosis. Rhaponticin effectively down-regulated the PI3K-Akt-mTOR signaling cascade in the MG-63 cells. These outcomes proved that the Rhaponticin can be a hopeful chemotherapeutic agent in the future to treat human osteosarcoma.
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Yao WZ, Veeraperumal S, Qiu HM, Chen XQ, Cheong KL. Anti-cancer effects of Porphyra haitanensis polysaccharides on human colon cancer cells via cell cycle arrest and apoptosis without causing adverse effects in vitro. 3 Biotech 2020; 10:386. [PMID: 32832336 PMCID: PMC7419411 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-020-02379-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, the anticancer effects of Porphyra haitanensis polysaccharides (PHPs) on human colon cancer cells and non-cancerous cells were evaluated. PHP was extracted by an ultrasonic/microwave-assisted method, and three fractions of polysaccharides (PHP-F1, PHP-F2 and PHP-F3) were obtained through a DEAE-52 cellulose ion-exchange column. The results of the cytotoxicity test showed that all of the PHP fractions had inhibitory effects on the growth of colon cancer cells HT-29, LoVo and SW-480, but no toxic effects on the normal human cells HaCaT. The fractions PHP-F2 and PHP-F3 had the most significant cytotoxicity on HT-29 cells. Studies on intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, cell apoptosis, the apoptosis index (using Hoechst 33342 staining) and analysis of cell cycle arrest using flow cytometry revealed that the fractions PHP-F2 and PHP-F3 could apparently induce oxidative stress and apoptosis in HT-29 cells and cause cell G0-G1 phase arrest. These findings suggest that polysaccharides from P. haitanensis have anticancer effects on human colon cancer cells and therefore might be regarded as new candidates for the prevention and treatment of colon cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Zi Yao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, STU-UNIVPM Joint Algal Research Center, Institute of Marine Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063 Guangdong People’s Republic of China
| | - Suresh Veeraperumal
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, STU-UNIVPM Joint Algal Research Center, Institute of Marine Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063 Guangdong People’s Republic of China
| | - Hua-Mai Qiu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, STU-UNIVPM Joint Algal Research Center, Institute of Marine Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063 Guangdong People’s Republic of China
| | - Xian-Qiang Chen
- Institute of Marine Drugs, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, 530200 Guangxi China
| | - Kit-Leong Cheong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, STU-UNIVPM Joint Algal Research Center, Institute of Marine Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063 Guangdong People’s Republic of China
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Jung YY, Shanmugam MK, Narula AS, Kim C, Lee JH, Namjoshi OA, Blough BE, Sethi G, Ahn KS. Oxymatrine Attenuates Tumor Growth and Deactivates STAT5 Signaling in a Lung Cancer Xenograft Model. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11010049. [PMID: 30621055 PMCID: PMC6356594 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11010049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxymatrine (OMT) is a major alkaloid found in radix Sophorae flavescentis extract and has been reported to exhibit various pharmacological activities. We elucidated the detailed molecular mechanism(s) underlying the therapeutic actions of OMT in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells and a xenograft mouse model. Because the STAT5 signaling cascade has a significant role in regulating cell proliferation and survival in tumor cells, we hypothesized that OMT may disrupt this signaling cascade to exert its anticancer effects. We found that OMT can inhibit the constitutive activation of STAT5 by suppressing the activation of JAK1/2 and c-Src, nuclear localization, as well as STAT5 binding to DNA in A549 cells and abrogated IL-6-induced STAT5 phosphorylation in H1299 cells. We also report that a sub-optimal concentration of OMT when used in combination with a low dose of paclitaxel produced significant anti-cancer effects by inhibiting cell proliferation and causing substantial apoptosis. In a preclinical lung cancer mouse model, OMT when used in combination with paclitaxel produced a significant reduction in tumor volume. These results suggest that OMT in combination with paclitaxel can cause an attenuation of lung cancer growth both in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Yun Jung
- Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 24 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Korea.
| | - Muthu K Shanmugam
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117600, Singapore.
| | | | - Chulwon Kim
- Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 24 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Korea.
- Comorbidity Research Institute, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 24 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Korea.
| | - Jong Hyun Lee
- Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 24 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Korea.
- Comorbidity Research Institute, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 24 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Korea.
| | - Ojas A Namjoshi
- Center for Drug Discovery, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC 27616, USA.
| | - Bruce E Blough
- Center for Drug Discovery, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC 27616, USA.
| | - Gautam Sethi
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117600, Singapore.
| | - Kwang Seok Ahn
- Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 24 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Korea.
- Comorbidity Research Institute, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 24 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Korea.
- Department of Korean Pathology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 24 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Korea.
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Sun N, Liu H, Liu S, Zhang X, Chen P, Li W, Xu X, Tian W. Purification, Preliminary Structure and Antitumor Activity of Exopolysaccharide Produced by Streptococcus thermophilus CH9. Molecules 2018; 23:E2898. [PMID: 30404213 PMCID: PMC6278328 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23112898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Revised: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, the preliminary structure and in vitro antitumor activity of three exopolysaccharides (EPSs) from Streptococcus thermophilus CH9 were investigated. Then, three purified fractions of EPS-1a, EPS-2a, and EPS-3a were obtained by chromatography using DEAE-52 cellulose and Sephadex G-100, respectively. The average molecular weight of EPS-1a, EPS-2a, and EPS-3a, were 1.80 × 10⁶, 1.06 × 10⁶ and 1.05 × 10⁶. The monosaccharide composition of EPS-3a was dramatically different from the others. The EPS-1a and EPS-2a were mainly composed of mannose, in a ratio of 69.82% and 57.09%, respectively, while EPS-3a was mainly composed of glucose (63.93%), without mannose. In addition, the surface morphology observed suggested that there were protein particles on the sugar chain of EPS-3a and EPS-3a was a protein-containing polysaccharide. Furthermore, EPS-3a exhibited higher antitumor activity against human liver cancer HepG2 cells in vitro. The antitumor activity of EPS-3a in HepG2 cells was associated with cell apoptosis. HE staining and Hoechst 33342 staining showed that with the treatment of EPS-3a, HepG2 cells had typical morphological changes. Flow cytometry analysis showed that the cell cycle was arrested at G0/G1 phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naxin Sun
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, Department of Food Engineering and Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China.
| | - Huiping Liu
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, Department of Food Engineering and Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China.
| | - Shaojuan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, Department of Food Engineering and Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China.
| | - Xinyuan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, Department of Food Engineering and Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China.
| | - Pei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, Department of Food Engineering and Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China.
| | - Weihong Li
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, Department of Food Engineering and Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China.
| | - Xiangxin Xu
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, Department of Food Engineering and Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China.
| | - Wentan Tian
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, Department of Food Engineering and Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China.
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Chiu WJ, Lin SR, Chen YH, Tsai MJ, Leong MK, Weng CF. Prodigiosin-Emerged PI3K/Beclin-1-Independent Pathway Elicits Autophagic Cell Death in Doxorubicin-Sensitive and -Resistant Lung Cancer. J Clin Med 2018; 7:jcm7100321. [PMID: 30282915 PMCID: PMC6210934 DOI: 10.3390/jcm7100321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Prodigiosin (PG) belongs to a family of prodiginines isolated from gram-negative bacteria. It is a water insoluble red pigment and a potent proapoptotic compound. This study elucidates the anti-tumor activity and underlying mechanism of PG in doxorubicin-sensitive (Dox-S) and doxorubicin-resistant (Dox-R) lung cancer cells. The cytotoxicity and cell death characteristics of PG in two cells were measured by MTT assay, cell cycle analysis, and apoptosis/autophagic marker analysis. Then, the potential mechanism of PG-induced cell death was evaluated through the phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase-p85/Protein kinase B /mammalian target of rapamycin (PI3K-p85/Akt/mTOR) and Beclin-1/phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase-Class III (Beclin-1/PI3K-Class III) signaling. Finally, in vivo efficacy was examined by intratracheal inoculation and treatment. There was similar cytotoxicity with PG in both Dox-S and Dox-R cells, where the half maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC50) were all in 10 μM. Based on a non-significant increase in the sub-G1 phase with an increase of microtubule-associated proteins 1A/1B light chain 3B-phosphatidylethanolamine conjugate (LC3-II), the cell death of both cells was categorized to achieve autophagy. Interestingly, an increase in cleaved-poly ADP ribose polymerase (cleaved-PARP) also showed the existence of an apoptosis-sensitive subpopulation. In both Dox-S and Dox-R cells, PI3K-p85/Akt/mTOR signaling pathways were reduced, which inhibited autophagy initiation. However, Beclin-1/PI3K-Class III downregulation implicated non-canonical autophagy pathways were involved in PG-induced autophagy. At completion of the PG regimen, tumors accumulated in the mice trachea and were attenuated by PG treatment, which indicated the efficacy of PG for both Dox-S and Dox-R lung cancer. All the above results concluded that PG is a potential chemotherapeutic agent for lung cancer regimens regardless of doxorubicin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Jun Chiu
- Department of Life Science and Institute of Biotechnology, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien 97401, Taiwan.
| | - Shian-Ren Lin
- Department of Life Science and Institute of Biotechnology, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien 97401, Taiwan.
| | - Yu-Hsin Chen
- Department of Life Science and Institute of Biotechnology, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien 97401, Taiwan.
| | - May-Jwan Tsai
- Neural Regeneration Laboratory, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan.
| | - Max K Leong
- Department of Life Science and Institute of Biotechnology, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien 97401, Taiwan.
- Department of Chemistry, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien 97401, Taiwan.
| | - Ching-Feng Weng
- Department of Life Science and Institute of Biotechnology, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien 97401, Taiwan.
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