1
|
Qiao Y, Li L, Bai L, Gao Y, Yang Y, Wang L, Wang X, Liang Z, Xu J. Upregulation of lysine-specific demethylase 6B aggravates inflammatory pain through H3K27me3 demethylation-dependent production of TNF-α in the dorsal root ganglia and spinal dorsal horn in rats. CNS Neurosci Ther 2023; 29:3479-3492. [PMID: 37287407 PMCID: PMC10580362 DOI: 10.1111/cns.14281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Lysine-specific demethylase 6B (KDM6B) serves as a key mediator of gene transcription. It regulates expression of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines in variety of diseases. Herein, the role and the underlying mechanisms of KDM6B in inflammatory pain were studied. METHODS The inflammatory pain was conducted by intraplantar injection of complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) in rats. Immunofluorescence, Western blotting, qRT-PCR, and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP)-PCR were performed to investigate the underlying mechanisms. RESULTS CFA injection led to upregulation of KDM6B and decrease in the level of H3K27me3 in the dorsal root ganglia (DRG) and spinal dorsal horn. The mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia following CFA were alleviated by the treatment of intrathecal injection of GSK-J4, and by microinjection of AAV-EGFP-KDM6B shRNA in the sciatic nerve or in lumbar 5 dorsal horn. The increased production of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) following CFA in the DRGs and dorsal horn was inhibited by these treatments. ChIP-PCR showed that CFA-induced increased binding of nuclear factor κB with TNF-α promoter was repressed by the treatment of microinjection of AAV-EGFP-KDM6B shRNA. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that upregulated KDM6B via facilitating TNF-α expression in the DRG and spinal dorsal horn aggravates inflammatory pain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Qiao
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical SciencesZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouChina
| | - Liren Li
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical SciencesZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouChina
| | - Liying Bai
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical SciencesZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouChina
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pain and Perioperative Medicine, The First Affiliated HospitalZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouChina
| | - Yan Gao
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical SciencesZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouChina
| | - Yin Yang
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical SciencesZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouChina
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical SciencesZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouChina
| | - Xueli Wang
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical SciencesZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouChina
| | - Zongyi Liang
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical SciencesZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouChina
| | - Ji‐Tian Xu
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical SciencesZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouChina
- Neuroscience Research InstituteZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouChina
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Fan S, Jiang J, Zhang H, Wang C, Kong S, Zhao T, Meng L, Liu Y, Qin J, Rong X, He Z, He Q, He K, Chen K, Lei L, Hai X, Nie H, Ren C. Identification of histone deacetylase inhibitors as neutrophil recruitment modulators in zebrafish using a chemical library screen. Dis Model Mech 2023; 16:dmm050056. [PMID: 37728477 PMCID: PMC10621070 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.050056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue injury-induced neutrophil recruitment is a prerequisite for the initiation and amplification of inflammatory responses. Although multiple proteases and enzymes involved in post-translational modification (PTM) of proteins regulate leukocyte recruitment, an unbiased functional screen of enzymes regulating inflammatory leukocyte recruitment has yet to be undertaken. Here, using a zebrafish tail fin amputation (TFA) model to screen a chemical library consisting of 295 compounds that target proteases and PTM enzymes, we identified multiple histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors that modulate inflammatory neutrophil recruitment. AR-42, a pan-HDAC inhibitor, was shown to inhibit neutrophil recruitment in three different zebrafish sterile tissue injury models: a TFA model, a copper-induced neuromast damage and mechanical otic vesicle injury (MOVI) model, and a sterile murine peritonitis model. RNA sequencing analysis of AR-42-treated fish embryos revealed downregulation of neutrophil-associated cytokines/chemokines, and exogenous supplementation with recombinant human IL-1β and CXCL8 partially restored the defective neutrophil recruitment in AR-42-treated MOVI model fish embryos. We thus demonstrate that AR-42 non-cell-autonomously modulates neutrophil recruitment by suppressing transcriptional expression of cytokines/chemokines, thereby identifying AR-42 as a promising anti-inflammatory drug for treating sterile tissue injury-associated diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sijia Fan
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Jinlong Jiang
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Huan Zhang
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Cuihong Wang
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Shang Kong
- International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE) and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Tingting Zhao
- International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE) and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Ling Meng
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Jingjing Qin
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Xiuqin Rong
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Zhenting He
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Qinke He
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Ke He
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Ketong Chen
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Ling Lei
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Xinyu Hai
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Hong Nie
- International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE) and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Chunguang Ren
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Lambert DG. Opioids and opioid receptors; understanding pharmacological mechanisms as a key to therapeutic advances and mitigation of the misuse crisis. BJA OPEN 2023; 6:100141. [PMID: 37588171 PMCID: PMC10430815 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjao.2023.100141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
Opioids are a mainstay in acute pain management and produce their effects and side effects (e.g., tolerance, opioid-use disorder and immune suppression) by interaction with opioid receptors. I will discuss opioid pharmacology in some controversial areas of enquiry of anaesthetic relevance. The main opioid target is the µ (mu,MOP) receptor but other members of the opioid receptor family, δ (delta; DOP) and κ (kappa; KOP) opioid receptors also produce analgesic actions. These are naloxone-sensitive. There is important clinical development relating to the Nociceptin/Orphanin FQ (NOP) receptor, an opioid receptor that is not naloxone-sensitive. Better understanding of the drivers for opioid effects and side effects may facilitate separation of side effects and production of safer drugs. Opioids bind to the receptor orthosteric site to produce their effects and can engage monomer or homo-, heterodimer receptors. Some ligands can drive one intracellular pathway over another. This is the basis of biased agonism (or functional selectivity). Opioid actions at the orthosteric site can be modulated allosterically and positive allosteric modulators that enhance opioid action are in development. As well as targeting ligand-receptor interaction and transduction, modulating receptor expression and hence function is also tractable. There is evidence for epigenetic associations with different types of pain and also substance misuse. As long as the opioid narrative is defined by the 'opioid crisis' the drive to remove them could gather pace. This will deny use where they are effective, and access to morphine for pain relief in low income countries.
Collapse
|
4
|
Bálint ER, Fűr G, Kui B, Balla Z, Kormányos ES, Orján EM, Tóth B, Horváth G, Szűcs E, Benyhe S, Ducza E, Pallagi P, Maléth J, Venglovecz V, Hegyi P, Kiss L, Rakonczay Z. Fentanyl but Not Morphine or Buprenorphine Improves the Severity of Necrotizing Acute Pancreatitis in Rats. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:1192. [PMID: 35163111 PMCID: PMC8835441 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Opioids are widely used for the pain management of acute pancreatitis (AP), but their impact on disease progression is unclear. Therefore, our aim was to study the effects of clinically relevant opioids on the severity of experimental AP. Various doses of fentanyl, morphine, or buprenorphine were administered as pre- and/or post-treatments in rats. Necrotizing AP was induced by the intraperitoneal injection of L-ornithine-HCl or intra-ductal injection of Na-taurocholate, while intraperitoneal caerulein administration caused edematous AP. Disease severity was determined by laboratory and histological measurements. Mu opioid receptor (MOR) expression and function was assessed in control and AP animals. MOR was expressed in both the pancreas and brain. The pancreatic expression and function of MOR were reduced in AP. Fentanyl post-treatment reduced necrotizing AP severity, whereas pre-treatment exacerbated it. Fentanyl did not affect the outcome of edematous AP. Morphine decreased vacuolization in edematous AP, while buprenorphine pre-treatment increased pancreatic edema during AP. The overall effects of morphine on disease severity were negligible. In conclusion, the type, dosing, administration route, and timing of opioid treatment can influence the effects of opioids on AP severity. Fentanyl post-treatment proved to be beneficial in AP. Clinical studies are needed to determine which opioids are best in AP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emese Réka Bálint
- Department of Pathophysiology, University of Szeged, 6725 Szeged, Hungary; (E.R.B.); (G.F.); (Z.B.); (E.S.K.); (E.M.O.); (B.T.)
| | - Gabriella Fűr
- Department of Pathophysiology, University of Szeged, 6725 Szeged, Hungary; (E.R.B.); (G.F.); (Z.B.); (E.S.K.); (E.M.O.); (B.T.)
| | - Balázs Kui
- Department of Medicine, University of Szeged, 6725 Szeged, Hungary; (B.K.); (P.P.); (J.M.); (P.H.)
| | - Zsolt Balla
- Department of Pathophysiology, University of Szeged, 6725 Szeged, Hungary; (E.R.B.); (G.F.); (Z.B.); (E.S.K.); (E.M.O.); (B.T.)
| | - Eszter Sára Kormányos
- Department of Pathophysiology, University of Szeged, 6725 Szeged, Hungary; (E.R.B.); (G.F.); (Z.B.); (E.S.K.); (E.M.O.); (B.T.)
| | - Erik Márk Orján
- Department of Pathophysiology, University of Szeged, 6725 Szeged, Hungary; (E.R.B.); (G.F.); (Z.B.); (E.S.K.); (E.M.O.); (B.T.)
| | - Brigitta Tóth
- Department of Pathophysiology, University of Szeged, 6725 Szeged, Hungary; (E.R.B.); (G.F.); (Z.B.); (E.S.K.); (E.M.O.); (B.T.)
| | - Gyöngyi Horváth
- Department of Physiology, University of Szeged, 6725 Szeged, Hungary;
| | - Edina Szűcs
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Center, 6726 Szeged, Hungary; (E.S.); (S.B.)
| | - Sándor Benyhe
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Center, 6726 Szeged, Hungary; (E.S.); (S.B.)
| | - Eszter Ducza
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Biopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Szeged, 6725 Szeged, Hungary;
| | - Petra Pallagi
- Department of Medicine, University of Szeged, 6725 Szeged, Hungary; (B.K.); (P.P.); (J.M.); (P.H.)
| | - József Maléth
- Department of Medicine, University of Szeged, 6725 Szeged, Hungary; (B.K.); (P.P.); (J.M.); (P.H.)
| | - Viktória Venglovecz
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, University of Szeged, 6725 Szeged, Hungary;
| | - Péter Hegyi
- Department of Medicine, University of Szeged, 6725 Szeged, Hungary; (B.K.); (P.P.); (J.M.); (P.H.)
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of Pecs, 7624 Pecs, Hungary
| | - Lóránd Kiss
- Department of Pathophysiology, University of Szeged, 6725 Szeged, Hungary; (E.R.B.); (G.F.); (Z.B.); (E.S.K.); (E.M.O.); (B.T.)
| | - Zoltán Rakonczay
- Department of Pathophysiology, University of Szeged, 6725 Szeged, Hungary; (E.R.B.); (G.F.); (Z.B.); (E.S.K.); (E.M.O.); (B.T.)
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Wang J, Wu XC, Zhang MM, Ren JH, Sun Y, Liu JZ, Wu XQ, He SY, Li YQ, Zhang JB. Spinal cord stimulation reduces cardiac pain through microglial deactivation in rats with chronic myocardial ischemia. Mol Med Rep 2021; 24:835. [PMID: 34608504 PMCID: PMC8503748 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2021.12475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Angina pectoris is cardiac pain that is a common clinical symptom often resulting from myocardial ischemia. Spinal cord stimulation (SCS) is effective in treating refractory angina pectoris, but its underlying mechanisms have not been fully elucidated. The spinal dorsal horn is the first region of the central nervous system that receives nociceptive information; it is also the target of SCS. In the spinal cord, glial (astrocytes and microglia) activation is involved in the initiation and persistence of chronic pain. Thus, the present study investigated the possible cardiac pain-relieving effects of SCS on spinal dorsal horn glia in chronic myocardial ischemia (CMI). CMI was established by left anterior descending artery ligation surgery, which induced significant spontaneous/ongoing cardiac pain behaviors, as measured using the open field test in rats. SCS effectively improved such behaviors as shown by open field and conditioned place preference tests in CMI model rats. SCS suppressed CMI-induced spinal dorsal horn microglial activation, with downregulation of ionized calcium-binding adaptor protein-1 expression. Moreover, SCS inhibited CMI-induced spinal expression of phosphorylated-p38 MAPK, which was specifically colocalized with the spinal dorsal horn microglia rather than astrocytes and neurons. Furthermore, SCS could depress spinal neuroinflammation by suppressing CMI-induced IL-1β and TNF-α release. Intrathecal administration of minocycline, a microglial inhibitor, alleviated the cardiac pain behaviors in CMI model rats. In addition, the injection of fractalkine (microglia-activating factor) partially reversed the SCS-produced analgesic effects on CMI-induced cardiac pain. These results indicated that the therapeutic mechanism of SCS on CMI may occur partially through the inhibition of spinal microglial p38 MAPK pathway activation. The present study identified a novel mechanism underlying the SCS-produced analgesic effects on chronic cardiac pain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Wang
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, General Hospital of Western Theater Command, Chengdu, Sichuan 610083, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Chen Wu
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, General Hospital of Western Theater Command, Chengdu, Sichuan 610083, P.R. China
| | - Ming-Ming Zhang
- Department of Anatomy and K.K. Leung Brain Research Centre, Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Jia-Hao Ren
- Department of Anatomy and K.K. Leung Brain Research Centre, Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Yi Sun
- Department of Anatomy and K.K. Leung Brain Research Centre, Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Jing-Zhen Liu
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, General Hospital of Western Theater Command, Chengdu, Sichuan 610083, P.R. China
| | - Xi-Qiang Wu
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, General Hospital of Western Theater Command, Chengdu, Sichuan 610083, P.R. China
| | - Si-Yi He
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, General Hospital of Western Theater Command, Chengdu, Sichuan 610083, P.R. China
| | - Yun-Qing Li
- Department of Anatomy and K.K. Leung Brain Research Centre, Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Jin-Bao Zhang
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, General Hospital of Western Theater Command, Chengdu, Sichuan 610083, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Pan L, Niu Z, Gao Y, Wang L, Liu Z, Liu J, Sun J, Pei H. Silencing of CREB Inhibits HDAC2/TLR4/NF-κB Cascade to Relieve Severe Acute Pancreatitis-Induced Myocardial Injury. Inflammation 2021; 44:1565-1580. [PMID: 33725236 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-021-01441-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Revised: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of the present study is to investigate the role of CREB in cardiomyocytes proliferation in regulation of HDAC2-dependent TLR4/NF-κB pathway in severe acute pancreatitis (SAP)-induced myocardial injury. The SAP rat model was developed by injecting sodium touracholate into SD rats and then infected with lentivirus vectors expressing sh-CREB in the presence/absence of LPS. The pathological alterations of rat pancreatic and cardiac tissues were observed by HE staining. TUNEL assay was used to study apoptosis of cardiomyocytes. Next, the loss- and gain-function assay was conducted in LPS-induced myocardial injury cardiomyocytes to define the roles of CREB, HDAC2, and TLR4 in cardiomyocyte proliferation, apoptosis, inflammation, and myocardial injury in vitro. ChIP assay was used to study the enrichment of CREB bound to HDAC2 promoter. RT-qPCR and Western blot analysis were used to detect the expressions of related mRNA and proteins in the NF-κB pathway, respectively. CREB was found to be overexpressed in both SAP tissues and cells. CREB directly bound to the promoter of HDAC2 and activated its expression. Overexpressed CREB or HDAC2 inhibited proliferation and promoted apoptosis of cardiomyocytes. Suppression of CREB inhibited the HDAC2/TLR4/NF-κB cascade to promote proliferation and inhibit apoptosis of cardiomyocytes. The in vitro results were validated in vivo experiments. Coherently, suppression of CREB can inhibit HDAC2/TLR4/NF-κB cascade to promote cardiomyocyte proliferation, thus ameliorating SAP-induced myocardial injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Longfei Pan
- Department of Emergency, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 157 Xiwu Road, Xincheng District, 710004, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zequn Niu
- Department of Emergency, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 157 Xiwu Road, Xincheng District, 710004, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanxia Gao
- Department of Emergency, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 157 Xiwu Road, Xincheng District, 710004, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Liming Wang
- Department of Emergency, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 157 Xiwu Road, Xincheng District, 710004, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhong Liu
- Department of Emergency, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 157 Xiwu Road, Xincheng District, 710004, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Liu
- Department of Emergency, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 157 Xiwu Road, Xincheng District, 710004, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiangli Sun
- Department of Emergency, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 157 Xiwu Road, Xincheng District, 710004, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Honghong Pei
- Department of Emergency, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 157 Xiwu Road, Xincheng District, 710004, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Gou W, Swaby L, Wolfe AM, Lancaster WP, Morgan KA, Wang H. A Mouse Model for Chronic Pancreatitis via Bile Duct TNBS Infusion. J Vis Exp 2021:10.3791/62080. [PMID: 33720138 PMCID: PMC8601589 DOI: 10.3791/62080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic pancreatitis (CP) is a complex disease involving pancreatic inflammation and fibrosis, glandular atrophy, abdominal pain and other symptoms. Several rodent models have been developed to study CP, of which the bile duct 2,4,6 -trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS) infusion model replicates the features of neuropathic pain seen in CP. However, bile duct drug infusion in mice is technically challenging. This protocol demonstrates the procedure of bile duct TNBS infusion for generation of a CP mouse model. TNBS was infused into the pancreas through the ampulla of Vater in the duodenum. This protocol optimized drug volume, surgical techniques, and drug handling during the procedure. TNBS-treated mice showed features of CP as reflected by bodyweight and pancreas weight reductions, changes in pain-associated behaviors, and abnormal pancreatic morphology. With these improvements, mortality associated with TNBS injection was minimal. This procedure is not only critical in generating pancreatic disease models but is also useful in local pancreatic drug delivery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenyu Gou
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina
| | - Lindsay Swaby
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina
| | | | - William P Lancaster
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina; Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center
| | | | - Hongjun Wang
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina; Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center;
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Al-Awadhi FH, Salvador-Reyes LA, Elsadek LA, Ratnayake R, Chen QY, Luesch H. Largazole is a Brain-Penetrant Class I HDAC Inhibitor with Extended Applicability to Glioblastoma and CNS Diseases. ACS Chem Neurosci 2020; 11:1937-1943. [PMID: 32559056 PMCID: PMC7390227 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.0c00093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Largazole is a potent class I selective histone deacetylase inhibitor prodrug with anticancer activity against solid tumors in preclinical models. Largazole possesses in vitro activity against glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) cells and sufficiently crosses the blood-brain barrier based on measurement of the active species, largazole thiol, to achieve therapeutically relevant concentrations in the mouse brain. The effective dose resulted in pronounced functional responses on the transcript level based on RNA sequencing and quantitative polymerase chain reaction after reverse transcription (RT-qPCR), revealing desirable expression changes of genes related to neuroprotection, including Bdnf and Pax6 upregulation, extending the applicability of largazole to the treatment of brain cancer and neurodegenerative disorders. The largazole-induced modulation of Pax6 unifies both activities, since Pax6 expression suppresses GBM proliferation and invasion and inversely correlates with GBM tumor grade, while it is also implicated in neurogenesis, neuronal plasticity, and cognitive ability. Our results suggest that largazole could be repurposed for diseases of the brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fatma H. Al-Awadhi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Center for Natural Products, Drug Discovery and Development (CNPD3), University of Florida, 1345 Center Drive, Gainesville, Florida 32610, United States
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kuwait University, P.O. Box 24923, Safat 13110, Kuwait
| | - Lilibeth A. Salvador-Reyes
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Center for Natural Products, Drug Discovery and Development (CNPD3), University of Florida, 1345 Center Drive, Gainesville, Florida 32610, United States
- Marine Science Institute, College of Science, University of the Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City, 1100 Philippines
| | - Lobna A. Elsadek
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Center for Natural Products, Drug Discovery and Development (CNPD3), University of Florida, 1345 Center Drive, Gainesville, Florida 32610, United States
| | - Ranjala Ratnayake
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Center for Natural Products, Drug Discovery and Development (CNPD3), University of Florida, 1345 Center Drive, Gainesville, Florida 32610, United States
| | - Qi-Yin Chen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Center for Natural Products, Drug Discovery and Development (CNPD3), University of Florida, 1345 Center Drive, Gainesville, Florida 32610, United States
| | - Hendrik Luesch
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Center for Natural Products, Drug Discovery and Development (CNPD3), University of Florida, 1345 Center Drive, Gainesville, Florida 32610, United States
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
He XT, Hu XF, Zhu C, Zhou KX, Zhao WJ, Zhang C, Han X, Wu CL, Wei YY, Wang W, Deng JP, Chen FM, Gu ZX, Dong YL. Suppression of histone deacetylases by SAHA relieves bone cancer pain in rats via inhibiting activation of glial cells in spinal dorsal horn and dorsal root ganglia. J Neuroinflammation 2020; 17:125. [PMID: 32321538 PMCID: PMC7175547 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-01740-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Robust activation of glial cells has been reported to occur particularly during the pathogenesis of bone cancer pain (BCP). Researchers from our group and others have shown that histone deacetylases (HDACs) play a significant role in modulating glia-mediated immune responses; however, it still remains unclear whether HDACs are involved in the activation of glial cells during the development of BCP. METHODS BCP model was established by intra-tibia tumor cell inoculation (TCI). The expression levels and distribution sites of histone deacetylases (HDACs) in the spinal dorsal horn and dorsal root ganglia were evaluated by Western blot and immunofluorescent staining, respectively. Suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA), a clinically used HDAC inhibitor, was then intraperitoneally and intrathecally injected to rescue the increased expression levels of HDAC1 and HDAC2. The analgesic effects of SAHA administration on BCP were then evaluated by measuring the paw withdrawal thresholds (PWTs). The effects of SAHA on activation of glial cells and expression of proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6) in the spinal dorsal horn and dorsal root ganglia of TCI rats were further evaluated by immunofluorescent staining and Western blot analysis. Subsequently, the effects of SAHA administration on tumor growth and cancer cell-induced bone destruction were analyzed by hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining and micro-CT scanning. RESULTS TCI caused rapid and long-lasting increased expression of HDAC1/HDAC2 in glial cells of the spinal dorsal horn and dorsal root ganglia. Inhibiting HDACs by SAHA not only reversed TCI-induced upregulation of HDACs but also inhibited the activation of glial cells in the spinal dorsal horn and dorsal root ganglia, and relieved TCI-induced mechanical allodynia. Further, we found that SAHA administration could not prevent cancer infiltration or bone destruction in the tibia, which indicated that the analgesic effects of SAHA were not due to its anti-tumor effects. Moreover, we found that SAHA administration could inhibit GSK3β activity in the spinal dorsal horn and dorsal root ganglia, which might contributed to the relief of BCP. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that HDAC1 and HDAC2 are involved in the glia-mediated neuroinflammation in the spinal dorsal horn and dorsal root ganglia underlying the pathogenesis of BCP, which indicated that inhibiting HDACs by SAHA might be a potential strategy for pain relief of BCP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Tao He
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology & K.K. Leung Brain Research Centre, Preclinical School of Medicine, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, People's Republic of China.,Department of Periodontology, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Fan Hu
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology & K.K. Leung Brain Research Centre, Preclinical School of Medicine, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, People's Republic of China.,Department of Orthopedics, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Zhu
- Department of Orthopedics, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, People's Republic of China.,Department of Spine Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200127, People's Republic of China
| | - Kai-Xiang Zhou
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology & K.K. Leung Brain Research Centre, Preclinical School of Medicine, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Jun Zhao
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology & K.K. Leung Brain Research Centre, Preclinical School of Medicine, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, People's Republic of China.,Student Brigade, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen Zhang
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology & K.K. Leung Brain Research Centre, Preclinical School of Medicine, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, People's Republic of China.,Student Brigade, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao Han
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology & K.K. Leung Brain Research Centre, Preclinical School of Medicine, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, People's Republic of China.,Student Brigade, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, People's Republic of China
| | - Chang-Le Wu
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology & K.K. Leung Brain Research Centre, Preclinical School of Medicine, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, People's Republic of China.,Student Brigade, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan-Yan Wei
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology & K.K. Leung Brain Research Centre, Preclinical School of Medicine, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Anesthesiology, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian-Ping Deng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, People's Republic of China
| | - Fa-Ming Chen
- Department of Periodontology, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ze-Xu Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Orthodontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yu-Lin Dong
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology & K.K. Leung Brain Research Centre, Preclinical School of Medicine, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Saloman JL, Albers KM, Cruz-Monserrate Z, Davis BM, Edderkaoui M, Eibl G, Epouhe AY, Gedeon JY, Gorelick FS, Grippo PJ, Groblewski GE, Husain SZ, Lai KK, Pandol SJ, Uc A, Wen L, Whitcomb DC. Animal Models: Challenges and Opportunities to Determine Optimal Experimental Models of Pancreatitis and Pancreatic Cancer. Pancreas 2019; 48:759-779. [PMID: 31206467 PMCID: PMC6581211 DOI: 10.1097/mpa.0000000000001335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
At the 2018 PancreasFest meeting, experts participating in basic research met to discuss the plethora of available animal models for studying exocrine pancreatic disease. In particular, the discussion focused on the challenges currently facing the field and potential solutions. That meeting culminated in this review, which describes the advantages and limitations of both common and infrequently used models of exocrine pancreatic disease, namely, pancreatitis and exocrine pancreatic cancer. The objective is to provide a comprehensive description of the available models but also to provide investigators with guidance in the application of these models to investigate both environmental and genetic contributions to exocrine pancreatic disease. The content covers both nongenic and genetically engineered models across multiple species (large and small). Recommendations for choosing the appropriate model as well as how to conduct and present results are provided.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jami L. Saloman
- Department of Neurobiology, Pittsburgh Center for Pain Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Kathryn M. Albers
- Department of Neurobiology, Pittsburgh Center for Pain Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Zobeida Cruz-Monserrate
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition; Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH
| | - Brian M. Davis
- Department of Neurobiology, Pittsburgh Center for Pain Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Mouad Edderkaoui
- Basic and Translational Pancreas Research, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Guido Eibl
- Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Ariel Y. Epouhe
- Department of Neurobiology, Pittsburgh Center for Pain Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Jeremy Y. Gedeon
- Department of Neurobiology, Pittsburgh Center for Pain Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Fred S. Gorelick
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Digestive Diseases & Department of Cell Biology Yale University School of Medicine; Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare, West Haven, CT
| | - Paul J. Grippo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, UI Cancer Center, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Guy E. Groblewski
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI
| | | | - Keane K.Y. Lai
- Department of Pathology (National Medical Center), Department of Molecular Medicine (Beckman Research Institute), and Comprehensive Cancer Center, City of Hope, Duarte, CA
| | - Stephen J. Pandol
- Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Aliye Uc
- Stead Family Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Stead Family Children’s Hospital, Iowa City, IA
| | - Li Wen
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA
| | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Ouyang B, Chen D, Hou X, Wang T, Wang J, Zou W, Song Z, Huang C, Guo Q, Weng Y. Normalizing HDAC2 Levels in the Spinal Cord Alleviates Thermal and Mechanical Hyperalgesia After Peripheral Nerve Injury and Promotes GAD65 and KCC2 Expression. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:346. [PMID: 31024248 PMCID: PMC6468568 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuropathic pain is a worldwide health concern with poor treatment outcomes. Accumulating evidence suggests that histone hypoacetylation is involved in development and maintenance of neuropathic pain. Thus, many natural and synthetic histone deacetylase (HDACs) inhibitors were tested and exhibited a remarkable analgesic effect against neuropathic pain in animals. However, studies evaluating specific subtypes of HDACs contributing to neuropathic pain are limited. In this study, using the chronic constriction injury (CCI) rat model, we found that mRNA and protein levels of HDAC2 were increased in the lumbar spinal cord of rats after sciatic nerve injury. Intrathecal injection of TSA, a pan-HDAC inhibitor, suppressed the increase in HDAC2 protein but not mRNA, and showed a dose-dependent pain-relieving effect. By introducing HDAC2-specific shRNA into the spinal cord via a lentivirus vector, we confirmed that HDAC2 mediates mechanical and thermal hyperalgesia after nerve injury. Further examination found two essential participants in neuropathic pain in the inhibitory circuit of the central nervous system: GAD65 and KCC2 were increased in the spinal cord of CCI rats after HDAC2 knockdown. Thus, our research confirmed that HDAC2 was involved in mechanical and thermal hyperalgesia induced by peripheral nerve injury. Furthermore, GAD65 and KCC2 were the possible downstream targets of HDAC2 in pain modulation pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bihan Ouyang
- Health Management Center, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Dan Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xinran Hou
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Tongxuan Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Wangyuan Zou
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zongbin Song
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Changsheng Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Qulian Guo
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yingqi Weng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Wen J, He T, Qi F, Chen H. MiR-206-3p alleviates chronic constriction injury-induced neuropathic pain through targeting HDAC4. Exp Anim 2018; 68:213-220. [PMID: 30587671 PMCID: PMC6511522 DOI: 10.1538/expanim.18-0091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
It was identified that microRNAs were involved in the regulation of chronic neuropathic pain. However, the role of miR-206-3p in neuropathic pain was still unclear. In the current study, the role of miR-206-3p, a type of mature miR-206, in neuropathic pain was investigated. The potential mechanisms were also explored. We found that the expression of miR-206-3p decreased in the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) of chronic constriction sciatic nerve injury (CCI) rats, whereas the While histone deacetylase 4 (HDAC4) level increased. Further exploration showed that administration of a miR-206-3p mimic alleviated neuropathic pain and reduced the level of HDAC4, a predicted target of miR-206-3p. Overexpression of HDAC4 attenuated the effects of miR-206-3p on neuropathic pain. Our data revealed a miR-206-3p-HDAC4 signal that played a potentially important role in CCI-induced neuropathic pain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wen
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical College, Nanchang University, 461 Bayi Road, Nanchang 330006, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao He
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical College, Nanchang University, 461 Bayi Road, Nanchang 330006, People's Republic of China.,Nanchang Joint Programme, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, UK
| | - Fangfang Qi
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical College, Nanchang University, 461 Bayi Road, Nanchang 330006, People's Republic of China.,Nanchang Joint Programme, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, UK
| | - Hongping Chen
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical College, Nanchang University, 461 Bayi Road, Nanchang 330006, People's Republic of China.,Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Tumor Pathogen's and Molecular Pathology, Nanchang 330006, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
He XT, Zhou KX, Zhao WJ, Zhang C, Deng JP, Chen FM, Gu ZX, Li YQ, Dong YL. Inhibition of Histone Deacetylases Attenuates Morphine Tolerance and Restores MOR Expression in the DRG of BCP Rats. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:509. [PMID: 29867508 PMCID: PMC5962808 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The easily developed morphine tolerance in bone cancer pain (BCP) significantly hindered its clinical use. Increasing evidence suggests that histone deacetylases (HDACs) regulate analgesic tolerance subsequent to continuous opioid exposure. However, whether HDACs contribute to morphine tolerance in the pathogenesis of BCP is still unknown. In the current study, we explored the possible engagement of HDACs in morphine tolerance during the pathogenesis of BCP. After intra-tibia tumor cell inoculation (TCI), we found that the increased expression of HDACs was negatively correlated with the decreased expression of MOR in the DRG following TCI. The paw withdrawal threshold (PWT) and percentage maximum possible effects (MPEs) decreased rapidly in TCI rats when morphine was used alone. In contrast, the concomitant use of SAHA and morphine significantly elevated the PWT and MPEs of TCI rats compared to morphine alone. Additionally, we found that SAHA administration significantly elevated MOR expression in the DRG of TCI rats with or without morphine treatment. Moreover, the TCI-induced increase in the co-expression of MOR and HDAC1 in neurons was significantly decreased after SAHA administration. These results suggest that HDACs are correlated with the downregulation of MOR in the DRG during the pathogenesis of BCP. Inhibition of HDACs using SAHA can be used to attenuate morphine tolerance in BCP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Tao He
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, K.K. Leung Brain Research Centre, Preclinical School of Medicine, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.,Department of Periodontology, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Kai-Xiang Zhou
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, K.K. Leung Brain Research Centre, Preclinical School of Medicine, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.,Student Brigade, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Wen-Jun Zhao
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, K.K. Leung Brain Research Centre, Preclinical School of Medicine, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.,Student Brigade, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Chen Zhang
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, K.K. Leung Brain Research Centre, Preclinical School of Medicine, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.,Student Brigade, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jian-Ping Deng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Fa-Ming Chen
- Department of Periodontology, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Ze-Xu Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Orthodontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yun-Qing Li
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, K.K. Leung Brain Research Centre, Preclinical School of Medicine, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.,Joint Laboratory of Neuroscience at Hainan Medical University and The Fourth Military Medical University, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Yu-Lin Dong
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, K.K. Leung Brain Research Centre, Preclinical School of Medicine, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| |
Collapse
|