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Govender D, Moloko L, Papathanasopoulos M, Tumba N, Owen G, Calvey T. Ibogaine administration following repeated morphine administration upregulates myelination markers 2', 3'-cyclic nucleotide 3'-phosphodiesterase (CNP) and myelin basic protein (MBP) mRNA and protein expression in the internal capsule of Sprague Dawley rats. Front Neurosci 2024; 18:1378841. [PMID: 39114487 PMCID: PMC11303312 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2024.1378841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Ibogaine is a psychedelic alkaloid being investigated as a possible treatment for opioid use disorder. Ibogaine has a multi-receptor profile with affinities for mu and kappa opioid as well as NMDA receptors amongst others. Due to the sparsity of research into ibogaine's effects on white matter integrity and given the growing evidence that opioid use disorder is characterized by white matter pathology, we set out to investigate ibogaine's effects on two markers of myelination, 2', 3'-cyclic nucleotide 3'-phosphodiesterase (CNP) and myelin basic protein (MBP). Fifty Sprague Dawley rats were randomly assigned to five experimental groups of n = 10; (1) a saline control group received daily saline injections for 10 days, (2) a morphine control group received escalating morphine doses from 5 to 15 mg/kg over 10 days, (3) an ibogaine control group that received 10 days of saline followed by 50 mg/kg ibogaine hydrochloride, (4) a combination morphine and ibogaine group 1 that received the escalating morphine regime followed by 50 mg/kg ibogaine hydrochloride and (5) a second combination morphine and ibogaine group 2 which followed the same morphine and ibogaine regimen yet was terminated 72 h after administration compared to 24 h in the other groups. White matter from the internal capsule was dissected and qPCR and western blotting determined protein and gene expression of CNP and MBP. Morphine upregulated CNPase whereas ibogaine alone had no effect on CNP mRNA or protein expression. However, ibogaine administration following repeated morphine administration had an immediate effect by increasing CNP mRNA expression. This effect diminished after 72 h and resulted in a highly significant upregulation of CNPase protein at 72 h post administration. Ibogaine administration alone significantly upregulated protein expression yet downregulated MBP mRNA expression. Ibogaine administration following repeated morphine administration significantly upregulated MBP mRNA expression which increased at 72 h post administration resulting in a highly significant upregulation of MBP protein expression at 72 h post administration. These findings indicate that ibogaine is able to upregulate genes and proteins involved in the process of remyelination following opioid use and highlights an important mechanism of action of ibogaine's ability to treat substance use disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Demi Govender
- School of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Leila Moloko
- School of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Maria Papathanasopoulos
- HIV Pathogenesis Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Nancy Tumba
- HIV Pathogenesis Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Gavin Owen
- HIV Pathogenesis Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Tanya Calvey
- Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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Meng D, Wu D, Li X, Miao Z. p39 Affects Myelin Formation in Cerebral Ischemic Injury. Neuromolecular Med 2024; 26:22. [PMID: 38824254 DOI: 10.1007/s12017-024-08792-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
Stroke is a significant public health issue, and research has consistently focused on studying the mechanisms of injury and identifying new targets. As a CDK5 activator, p39 plays a crucial role in various diseases. In this article, we will explore the role and mechanism of p39 in cerebral ischemic injury. We measured the level of p39 using western blot and QPCR at various time points following cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury. The results indicated a significant reduction in the level of p39. TTC staining and behavioral results indicate that the knockout of p39 (p39KO) provides neuroprotection in the short-term. Interestingly, the behavioral dysfunction in p39KO mice was exacerbated after the repair phase of I/R. Further study revealed that this deterioration may be due to demyelination induced by elevated p35 levels. In summary, our study offers profound insights into the significance of p39 in both the acute and repair stages of ischemic injury recovery and a theoretical foundation for future therapeutic drug exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danyang Meng
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, China
| | - Di Wu
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing Jinling Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaojing Li
- Suzhou Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Suzhou, China.
| | - Zhigang Miao
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
- Institute of Neuroscience of Soochow University, 199 Ren-Ai Road, Suzhou City, 215123, China.
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Ghaiad HR, A Abd-Elmawla M, Gad ES, A Ahmed K, Abdelmonem M. Modulating miR-146a Expression by Hydrogen Sulfide Ameliorates Motor Dysfunction and Axonal Demyelination in Cuprizone-Induced Multiple Sclerosis. ACS Chem Neurosci 2023; 14:3047-3058. [PMID: 37585620 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.3c00141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a progressive neuro-inflammatory and neuro-autoimmune disease. Although hydrogen sulfide has recently shown potential therapeutic impacts in different neurological diseases, its effects on MS are still obscure. MiR-146a is considered a vital target for different therapeutic approaches in treating MS. The present study is directed to explore the therapeutic effects of NaHS (hydrogen sulfide donor) on cuprizone-induced MS and to explore whether NaHS can mediate its effects via regulating miR-146a expression. A total of 28 male C57Bl/6 mice were divided into 4 groups; control, cuprizone-intoxicated, NaHS control (100 μmol/kg/day, i.p), and NaHS-treated groups. Intriguingly, NaHS treatment managed to improve locomotor coordination and curb neuronal inflammation and demyelination as evidenced by hematoxylin & eosin, and Luxol fast blue staining and the increased myelin basic protein (MBP) content. Additionally, NaHS reduced interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase-1 (IRAK-1), nuclear transcription factor kappa B (NF-κB), interleukin (IL)-17, and IL-1β brain levels along with downregulation of miR-146a expression compared with the untreated cuprizone-intoxicated group. Furthermore, NaHS-treated animals revealed much less oxidative stress compared to the untreated animals as evidenced by elevated glutathione and reduced malondialdehyde contents. Altogether, the current work reported that NaHS could improve motor dysfunction and reduce axonal demyelination, oxidative stress, as well as neuro-inflammation in mice with MS. Thus, using H2S-releasing compounds could be a promising approach in MS treatment strategies. The mechanism of these beneficial effects may involve the regulation of miR-146a/NF-κB/IL-1β axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heba R Ghaiad
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo 11562, Egypt
| | - Mai A Abd-Elmawla
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo 11562, Egypt
| | - Enas S Gad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Sinai University, Ismailia 45511, Egypt
| | - Kawkab A Ahmed
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo 12211, Egypt
| | - Maha Abdelmonem
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo 11562, Egypt
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Marín-Prida J, Pavón-Fuentes N, Lagumersindez-Denis N, Camacho-Rodríguez H, García-Soca AM, Sarduy-Chávez RDLC, Vieira ÉLM, Carvalho-Tavares J, Falcón-Cama V, Fernández-Massó JR, Hernández-González I, Martínez-Donato G, Guillén-Nieto G, Pentón-Arias E, Teixeira MM, Pentón-Rol G. Anti-inflammatory mechanisms and pharmacological actions of phycocyanobilin in a mouse model of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis: A therapeutic promise for multiple sclerosis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1036200. [PMID: 36405721 PMCID: PMC9669316 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1036200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokines, demyelination and neuroaxonal degeneration in the central nervous system are pivotal elements implicated in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS) and its nonclinical model of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Phycocyanobilin (PCB), a chromophore of the biliprotein C-Phycocyanin (C-PC) from Spirulina platensis, has antioxidant, immunoregulatory and anti-inflammatory effects in this disease, and it could complement the effect of other Disease Modifying Treatments (DMT), such as Interferon-β (IFN-β). Here, our main goal was to evaluate the potential PCB benefits and its mechanisms of action to counteract the chronic EAE in mice. MOG35-55-induced EAE was implemented in C57BL/6 female mice. Clinical signs, pro-inflammatory cytokines levels by ELISA, qPCR in the brain and immunohistochemistry using precursor/mature oligodendrocytes cells antibodies in the spinal cord, were assessed. PCB enhanced the neurological condition, and waned the brain concentrations of IL-17A and IL-6, pro-inflammatory cytokines, in a dose-dependent manner. A down- or up-regulating activity of PCB at 1 mg/kg was identified in the brain on three (LINGO1, NOTCH1, and TNF-α), and five genes (MAL, CXCL12, MOG, OLIG1, and NKX2-2), respectively. Interestingly, a reduction of demyelination, active microglia/macrophages density, and axonal damage was detected along with an increase in oligodendrocyte precursor cells and mature oligodendrocytes, when assessed the spinal cords of EAE mice that took up PCB. The studies in vitro in rodent encephalitogenic T cells and in vivo in the EAE mouse model with the PCB/IFN-β combination, showed an enhanced positive effect of this combined therapy. Overall, these results demonstrate the anti-inflammatory activity and the protective properties of PCB on the myelin and support its use with IFN-β as an improved DMT combination for MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Marín-Prida
- Center for Research and Biological Evaluations, Institute of Pharmacy and Food, University of Havana, Havana, Cuba
| | - Nancy Pavón-Fuentes
- Immunochemical Department, International Center for Neurological Restoration (CIREN), Havana, Cuba
| | | | | | - Ana Margarita García-Soca
- Center for Research and Biological Evaluations, Institute of Pharmacy and Food, University of Havana, Havana, Cuba
| | | | - Érica Leandro Marciano Vieira
- Translational Psychoneuroimmunology Group, School of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Juliana Carvalho-Tavares
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Viviana Falcón-Cama
- Biomedical Research Department, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Havana, Cuba
- Latin American School of Medicine (ELAM), Havana, Cuba
| | | | | | - Gillian Martínez-Donato
- Biomedical Research Department, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Havana, Cuba
| | - Gerardo Guillén-Nieto
- Biomedical Research Department, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Havana, Cuba
- Latin American School of Medicine (ELAM), Havana, Cuba
| | - Eduardo Pentón-Arias
- Biomedical Research Department, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Havana, Cuba
- Latin American School of Medicine (ELAM), Havana, Cuba
| | - Mauro Martins Teixeira
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Giselle Pentón-Rol
- Biomedical Research Department, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Havana, Cuba
- Latin American School of Medicine (ELAM), Havana, Cuba
- *Correspondence: Giselle Pentón-Rol,
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Zhao H, Liu ZD, Zhang YB, Gao XY, Wang C, Liu Y, Wang XF. NEP1‑40 promotes myelin regeneration via upregulation of GAP‑43 and MAP‑2 expression after focal cerebral ischemia in rats. Mol Med Rep 2021; 24:844. [PMID: 34643252 PMCID: PMC8524407 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2021.12484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Axon regeneration after lesions to the central nervous system (CNS) is largely limited by the presence of growth inhibitory molecules expressed in myelin. Nogo‑A is a principal inhibitor of neurite outgrowth, and blocking the activity of Nogo‑A can induce axonal sprouting and functional recovery. However, there are limited data on the expression of Nogo‑A after CNS lesions, and the mechanism underlying its influences on myelin growth remains unknown. The aim of the present study was to observe the time course of Nogo‑A after cerebral ischemia/reperfusion in rats using immunohistochemistry and western blot techniques, and to test the effect of its inhibitor Nogo extracellular peptide 1‑40 (NEP1‑40) on neural plasticity proteins, growth‑associated binding protein 43 (GAP‑43) and microtubule associated protein 2 (MAP‑2), as a possible mechanism underlying myelin suppression. A classic model of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) was established in Sprague‑Dawley rats, which were divided into three groups: i) MCAO model group; ii) MCAO + saline group; and iii) MCAO + NEP1‑40 group. Rats of each group were divided into five subgroups by time points as follows: days 1, 3, 7, 14 and 28. Animals that only received sham operation were used as controls. The Nogo‑A immunoreactivity was located primarily in the cytoplasm of oligodendrocytes. The number of Nogo‑A immunoreactive cells significantly increased from day 1 to day 3 after MCAO, nearly returning to the control level at day 7, increased again at day 14 and decreased at day 28. Myelin basic protein (MBP) immunoreactivity in the ipsilateral striatum gradually decreased from day 1 to day 28 after ischemia, indicating myelin loss appeared at early time points and continuously advanced during ischemia. Then, intracerebroventricular infusion of NEP1‑40, which is a Nogo‑66 receptor antagonist peptide, was administered at days 1, 3 and 14 after MCAO. It was observed that GAP‑43 considerably increased from day 1 to day 7 and then decreased to a baseline level at day 28 compared with the control. MAP‑2 expression across days 1‑28 significantly decreased after MCAO. Administration of NEP1‑40 attenuated the reduction of MBP, and upregulated GAP‑43 and MAP‑2 expression at the corresponding time points after MCAO compared with the MCAO + saline group. The present results indicated that NEP1‑40 ameliorated myelin damage and promoted regeneration by upregulating the expression of GAP‑43 and MAP‑2 related to neuronal and axonal plasticity, which may aid with the identification of a novel molecular mechanism of restriction in CNS regeneration mediated by Nogo‑A after ischemia in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Dalian Municipal Central Hospital Affiliated to Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116033, P.R. China,Correspondence to: Professor Hong Zhao, Department of Neurology, Dalian Municipal Central Hospital Affiliated to Dalian Medical University, 826 Xi Nan Road, Dalian, Liaoning 116033, P.R. China, E-mail:
| | - Zhen-Dong Liu
- Department of General Medicine, Central Hospital Affiliated to Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, Zhejiang 312000, P.R. China
| | - Yong-Bo Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Yu Gao
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, Shandong 264000, P.R. China
| | - Cui Wang
- Department of Neurology, Dalian Municipal Central Hospital Affiliated to Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116033, P.R. China
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Neurology, Dalian Municipal Central Hospital Affiliated to Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116033, P.R. China
| | - Xun-Fen Wang
- Department of Neurology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116033, P.R. China
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Remyelination in PNS and CNS: current and upcoming cellular and molecular strategies to treat disabling neuropathies. Mol Biol Rep 2021; 48:8097-8110. [PMID: 34731366 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06755-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Myelin is a lipid-rich nerve cover that consists of glial cell's plasmalemma layers and accelerates signal conduction. Axon-myelin contact is a source for many developmental and regenerative signals of myelination. Intra- or extracellular factors including both enhancers and inhibitors are other factors affecting the myelination process. Myelin damages are observed in several congenital and hereditary diseases, physicochemical conditions, infections, or traumatic insults, and remyelination is known as an intrinsic response to injuries. Here we discuss some molecular events and conditions involved in de- and remyelination and compare the phenomena of remyelination in CNS and PNS. We have explained applying some of these molecular events in myelin restoration. Finally, the current and upcoming treatment strategies for myelin restoration are explained in three groups of immunotherapy, endogenous regeneration enhancement, and cell therapy to give a better insight for finding the more effective rehabilitation strategies considering the underlying molecular events of a lesion formation and its current condition.
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The Effects of the Olig Family on the Regulation of Spinal Cord Development and Regeneration. Neurochem Res 2021; 46:2776-2782. [PMID: 34228233 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-021-03383-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Neurons and glial cells in the central nervous system (CNS) are generated from neuroepithelial cells in the ventricular zone that surrounds the embryonic neural tube. The proliferation and distinct differentiation of neural precursors occurs at certain stages and are regulated by a series of transcription factors leading to the generation of neuronal and glial cell subtypes. In this manuscript, we review the effects of the Olig family, namely, members Olig1, Olig2 and Olig3, on the distinct differentiation of glial and neuronal cells in the developing spinal cord and injured neural tissue.
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Systematical Identification of the Protective Effect of Danhong Injection and BuChang NaoXinTong Capsules on Transcription Factors in Cerebral Ischemia Mice Brain. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2020:5879852. [PMID: 33414894 PMCID: PMC7755463 DOI: 10.1155/2020/5879852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral ischemia has led to a high rate of both disability and mortality with massive healthcare costs. Although transcriptional regulation is typically mediated by different combinations of TFs, a combined regulatory unit to synergistically activate transcription has remained unclear in cerebral ischemia, especially in different drug treatments. In this study, TFs alterations after 6 h cerebral ischemic injury and repair were performed by a concatenated tandem array of consensus transcription factor response elements (catTFREs), and vital TFs were obtained by TFs-target imbalanced network. Drug intervention used Danhong injection (DHI) and BNC (BuChang NaoXinTong Capsules), which has been widely prescribed in Chinese herb medicine for the treatment of cerebrovascular and cardiovascular diseases. There were 198 TFs identified after 6 h MCAO operation, and six TFs (Sox2, Smad3, FoxO1, Creb1, Egr,1 and Smad4) were considered as critical TFs in response to cerebral ischemia. Moreover, Smad3 was identified as a hub TF among six vital TFs, and the transcription activity of Smad3 was further verified. These 6 TFs were all reversed by DHI or BNC, indicating different medications may regulate different transcription factors through TF synergy. Moreover, validation results indicated that Smad3 was a putative target TF for DHI and BNC-mediated protection against cerebral ischemia. The observations of the present study provide a fresh understanding of biomolecules and possible new avenues for therapeutic interventions, in addition to the new intervention pattern for different treatments for ischemia stroke.
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Coppi E, Dettori I, Cherchi F, Bulli I, Venturini M, Lana D, Giovannini MG, Pedata F, Pugliese AM. A 2B Adenosine Receptors: When Outsiders May Become an Attractive Target to Treat Brain Ischemia or Demyelination. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E9697. [PMID: 33353217 PMCID: PMC7766015 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21249697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenosine is a signaling molecule, which, by activating its receptors, acts as an important player after cerebral ischemia. Here, we review data in the literature describing A2BR-mediated effects in models of cerebral ischemia obtained in vivo by the occlusion of the middle cerebral artery (MCAo) or in vitro by oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) in hippocampal slices. Adenosine plays an apparently contradictory role in this receptor subtype depending on whether it is activated on neuro-glial cells or peripheral blood vessels and/or inflammatory cells after ischemia. Indeed, A2BRs participate in the early glutamate-mediated excitotoxicity responsible for neuronal and synaptic loss in the CA1 hippocampus. On the contrary, later after ischemia, the same receptors have a protective role in tissue damage and functional impairments, reducing inflammatory cell infiltration and neuroinflammation by central and/or peripheral mechanisms. Of note, demyelination following brain ischemia, or autoimmune neuroinflammatory reactions, are also profoundly affected by A2BRs since they are expressed by oligodendroglia where their activation inhibits cell maturation and expression of myelin-related proteins. In conclusion, data in the literature indicate the A2BRs as putative therapeutic targets for the still unmet treatment of stroke or demyelinating diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Coppi
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy; (I.D.); (F.C.); (I.B.); (M.V.); (F.P.); (A.M.P.)
| | - Ilaria Dettori
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy; (I.D.); (F.C.); (I.B.); (M.V.); (F.P.); (A.M.P.)
| | - Federica Cherchi
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy; (I.D.); (F.C.); (I.B.); (M.V.); (F.P.); (A.M.P.)
| | - Irene Bulli
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy; (I.D.); (F.C.); (I.B.); (M.V.); (F.P.); (A.M.P.)
| | - Martina Venturini
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy; (I.D.); (F.C.); (I.B.); (M.V.); (F.P.); (A.M.P.)
| | - Daniele Lana
- Department of Health Sciences, Section of Clinical Pharmacology and Oncology, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy; (D.L.); (M.G.G.)
| | - Maria Grazia Giovannini
- Department of Health Sciences, Section of Clinical Pharmacology and Oncology, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy; (D.L.); (M.G.G.)
| | - Felicita Pedata
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy; (I.D.); (F.C.); (I.B.); (M.V.); (F.P.); (A.M.P.)
| | - Anna Maria Pugliese
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy; (I.D.); (F.C.); (I.B.); (M.V.); (F.P.); (A.M.P.)
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