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Azzman N, Gill MSA, Hassan SS, Christ F, Debyser Z, Mohamed WAS, Ahemad N. Pharmacological advances in anti-retroviral therapy for human immunodeficiency virus-1 infection: A comprehensive review. Rev Med Virol 2024; 34:e2529. [PMID: 38520650 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
The discovery of anti-retroviral (ARV) drugs over the past 36 years has introduced various classes, including nucleoside/nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, protease inhibitor, fusion, and integrase strand transfer inhibitors inhibitors. The introduction of combined highly active anti-retroviral therapies in 1996 was later proven to combat further ARV drug resistance along with enhancing human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) suppression. As though the development of ARV therapies was continuously expanding, the variation of action caused by ARV drugs, along with its current updates, was not comprehensively discussed, particularly for HIV-1 infection. Thus, a range of HIV-1 ARV medications is covered in this review, including new developments in ARV therapy based on the drug's mechanism of action, the challenges related to HIV-1, and the need for combination therapy. Optimistically, this article will consolidate the overall updates of HIV-1 ARV treatments and conclude the significance of HIV-1-related pharmacotherapy research to combat the global threat of HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nursyuhada Azzman
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Cawangan Pulau Pinang Kampus Bertam, Permatang Pauh, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Shoaib Ali Gill
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Sharifah Syed Hassan
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Frauke Christ
- Laboratory for Molecular Virology and Gene Therapy, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Zeger Debyser
- Laboratory for Molecular Virology and Gene Therapy, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Wan Ahmad Syazani Mohamed
- Nutrition Unit, Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Research Centre (NMCRC), Level 3, Block C, Institute for Medical Research (IMR), National Institutes of Health (NIH) Complex, Ministry of Health Malaysia (MOH), Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nafees Ahemad
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
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2
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Ghosh AK. Four decades of continuing innovations in the development of antiretroviral therapy for HIV/AIDS: Progress to date and future challenges. Glob Health Med 2023; 5:194-198. [PMID: 37655189 PMCID: PMC10461327 DOI: 10.35772/ghm.2023.01013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
The treatment of HIV-1 infection and AIDS represents one of the greatest challenges in medicine. While there is no cure for HIV/AIDS, truly remarkable progress has been made for treatment of HIV/AIDS patients today. The advent of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) in the mid-1990s dramatically improved HIV-1 related morbidity, greatly prolonged life expectancy, and delayed progression of AIDS. Due to current antiretroviral therapy, the mortality rate for HIV infected patients is closely approaching the mortality rate for the general population. The long-term success of HIV-AIDS treatment requires continued enhancement of cART with further development of novel drugs that would exhibit fewer side effects, higher genetic barrier to the development of resistance, and longer action with durable virologic suppression. This editorial article provides a quick review of four decades of intense drug development research efforts targeting various viral enzymes and cellular host factors leading to the evolution of today's treatment of patients with HIV-1 infection and AIDS. It also touches on challenges of future treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun K. Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
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3
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Carbohydrates: Binding Sites and Potential Drug Targets for Neural-Affecting Pathogens. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2023; 29:449-477. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-12390-0_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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4
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Facciolà A, D’Amato S, Calimeri S, Giudice DL, Micali C, Russotto Y, Venanzi Rullo E, Nunnari G, Squeri R, Pellicanò GF. Efficacy of COVID-19 Vaccination in People Living with HIV: A Public Health Fundamental Tool for the Protection of Patients and the Correct Management of Infection. Infect Dis Rep 2022; 14:784-793. [PMID: 36286201 PMCID: PMC9602118 DOI: 10.3390/idr14050080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV/AIDS is considered a risk factor for increased mortality due to COVID-19. For this reason, it is essential to include this population in vaccination campaigns. Studies found that antibodies are lower in HIV+ patients than in healthy individuals. The aim of this study was to assess the immune response in a cohort of people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWH) vaccinated with COVID-19 vaccination in order to evaluate the role played by the HIV infection in the efficacy of this vaccine. We carried out a cross-sectional study in the period April-September 2021, involving a cohort of PLWH and a cohort of HIV-uninfected people as the control group. The efficacy of vaccination was high in both groups despite a slight and not significant difference between them. However, important differences were found according to the intensity of the immune response. Specifically, while in the HIV+ group almost a quarter of people had a low response, it is important to remark that the control group had only a high or intermediate response after vaccination. Our results suggest the high efficacy of the mRNA COVID-19 vaccine in PLWH and the importance to vaccinate against COVID-19 in these patients in order to increase their protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Facciolà
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, 98124 Messina, Italy
| | - Smeralda D’Amato
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, 98124 Messina, Italy
| | - Sebastiano Calimeri
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, 98124 Messina, Italy
| | - Daniela Lo Giudice
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, 98124 Messina, Italy
| | - Cristina Micali
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, 98124 Messina, Italy
| | - Ylenia Russotto
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, 98124 Messina, Italy
| | - Emmanuele Venanzi Rullo
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, 98124 Messina, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Nunnari
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, 98124 Messina, Italy
| | - Raffaele Squeri
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, 98124 Messina, Italy
| | - Giovanni Francesco Pellicanò
- Department of Human Pathology of the Adult and the Developmental Age “G. Barresi”, University of Messina, 98124 Messina, Italy
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De Santis F, Lopez AB, Virtuoso S, Poerio N, Saccomandi P, Olimpieri T, Duca L, Henrici De Angelis L, Aquilano K, D'Andrea MM, Aquaro S, Borsetti A, Ceccherini-Silberstein F, Fraziano M. Phosphatidylcholine Liposomes Down-Modulate CD4 Expression Reducing HIV Entry in Human Type-1 Macrophages. Front Immunol 2022; 13:830788. [PMID: 35663973 PMCID: PMC9160374 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.830788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A strategy adopted to combat human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) infection is based on interfering with virus entry into target cells. In this study, we found that phosphatidylcholine (PC) liposomes reduced the expression of the CD4 receptor in human primary type-1 macrophages but not in CD4+ T cells. The down-regulation was specific to CD4, as any effect was not observed in CCR5 membrane expression. Moreover, the reduction of membrane CD4 expression required the Ca2+-independent protein kinase C (PKC), which in turn mediated serine phosphorylation in the intracytoplasmic tail of the CD4 receptor. Serine phosphorylation of CD4 was also associated with its internalization and degradation in acidic compartments. Finally, the observed CD4 downregulation induced by PC liposomes in human primary macrophages reduced the entry of both single-cycle replication and replication competent R5 tropic HIV-1. Altogether, these results show that PC liposomes reduce HIV entry in human macrophages and may impact HIV pathogenesis by lowering the viral reservoir.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica De Santis
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Roma "Tor Vergata", Roma, Italy
| | - Ana Borrajo Lopez
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Università degli Studi di Roma "Tor Vergata", Roma, Italy
| | - Sara Virtuoso
- Centro Nazionale per la ricerca su HIV/AIDS, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Roma, Italy
| | - Noemi Poerio
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Roma "Tor Vergata", Roma, Italy
| | - Patrizia Saccomandi
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Università degli Studi di Roma "Tor Vergata", Roma, Italy
| | - Tommaso Olimpieri
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Roma "Tor Vergata", Roma, Italy
| | - Leonardo Duca
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Università degli Studi di Roma "Tor Vergata", Roma, Italy
| | - Lucia Henrici De Angelis
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Roma "Tor Vergata", Roma, Italy.,Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Mediche, Università di Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Katia Aquilano
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Roma "Tor Vergata", Roma, Italy
| | - Marco Maria D'Andrea
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Roma "Tor Vergata", Roma, Italy
| | - Stefano Aquaro
- Dipartimento di Farmacia e Scienze della Salute e della Nutrizione, Università della Calabria, Rende, Italy
| | - Alessandra Borsetti
- Centro Nazionale per la ricerca su HIV/AIDS, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Roma, Italy
| | | | - Maurizio Fraziano
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Roma "Tor Vergata", Roma, Italy
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6
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Micali C, Russotto Y, Facciolà A, Marino A, Celesia BM, Pistarà E, Caci G, Nunnari G, Pellicanò GF, Venanzi Rullo E. Pulmonary Kaposi Sarcoma without Respiratory Symptoms and Skin Lesions in an HIV-Naïve Patient: A Case Report and Literature Review. Infect Dis Rep 2022; 14:228-242. [PMID: 35447880 PMCID: PMC9025598 DOI: 10.3390/idr14020028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Kaposi sarcoma (KS) is a multifocal lympho-angioproliferative, mesenchymal low-grade tumor associated with a γ2-herpesvirus, named Kaposi sarcoma-associated virus or human herpesvirus (KSHV/HHV8). The lung is considered a usual anatomical location of KS, despite being infrequent, often in association with extensive mucocutaneous lesions and very uncommonly as an isolated event. We report a case of a pulmonary KS (pKS) in a human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) naïve patient, which was atypical due to a lack of cutaneous involvement and an absence of respiratory symptoms. The pKS was initially identified as a tumoral suspected nodular lesion and only after immunohistochemical analysis was it characterized as KS. Furthermore, the diagnosis of pKS led to the discovery of the HIV-seropositive status of the patient, previously unknown. Our report underlines the importance of considering pKS even without skin lesions and as a first manifestation of HIV infection. We also reviewed literature on the current knowledge about pKS in people living with HIV (PLWH) to underline how one of the most common HIV/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) associated tumors can have a challenging localization and be difficult to recognize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Micali
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, 98124 Messina, Italy; (C.M.); (G.C.); (G.N.); (E.V.R.)
| | - Ylenia Russotto
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, 98124 Messina, Italy; (C.M.); (G.C.); (G.N.); (E.V.R.)
| | - Alessio Facciolà
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, 98100 Messina, Italy;
| | - Andrea Marino
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, 95131 Catania, Italy; (A.M.); (B.M.C.); (E.P.)
| | - Benedetto Maurizio Celesia
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, 95131 Catania, Italy; (A.M.); (B.M.C.); (E.P.)
| | - Eugenia Pistarà
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, 95131 Catania, Italy; (A.M.); (B.M.C.); (E.P.)
| | - Grazia Caci
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, 98124 Messina, Italy; (C.M.); (G.C.); (G.N.); (E.V.R.)
| | - Giuseppe Nunnari
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, 98124 Messina, Italy; (C.M.); (G.C.); (G.N.); (E.V.R.)
| | - Giovanni Francesco Pellicanò
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Adult and Childhood Human Pathology “Gaetano Barresi”, University of Messina, 98124 Messina, Italy;
| | - Emmanuele Venanzi Rullo
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, 98124 Messina, Italy; (C.M.); (G.C.); (G.N.); (E.V.R.)
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7
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Micali C, Russotto Y, Caci G, Ceccarelli M, Marino A, Celesia BM, Pellicanò GF, Nunnari G, Venanzi Rullo E. Loco-Regional Treatments for Hepatocellular Carcinoma in People Living with HIV. Infect Dis Rep 2022; 14:43-55. [PMID: 35076514 PMCID: PMC8788283 DOI: 10.3390/idr14010006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) accounts for approximately 75–90% of primary liver cancers and is the sixth most common cancer and the third leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. In the HIV-positive population, the risk of HCC is approximately four times higher than in the general population, with higher cancer-specific mortality than in HIV-negative patients. In most cases, HCC diagnosis is made in patients younger than the HIV-negative population and in the intermediate-advanced stage, thus limiting the therapeutic possibilities. Treatment choice in HIV-positive patients with HCC is subject to cancer staging, liver function and health status, as for HIV-negative and non-HIV-negative HCC patients. There are relatively few studies on the efficacy and safety in HIV-positive patients to date in loco-regional treatments for HCC. So far, literature shows that curative treatments such as radiofrequency ablation (RFA) have no significant differences in overall survival between HIV-positive and HIV-negative patients, as opposed to palliative treatments such as TACE, where there is a significant difference in overall survival. Although it can be assumed that the most recently discovered loco-regional therapies are applicable to HIV-positive patients with HCC in the same way as HIV-negative patients, further studies are needed to confirm this hypothesis. The purpose of our review is to evaluate these treatments, their efficacy, effectiveness, safety and their applicability to HIV-positive patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Micali
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, 98124 Messina, Italy; (Y.R.); (G.C.); (G.N.); (E.V.R.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-090-2212032
| | - Ylenia Russotto
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, 98124 Messina, Italy; (Y.R.); (G.C.); (G.N.); (E.V.R.)
| | - Grazia Caci
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, 98124 Messina, Italy; (Y.R.); (G.C.); (G.N.); (E.V.R.)
| | - Manuela Ceccarelli
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, 95131 Catania, Italy; (M.C.); (A.M.); (B.M.C.)
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Biomedical, Dental, Morphological and Functional Imaging Sciences, University of Messina, 98124 Messina, Italy
| | - Andrea Marino
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, 95131 Catania, Italy; (M.C.); (A.M.); (B.M.C.)
| | - Benedetto Maurizio Celesia
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, 95131 Catania, Italy; (M.C.); (A.M.); (B.M.C.)
| | - Giovanni Francesco Pellicanò
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Adult and Childhood Human Pathology “Gaetano Barresi”, University of Messina, 98124 Messina, Italy;
| | - Giuseppe Nunnari
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, 98124 Messina, Italy; (Y.R.); (G.C.); (G.N.); (E.V.R.)
| | - Emmanuele Venanzi Rullo
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, 98124 Messina, Italy; (Y.R.); (G.C.); (G.N.); (E.V.R.)
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8
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Chemotherapy-Induced Hepatotoxicity in HIV Patients. Cells 2021; 10:cells10112871. [PMID: 34831094 PMCID: PMC8616372 DOI: 10.3390/cells10112871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) affects more than 37 million people globally, and in 2020, more than 680,000 people died from HIV-related causes. Recently, these numbers have decrease substantially and continue to reduce thanks to the use of antiretroviral therapy (ART), thus making HIV a chronic disease state for those dependent on lifelong use of ART. However, patients with HIV have an increased risk of developing some type of cancer compared to patients without HIV. Therefore, treatment of patients who are diagnosed with both HIV and cancer represents a complicated scenario because of the risk associated with drug-drug interaction (DDIs) and related toxicity. Selection of an alternative chemotherapy or ART or temporarily discontinuation of ART constitute a strategy to manage the risk of DDIs. Temporarily withholding ART is the less desirable clinical plan but risks and benefits must be considered in each scenario. In this review we focus on the hepatotoxicity associated with a simultaneous treatment with ART and chemotherapeutic drugs and mechanisms behind. Moreover, we also discuss the effect on the liver caused by the association of immunotherapeutic drugs, which have recently been used in clinical trials and also in HIV patients.
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9
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Venanzi Rullo E, Maimone MG, Fiorica F, Ceccarelli M, Guarneri C, Berretta M, Nunnari G. Non-Melanoma Skin Cancer in People Living With HIV: From Epidemiology to Clinical Management. Front Oncol 2021; 11:689789. [PMID: 34422644 PMCID: PMC8371466 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.689789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Skin cancers represent the most common human tumors with a worldwide increasing incidence. They can be divided into melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancers (NMSCs). NMSCs include mainly squamous cell (SCC) and basal cell carcinoma (BCC) with the latest representing the 80% of the diagnosed NMSCs. The pathogenesis of NMSCs is clearly multifactorial. A growing body of literature underlies a crucial correlation between skin cancer, chronic inflammation and immunodeficiency. Intensity and duration of immunodeficiency plays an important role. In immunocompromised patients the incidence of more malignant forms or the development of multiple tumors seems to be higher than among immunocompetent patients. With regards to people living with HIV (PLWH), since the advent of combined antiretroviral therapy (cART), the incidence of non-AIDS-defining cancers (NADCs), such as NMSCs, have been increasing and now these neoplasms represent a leading cause of illness in this particular population. PLWH with NMSCs tend to be younger, to have a higher risk of local recurrence and to have an overall poorer outcome. NMSCs show an indolent clinical course if diagnosed and treated in an early stage. BCC rarely metastasizes, while SCC presents a 4% annual incidence of metastasis. Nevertheless, metastatic forms lead to poor patient outcome. NMSCs are often treated with full thickness treatments (surgical excision, Mohs micro-graphic surgery and radiotherapy) or superficial ablative techniques (such as cryotherapy, electrodesiccation and curettage). Advances in genetic landscape understanding of NMSCs have favored the establishment of novel therapeutic strategies. Concerning the therapeutic evaluation of PLWH, it’s mandatory to evaluate the risk of interactions between cART and other treatments, particularly antiblastic chemotherapy, targeted therapy and immunotherapy. Development of further treatment options for NMSCs in PLWH seems needed. We reviewed the literature after searching for clinical trials, case series, clinical cases and available databases in Embase and Pubmed. We review the incidence of NMSCs among PLWH, focusing our attention on any differences in clinicopathological features of BCC and SCC between PLWH and HIV negative persons, as well as on any differences in efficacy and safety of treatments and response to immunomodulators and finally on any differences in rates of metastatic disease and outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuele Venanzi Rullo
- Unit of Infectious Disease, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Maimone
- Unit of Infectious Disease, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Francesco Fiorica
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Nuclear Medicine, State Hospital "Mater Salutis" Azienda Unità Locale Socio Sanitaria (AULSS) 9, Legnago, Italy
| | - Manuela Ceccarelli
- Unit of Infectious Disease, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy.,Unit of Infectious Disease, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Claudio Guarneri
- Unit of Dermatology, Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Berretta
- Unit of Infectious Disease, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Nunnari
- Unit of Infectious Disease, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
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10
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Chandra I, Prabhu SV, Nayak C, Singh SK. E-pharmacophore based screening to identify potential HIV-1 gp120 and CD4 interaction blockers for wild and mutant types. SAR AND QSAR IN ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 32:353-377. [PMID: 33832362 DOI: 10.1080/1062936x.2021.1901310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
HIV-1 gp120 provides a multistage viral entry process through the conserved CD4 binding site. Hunting of potential blockers can diminish the interaction of gp120 with the CD4 host receptor leading to the suppression of HIV-1 infection. Structure-based pharmacophore virtual screening followed by binding free energy calculation, molecular dynamics (MD) simulation and density functional theory (DFT) calculation is applied to discriminate the potential blockers from six small molecule databases. Five compounds from six databases exhibited vital interactions with key residues ASP368, GLU370, ASN425, MET426, TRP427 and GLY473 of gp120, involved in the binding with CD4, host receptor. Most importantly, compound NCI-254200 displayed strong communication with key residues of wild type and drug resistance single mutant gp120 (M426L and W427V) even in the dynamic condition, evidenced from MD simulation. This investigation provided a potential compound NCI-254200 which may show inhibitory activity against HIV-1 gp120 variant interactions with CD4 host cell receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Chandra
- Computer Aided Drug Design and Molecular Modeling Lab, Department of Bioinformatics, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, India
| | - S V Prabhu
- Computer Aided Drug Design and Molecular Modeling Lab, Department of Bioinformatics, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, India
| | - C Nayak
- Computer Aided Drug Design and Molecular Modeling Lab, Department of Bioinformatics, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, India
| | - S K Singh
- Computer Aided Drug Design and Molecular Modeling Lab, Department of Bioinformatics, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, India
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11
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Korie NPU, Tandoh KZ, Kwofie SK, Quaye O. Therapeutic potential of HIV-1 entry inhibitor peptidomimetics. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2021; 246:1060-1068. [PMID: 33596698 PMCID: PMC8113741 DOI: 10.1177/1535370221990870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) infection remains a public health concern globally. Although great strides in the management of HIV-1 have been achieved, current highly active antiretroviral therapy is limited by multidrug resistance, prolonged use-related effects, and inability to purge the HIV-1 latent pool. Even though novel therapeutic options with HIV-1 broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) are being explored, the scalability of bNAbs is limited by economic cost of production and obligatory requirement for parenteral administration. However, these limitations can be addressed by antibody mimetics/peptidomimetics of HIV-1 bNAbs. In this review we discuss the limitations of HIV-1 bNAbs as HIV-1 entry inhibitors and explore the potential therapeutic use of antibody mimetics/peptidomimetics of HIV-1 entry inhibitors as an alternative for HIV-1 bNAbs. We highlight the reduced cost of production, high specificity, and oral bioavailability of peptidomimetics compared to bNAbs to demonstrate their suitability as candidates for novel HIV-1 therapy and conclude with some perspectives on future research toward HIV-1 novel drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nneka PU Korie
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra 00233, Ghana
| | - Kwesi Z Tandoh
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra 00233, Ghana
| | - Samuel K Kwofie
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering Sciences, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra 00233, Ghana
| | - Osbourne Quaye
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra 00233, Ghana
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Brojan LEF, Marca LM, Dias FA, Rattmann YD. Antiretroviral drug use by individuals living with HIV/AIDS and compliance with the Clinical Protocol and Therapy Guidelines. EINSTEIN-SAO PAULO 2020; 18:eAO4995. [PMID: 32074221 PMCID: PMC7018093 DOI: 10.31744/einstein_journal/2020ao4995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To describe antiretroviral treatment regimens prescribed and their compliance with the Clinical Protocol and Therapy Guidelines of the Ministry of Health for the management of HIV infection. Methods Observational and descriptive study. Secondary data of the state of Paraná (Brazil) on drugs, treatment regimens, lines of treatment and number of individuals on treatment, from January to June 2018, were accessed at the Antiretroviral Agents Logistic Control System. Combinations of antiretroviral drugs (treatment regimens) were compared according to the current Clinical Protocol and Therapy Guidelines and non-compliances were classified and quantified. Results In Paraná, 35,127 individuals with HIV were treated with 253 different treatment regimens. Of the prescribed regimens, 19.1% were first-line, 27.4% second-line and 48.5% third-line. Among non-compliances, the most prevalent were absence of association of protease inhibitors and ritonavir (42.8%), low efficacy triple therapy (36.9%), double therapy (26.1%), monotherapy (20.3%), and triple therapy of nucleoside analog reverse transcriptase inhibitors (17.1%). Conclusion Most individuals receiving HIV treatment in the state of Paraná are on treatment regimens established in the current Clinical Protocol and Therapy Guidelines, which contributes to successful therapy. However, associations not provided by the current Clinical Protocol and Therapy Guidelines were identified in the initial treatment lines, which could lead to ineffectiveness, virologic failure and viral resistance.
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Mușat MG, Nițulescu GM, Surleac M, Tsatsakis A, Spandidos DA, Margină D. HIV‑1 integrase inhibitors targeting various DDE transposases: Retroviral integration versus RAG‑mediated recombination (Review). Mol Med Rep 2019; 20:4749-4762. [PMID: 31702817 PMCID: PMC6854553 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2019.10777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Transposases are ubiquitous mobile genetic elements responsible for genome development, driving rearrangements, such as insertions, deletions and translocations. Across species evolution, some transposases are tamed by their host and are made part of complex cellular systems. The proliferation of retroviruses is also dependent on transposase related enzymes termed integrases. Recombination‑activating gene protein (RAG)1 and metnase are just two examples of transposase domestication and together with retroviral integrases (INs), they belong to the DDE polynucleotidyl transferases superfamily. They share mechanistic and structural features linked to the RNase H‑like fold, harboring a DDE(D) metal dependent catalytic motif. Recent antiretroviral compounds target the catalytic domain of integrase, but they also have the potential of inhibiting other related enzymes. In this review, we report the activity of different classes of integrase inhibitors on various DDE transposases. Computational simulations are useful to predict the extent of off‑target activity and have been employed to study the interactions between RAG1 recombinase and compounds from three different pharmacologic classes. We demonstrate that strand‑transfer inhibitors display a higher affinity towards the RAG1 RNase H domain, as suggested by experimental data compared to allosteric inhibitors. While interference with RAG1 and 2 recombination is associated with a negative impact on immune function, the inhibition of metnase or HTLV‑1 integrase opens the way for the development of novel therapies for refractory cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihaela Georgiana Mușat
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020956 Bucharest, Romania
| | - George Mihai Nițulescu
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020956 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Marius Surleac
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases ‘Matei Bals’, 021105 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Aristidis Tsatsakis
- Department of Forensic Sciences and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Demetrios A. Spandidos
- Laboratory of Clinical Virology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Denisa Margină
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020956 Bucharest, Romania
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