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Wang Y, Cheng S, Fleishman JS, Chen J, Tang H, Chen ZS, Chen W, Ding M. Targeting anoikis resistance as a strategy for cancer therapy. Drug Resist Updat 2024; 75:101099. [PMID: 38850692 DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2024.101099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2024] [Revised: 05/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024]
Abstract
Anoikis, known as matrix detachment-induced apoptosis or detachment-induced cell death, is crucial for tissue development and homeostasis. Cancer cells develop means to evade anoikis, e.g. anoikis resistance, thereby allowing for cells to survive under anchorage-independent conditions. Uncovering the mechanisms of anoikis resistance will provide details about cancer metastasis, and potential strategies against cancer cell dissemination and metastasis. Here, we summarize the principal elements and core molecular mechanisms of anoikis and anoikis resistance. We discuss the latest progress of how anoikis and anoikis resistance are regulated in cancers. Furthermore, we summarize emerging data on selective compounds and nanomedicines, explaining how inhibiting anoikis resistance can serve as a meaningful treatment modality against cancers. Finally, we discuss the key limitations of this therapeutic paradigm and possible strategies to overcome them. In this review, we suggest that pharmacological modulation of anoikis and anoikis resistance by bioactive compounds could surmount anoikis resistance, highlighting a promising therapeutic regimen that could be used to overcome anoikis resistance in cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumin Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Aerospace Center Hospital, Peking University Aerospace School of Clinical Medicine, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Sihang Cheng
- Department of Radiology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Joshua S Fleishman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY 11439, USA
| | - Jichao Chen
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Aerospace Center Hospital, Peking University Aerospace School of Clinical Medicine, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hailin Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhe-Sheng Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY 11439, USA.
| | - Wenkuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Mingchao Ding
- Department of Peripheral Vascular Intervention, Aerospace Center Hospital, Peking University Aerospace School of Clinical Medicine, Beijing 100049, China.
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2
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Liao C, Li M, Chen X, Tang C, Quan J, Bode AM, Cao Y, Luo X. Anoikis resistance and immune escape mediated by Epstein-Barr virus-encoded latent membrane protein 1-induced stabilization of PGC-1α promotes invasion and metastasis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2023; 42:261. [PMID: 37803433 PMCID: PMC10559433 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-023-02835-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is the first discovered human tumor virus that is associated with a variety of malignancies of both lymphoid and epithelial origin including nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). The EBV-encoded latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1) has been well-defined as a potent oncogenic protein, which is intimately correlated with NPC pathogenesis. Anoikis is considered to be a physiological barrier to metastasis, and avoiding anoikis is a major hallmark of metastasis. However, the role of LMP1 in anoikis-resistance and metastasis of NPC has not been fully identified. METHODS Trypan blue staining, colony formation assay, flow cytometry, and TUNEL staining, as well as the detection of apoptosis and anoikis resistance-related markers was applied to evaluate the anoikis-resistant capability of NPC cells cultured in ultra-low adhesion condition. Co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) experiment was performed to determine the interaction among LMP1, PRMT1 and PGC-1α. Ex vivo ubiquitination assay was used to detect the ubiquitination level of PGC-1α. Anoikis- resistant LMP1-positive NPC cell lines were established and applied for the xenograft and metastatic animal experiments. RESULTS Our current findings reveal the role of LMP1-stabilized peroxisome proliferator activated receptor coactivator-1a (PGC-1α) in anoikis resistance and immune escape to support the invasion and metastasis of NPC. Mechanistically, LMP1 enhances PGC-1α protein stability by promoting the interaction between arginine methyltransferase 1 (PRMT1) and PGC-1α to elevate the methylation modification of PGC-1α, thus endowing NPC cells with anoikis-resistance. Meanwhile, PGC-1α mediates the immune escape induced by LMP1 by coactivating with STAT3 to transcriptionally up-regulate PD-L1 expression. CONCLUSION Our work provides insights into how virus-encoded proteins recruit and interact with host regulatory elements to facilitate the malignant progression of NPC. Therefore, targeting PGC-1α or PRMT1-PGC-1α interaction might be exploited for therapeutic gain for EBV-associated malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoliang Liao
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Hunan Key Laboratory of Oncotarget Gene, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410013, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Invasion, Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410078, PR China
- Department of Medical Science Laboratory, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Liuzhou, Guangxi, 545007, PR China
| | - Min Li
- Department of Oncology, Nanjing Hospital of Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, PR China
| | - Xue Chen
- Early Clinical Trial Center, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410013, PR China
| | - Chenpeng Tang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Hunan Key Laboratory of Oncotarget Gene, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410013, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Invasion, Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410078, PR China
| | - Jing Quan
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Hunan Key Laboratory of Oncotarget Gene, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410013, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Invasion, Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410078, PR China
| | - Ann M Bode
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, MN, 55912, USA
| | - Ya Cao
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Invasion, Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410078, PR China
| | - Xiangjian Luo
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Hunan Key Laboratory of Oncotarget Gene, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410013, PR China.
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Invasion, Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410078, PR China.
- National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Nanobiological Technology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410078, PR China.
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Sungthong R, Khine HEE, Sumkhemthong S, Chanvorachote P, Tansawat R, Chaotham C. How do prolonged anchorage-free lifetimes strengthen non-small-cell lung cancer cells to evade anoikis? - A link with altered cellular metabolomics. Biol Res 2023; 56:44. [PMID: 37542350 PMCID: PMC10403914 DOI: 10.1186/s40659-023-00456-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malignant cells adopt anoikis resistance to survive anchorage-free stresses and initiate cancer metastasis. It is still unknown how varying periods of anchorage loss contribute to anoikis resistance, cell migration, and metabolic reprogramming of cancerous cells. RESULTS Our study demonstrated that prolonging the anchorage-free lifetime of non-small-cell lung cancer NCI-H460 cells for 7 days strengthened anoikis resistance, as shown by higher half-life and capability to survive and grow without anchorage, compared to wild-type cells or those losing anchorage for 3 days. While the prolonged anchorage-free lifetime was responsible for the increased aggressive feature of survival cells to perform rapid 3-dimensional migration during the first 3 h of a transwell assay, no significant influence was observed with 2-dimensional surface migration detected at 12 and 24 h by a wound-healing method. Metabolomics analysis revealed significant alteration in the intracellular levels of six (oxalic acid, cholesterol, 1-ethylpyrrolidine, 1-(3-methylbutyl)-2,3,4,6-tetramethylbenzene, β-alanine, and putrescine) among all 37 identified metabolites during 7 days without anchorage. Based on significance values, enrichment ratios, and impact scores of all metabolites and their associated pathways, three principal metabolic activities (non-standard amino acid metabolism, cell membrane biosynthesis, and oxidative stress response) offered potential links with anoikis resistance. CONCLUSIONS These findings further our insights into the evolution of anoikis resistance in lung cancer cells and identify promising biomarkers for early lung cancer diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rungroch Sungthong
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Hnin Ei Ei Khine
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | | | - Pithi Chanvorachote
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Cancer Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Rossarin Tansawat
- Department of Food and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
| | - Chatchai Chaotham
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
- Center of Excellence in Cancer Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
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Neuendorf HM, Simmons JL, Boyle GM. Therapeutic targeting of anoikis resistance in cutaneous melanoma metastasis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1183328. [PMID: 37181747 PMCID: PMC10169659 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1183328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The acquisition of resistance to anoikis, the cell death induced by loss of adhesion to the extracellular matrix, is an absolute requirement for the survival of disseminating and circulating tumour cells (CTCs), and for the seeding of metastatic lesions. In melanoma, a range of intracellular signalling cascades have been identified as potential drivers of anoikis resistance, however a full understanding of the process is yet to be attained. Mechanisms of anoikis resistance pose an attractive target for the therapeutic treatment of disseminating and circulating melanoma cells. This review explores the range of small molecule, peptide and antibody inhibitors targeting molecules involved in anoikis resistance in melanoma, and may be repurposed to prevent metastatic melanoma prior to its initiation, potentially improving the prognosis for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah M. Neuendorf
- Cancer Drug Mechanisms Group, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Jacinta L. Simmons
- Cancer Drug Mechanisms Group, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Glen M. Boyle
- Cancer Drug Mechanisms Group, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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Phetphoung T, Malla A, Rattanapisit K, Pisuttinusart N, Damrongyot N, Joyjamras K, Chanvorachote P, Phakham T, Wongtangprasert T, Strasser R, Chaotham C, Phoolcharoen W. Expression of plant-produced anti-PD-L1 antibody with anoikis sensitizing activity in human lung cancer cells via., suppression on epithelial-mesenchymal transition. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0274737. [PMID: 36367857 PMCID: PMC9651560 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0274737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoint antibodies in cancer treatment are receptor-ligand pairs that modulate cancer immunity. PD-1/PD-L1 pathway has emerged as one of the major targets in cancer immunotherapy. Atezolizumab, the first anti-PD-L1 antibody approved for the treatment of metastatic urothelial, non-small cell lung, small cell lung and triple-negative breast cancers, is produced in Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells with several limitations i.e., high-production costs, low-capacity yields, and contamination risks. Due to the rapid scalability and low production costs, the transient expression in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves was investigated by co-infiltration of Agrobacterium tumefaciens GV3101 cultures harboring the nucleic acid sequences encoding for Atezolizumab heavy chain and light chain in this study. The transient expression of Atezolizumab in transformed N. benthamiana accumulated up to 86.76 μg/g fresh leaf weight after 6 days of agroinfiltration (OD 600 nm: 0.4) with 1:1 ratio of heavy chain to light chain. The structural and functional characteristics of plant-produced Atezolizumab was compared with commercially available Tecentriq® from CHO cells with similar binding efficacies to PD-L1 receptor. The direct anti-cancer effect of plant-produced anti-PD-L1 was further performed in human lung metastatic cancer cells H460 cultured under detachment condition, demonstrating the activity of anti-PD-L1-antibody on sensitizing anoikis as well as the suppression on anti-apoptosis proteins (Bcl-2 and Mcl-1) and modulation of epithelial to mesenchymal regulating proteins (E-cadherin, N-cadherin, Snail and Slug). In conclusion, this study manifests plants as an alternative cost-effective platform for the production of functional monoclonal antibodies for use in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thareeya Phetphoung
- Graduate Program of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Plant-produced Pharmaceuticals, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | | | - Nuttapat Pisuttinusart
- Graduate Program of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Plant-produced Pharmaceuticals, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Naruechai Damrongyot
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Keerati Joyjamras
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Unit, Department of Medical Science, Faculty of Science, Rangsit University, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Pithi Chanvorachote
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Cancer Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Tanapati Phakham
- Center of Excellence in Systems Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Excellence Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University and King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Tossapon Wongtangprasert
- Center of Excellence in Systems Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Excellence Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University and King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand
- Excellence Chulalongkorn Comprehensive Cancer Center, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Richard Strasser
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Chatchai Chaotham
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Cancer Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- * E-mail: (CC); (WP)
| | - Waranyoo Phoolcharoen
- Center of Excellence in Plant-produced Pharmaceuticals, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- * E-mail: (CC); (WP)
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Adeshakin FO, Adeshakin AO, Liu Z, Cheng J, Zhang P, Yan D, Zhang G, Wan X. Targeting Oxidative Phosphorylation-Proteasome Activity in Extracellular Detached Cells Promotes Anoikis and Inhibits Metastasis. Life (Basel) 2021; 12:life12010042. [PMID: 35054435 PMCID: PMC8779336 DOI: 10.3390/life12010042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastasis arises owing to tumor cells’ capacity to evade pro-apoptotic signals. Anoikis—the apoptosis of detached cells (from the extracellular matrix (ECM)) is often circumvented by metastatic cells as a result of biochemical and molecular transformations. These facilitate cells’ ability to survive, invade and reattach to secondary sites. Here, we identified deregulated glucose metabolism, oxidative phosphorylation, and proteasome in anchorage-independent cells compared to adherent cells. Metformin an anti-diabetic drug that reduces blood glucose (also known to inhibit mitochondrial Complex I), and proteasome inhibitors were employed to target these changes. Metformin or proteasome inhibitors alone increased misfolded protein accumulation, sensitized tumor cells to anoikis, and impaired pulmonary metastasis in the B16F10 melanoma model. Mechanistically, metformin reduced cellular ATP production, activated AMPK to foster pro-apoptotic unfolded protein response (UPR) through enhanced expression of CHOP in ECM detached cells. Furthermore, AMPK inhibition reduced misfolded protein accumulation, thus highlight relevance of AMPK activation in facilitating metformin-induced stress and UPR cell death. Our findings provide insights into the molecular biology of anoikis resistance and identified metformin and proteasome inhibitors as potential therapeutic options for tumor metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Funmilayo O. Adeshakin
- Guangdong Immune Cell Therapy Engineering and Technology Research Center, Center for Protein and Cell-Based Drugs, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China; (F.O.A.); (A.O.A.); (Z.L.); (J.C.); (P.Z.); (D.Y.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100864, China
| | - Adeleye O. Adeshakin
- Guangdong Immune Cell Therapy Engineering and Technology Research Center, Center for Protein and Cell-Based Drugs, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China; (F.O.A.); (A.O.A.); (Z.L.); (J.C.); (P.Z.); (D.Y.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100864, China
| | - Zhao Liu
- Guangdong Immune Cell Therapy Engineering and Technology Research Center, Center for Protein and Cell-Based Drugs, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China; (F.O.A.); (A.O.A.); (Z.L.); (J.C.); (P.Z.); (D.Y.)
| | - Jian Cheng
- Guangdong Immune Cell Therapy Engineering and Technology Research Center, Center for Protein and Cell-Based Drugs, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China; (F.O.A.); (A.O.A.); (Z.L.); (J.C.); (P.Z.); (D.Y.)
| | - Pengchao Zhang
- Guangdong Immune Cell Therapy Engineering and Technology Research Center, Center for Protein and Cell-Based Drugs, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China; (F.O.A.); (A.O.A.); (Z.L.); (J.C.); (P.Z.); (D.Y.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100864, China
| | - Dehong Yan
- Guangdong Immune Cell Therapy Engineering and Technology Research Center, Center for Protein and Cell-Based Drugs, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China; (F.O.A.); (A.O.A.); (Z.L.); (J.C.); (P.Z.); (D.Y.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100864, China
| | - Guizhong Zhang
- Guangdong Immune Cell Therapy Engineering and Technology Research Center, Center for Protein and Cell-Based Drugs, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China; (F.O.A.); (A.O.A.); (Z.L.); (J.C.); (P.Z.); (D.Y.)
- Correspondence: (G.Z.); (X.W.)
| | - Xiaochun Wan
- Guangdong Immune Cell Therapy Engineering and Technology Research Center, Center for Protein and Cell-Based Drugs, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China; (F.O.A.); (A.O.A.); (Z.L.); (J.C.); (P.Z.); (D.Y.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100864, China
- Correspondence: (G.Z.); (X.W.)
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Haddad A, Gaudet M, Plesa M, Allakhverdi Z, Mogas AK, Audusseau S, Baglole CJ, Eidelman DH, Olivenstein R, Ludwig MS, Hamid Q. Neutrophils from severe asthmatic patients induce epithelial to mesenchymal transition in healthy bronchial epithelial cells. Respir Res 2019; 20:234. [PMID: 31665016 PMCID: PMC6819645 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-019-1186-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Asthma is a heterogenous disease characterized by chronic inflammation and airway remodeling. An increase in the severity of airway remodeling is associated with a more severe form of asthma. There is increasing interest in the epithelial to mesenchymal transition process and mechanisms involved in the differentiation and repair of the airway epithelium, especially as they apply to severe asthma. Growing evidence suggests that Epithelial-Mesenchymal transition (EMT) could contribute to airway remodeling and fibrosis in asthma. Severe asthmatic patients with remodeled airways have a neutrophil driven inflammation. Neutrophils are an important source of TGF-β1, which plays a role in recruitment and activation of inflammatory cells, extracellular matrix (ECM) production and fibrosis development, and is a potent inducer of EMT. OBJECTIVE As there is little data examining the contribution of neutrophils and/or their mediators to the induction of EMT in airway epithelial cells, the objective of this study was to better understand the potential role of neutrophils in severe asthma in regards to EMT. METHODS We used an in vitro system to investigate the neutrophil-epithelial cell interaction. We obtained peripheral blood neutrophils from severe asthmatic patients and control subjects and examined for their ability to induce EMT in primary airway epithelial cells. RESULTS Our data indicate that neutrophils from severe asthmatic patients induce changes in morphology and EMT marker expression in bronchial epithelial cells consistent with the EMT process when co-cultured. TGF-β1 levels in the culture medium of severe asthmatic patients were increased compared to that from co-cultures of non-asthmatic neutrophils and epithelial cells. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE As an inducer of EMT and an important source of TGF-β1, neutrophils may play a significant role in the development of airway remodeling and fibrosis in severe asthmatic airways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Haddad
- Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases, Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, 1001 Boulevard Décarie, Montréal, QC, H4A 3J1, Canada.,Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Canada
| | - Mellissa Gaudet
- Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases, Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, 1001 Boulevard Décarie, Montréal, QC, H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Maria Plesa
- Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases, Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, 1001 Boulevard Décarie, Montréal, QC, H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Zoulfia Allakhverdi
- Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases, Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, 1001 Boulevard Décarie, Montréal, QC, H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Andrea K Mogas
- Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases, Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, 1001 Boulevard Décarie, Montréal, QC, H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Severine Audusseau
- Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases, Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, 1001 Boulevard Décarie, Montréal, QC, H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Carolyn J Baglole
- Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases, Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, 1001 Boulevard Décarie, Montréal, QC, H4A 3J1, Canada.,Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Canada
| | - David H Eidelman
- Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases, Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, 1001 Boulevard Décarie, Montréal, QC, H4A 3J1, Canada.,Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Canada
| | - Ronald Olivenstein
- Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases, Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, 1001 Boulevard Décarie, Montréal, QC, H4A 3J1, Canada.,Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Canada
| | - Mara S Ludwig
- Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases, Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, 1001 Boulevard Décarie, Montréal, QC, H4A 3J1, Canada.,Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Canada
| | - Qutayba Hamid
- Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases, Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, 1001 Boulevard Décarie, Montréal, QC, H4A 3J1, Canada. .,Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Canada. .,College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.
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8
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Allosteric AKT Inhibitors Target Synthetic Lethal Vulnerabilities in E-Cadherin-Deficient Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11091359. [PMID: 31540244 PMCID: PMC6769709 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11091359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The CDH1 gene, encoding the cell adhesion protein E-cadherin, is one of the most frequently mutated genes in gastric cancer and inactivating germline CDH1 mutations are responsible for hereditary diffuse gastric cancer syndrome (HDGC). Using cell viability assays, we identified that breast (MCF10A) and gastric (NCI-N87) cells lacking CDH1 expression are more sensitive to allosteric AKT inhibitors than their CDH1-expressing isogenic counterparts. Apoptosis priming and total apoptosis assays in the isogenic MCF10A cells confirmed the enhanced sensitivity of E-cadherin-null cells to the AKT inhibitors. In addition, two of these inhibitors, ARQ-092 and MK2206, preferentially targeted mouse-derived gastric Cdh1−/− organoids for growth arrest. AKT protein expression and activation (as measured by phosphorylation of serine 473) were differentially regulated in E-cadherin-null MCF10A and NCI-N87 cells, with downregulation in the normal breast cells, but upregulation in the gastric cancer cells. Bioinformatic analysis of the TCGA STAD dataset revealed that AKT3, but not AKT1 or AKT2, is upregulated in the majority of E-cadherin-deficient gastric cancers. In conclusion, allosteric AKT inhibitors represent a promising class of drugs for chemoprevention and chemotherapy of cancers with E-cadherin loss.
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9
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Anoikis Resistance as a Further Trait of Acidic-Adapted Melanoma Cells. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2019; 2019:8340926. [PMID: 31275384 PMCID: PMC6582804 DOI: 10.1155/2019/8340926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Melanoma is characterized by a low extracellular pH, which contributes to the development of an aggressive phenotype characterized by several properties as the switch to an epithelial-to-mesenchymal program, the increase of apoptotic resistance, and the migratory ability together with the development of drug resistance. Here, we demonstrate that melanoma cells grown in low pH medium (pH 6.7) for a short (24 hours) or long (at least 3 months) period equally express an anoikis resistance profile. Anoikis is a form of apoptosis prompted by loss of adhesion, particularly requested by aggressive cancer cells to metastasize. Anoikis resistance was ascertained in acidic melanoma cells either grown in agarose-coated plates or incubated in rocking conditions. Both analyses indicate that acidic cells were more able to survive in a nonadherent condition than cells grown in standard pH, an effect resulting in a more cloning efficiency and migratory ability. Ability to survive during rocking was inhibited using mTOR/NF-kB inhibitors. Finally, we checked whether characteristics related to the in vitro anoikis resistance acquired by acidic melanoma cells might be also suitable for in vivo challenge. We injected acidic melanoma cells into blood stream, and then we verify how many cells survived in blood after 15 min from the injection. Only acidic cells, transient and chronic, survived, whereas melanoma cells grown in standard pH medium did not. Overall, we have had the opportunity to demonstrate that low extracellular pH represents an additional mechanism able to promote an anoikis resistance in solid tumors.
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10
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Cui Q, Ren J, Zhou Q, Yang Q, Li B. Effect of asiatic acid on epithelial-mesenchymal transition of human alveolar epithelium A549 cells induced by TGF-β1. Oncol Lett 2019; 17:4285-4292. [PMID: 30988806 PMCID: PMC6447948 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2019.10140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Asiatic acid (AA) is a pentacyclic triterpenoid isolated from Centella asiatica (L.) Urban that possesses significant antitumor activities. In the present study, the mechanism of AA on transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1)-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) was investigated in the lung cancer cell line A549. To do so, cell morphological alterations were observed and recorded at different time periods. Cells treated with TGF-β1 were spindle-shaped and characterized as stromal cells, whereas AA-treated cells exhibited epithelial cell characteristics and increased intercellular adhesion. The MTT assay demonstrated that the high concentration of AA inhibited the viability of A549 cells treated with TGF-β. In addition, the wound healing and Transwell assays revealed that AA inhibited TGF-β1-induced invasion and migration of A549 cells. Furthermore, AA treatment increased the mRNA and protein expression levels of E-cadherin, and decreased the expression levels of snail family transcriptional repressor (Snail), N-cadherin, vimentin and β-catenin in TGF-β1-treated A549 cells. In conclusion, these results suggested that AA may inhibit TGF-β1-induced EMT in lung cancer through increased expression of E-cadherin, and inhibition of Snail, N-cadherin and vimentin expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingrong Cui
- Department of Respiration, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of CM, Zhengzhou, Henan 450000, P.R. China
| | - Juan Ren
- Department of Oncology, Hangzhou Third Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, P.R. China
| | - Qingwei Zhou
- Department of Respiration, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of CM, Zhengzhou, Henan 450000, P.R. China
| | - Qinmei Yang
- Department of Respiration, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of CM, Zhengzhou, Henan 450000, P.R. China
| | - Bin Li
- Department of Respiration, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of CM, Zhengzhou, Henan 450000, P.R. China
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11
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Zou G, Ren B, Liu Y, Fu Y, Chen P, Li X, Luo S, He J, Gao G, Zeng Z, Xiong W, Li G, Huang Y, Xu K, Zhang W. Inhibin B suppresses anoikis resistance and migration through the transforming growth factor-β signaling pathway in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Cancer Sci 2018; 109:3416-3427. [PMID: 30151927 PMCID: PMC6215878 DOI: 10.1111/cas.13780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Revised: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibin B (INHBB), a heterodimer of a common α‐subunit and a βB‐subunit, is a glycoprotein belonging to the transforming growth factor‐β (TGF‐β) family. In this study, we observed INHBB expression was reduced in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) tissues compared to non‐tumor nasopharyngeal epithelium tissues, and INHBB was associated with lymph node metastasis, stage of disease, and clinical progress. Positive expression of INHBB in NPC predicted a better prognosis (overall survival, P = 0.038). However, the molecular mechanisms of INHBB have not been addressed in NPC. We induced anoikis‐resistant cells in NPC cell lines under anchorage‐independent conditions, then found epithelial‐mesenchymal transition markers changed, cell apoptosis decreased, cell cycle was modified, and invasion strengthened in anoikis‐resistant NPC cells. These anoikis‐resistant NPC cells showed decreased expression of INHBB compared with adhesion cells. Furthermore, INHBB was found to influence the above‐mentioned changes. In the anoikis‐resistant NPC cells with INHBB overexpression, apoptotic cells increased, S phase cells weakened, vimentin, matrix metallopeptidase‐9, and vascular endothelial growth factor A expression were downregulated, and E‐cadherin expression was upregulated, and vice versa in knockdown of INHBB (INHBB shRNA) anoikis‐resistant NPC cells. Diminished INHBB expression could activate the TGF‐β pathway to phosphorylate Smad2/3 and form complexes in the nucleus, which resulted in the above changes. Thus, our results revealed for the first time that INHBB could suppress anoikis resistance and migration of NPC cells by the TGF‐β signaling pathway, decrease p53 overexpression, and could serve as a potential biomarker for NPC metastasis and prognosis as well as a therapeutic application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoying Zou
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Department of Clinical Laboratory, Brain Hospital of Hunan Province, Changsha, China
| | - Biqiong Ren
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Brain Hospital of Hunan Province, Changsha, China
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yin Fu
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Hunan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Pan Chen
- Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiayu Li
- Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China.,The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, Disease Genome Research Center, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Shudi Luo
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Hunan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Junyu He
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Brain Hospital of Hunan Province, Changsha, China
| | - Ge Gao
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhaoyang Zeng
- Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China.,The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, Disease Genome Research Center, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Wei Xiong
- Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China.,The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, Disease Genome Research Center, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Guiyuan Li
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yumei Huang
- Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Keqian Xu
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Wenling Zhang
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
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12
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Tubeimoside V sensitizes human triple negative breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells to anoikis via regulating caveolin-1-related signaling pathways. Arch Biochem Biophys 2018; 646:10-15. [PMID: 29580948 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2018.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Metastatic triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) has poor outcome with conventional chemotherapy regimens due to its aggressive behavior. The acquisition of anoikis resistance, a programmed cell death process triggered by substratum detachment, is an important mechanism in TNBC metastasis. Therefore, agents that can restore the sensitivity of cancer cells to anoikis may be helpful for the treatment of metastatic TNBC. In this study, we investigated the inhibitory effect of Tubeimosides V (TBMS-V), a cyclic bisdesmoside isolated from the ethanol extracts of tubers of B. paniculatum., on anoikis resistance and the involvement of caveolin-1(CAV-1)-related signaling pathways in such process in MDA-MB-231 cells. The results showed that the treatment of TBMS-V could sensitize cancer cells to anoikis, which was associated with suppression of anchorage-independent culture-induced CAV-1 overexpression, EGFR activation as well as ITGB1-FAK activation. The data from this study might contribute to providing a potential therapeutic target for metastatic TNBC and suggest the possibility of TBMS-V and its derivatives for metastatic TNBC therapy.
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13
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Petpiroon N, Sritularak B, Chanvorachote P. Phoyunnanin E inhibits migration of non-small cell lung cancer cells via suppression of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and integrin αv and integrin β3. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2017; 17:553. [PMID: 29284478 PMCID: PMC5747023 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-017-2059-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The conversion of the epithelial phenotype of cancer cells into cells with a mesenchymal phenotype-so-called epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-has been shown to enhance the capacity of the cells to disseminate throughout the body. EMT is therefore becoming a potential target for anti-cancer drug discovery. Here, we showed that phoyunnanin E, a compound isolated from Dendrobium venustum, possesses anti-migration activity and addressed its mechanism of action. METHODS The cytotoxic and proliferative effects of phoyunnanin E on human non-small cell lung cancer-derived H460, H292, and A549 cells and human keratinocyte HaCaT cells were investigated by MTT assay. The effect of phoyunnanin E on EMT was evaluated by determining the colony formation and EMT markers. The migration and invasion of H460, H292, A549 and HaCaT cells was evaluated by wound healing assay and transwell invasion assay, respectively. EMT markers, integrins and migration-associated proteins were examined by western blot analysis. RESULTS Phoyunnanin E at the concentrations of 5 and 10 μM, which are non-toxic to H460, H292, A549 and HaCaT cells showed good potential to inhibit the migratory activity of three types of human lung cancer cells. The anti-migration effect of phoyunnanin E was shown to relate to the suppressed EMT phenotypes, including growth in anchorage-independent condition, cell motility, and EMT-specific protein markers (N-cadherin, vimentin, slug, and snail). In addition to EMT suppression, we found that phoyunnanin E treatment with 5 and 10 μM could decrease the cellular level of integrin αv and integrin β3, these integrins are frequently up-regulated in highly metastatic tumor cells. We further characterized the regulatory proteins in cell migration and found that the cells treated with phoyunnanin E exhibited a significantly lower level of phosphorylated focal adhesion kinase (p-FAK) and phosphorylated ATP-dependent tyrosine kinase (p-AKT), and their downstream effectors (including Ras-related C3 botulinum (Rac-GTP); Cell division cycle 42 (Cdc42); and Ras homolog gene family, member A (Rho-GTP)) in comparison to those of the non-treated control. CONCLUSIONS We have determined for the first time that phoyunnanin E could inhibit the motility of lung cancer cells via the suppression of EMT and metastasis-related integrins. This new information could support further development of this compound for anti-metastasis approaches.
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14
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Kim JY, Choi HG, Lee HM, Lee GA, Hwang KA, Choi KC. Effects of bisphenol compounds on the growth and epithelial mesenchymal transition of MCF-7 CV human breast cancer cells. J Biomed Res 2017; 31:358-369. [PMID: 28808208 PMCID: PMC5548997 DOI: 10.7555/jbr.31.20160162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Bisphenol-A (BPA) has been considered as an endocrine disrupting chemical (EDC) because it can exert estrogenic properties. For bisphenol-S (BPS) and bisphenol-F (BPF) that are BPA analogs and substitutes, their risk to estrogen-dependent cancer has been reported rarely compared with the numerous cases of BPA. In this study, we examined whether BPA, BPS, and BPF can lead to the proliferation, migration, and epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) of MCF-7 clonal variant (MCF-7 CV) breast cancer cells expressing estrogen receptors (ERs). In a cell viability assay, BPA, BPS, and BPF significantly increased proliferation of MCF-7 CV cells compared to control (DMSO) as did 17β-estradiol (E2). In Western blotting assay, BPA, BPS, and BPF enhanced the protein expression of cell cycle progression genes such as cyclin D1 and E1. In addition, MCF-7 CV cells lost cell to cell contacts and acquired fibroblast-like morphology by the treatment of BPA, BPS, or BPF for 24 hours. In cell migration assay, BPA, BPS, and BPF accelerated the migration capability of MCF-7 CV cells as did E2. In relation with the EMT process, BPA, BPS, and BPF increased the protein expression ofN-cadherin, while they decreased the protein expression of E-cadherin. When BPA, BPS, and BPF were co-treated with ICI 182,780, an ER antagonist, proliferation effects were reversed, the expression of cyclin D1 and cyclin E1 was downregulated, and the altered cell migration and expression ofN-cadherin and E-cadherin by BPA, BPS, and BPF were restored to the control level. Thus, these results imply that BPS and BPF also have the risk of breast cancer progression as much as BPA in the induction of proliferation and migration of MCF-7 CV cells by regulating the protein expression of cell cycle-related genes and EMT markersvia the ER-dependent pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Youn Kim
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Immunology, Veterinary Medical Center and College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28644 Republic of Korea
| | - Ho-Gyu Choi
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Immunology, Veterinary Medical Center and College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28644 Republic of Korea
| | - Hae-Miru Lee
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Immunology, Veterinary Medical Center and College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28644 Republic of Korea
| | - Geum-A Lee
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Immunology, Veterinary Medical Center and College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28644 Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-A Hwang
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Immunology, Veterinary Medical Center and College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28644 Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Chul Choi
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Immunology, Veterinary Medical Center and College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28644 Republic of Korea
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15
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Lung cancer-associated brain metastasis: Molecular mechanisms and therapeutic options. Cell Oncol (Dordr) 2017; 40:419-441. [PMID: 28921309 DOI: 10.1007/s13402-017-0345-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lung cancer is the most common cause of cancer-related mortality in humans. There are several reasons for this high rate of mortality, including metastasis to several organs, especially the brain. In fact, lung cancer is responsible for approximately 50% of all brain metastases, which are very difficult to manage. Understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying lung cancer-associated brain metastasis brings up novel therapeutic promises with the hope to ameliorate the severity of the disease. Here, we provide an overview of the molecular mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of lung cancer dissemination and metastasis to the brain, as well as promising horizons for impeding lung cancer brain metastasis, including the role of cancer stem cells, the blood-brain barrier, interactions of lung cancer cells with the brain microenvironment and lung cancer-driven systemic processes, as well as the role of growth factor/receptor tyrosine kinases, cell adhesion molecules and non-coding RNAs. In addition, we provide an overview of current and novel therapeutic approaches, including radiotherapy, surgery and stereotactic radiosurgery, chemotherapy, as also targeted cancer stem cell and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-based therapies, micro-RNA-based therapies and other small molecule or antibody-based therapies. We will also discuss the daunting potential of some combined therapies. CONCLUSIONS The identification of molecular mechanisms underlying lung cancer metastasis has opened up new avenues towards their eradication and provides interesting opportunities for future research aimed at the development of novel targeted therapies.
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16
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Elshafae SM, Kohart NA, Altstadt LA, Dirksen WP, Rosol TJ. The Effect of a Histone Deacetylase Inhibitor (AR-42) on Canine Prostate Cancer Growth and Metastasis. Prostate 2017; 77:776-793. [PMID: 28181686 DOI: 10.1002/pros.23318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Canine prostate cancer (PCa) is an excellent preclinical model for human PCa. AR-42 is a histone deacetylase inhibitor (HDACi) developed at The Ohio State University that inhibits the proliferation of several cancers, including multiple myeloma, lung, and hepatocellular cancer. In this study, we investigated whether AR-42 would prevent or decrease. The growth and metastasis of a canine PCa (Ace-1 cells) to bone in vitro and in vivo. METHODS Proliferation, cell viability, invasion, and metastasis of a canine prostate cancer cell line (Ace-1) were measured following treatment with AR-42. Expression of anoikis resistance, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and stem cell-related markers were also evaluated. To assess the efficacy of AR-42 on prevention of PCa metastasis to bone, Ace-1 cells were injected in the left cardiac ventricle of nude mice, mice were treated with AR-42, and the incidence and growth of bone metastasis were measured. Bioluminescence was performed to monitor the bone metastases in nude mice. RESULTS AR-42 inhibited the in vitro proliferation of Ace-1 cells in a time- and dose-dependent manner. The IC50 concentration of AR-42 for Ace-1 cells was 0.42 μM after 24 hr of treatment. AR-42 induced apoptosis, decreased cell migration, and increased the stem cell properties of Ace-1 cells in vitro. AR-42 downregulated E-cadherin, N-cadherin, TWIST, MYOF, anoikis resistance, and osteomimicry genes, while it upregulated SNAIL, PTEN, FAK, and ZEB1 gene expression in Ace-1 cells. Importantly, AR-42 decreased the bioluminescence and incidence of bone metastasis in nude mice. In addition, AR-42 induced apoptosis and altered the tumor cell morphology to an irregular cell phenotype with condensed chromatin in the bone metastases. CONCLUSION AR-42 decreased PCa growth and bone metastasis, induced apoptosis, and downregulated osteomimicry genes in PCa cells in the bone microenvironment. Prostate 77:776-793, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Said M Elshafae
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathology, Benha University, Benha, Egypt
| | - Nicole A Kohart
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Lucas A Altstadt
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Wessel P Dirksen
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Thomas J Rosol
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
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17
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Zhang D, Yang G, Li X, Xu C, Ge H. Inhibition of Liver Carcinoma Cell Invasion and Metastasis by Knockdown of Cullin7 In Vitro and In Vivo. Oncol Res 2016; 23:171-81. [PMID: 27053346 PMCID: PMC7838605 DOI: 10.3727/096504016x14519995067562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cullin7 is an E3 ubiquitin ligase. The Cullin7 protein family functions as a molecular scaffold to coordinate substrate ubiquitination in Skp, Cullin, and F-box-containing complex (SCF complex). Cullin7s control normal development and primary cellular processes and are characterized by a unique genomic network organization. Less is known about the involvement of Cullin7 with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). In this study, we found that Cullin7 showed a high expression in HCC tumor tissues, especially in metastatic HCC tumor tissues. Also, there was a negative correlation between Cullin7 expression and long survival. Silencing of Cullin7 in liver cancer cells can significantly reduce the migration, invasion, and metastatic abilities. Also, detection of epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) marker expression showed that Cullin7 promotes epithelial–mesenchymal transformation of cancer cells. The results of this study helped to elucidate the oncogene functions of Cullin7 in liver cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghui Zhang
- Second Ward of Infectious Disease Department, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, Shandong, China
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18
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Benzophenone-3 increases metastasis potential in lung cancer cells via epithelial to mesenchymal transition. Cell Biol Toxicol 2016; 33:251-261. [DOI: 10.1007/s10565-016-9368-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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19
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Huang D, Xu W, Xu X, Zhang X, Zhou R, Chen P. EMT influences the expression of CK19 in pleural effusion-derived lung cancer cells and their invasion and metastasis. Oncol Lett 2016; 12:5052-5058. [PMID: 28105212 PMCID: PMC5228382 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2016.5315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is the most common cancer after breast and colon cancer, with high rates of mortality, worldwide. There are two main types of lung cancer, small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC), which accounts for approximately 20% of all lung cancer cases and non-SCLC, which accounts for almost 80% of lung cancer cases. Although lung cancer is one of the most aggressive types of cancer, progress in achieving better clinical outcomes has been gradual. Even though a number of markers have been suggested for the diagnosis of lung cancer and monitoring of disease progression, there is no clear way of assessing the invasion, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and metastasizing capability of the primary tumor cells. We investigated the incidence of cytokeratin 19 (CK19)-negative expressers in different types of lung cancer from 111 lung cancer patients, their serum and pleural effusion CYFRA21-1 levels and whether induction of EMT in the primary focus cells influences the expression of CK19. In addition, we examined whether CK19-negative lung cancers were more invasive and metastatic. We also examined the propensity of primary focus cells to undergo EMT in the presence of transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1). The results obtained suggested that the invasion and metastasis of lung tumor cells can be assessed by having a complete picture of serum CYFRA21-1 together with the CK19 expression status of primary focus cells and pleural effusion. This assessment may be further improved by examining the propensity of the isolated primary focus cells to undergo TGF-β1 induced EMT in cell culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongyun Huang
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Subei People's Hospital of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225001, P.R. China
| | - Wenjing Xu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Subei People's Hospital of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225001, P.R. China
| | - Xingxiang Xu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Subei People's Hospital of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225001, P.R. China
| | - Xudong Zhang
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Subei People's Hospital of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225001, P.R. China
| | - Rui Zhou
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, P.R. China
| | - Ping Chen
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, P.R. China
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20
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Sirimangkalakitti N, Chamni S, Charupant K, Chanvorachote P, Mori N, Saito N, Suwanborirux K. Chemistry of Renieramycins. 15. Synthesis of 22-O-Ester Derivatives of Jorunnamycin A and Their Cytotoxicity against Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer Cells. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2016; 79:2089-2093. [PMID: 27487087 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.6b00433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Eighteen 22-O-ester derivatives of jorunnamycin A (2) were prepared via 2, and their cytotoxicity against human non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells was evaluated. Preliminary study of the structure-cytotoxicity relationship revealed that the ester part containing a nitrogen-heterocyclic ring elevated the cytotoxicity of the 22-O-ester derivatives. Among them, 22-O-(4-pyridinecarbonyl) ester 6a is the most potent compound (IC50 1.1 and 1.6 nM), exhibiting 21-fold and 5-fold increases in cytotoxicity against the H292 and H460 NSCLC cell lines, respectively, relative to renieramycin M (1), the major cytotoxic bistetrahydroisoquinolinequinone alkaloid of the Thai blue sponge Xestospongia sp.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kornvika Charupant
- Bureau of Drug and Narcotic, Department of Medical Sciences, Ministry of Public Health , Nonthaburi 11000, Thailand
| | | | - Nanae Mori
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Meiji Pharmaceutical University , 2-522-1 Noshio, Kiyose, Tokyo 204-8588, Japan
| | - Naoki Saito
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Meiji Pharmaceutical University , 2-522-1 Noshio, Kiyose, Tokyo 204-8588, Japan
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Ninsontia C, Phiboonchaiyanan PP, Chanvorachote P. Zinc induces epithelial to mesenchymal transition in human lung cancer H460 cells via superoxide anion-dependent mechanism. Cancer Cell Int 2016; 16:48. [PMID: 27330411 PMCID: PMC4912812 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-016-0323-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) has been shown to be a crucial enhancing mechanism in the process of cancer metastasis, as it increases cancer cell capabilities to migrate, invade and survive in circulating systems. This study aimed to investigate the effect of essential element zinc on EMT characteristics in lung cancer cells. METHODS The effect of zinc on EMT was evaluated by determining the EMT behaviors using migration, invasion and colony formation assay. EMT markers were examined by western blot analysis. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) were detected by specific fluorescence dyes and flow cytometry. All results were analyzed by ANOVA, followed by individual comparisons with post hoc test. RESULTS The present study has revealed for the first time that the zinc could induce EMT and related metastatic behaviors in lung cancer cells. Results showed that treatment of the cells with zinc resulted in the significant increase of EMT markers N-cadherin, vimentin, snail and slug and decrease of E-cadherin proteins. Zinc-treated cells exhibited the mesenchymal-like morphology and increased cancer cell motility with significant increase of activated FAK, Rac1, and RhoA. Also, tumorigenic abilities of lung cancer cells could be enhanced by zinc. Importantly, the underlying mechanism was found to be caused by the ability of zinc to generate intracellular superoxide anion. Zinc was shown to induce cellular superoxide anion generation and the up-regulation of EMT markers and the induced cell migration and invasion in zinc-treated cells could be attenuated by the treatment of MnTBAP, a specific superoxide anion inhibitor. CONCLUSION Knowledge gains from this study may highlight the roles of this important element in the regulation of EMT and cancer metastasis and fulfill the understanding in the area of cancer cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanpit Ninsontia
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330 Thailand ; Cell-based Drug and Health Products Development Research Unit, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Preeyaporn Plaimee Phiboonchaiyanan
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330 Thailand ; Cell-based Drug and Health Products Development Research Unit, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Pithi Chanvorachote
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330 Thailand ; Cell-based Drug and Health Products Development Research Unit, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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22
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Ito K, Park SH, Nayak A, Byerly JH, Irie HY. PTK6 Inhibition Suppresses Metastases of Triple-Negative Breast Cancer via SNAIL-Dependent E-Cadherin Regulation. Cancer Res 2016; 76:4406-17. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-15-3445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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23
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Zurac S, Neagu M, Constantin C, Cioplea M, Nedelcu R, Bastian A, Popp C, Nichita L, Andrei R, Tebeica T, Tanase C, Chitu V, Caruntu C, Ghita M, Popescu C, Boda D, Mastalier B, Maru N, Daha C, Andreescu B, Marinescu I, Rebosapca A, Staniceanu F, Negroiu G, Ion DA, Nikitovic D, Tzanakakis GN, Spandidos DA, Tsatsakis AM. Variations in the expression of TIMP1, TIMP2 and TIMP3 in cutaneous melanoma with regression and their possible function as prognostic predictors. Oncol Lett 2016; 11:3354-3360. [PMID: 27123116 PMCID: PMC4840923 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2016.4391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Regression in melanoma is a frequent biological event of uncertain prognostic value as the lesion exhibits heterogeneous phenotypical features, both at the morphological and immunohistochemical level. In the present study, we examined the expression of tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMP1, TIMP2 and TIMP3) in melanoma with regression. We specifically examined the expression levels of these TIMPs in regressed components (RC) and non-regressed components (NRC) of the tumor and compared their expression levels with those in non-regressed melanomas. We found that TIMP1 was overexpressed in the NRC of melanomas with partial regression (PR) compared with the NRC in melanomas with segmental regression (SR) (P=0.011). TIMP2 was overexpressed in the NRC of melanomas with PR compared with the NRC in melanomas with SR (PR/SR, P=0.009); or compared with the NRC in melanomas with simultaneous SR-PR (P=0.002); or compared with melanomas without regression (absence of regression) (P=0.037). Moreover, TIMP3 was overexpressed in the NRC of all melanomas with SR as compared to the RC component (P=0.007). Our findings on the differential expression of TIMP1, TIMP2 and TIMP3 in melanomas with regression support the hypothesis that the morphological differences identified in the melanoma regression spectrum may have a correlation with prognosis. This may explain the controversial findings within the literature concerning the biological and prognostic role of regression in melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabina Zurac
- Department of Pathology, Colentina University Hospital, Bucharest 020125, Romania; Department of Physiology, 'Carol Davila' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest 050474, Romania
| | - Monica Neagu
- Department of Immunology, 'Victor Babes' National Institute of Pathology, Bucharest 050096, Romania
| | - Carolina Constantin
- Department of Immunology, 'Victor Babes' National Institute of Pathology, Bucharest 050096, Romania
| | - Mirela Cioplea
- Department of Pathology, Colentina University Hospital, Bucharest 020125, Romania; Department of Physiology, 'Carol Davila' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest 050474, Romania
| | - Roxana Nedelcu
- Department of Physiology, 'Carol Davila' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest 050474, Romania
| | - Alexandra Bastian
- Department of Pathology, Colentina University Hospital, Bucharest 020125, Romania; Department of Physiology, 'Carol Davila' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest 050474, Romania
| | - Cristiana Popp
- Department of Pathology, Colentina University Hospital, Bucharest 020125, Romania
| | - Luciana Nichita
- Department of Pathology, Colentina University Hospital, Bucharest 020125, Romania; Department of Physiology, 'Carol Davila' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest 050474, Romania
| | - Razvan Andrei
- Department of Pathology, Colentina University Hospital, Bucharest 020125, Romania
| | - Tiberiu Tebeica
- Department of Physiology, 'Carol Davila' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest 050474, Romania
| | - Cristiana Tanase
- Department of Immunology, 'Victor Babes' National Institute of Pathology, Bucharest 050096, Romania
| | - Virginia Chitu
- Department of Pathology, Colentina University Hospital, Bucharest 020125, Romania; Department of Physiology, 'Carol Davila' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest 050474, Romania
| | - Constantin Caruntu
- Department of Physiology, 'Carol Davila' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest 050474, Romania
| | - Mihaela Ghita
- Department of Physiology, 'Carol Davila' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest 050474, Romania
| | - Catalin Popescu
- Department of Pathology, Colentina University Hospital, Bucharest 020125, Romania; Department of Physiology, 'Carol Davila' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest 050474, Romania
| | - Daniel Boda
- Department of Physiology, 'Carol Davila' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest 050474, Romania
| | - Bogdan Mastalier
- Department of Pathology, Colentina University Hospital, Bucharest 020125, Romania; Department of Physiology, 'Carol Davila' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest 050474, Romania
| | - Nicoleta Maru
- Department of Physiology, 'Carol Davila' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest 050474, Romania
| | - Claudiu Daha
- Department of Physiology, 'Carol Davila' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest 050474, Romania
| | - Bogdan Andreescu
- Department of Pathology, Colentina University Hospital, Bucharest 020125, Romania
| | - Ioan Marinescu
- Department of Pathology, Colentina University Hospital, Bucharest 020125, Romania
| | - Adrian Rebosapca
- Department of Pathology, Colentina University Hospital, Bucharest 020125, Romania
| | - Florica Staniceanu
- Department of Pathology, Colentina University Hospital, Bucharest 020125, Romania; Department of Physiology, 'Carol Davila' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest 050474, Romania
| | - Gabriela Negroiu
- Institute of Biochemistry of Romanian Academy, Bucharest 060031, Romania
| | - Daniela A Ion
- Department of Physiology, 'Carol Davila' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest 050474, Romania
| | - Dragana Nikitovic
- Department of Anatomy-Histology-Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion 71003, Greece
| | - George N Tzanakakis
- Department of Anatomy-Histology-Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion 71003, Greece
| | - Demetrios A Spandidos
- Laboratory of Clinical Virology, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion 71409, Greece
| | - Aristidis M Tsatsakis
- Department of Forensic Sciences and Toxicology, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion 71003, Greece
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24
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Unahabhokha T, Chanvorachote P, Pongrakhananon V. The attenuation of epithelial to mesenchymal transition and induction of anoikis by gigantol in human lung cancer H460 cells. Tumour Biol 2016; 37:8633-41. [PMID: 26733180 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-4717-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer has been the major cause of death within patients due to the high metastatic rate. One of the most essential processes of metastasis is the ability of cancer cells to resist the programmed cell death in a detached condition called anoikis. The discoveries of new natural compound that is able to sensitize anoikis in cancer cells have garnered the most interest in cancer pharmaceutical science. Gigantol, a bibenzyl compound extracted from Dendrobium draconis, has been a promising natural derived compound for cancer therapy due to several cytotoxic effects in cancer cells. This study has demonstrated for the first time that gigantol significantly decreases lung cancer cells' viability in a detached condition through anoikis and anchorage-independent assays. Western blotting analysis reveals that gigantol greatly decreases epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers including N-cadherin, vimentin, and Slug leading to a significant suppression of protein kinase B (AKT), extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), and caveolin-1 (cav-1) survival pathways during the detached condition. Therefore, gigantol could be a potential cancer therapeutic compound suggesting for further development for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thitita Unahabhokha
- Pharmaceutical Technology (International) Program, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand, 10330
- Cell-Based Drug and Health Product Development Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand, 10330
| | - Pithi Chanvorachote
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand, 10330
- Cell-Based Drug and Health Product Development Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand, 10330
| | - Varisa Pongrakhananon
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand, 10330.
- Cell-Based Drug and Health Product Development Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand, 10330.
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25
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Busaranon K, Plaimee P, Sritularak B, Chanvorachote P. Moscatilin inhibits epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and sensitizes anoikis in human lung cancer H460 cells. J Nat Med 2015; 70:18-27. [PMID: 26384689 DOI: 10.1007/s11418-015-0931-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Metastasis in lung cancer has been recognized as an important cause of high mortality. Resistance to anoikis and the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) are critical factors for the successful spread of cancer cells. Compounds that suppress these features of cancer cells should be potentially active for anti-metastasis approaches. We have demonstrated for the first time that moscatilin, at its non-toxic concentrations to lung cancer cells and human normal keratinocytes, significantly decreases lung cancer cell survival in the detached condition, and suppresses the formation of tumors in an anchorage-independent growth assay. Furthermore, we found that moscatilin significantly decreased the activated level of survival proteins, namely ERK and Akt. In addition, moscatilin down-regulated cavelolin-1 (Cav-1), leading to a reduction in anti-apoptotic Mcl-1 protein. In terms of EMT, treatment of the cells with moscatilin significantly suppressed mesenchymal cell markers, namely vimentin, Slug, and Snail. These results indicate that moscatilin inhibited anoikis resistance in lung cancer cells via survival suppression, Cav-1 down-regulation, and inhibition of EMT. The compound could therefore be beneficial for the treatment and prevention of lung cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kesarin Busaranon
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Rangsit University, Pathum Thani, 12000, Thailand
| | - Preeyaporn Plaimee
- Cell-Based Drug and Health Product Development Research Unit, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Boonchoo Sritularak
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Pithi Chanvorachote
- Cell-Based Drug and Health Product Development Research Unit, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand. .,Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
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26
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Whitsett TG, Inge LJ, Dhruv HD, Cheung PY, Weiss GJ, Bremner RM, Winkles JA, Tran NL. Molecular determinants of lung cancer metastasis to the central nervous system. Transl Lung Cancer Res 2015; 2:273-83. [PMID: 25806243 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2218-6751.2013.03.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2013] [Accepted: 03/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Lung cancer remains the leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. The propensity for metastasis to the central nervous system (CNS) is a major clinical hurdle contributing to the low five-year survival rate of advanced disease. CNS metastases significantly outnumber primary brain tumors and carry a dismal prognosis in part due to the inability of therapeutic agents to cross the blood brain barrier. Standard treatment using radiation has been largely ineffective in improving mortality, suggesting the need for new agents targeting the critical metastatic drivers. The genetic and molecular events governing CNS metastasis from the lung are poorly understood at this time. This review highlights genetic events associated with CNS dissemination from the lung and molecular mechanisms associated with CNS metastasis. In vivo model systems that faithfully recapitulate escape from the lung and colonization of the CNS are described as tools for understanding the metastatic phenotype and for testing new therapeutic agents. A deeper understanding of the mechanisms of lung cancer metastasis to the CNS is needed to elucidate novel therapeutic avenues towards the improvement of the mortality associated with advanced stage lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy G Whitsett
- Cancer and Cell Biology Division, The Translational Genomics Research Institute (TGen), Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Landon J Inge
- Center for Thoracic and Esophageal Disease, Heart and Lung Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Harshil D Dhruv
- Cancer and Cell Biology Division, The Translational Genomics Research Institute (TGen), Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Philip Y Cheung
- Cancer and Cell Biology Division, The Translational Genomics Research Institute (TGen), Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Glen J Weiss
- Cancer and Cell Biology Division, The Translational Genomics Research Institute (TGen), Phoenix, AZ, USA ; ; Medical Oncology, Cancer Treatment Centers of America, Goodyear, AZ, USA
| | - Ross M Bremner
- Center for Thoracic and Esophageal Disease, Heart and Lung Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Winkles
- Departments of Surgery and Physiology, Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases and the Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Nhan L Tran
- Cancer and Cell Biology Division, The Translational Genomics Research Institute (TGen), Phoenix, AZ, USA
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27
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Zhang Q, Han M, Wang W, Song Y, Chen G, Wang Z, Liang Z. Downregulation of cathepsin L suppresses cancer invasion and migration by inhibiting transforming growth factor‑β‑mediated epithelial‑mesenchymal transition. Oncol Rep 2015; 33:1851-9. [PMID: 25632968 DOI: 10.3892/or.2015.3754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Cathepsin L, a lysosomal acid cysteine protease, was found to be overexpressed in several types of human carcinomas. However, its functional roles in tumor progression and the underlying mechanisms remain largely unclear. In the present study, we investigated a novel functional aspect of cathepsin L in regulating transforming growth factor‑β (TGF‑β)‑induced epithelial‑mesenchymal transition (EMT) in A549 and MCF‑7 cells and examined its possible mechanisms. We found that TGF‑β‑induced cell morphologic changes of EMT were associated with the increased protein level of cathepsin L in A549 and MCF‑7 cells, suggesting that cathepsin L may be involved in the regulation of EMT. Furthermore, we showed that silencing of cathepsin L blocked TGF‑β‑induced cell migration, invasion and actin remodeling and inhibited TGF‑β‑mediated EMT. We also demonstrated that the mechanism of how cathepsin L knockdown regulates EMT may be explained by the suppression of EMT‑inducing molecules, such as Snail, which is associated with the phosphatidylinositol 3‑kinase (PI3K)‑AKT and Wnt signaling pathways. Moreover, we proved that cathepsin L knockdown in A549 cells significantly inhibited xenograft tumor growth and EMT in vivo. The results showed a new mechanism to determine cathepsin L involvement in the regulation of cancer invasion and migration. These results showed that cathepsin L knockdown is important in regulating EMT and suggest that cathepsin L may be utilized as a new target for enhancing the efficacy of chemotherapeutics against epithelial cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingqing Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Meiling Han
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Wenjuan Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Yunzhen Song
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Gang Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Zhong Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Zhongqin Liang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, P.R. China
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28
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Liu K, Guo L, Guo Y, Zhou B, Li T, Yang H, Yin R, Xi T. AEG-1 3'-untranslated region functions as a ceRNA in inducing epithelial-mesenchymal transition of human non-small cell lung cancer by regulating miR-30a activity. Eur J Cell Biol 2014; 94:22-31. [PMID: 25484183 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2014.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Revised: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Competitive endogenous messenger RNA regulates the transcription of other RNA moleculars through competing for the shared microRNAs. This study was carried out to explore the regulation of AEG-1 messenger RNA as a competitive endogenous RNA in the epithelial-mesenchymal transition and metastasis of lung tumor cells. It is shown that the epithelial-mesenchymal transition was associated with the down-regulation of miR-30a, up-regulation of AEG-1 and mesenchymal markers (Snail and Vimentin); miR-30a inhibited the metastasis of lung tumor A549 cells in vitro, whereas AEG-1 promoted it. These results suggested the potential linkage between miR-30a and genes (AEG-1, Snail and Vimentin) in the epithelial-mesenchymal transition and metastasis of lung tumor cell. It was verified later that the 3'-untranslated regions of AEG-1, Snail and Vimentin bind to miR-30a in A549 cells. Therefore, a competitive endogenous RNAs regulatory network among AEG-1, Snail and Vimentin mediated via competitive binding to miR-30a was proved. That is, the 3'-untranslated region of AEG-1, functioning as the competitive endogenous RNAs, indirectly regulated the expression of Vimentin and Snail in inducing epithelial-mesenchymal transition of human non-small cell lung cancer. In conclusion, our findings demonstrated a competitive endogenous RNAs regulatory network which will help understand the metastasis mechanisms of lung cancer and improve the prevention and treatment of lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunmei Liu
- School of Life Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, 210009 Nanjing, China; Ningxia Key Laboratory of Cerebrocranial Diseases, School of Laboratory Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Le Guo
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Cerebrocranial Diseases, School of Laboratory Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China.
| | - Yongjian Guo
- School of Life Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, 210009 Nanjing, China
| | - Bo Zhou
- School of Life Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, 210009 Nanjing, China
| | - Tong Li
- School of Life Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, 210009 Nanjing, China
| | - Hua Yang
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Cerebrocranial Diseases, School of Laboratory Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Runting Yin
- Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Tao Xi
- School of Life Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, 210009 Nanjing, China.
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29
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Ady JW, Desir S, Thayanithy V, Vogel RI, Moreira AL, Downey RJ, Fong Y, Manova-Todorova K, Moore MAS, Lou E. Intercellular communication in malignant pleural mesothelioma: properties of tunneling nanotubes. Front Physiol 2014; 5:400. [PMID: 25400582 PMCID: PMC4215694 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2014.00400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2014] [Accepted: 09/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Malignant pleural mesothelioma is a particularly aggressive and locally invasive malignancy with a poor prognosis despite advances in understanding of cancer cell biology and development of new therapies. At the cellular level, cultured mesothelioma cells present a mesenchymal appearance and a strong capacity for local cellular invasion. One important but underexplored area of mesothelioma cell biology is intercellular communication. Our group has previously characterized in multiple histological subtypes of mesothelioma a unique cellular protrusion known as tunneling nanotubes (TnTs). TnTs are long, actin filament-based, narrow cytoplasmic extensions that are non-adherent when cultured in vitro and are capable of shuttling cellular cargo between connected cells. Our prior work confirmed the presence of nanotube structures in tumors resected from patients with human mesothelioma. In our current study, we quantified the number of TnTs/cell among various mesothelioma subtypes and normal mesothelial cells using confocal microscopic techniques. We also examined changes in TnT length over time in comparison to cell proliferation. We further examined potential approaches to the in vivo study of TnTs in animal models of cancer. We have developed novel approaches to study TnTs in aggressive solid tumor malignancies and define fundamental characteristics of TnTs in malignant mesothelioma. There is mounting evidence that TnTs play an important role in intercellular communication in mesothelioma and thus merit further investigation of their role in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin W Ady
- Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center New York, NY, USA
| | - Snider Desir
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, University of Minnesota Minneapolis, MN, USA ; Integrative Biology and Physiology Program, University of Minnesota Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Venugopal Thayanithy
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, University of Minnesota Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Rachel I Vogel
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - André L Moreira
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center New York, NY, USA
| | - Robert J Downey
- Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center New York, NY, USA
| | - Yuman Fong
- Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Malcolm A S Moore
- Department of Cell Biology, Sloan-Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center New York, NY, USA
| | - Emil Lou
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, University of Minnesota Minneapolis, MN, USA
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30
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Winitthana T, Lawanprasert S, Chanvorachote P. Triclosan potentiates epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in anoikis-resistant human lung cancer cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e110851. [PMID: 25329306 PMCID: PMC4199721 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0110851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Alteration of cancer cell toward mesenchymal phenotype has been shown to potentiate tumor aggressiveness by increasing cancer cell metastasis. Herein, we report the effect of triclosan, a widely used antibacterial agent found in many daily products, in enhancing the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in aggressive anoikis resistant human H460 lung cancer cells. EMT has been long known to increase abilities of the cells to increase migration, invasion, and survival in circulating system. The present study reveals that treatment of the cancer cells with triclosan at the physiologically related concentrations significantly increased the colony number of the cancer cells assessed by tumor formation assay. Also, the mesenchymal-like morphology and decrease in cell-to-cell adhesion were observed in triclosan-treated cells. Importantly, western blot analysis revealed that triclosan-treated cells exhibited decreased E-cadherin, while the levels of EMT markers, namely N-cadherin, vimentin, snail and slug were found to be significantly up-regulated. Furthermore, EMT induced by triclosan treatment was accompanied by the activation of focal adhesion kinase/ATP dependent tyrosine kinase (FAK/Akt) and Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 (Rac1), which enhanced the ability of the cells to migrate and invade. In conclusion, we demonstrated for the first time that triclosan may potentiate cancer cells survival in detached condition and motility via the process of EMT. As mentioned capabilities are required for success in metastasis, the present study provides the novel toxicological information and encourages the awareness of triclosan use in cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thidarat Winitthana
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Somsong Lawanprasert
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Pithi Chanvorachote
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Cell-Based Drug and Health Product Development Research Unit, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- * E-mail:
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Liu H, Zhang X, Li J, Sun B, Qian H, Yin Z. The biological and clinical importance of epithelial-mesenchymal transition in circulating tumor cells. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2014; 141:189-201. [PMID: 24965746 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-014-1752-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Movement of tumor cells from a primary tumor to a nonadjacent or distant site is a contiguous and complex process. Among the multiple natural cellular programs that promote initiation and progression of tumor metastasis, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) may play a key role in the ultimate generation of a metastatic foci. Acquisition of the EMT phenotype by tumor cells not only increases their migration and invasion potentials, thereby facilitating their ability to infiltrate blood vessels and to produce circulating tumor cells (CTCs), but also promotes survival of CTCs in the bloodstream and their ability to extravasate out of the circulatory system and invade proximal tissues. In organs distal to the primary tumor, the phenotypic switching mechanism of mesenchymal-epithelial transition (MET) enables CTCs to grow and colonize, enhancing the likelihood of establishing metastasis. In addition, CTCs that have undergone EMT attain increased resistance to chemotherapy and targeted therapy. CTCs with the EMT phenotype have become recognized as an active source of metastases, and targeting EMT/MET processes during the individual steps of tumor metastasis represents a promising new approach for alleviating cancer metastasis and recurrence. In this article, we focus on the biological and clinical importance of EMT and/or MET in CTCs during the individual steps of tumor metastasis, summarizing the recent findings of the regulatory roles played by EMT and/or MET in the generation, survival, and recolonization of CTCs and discussing the EMT-targeting strategies developed for tumor diagnosis as well as their potential for management of metastatic malignant diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiying Liu
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, 225 Changhai Road, Shanghai, 200438, China
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Prolonged nitric oxide exposure enhances anoikis resistance and migration through epithelial-mesenchymal transition and caveolin-1 upregulation. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:941359. [PMID: 24967418 PMCID: PMC4055163 DOI: 10.1155/2014/941359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 05/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) in tumor microenvironment may have a significant impact on metastatic behaviors of cancer. Noncytotoxic doses of NO enhanced anoikis resistance and migration in lung cancer H23 cells via an increase in lamellipodia, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers including vimentin and snail, and caveolin-1 (Cav-1). However, the induction of EMT was found in Cav-1-knock down cells treated with NO, suggesting that EMT was through Cav-1-independent pathway. These effects of NO were consistently observed in other lung cancer cells including H292 and H460 cells. These findings highlight the novel role of NO on EMT and metastatic behaviors of cancer cells.
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Nitric oxide mediates cell aggregation and mesenchymal to epithelial transition in anoikis-resistant lung cancer cells. Mol Cell Biochem 2014; 393:237-45. [PMID: 24771070 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-014-2066-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2013] [Accepted: 04/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Cancer cell aggregation has been long known to facilitate metastatic potential of cancer cells. In addition, the presence of nitric oxide (NO) in cancer area may have a significant impact on aggregation behavior of the cells. We show herein that lung cancer H460 cells possessing high ability of anoikis resistance formed loose aggregates in detached condition. Importantly, NO treatment tightened the aggregates by enhancing cell-cell interaction via E-cadherin-dependent mechanism, and such E-cadherin contact increased anoikis resistance potential by up-regulating pro-survival signals of the cells including active ATP-dependent tyrosine kinase and extracellular-regulated protein kinases (ERK1/2). Since an increase of E-cadherin was frequently found in mesenchymal to epithelial transition (MET) process, we further tested the cells for MET markers and found that NO treatment of these cells significantly enhanced MET. As aggregation and MET of cancer cells may facilitate cancer metastasis by many means, the insights gained from the present study could benefit the deep understanding in the biology of cancer cell metastasis.
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