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Elahi LS, Condro MC, Kawaguchi R, Qin Y, Alvarado AG, Gruender B, Qi H, Li T, Lai A, Castro MG, Lowenstein PR, Garrett MC, Kornblum HI. Valproic acid targets IDH1 mutants through alteration of lipid metabolism. NPJ METABOLIC HEALTH AND DISEASE 2024; 2:20. [PMID: 39149696 PMCID: PMC11321993 DOI: 10.1038/s44324-024-00021-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 08/17/2024]
Abstract
Histone deacetylases (HDACs) have a wide range of targets and can rewire both the chromatin and lipidome of cancer cells. In this study, we show that valproic acid (VPA), a brain penetrant anti-seizure medication and histone deacetylase inhibitor, inhibits the growth of IDH1 mutant tumors in vivo and in vitro, with at least some selectivity over IDH1 wild-type tumors. Surprisingly, genes upregulated by VPA showed no enhanced chromatin accessibility at the promoter, but there was a correlation between VPA-downregulated genes and diminished promoter chromatin accessibility. VPA inhibited the transcription of lipogenic genes and these lipogenic genes showed significant decreases in promoter chromatin accessibility only in the IDH1 MT glioma cell lines tested. VPA inhibited the mTOR pathway and a key lipogenic gene, fatty acid synthase (FASN). Both VPA and a selective FASN inhibitor TVB-2640 rewired the lipidome and promoted apoptosis in an IDH1 MT but not in an IDH1 WT glioma cell line. We further find that HDACs are involved in the regulation of lipogenic genes and HDAC6 is particularly important for the regulation of FASN in IDH1 MT glioma. Finally, we show that FASN knockdown alone and VPA in combination with FASN knockdown significantly improved the survival of mice in an IDH1 MT primary orthotopic xenograft model in vivo. We conclude that targeting fatty acid metabolism through HDAC inhibition and/or FASN inhibition may be a novel therapeutic opportunity in IDH1 mutant gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lubayna S. Elahi
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and the UCLA Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Michael C. Condro
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and the UCLA Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Riki Kawaguchi
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Yue Qin
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Alvaro G. Alvarado
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and the UCLA Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Brandon Gruender
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and the UCLA Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Haocheng Qi
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and the UCLA Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Tie Li
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Albert Lai
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Maria G. Castro
- Department of Neurosurgery, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, and Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI USA
| | - Pedro R. Lowenstein
- Department of Neurosurgery, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, and Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI USA
| | | | - Harley I. Kornblum
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and the UCLA Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA USA
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA USA
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2
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Guseva EA, Pavlova JA, Dontsova OA, Sergiev PV. Synthetic Activators of Autophagy. BIOCHEMISTRY. BIOKHIMIIA 2024; 89:27-52. [PMID: 38467544 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297924010024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Autophagy is a central process for degradation of intracellular components that do not operate correctly. Molecular mechanisms underlying this process are extremely difficult to study, since they involve a large number of participants. The main task of autophagy is redistribution of cellular resources in response to environmental changes, such as starvation. Recent studies show that autophagy regulation could be the key to achieve healthy longevity, as well as to create therapeutic agents for treatment of neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases. Thus, development of autophagy activators with established detailed mechanism of action is a really important area of research. Several commercial companies are at various stages of development of such molecules, and some of them have already begun to introduce autophagy activators to the market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina A Guseva
- Center of Life Sciences, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Skolkovo, 143025, Russia.
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
- Faculty of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Julia A Pavlova
- Center of Life Sciences, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Skolkovo, 143025, Russia
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
- Faculty of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Olga A Dontsova
- Center of Life Sciences, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Skolkovo, 143025, Russia
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
- Faculty of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Moscow, 117997, Russia
| | - Petr V Sergiev
- Center of Life Sciences, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Skolkovo, 143025, Russia.
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
- Faculty of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
- Institute of Functional Genomics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
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3
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Raee P, Tan SC, Najafi S, Zandsalimi F, Low TY, Aghamiri S, Fazeli E, Aghapour M, Mofarahe ZS, Heidari MH, Fathabadi FF, Abdi F, Asouri M, Ahmadi AA, Ghanbarian H. Autophagy, a critical element in the aging male reproductive disorders and prostate cancer: a therapeutic point of view. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2023; 21:88. [PMID: 37749573 PMCID: PMC10521554 DOI: 10.1186/s12958-023-01134-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a highly conserved, lysosome-dependent biological mechanism involved in the degradation and recycling of cellular components. There is growing evidence that autophagy is related to male reproductive biology, particularly spermatogenic and endocrinologic processes closely associated with male sexual and reproductive health. In recent decades, problems such as decreasing sperm count, erectile dysfunction, and infertility have worsened. In addition, reproductive health is closely related to overall health and comorbidity in aging men. In this review, we will outline the role of autophagy as a new player in aging male reproductive dysfunction and prostate cancer. We first provide an overview of the mechanisms of autophagy and its role in regulating male reproductive cells. We then focus on the link between autophagy and aging-related diseases. This is followed by a discussion of therapeutic strategies targeting autophagy before we end with limitations of current studies and suggestions for future developments in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pourya Raee
- Student Research Committee, Department of Biology and Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shing Cheng Tan
- UKM Medical Molecular Biology Institute, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Sajad Najafi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 19395-4719, Iran
| | - Farshid Zandsalimi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Teck Yew Low
- UKM Medical Molecular Biology Institute, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Shahin Aghamiri
- Student Research Committee, Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elham Fazeli
- Mehr Fertility Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Mahyar Aghapour
- Department of Dermatology and Allergic Diseases, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Zahra Shams Mofarahe
- Department of Biology and Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hossein Heidari
- Department of Biology and Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Fadaei Fathabadi
- Department of Biology and Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farid Abdi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Science and Research branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohsen Asouri
- North Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Amol, Iran
| | | | - Hossein Ghanbarian
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 19395-4719, Iran.
- Urogenital Stem Cell Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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4
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Uzel G, Oylumlu E, Durmus L, Ciraci C. Duality of Valproic Acid Effects on Inflammation, Oxidative Stress and Autophagy in Human Eosinophilic Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13446. [PMID: 37686250 PMCID: PMC10487571 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Eosinophils function in rapid innate immune responses and allergic reactions. Recent research has raised the possibility that the histone deacetylase inhibitor valproic acid (VPA) may be a promising therapeutic agent for treatment of allergic responses and certain cancers. However, its effects on eosinophils remain unclear. Utilizing the EoL-1 human eosinophil cell line as a model, we investigated the effects of VPA on oxidative stress- and autophagy-mediated immune responses. We found that VPA induced reactive oxidative species (ROS) generation and eosinophil activation without affecting cell viability. Moreover, VPA treatment suppressed the negative regulator of antioxidant transcription factor Nrf2, which is known to activate antioxidant defense. Interestingly, VPA was able to increase autophagic markers, as well as NLRP3 and NLRC4 mRNA activation, in Eol-1 cells in a dose-dependent manner. Collectively, our results indicate that VPA could increase the severity of allergic responses, and if so, it clearly would not be a suitable drug for the treatment of allergic reactions. However, VPA does have the potential to induce autophagy and to regulate the inflammatory responses via inflammasome-driven caspase-1 deactivation in a dose-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ceren Ciraci
- Molecular Biology and Genetics Department, Istanbul Technical University, 34469 Istanbul, Turkey; (G.U.); (E.O.); (L.D.)
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5
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Watson J, Ferguson HR, Brady RM, Ferguson J, Fullwood P, Mo H, Bexley KH, Knight D, Howell G, Schwartz JM, Smith MP, Francavilla C. Spatially resolved phosphoproteomics reveals fibroblast growth factor receptor recycling-driven regulation of autophagy and survival. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6589. [PMID: 36329028 DOI: 10.1101/2021.01.17.427038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 05/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Receptor Tyrosine Kinase (RTK) endocytosis-dependent signalling drives cell proliferation and motility during development and adult homeostasis, but is dysregulated in diseases, including cancer. The recruitment of RTK signalling partners during endocytosis, specifically during recycling to the plasma membrane, is still unknown. Focusing on Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 2b (FGFR2b) recycling, we reveal FGFR signalling partners proximal to recycling endosomes by developing a Spatially Resolved Phosphoproteomics (SRP) approach based on APEX2-driven biotinylation followed by phosphorylated peptides enrichment. Combining this with traditional phosphoproteomics, bioinformatics, and targeted assays, we uncover that FGFR2b stimulated by its recycling ligand FGF10 activates mTOR-dependent signalling and ULK1 at the recycling endosomes, leading to autophagy suppression and cell survival. This adds to the growing importance of RTK recycling in orchestrating cell fate and suggests a therapeutically targetable vulnerability in ligand-responsive cancer cells. Integrating SRP with other systems biology approaches provides a powerful tool to spatially resolve cellular signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne Watson
- Division of Evolution, Infection and Genomics, School of Biological Science, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health (FBMH), The University of Manchester, M139PT, Manchester, UK
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Function, School of Biological Science, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health (FBMH), The University of Manchester, M139PT, Manchester, UK
| | - Harriet R Ferguson
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Function, School of Biological Science, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health (FBMH), The University of Manchester, M139PT, Manchester, UK
| | - Rosie M Brady
- Division of Cancer Sciences, School of Medical Science, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health (FBMH), The University of Manchester, Manchester, M20 4GJ, UK
| | - Jennifer Ferguson
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Function, School of Biological Science, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health (FBMH), The University of Manchester, M139PT, Manchester, UK
| | - Paul Fullwood
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Function, School of Biological Science, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health (FBMH), The University of Manchester, M139PT, Manchester, UK
| | - Hanyi Mo
- Division of Evolution, Infection and Genomics, School of Biological Science, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health (FBMH), The University of Manchester, M139PT, Manchester, UK
| | - Katherine H Bexley
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Function, School of Biological Science, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health (FBMH), The University of Manchester, M139PT, Manchester, UK
| | - David Knight
- Bio-MS Core Research Facility, FBMH, The University of Manchester, M139PT, Manchester, UK
| | - Gareth Howell
- Flow Cytometry Core Research Facility, FBMH, The University of Manchester, M139PT, Manchester, UK
| | - Jean-Marc Schwartz
- Division of Evolution, Infection and Genomics, School of Biological Science, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health (FBMH), The University of Manchester, M139PT, Manchester, UK
| | - Michael P Smith
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Function, School of Biological Science, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health (FBMH), The University of Manchester, M139PT, Manchester, UK.
| | - Chiara Francavilla
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Function, School of Biological Science, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health (FBMH), The University of Manchester, M139PT, Manchester, UK.
- Manchester Breast Centre, Manchester Cancer Research Centre, The University of Manchester, M139PT, Manchester, UK.
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6
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Watson J, Ferguson HR, Brady RM, Ferguson J, Fullwood P, Mo H, Bexley KH, Knight D, Howell G, Schwartz JM, Smith MP, Francavilla C. Spatially resolved phosphoproteomics reveals fibroblast growth factor receptor recycling-driven regulation of autophagy and survival. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6589. [PMID: 36329028 PMCID: PMC9633600 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34298-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Receptor Tyrosine Kinase (RTK) endocytosis-dependent signalling drives cell proliferation and motility during development and adult homeostasis, but is dysregulated in diseases, including cancer. The recruitment of RTK signalling partners during endocytosis, specifically during recycling to the plasma membrane, is still unknown. Focusing on Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 2b (FGFR2b) recycling, we reveal FGFR signalling partners proximal to recycling endosomes by developing a Spatially Resolved Phosphoproteomics (SRP) approach based on APEX2-driven biotinylation followed by phosphorylated peptides enrichment. Combining this with traditional phosphoproteomics, bioinformatics, and targeted assays, we uncover that FGFR2b stimulated by its recycling ligand FGF10 activates mTOR-dependent signalling and ULK1 at the recycling endosomes, leading to autophagy suppression and cell survival. This adds to the growing importance of RTK recycling in orchestrating cell fate and suggests a therapeutically targetable vulnerability in ligand-responsive cancer cells. Integrating SRP with other systems biology approaches provides a powerful tool to spatially resolve cellular signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne Watson
- Division of Evolution, Infection and Genomics, School of Biological Science, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health (FBMH), The University of Manchester, M139PT, Manchester, UK
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Function, School of Biological Science, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health (FBMH), The University of Manchester, M139PT, Manchester, UK
| | - Harriet R Ferguson
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Function, School of Biological Science, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health (FBMH), The University of Manchester, M139PT, Manchester, UK
| | - Rosie M Brady
- Division of Cancer Sciences, School of Medical Science, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health (FBMH), The University of Manchester, Manchester, M20 4GJ, UK
| | - Jennifer Ferguson
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Function, School of Biological Science, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health (FBMH), The University of Manchester, M139PT, Manchester, UK
| | - Paul Fullwood
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Function, School of Biological Science, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health (FBMH), The University of Manchester, M139PT, Manchester, UK
| | - Hanyi Mo
- Division of Evolution, Infection and Genomics, School of Biological Science, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health (FBMH), The University of Manchester, M139PT, Manchester, UK
| | - Katherine H Bexley
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Function, School of Biological Science, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health (FBMH), The University of Manchester, M139PT, Manchester, UK
| | - David Knight
- Bio-MS Core Research Facility, FBMH, The University of Manchester, M139PT, Manchester, UK
| | - Gareth Howell
- Flow Cytometry Core Research Facility, FBMH, The University of Manchester, M139PT, Manchester, UK
| | - Jean-Marc Schwartz
- Division of Evolution, Infection and Genomics, School of Biological Science, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health (FBMH), The University of Manchester, M139PT, Manchester, UK
| | - Michael P Smith
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Function, School of Biological Science, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health (FBMH), The University of Manchester, M139PT, Manchester, UK.
| | - Chiara Francavilla
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Function, School of Biological Science, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health (FBMH), The University of Manchester, M139PT, Manchester, UK.
- Manchester Breast Centre, Manchester Cancer Research Centre, The University of Manchester, M139PT, Manchester, UK.
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7
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Pellegrino M, Ricci E, Ceraldi R, Nigro A, Bonofiglio D, Lanzino M, Morelli C. From HDAC to Voltage-Gated Ion Channels: What's Next? The Long Road of Antiepileptic Drugs Repositioning in Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14184401. [PMID: 36139561 PMCID: PMC9497059 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14184401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Although in the last decades the clinical outcome of cancer patients considerably improved, the major drawbacks still associated with chemotherapy are the unwanted side effects and the development of drug resistance. Therefore, a continuous effort in trying to discover new tumor markers, possibly of diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic value, is being made. This review is aimed at highlighting the anti-tumor activity that several antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) exert in breast, prostate and other types of cancers, mainly focusing on their ability to block the voltage-gated Na+ and Ca++ channels, as well as to inhibit the activity of histone deacetylases (HDACs), all well-documented tumor markers and/or molecular targets. The existence of additional AEDs molecular targets is highly suspected. Therefore, the repurposing of already available drugs as adjuvants in cancer treatment would have several advantages, such as reductions in dose-related toxicity CVs will be sent in a separate mail to the indicated address of combined treatments, lower production costs, and faster approval for clinical use. Abstract Cancer is a major health burden worldwide. Although the plethora of molecular targets identified in the last decades and the deriving developed treatments, which significantly improved patients’ outcome, the occurrence of resistance to therapies remains the major cause of relapse and mortality. Thus, efforts in identifying new markers to be exploited as molecular targets in cancer therapy are needed. This review will first give a glance on the diagnostic and therapeutic significance of histone deacetylase (HDAC) and voltage gated ion channels (VGICs) in cancer. Nevertheless, HDAC and VGICs have also been reported as molecular targets through which antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) seem to exert their anticancer activity. This should be claimed as a great advantage. Indeed, due to the slowness of drug approval procedures, the attempt to turn to off-label use of already approved medicines would be highly preferable. Therefore, an updated and accurate overview of both preclinical and clinical data of commonly prescribed AEDs (mainly valproic acid, lamotrigine, carbamazepine, phenytoin and gabapentin) in breast, prostate, brain and other cancers will follow. Finally, a glance at the emerging attempt to administer AEDs by means of opportunely designed drug delivery systems (DDSs), so to limit toxicity and improve bioavailability, is also given.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Marilena Lanzino
- Correspondence: (M.L.); (C.M.); Tel.: +39-0984-496206 (M.L.); +39-0984-496211 (C.M.)
| | - Catia Morelli
- Correspondence: (M.L.); (C.M.); Tel.: +39-0984-496206 (M.L.); +39-0984-496211 (C.M.)
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8
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Anti-proliferative and Apoptotic Effects of Valproic Acid on HeLa Cells. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CANCER MANAGEMENT 2022. [DOI: 10.5812/ijcm-120224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background: Valproic acid (VPA), a branched short-chain fatty acid and histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor, has diverse biological activities in human cells, including anti-cancer properties. Objectives: In the present study, we tested the cytotoxicity of VPA on the proliferation, cell cycle, and apoptosis of the human cervical cancer cell line, HeLa. Methods: HeLa cell line was cultured in Dulbecco’s modified eagle medium (DMEM) and the cytotoxicity effect of VPA (at 0 - 100 mM) on the HeLa cell was evaluated, using the 3‐(4,5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl)‐2,5‐diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay for 3 incubation times (24, 48, and 72 h). The effects of VPA on cell cycle arrest and apoptosis were evaluated, using flow cytometry. In addition, the alterations in the expression of Bax, Bcl-2, p53, and p21 were assessed with real‐time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Results: Valproic acid reduced the viability of HeLa cells in a concentration- and time-dependent manner, and the IC50 values at 24, 48, and 72 h were 32.06, 21.29, and 14.51 mM, respectively. Further, VPA treatment remarkably increased the apoptosis of HeLa cells and arrested cells at the sub-G1 phase with a significant reduction in G2-M phase populations. The real-time PCR results demonstrated a significant increase in the expression of pro-apoptotic genes, including Bax, p53, and p21, as well as a reduction in the levels of the anti-apoptotic gene, Bcl-2. Conclusions: Valproic acid inhibits the proliferation of the HeLa cell line through the induction of the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis in a p35-dependent manner.
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9
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Benjamin DN, O'Donovan TR, Laursen KB, Orfali N, Cahill MR, Mongan NP, Gudas LJ, McKenna SL. All- Trans-Retinoic Acid Combined With Valproic Acid Can Promote Differentiation in Myeloid Leukemia Cells by an Autophagy Dependent Mechanism. Front Oncol 2022; 12:848517. [PMID: 35280824 PMCID: PMC8907478 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.848517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is an aggressive blood cancer with an overall survival of 30%. One form of AML, acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) has become more than 90% curable with differentiation therapy, consisting of all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA) and arsenic trioxide (ATO). Application of differentiation therapy to other AML subtypes would be a major treatment advance. Recent studies have indicated that autophagy plays a key role in the differentiation of ATRA-responsive APL cells. In this study, we have investigated whether differentiation could be enhanced in ATRA resistant cells by promoting autophagy induction with valproic acid (VPA). ATRA sensitive (NB4) and resistant leukemia cells (NB4R and THP-1) were co-treated with ATRA and valproic acid, followed by assessment of autophagy and differentiation. The combination of VPA and ATRA induced autophagic flux and promoted differentiation in ATRA-sensitive and -resistant cell lines. shRNA knockdown of ATG7 and TFEB autophagy regulators impaired both autophagy and differentiation, demonstrating the importance of autophagy in the combination treatment. These data suggest that ATRA combined with valproic acid can promote differentiation in myeloid leukemia cells by mechanism involving autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalyia N Benjamin
- Cancer Research, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,Department of Haematology, Tallaght University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.,Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, United States
| | | | - Kristian B Laursen
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Nina Orfali
- Department of Haematology, St James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Mary R Cahill
- Department of Haematology, Cork University Hospital, Cork, Ireland
| | - Nigel P Mongan
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, United States.,Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Biodiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Lorraine J Gudas
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, United States
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10
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Alsemeh AE, Ahmed MM, Fawzy A, Samy W, Tharwat M, Rezq S. Vitamin E rescues valproic acid-induced testicular injury in rats: Role of autophagy. Life Sci 2022; 296:120434. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.120434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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11
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Acute Valproate Exposure Induces Mitochondrial Biogenesis and Autophagy with FOXO3a Modulation in SH-SY5Y Cells. Cells 2021; 10:cells10102522. [PMID: 34685502 PMCID: PMC8533738 DOI: 10.3390/cells10102522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Valproic acid (VPA) is an antiepileptic drug found to induce mitochondrial dysfunction and autophagy in cancer cell lines. We treated the SH-SY5Y cell line with various concentrations of VPA (1, 5, and 10 mM). The treatment decreased cell viability, ATP production, and mitochondrial membrane potential and increased reactive oxygen species production. In addition, the mitochondrial DNA copy number increased after VPA treatment in a dose-dependent manner. Western blotting showed that the levels of mitochondrial biogenesis-related proteins (PGC-1α, TFAM, and COX4) increased, though estrogen-related receptor expression decreased after VPA treatment. Further, VPA treatment increased the total and acetylated FOXO3a protein levels. Although SIRT1 expression was decreased, SIRT3 expression was increased, which regulated FOXO3 acetylation in the mitochondria. Furthermore, VPA treatment induced autophagy via increased LC3-II levels and decreased p62 expression and mTOR phosphorylation. We suggest that VPA treatment induces mitochondrial biogenesis and autophagy via changes in FOXO3a expression and posttranslational modification in the SH-SY5Y cell line.
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Sotthibundhu A, Muangchan P, Phonchai R, Promjantuek W, Chaicharoenaudomrung N, Kunhorm P, Noisa P. Autophagy Promoted Neural Differentiation of Human Placenta-derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells. In Vivo 2021; 35:2609-2620. [PMID: 34410948 DOI: 10.21873/invivo.12543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Human placenta-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hPMSCs) are multipotent and possess neurogenicity. Numerous studies have shown that Notch inhibition and DNA demethylation promote neural differentiation. Here, we investigated the modulation of autophagy during neural differentiation of hPMSCs, induced by DAPT and 5-Azacytidine. MATERIALS AND METHODS hPMSCs were treated with DAPT to induce neural differentiation, and the autophagy regulating molecules were used to assess the impact of autophagy on neural differentiation. RESULTS The hPMSCs presented with typical mesenchymal stem cell phenotypes, in which the majority of cells expressed CD73, CD90 and CD105. hPMSCs were multipotent, capable of differentiating into mesodermal cells. After treatment with DAPT, hPMSCs upregulated the expression of neuronal genes including SOX2, Nestin, and βIII-tubulin, and the autophagy genes LC3I/II and Beclin. These genes were further increased when 5-Azacytidine was co-supplemented in the culture medium. The inhibition of autophagy by chloroquine impeded the neural differentiation of hPMSCs, marked by the downregulation of βIII-tubulin, while the activation of autophagy by valproic acid (VPA) instigated the emergence of βIII-tubulin-positive cells. CONCLUSION During the differentiation process, autophagy was modulated, implying that autophagy could play a significant role during the differentiation of these cells. The blockage and stimulation of autophagy could either hinder or induce the formation of neural-like cells, respectively. Therefore, the refinement of autophagic activity at an appropriate level might improve the efficiency of stem cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Areechun Sotthibundhu
- Chulabhorn International College of Medicine, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Pattamon Muangchan
- Laboratory of Cell-Based Assays and Innovations, School of Biotechnology, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
| | - Ruchee Phonchai
- Laboratory of Cell-Based Assays and Innovations, School of Biotechnology, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
| | - Wilasinee Promjantuek
- Laboratory of Cell-Based Assays and Innovations, School of Biotechnology, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
| | - Nipha Chaicharoenaudomrung
- Laboratory of Cell-Based Assays and Innovations, School of Biotechnology, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
| | - Phongsakorn Kunhorm
- Laboratory of Cell-Based Assays and Innovations, School of Biotechnology, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
| | - Parinya Noisa
- Laboratory of Cell-Based Assays and Innovations, School of Biotechnology, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
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Watchon M, Luu L, Robinson KJ, Yuan KC, De Luca A, Suddull HJ, Tym MC, Guillemin GJ, Cole NJ, Nicholson GA, Chung RS, Lee A, Laird AS. Sodium valproate increases activity of the sirtuin pathway resulting in beneficial effects for spinocerebellar ataxia-3 in vivo. Mol Brain 2021; 14:128. [PMID: 34416891 PMCID: PMC8377983 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-021-00839-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Machado-Joseph disease (MJD, also known as spinocerebellar ataxia type 3) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease that impairs control and coordination of movement. Here we tested whether treatment with the histone deacetylase inhibitor sodium valproate (valproate) prevented a movement phenotype that develops in larvae of a transgenic zebrafish model of the disease. We found that treatment with valproate improved the swimming of the MJD zebrafish, affected levels of acetylated histones 3 and 4, but also increased expression of polyglutamine expanded human ataxin-3. Proteomic analysis of protein lysates generated from the treated and untreated MJD zebrafish also predicted that valproate treatment had activated the sirtuin longevity signaling pathway and this was confirmed by findings of increased SIRT1 protein levels and sirtuin activity in valproate treated MJD zebrafish and HEK293 cells expressing ataxin-3 84Q, respectively. Treatment with resveratrol (another compound known to activate the sirtuin pathway), also improved swimming in the MJD zebrafish. Co-treatment with valproate alongside EX527, a SIRT1 activity inhibitor, prevented induction of autophagy by valproate and the beneficial effects of valproate on the movement in the MJD zebrafish, supporting that they were both dependent on sirtuin activity. These findings provide the first evidence of sodium valproate inducing activation of the sirtuin pathway. Further, they indicate that drugs that target the sirtuin pathway, including sodium valproate and resveratrol, warrant further investigation for the treatment of MJD and related neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxinne Watchon
- Centre for Motor Neuron Disease Research, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Level 1, 2 Technology Place, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Luan Luu
- Centre for Motor Neuron Disease Research, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Level 1, 2 Technology Place, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Katherine J Robinson
- Centre for Motor Neuron Disease Research, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Level 1, 2 Technology Place, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Kristy C Yuan
- Centre for Motor Neuron Disease Research, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Level 1, 2 Technology Place, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Alana De Luca
- Centre for Motor Neuron Disease Research, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Level 1, 2 Technology Place, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Hannah J Suddull
- Centre for Motor Neuron Disease Research, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Level 1, 2 Technology Place, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Madelaine C Tym
- Centre for Motor Neuron Disease Research, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Level 1, 2 Technology Place, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Gilles J Guillemin
- Centre for Motor Neuron Disease Research, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Level 1, 2 Technology Place, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Nicholas J Cole
- Centre for Motor Neuron Disease Research, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Level 1, 2 Technology Place, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Garth A Nicholson
- Centre for Motor Neuron Disease Research, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Level 1, 2 Technology Place, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia.,ANZAC Research Institute, Concord Repatriation Hospital, Concord, NSW, Australia
| | - Roger S Chung
- Centre for Motor Neuron Disease Research, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Level 1, 2 Technology Place, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Albert Lee
- Centre for Motor Neuron Disease Research, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Level 1, 2 Technology Place, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Angela S Laird
- Centre for Motor Neuron Disease Research, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Level 1, 2 Technology Place, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia.
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Li Z, Yang L, Zhang S, Song J, Sun H, Shan C, Wang D, Liu S. Valproic acid Suppresses Breast Cancer Cell Growth Through Triggering Pyruvate Kinase M2 Isoform Mediated Warburg Effect. Cell Transplant 2021; 30:9636897211027524. [PMID: 34263655 PMCID: PMC8287349 DOI: 10.1177/09636897211027524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Energy metabolism programming is a hallmark of cancer, and serves as a potent
target of cancer therapy. Valproic acid (VPA), a broad Class I histone
deacetylases (HDACs) inhibitor, has been used as a therapeutic agent for cancer.
However, the detail mechanism about the potential role of VPA on the Warburg
effect in breast cancer remains unclear. In this study, we highlight that VPA
significantly attenuates the Warburg effect by decreasing the expression of
pyruvate kinase M2 isoform (PKM2), leading to inhibited cell proliferation and
reduced colony formation in breast cancer MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells.
Mechanistically, Warburg effect suppression triggered by VPA was mediated by
inactivation of ERK1/2 phosphorylation through reduced HDAC1 expression,
resulting in suppressing breast cancer growth. In summary, we uncover a novel
mechanism of VPA in regulating the Warburg effect which is essential for
developing the effective approach in breast cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Li
- Biomedical Translational Research Institute, 47855Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Lina Yang
- Department of Pathology, Medical School, 74547Dalian University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Shuai Zhang
- School of Integrative Medicine, 58301Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Jiaqi Song
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, 12538Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Huanran Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, 12538Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Changliang Shan
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, 12538Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Dan Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, 12396Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin, China
| | - Shuangping Liu
- Department of Pathology, Medical School, 74547Dalian University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
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Ozman Z, Ozbek Iptec B, Sahin E, Guney Eskiler G, Deveci Ozkan A, Kaleli S. Regulation of valproic acid induced EMT by AKT/GSK3β/β-catenin signaling pathway in triple negative breast cancer. Mol Biol Rep 2021; 48:1335-1343. [PMID: 33515347 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06173-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Valproic acid (VPA) is a selective histone deacetylation (HDAC) inhibitor and exerts anti-cancer properties in different types of cancer. The epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) mediating by different signaling cascade can be a potential target in aggressive human cancers. Therefore, we aimed to clarified the unravel relationship between AKT/GSK3β/β-catenin signalling pathway and VPA-induced EMT in triple negative breast cancer (TNBC). The cytotoxicity of VPA in MDA-MB-231 TNBC and MCF-10A control cells was evaluated. Alterations in the expression levels of Snail, E-cadherin, AKT, GSK3β, β-catenin were analyzed by RT-PCR. Additionally, Annexin V, cell cycle and wound healing assays were performed. Our results showed that VPA remarkably inhibited the growth of TNBC cell and triggered apoptotic cell death through G0/G1 arrest. Furthermore, VPA increased cell migration and activated the EMT process through significantly increasing Snail expression and in turn downregulation of E-cadherin and GKS3β levels. However, the level of AKT and β-catenin was reduced after treatment of VPA. Our data showed that VPA induced EMT process and cell migration in TNBC cells. However, AKT/GSK3β/β-catenin signaling pathway did not mediate EMT activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeynep Ozman
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Bezmialem Vakif University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Betul Ozbek Iptec
- Medical Biochemistry Laboratory, Kızılcahamam State Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Elvan Sahin
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Sakarya University, Sakarya, Turkey
| | - Gamze Guney Eskiler
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Sakarya University, Sakarya, Turkey
| | - Asuman Deveci Ozkan
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Sakarya University, Sakarya, Turkey.
| | - Suleyman Kaleli
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Sakarya University, Sakarya, Turkey
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Zhang S, Wang M, Li Q, Zhu P. MiR-101 reduces cell proliferation and invasion and enhances apoptosis in endometrial cancer via regulating PI3K/Akt/mTOR. Cancer Biomark 2021; 21:179-186. [DOI: 10.3233/cbm-170620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
This article has been retracted, and the online PDF replaced with this retraction notice.
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Du W, Xu A, Huang Y, Cao J, Zhu H, Yang B, Shao X, He Q, Ying M. The role of autophagy in targeted therapy for acute myeloid leukemia. Autophagy 2020; 17:2665-2679. [PMID: 32917124 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2020.1822628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Although molecular targeted therapies have recently displayed therapeutic effects in acute myeloid leukemia (AML), limited response and acquired resistance remain common problems. Numerous studies have associated autophagy, an essential degradation process involved in the cellular response to stress, with the development and therapeutic response of cancers including AML. Thus, we review studies on the role of autophagy in AML development and summarize the linkage between autophagy and several recurrent genetic abnormalities in AML, highlighting the potential of capitalizing on autophagy modulation in targeted therapy for AML.Abbreviations: AML: acute myeloid leukemia; AMPK: AMP-activated protein kinase; APL: acute promyelocytic leukemia; ATG: autophagy related; ATM: ATM serine/threonine kinase; ATO: arsenic trioxide; ATRA: all trans retinoic acid; BCL2: BCL2 apoptosis regulator; BECN1: beclin 1; BET proteins, bromodomain and extra-terminal domain family; CMA: chaperone-mediated autophagy; CQ: chloroquine; DNMT, DNA methyltransferase; DOT1L: DOT1 like histone lysine methyltransferase; FLT3: fms related receptor tyrosine kinase 3; FIS1: fission, mitochondrial 1; HCQ: hydroxychloroquine; HSC: hematopoietic stem cell; IDH: isocitrate dehydrogenase; ITD: internal tandem duplication; KMT2A/MLL: lysine methyltransferase 2A; LSC: leukemia stem cell; MDS: myelodysplastic syndromes; MTORC1: mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase complex 1; MAP1LC3/LC3: microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3; NPM1: nucleophosmin 1; PIK3C3/VPS34: phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase catalytic subunit type 3; PML: PML nuclear body scaffold; ROS: reactive oxygen species; RB1CC1/FIP200: RB1 inducible coiled-coil 1; SAHA: vorinostat; SQSTM1: sequestosome 1; TET2: tet methylcytosine dioxygenase 2; TKD: tyrosine kinase domain; TKI: tyrosine kinase inhibitor; TP53/p53: tumor protein p53; ULK1: unc-51 like autophagy activating kinase 1; VPA: valproic acid; WDFY3/ALFY: WD repeat and FYVE domain containing 3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxin Du
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Aixiao Xu
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yunpeng Huang
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ji Cao
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hong Zhu
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bo Yang
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xuejing Shao
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qiaojun He
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Meidan Ying
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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mTOR-Related Cell-Clearing Systems in Epileptic Seizures, an Update. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21051642. [PMID: 32121250 PMCID: PMC7084443 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21051642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests that autophagy impairment is implicated in the epileptogenic mechanisms downstream of mTOR hyperactivation. This holds true for a variety of genetic and acquired epileptic syndromes besides malformations of cortical development which are classically known as mTORopathies. Autophagy suppression is sufficient to induce epilepsy in experimental models, while rescuing autophagy prevents epileptogenesis, improves behavioral alterations, and provides neuroprotection in seizure-induced neuronal damage. The implication of autophagy in epileptogenesis and maturation phenomena related to seizure activity is supported by evidence indicating that autophagy is involved in the molecular mechanisms which are implicated in epilepsy. In general, mTOR-dependent autophagy regulates the proliferation and migration of inter-/neuronal cortical progenitors, synapse development, vesicular release, synaptic plasticity, and importantly, synaptic clustering of GABAA receptors and subsequent excitatory/inhibitory balance in the brain. Similar to autophagy, the ubiquitin–proteasome system is regulated downstream of mTOR, and it is implicated in epileptogenesis. Thus, mTOR-dependent cell-clearing systems are now taking center stage in the field of epilepsy. In the present review, we discuss such evidence in a variety of seizure-related disorders and models. This is expected to provide a deeper insight into the molecular mechanisms underlying seizure activity.
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Liu H, Tan N, Xu D, Li CY, Xian GJ. NGF and CNTF expression and regulation mechanism by miRNA in acute paralytic strabismus. Int Ophthalmol 2020; 40:975-984. [PMID: 31925656 DOI: 10.1007/s10792-019-01270-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nerve growth factor (NGF) and ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) are well-known neurotrophic factors and widely used in the clinical treatment for its promotion effect on peripheral nerve regeneration. And they were also recommended for the acute paralytic strabismus treatment. However, whether the NGF and CNTF have protective effect for the extraocular muscles of acute paralytic strabismus patients is still poorly understood. PURPOSE In this study, we want to evaluate the biological function of NGF and CNTF on the extraocular muscle cells and reveale the regulation mechanism behind it. METHODS Firstly, the relative expression of ngf and cntf was assessed by quantitative real-time RT-PCR. Then, the influence of NGF and CNTF on the extraocular muscle cell proliferation was determined by CCK-8. The inflammatory response in muscle cells after NGF and CNTF treatment was evaluated by ELISA and ROS detection. In addition to this, the up-stream regulation of the ngf and cntf expression was also studied. The TargetScan was used for the predication of potential miRNAs targeting with ngf and cntf 30-UTR, which is soon confirmed by luciferase activity assay. RESULTS all the results in this research indicated that NGF and CNTF could promote the muscle cell proliferation and inhibit the inflammatory levels, then exert protective effect on the muscle cell function. RESULTS All the results in this research indicated that NGF and CNTF could promote the muscle cell proliferation and inhibit the inflammatory levels, then exert protective effect on the muscle cell function. CONCLUSION It was conceivable that let 7-5p was the up-stream regulator of ngf and cntf, and let 7-5p might serve as a potential molecular target for acute paralytic strabismus treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Daping Hospital, Army Medical Center of PLA, Chongqing, China
| | - Nian Tan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Daping Hospital, Army Medical Center of PLA, Chongqing, China
| | - Duo Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Daping Hospital, Army Medical Center of PLA, Chongqing, China.
| | - Chong-Yi Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Daping Hospital, Army Medical Center of PLA, Chongqing, China
| | - Guang-Jun Xian
- Department of Ophthalmology, Daping Hospital, Army Medical Center of PLA, Chongqing, China
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Khandia R, Dadar M, Munjal A, Dhama K, Karthik K, Tiwari R, Yatoo MI, Iqbal HMN, Singh KP, Joshi SK, Chaicumpa W. A Comprehensive Review of Autophagy and Its Various Roles in Infectious, Non-Infectious, and Lifestyle Diseases: Current Knowledge and Prospects for Disease Prevention, Novel Drug Design, and Therapy. Cells 2019; 8:cells8070674. [PMID: 31277291 PMCID: PMC6678135 DOI: 10.3390/cells8070674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy (self-eating) is a conserved cellular degradation process that plays important roles in maintaining homeostasis and preventing nutritional, metabolic, and infection-mediated stresses. Autophagy dysfunction can have various pathological consequences, including tumor progression, pathogen hyper-virulence, and neurodegeneration. This review describes the mechanisms of autophagy and its associations with other cell death mechanisms, including apoptosis, necrosis, necroptosis, and autosis. Autophagy has both positive and negative roles in infection, cancer, neural development, metabolism, cardiovascular health, immunity, and iron homeostasis. Genetic defects in autophagy can have pathological consequences, such as static childhood encephalopathy with neurodegeneration in adulthood, Crohn's disease, hereditary spastic paraparesis, Danon disease, X-linked myopathy with excessive autophagy, and sporadic inclusion body myositis. Further studies on the process of autophagy in different microbial infections could help to design and develop novel therapeutic strategies against important pathogenic microbes. This review on the progress and prospects of autophagy research describes various activators and suppressors, which could be used to design novel intervention strategies against numerous diseases and develop therapeutic drugs to protect human and animal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rekha Khandia
- Department of Genetics, Barkatullah University, Bhopal 462 026, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Maryam Dadar
- Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj 31975/148, Iran
| | - Ashok Munjal
- Department of Genetics, Barkatullah University, Bhopal 462 026, Madhya Pradesh, India.
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243 122, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Kumaragurubaran Karthik
- Central University Laboratory, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Madhavaram Milk Colony, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600051, India
| | - Ruchi Tiwari
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Sciences, UP Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhayay Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalay Evum Go-Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura, Uttar Pradesh 281 001, India
| | - Mohd Iqbal Yatoo
- Sher-E-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Shalimar, Srinagar 190025, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Hafiz M N Iqbal
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Campus Monterrey, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, Monterrey, N. L., CP 64849, Mexico
| | - Karam Pal Singh
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243 122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sunil K Joshi
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology, Oncology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
| | - Wanpen Chaicumpa
- Center of Research Excellence on Therapeutic Proteins and Antibody Engineering, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
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Golubinskaya PA, Sarycheva MV, Burda SY, Puzanov MV, Nadezhdina NA, Kulikovskiy VF, Nadezhdin SV, Korokin MV, Burda YE. Pharmacological modulation of cell functional activity with valproic acid and erythropoietin. RESEARCH RESULTS IN PHARMACOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.3897/rrpharmacology.5.34710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Valproic acid (VA) is carboxylic acid with a branched chain, which is used as an antiepileptic drug.
Valproic acid influence on cells in vivo: VA, which is an antiepileptic drug, is also a teratogen, which causes defects of a neural tube and an axial skeleton, although the mechanisms are not yet fully clear.
Valproic acid influence on mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) in vitro: It is shown that valproic acid reduces the intracellular level of oxygen active forms.
Valproic acid effect on tumor cells: VA inhibits tumor growth through several mechanisms, including the cell cycle stop, differentiation induction and inhibition of growth of tumor vessels.
Valproic acid influence on enzymes: It affects mainly GSK-3.
Valproic acid influence on animals’ cells: It is shown that VA can significantly improve an ability to develop in vitro and improve nuclear reprogramming of embryos.
Erythropoietin (EPO): Is an hypoxia-induced hormone and a cytokine, which is necessary for normal erythropoiesis. EPO is widely used in in vitro experiments.
Conclusion: Thus, the influence of VA and EPO on cells can be used in cell technologies.
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22
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Makarević J, Rutz J, Juengel E, Maxeiner S, Tsaur I, Chun FKH, Bereiter-Hahn J, Blaheta RA. Influence of the HDAC Inhibitor Valproic Acid on the Growth and Proliferation of Temsirolimus-Resistant Prostate Cancer Cells In Vitro. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11040566. [PMID: 31010254 PMCID: PMC6520872 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11040566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) is elevated in prostate cancer, making this protein attractive for tumor treatment. Unfortunately, resistance towards mTOR inhibitors develops and the tumor becomes reactivated. We determined whether epigenetic modulation by the histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor, valproic acid (VPA), may counteract non-responsiveness to the mTOR inhibitor, temsirolimus, in prostate cancer (PCa) cells. Prostate cancer cells, sensitive (parental) and resistant to temsirolimus, were exposed to VPA, and tumor cell growth behavior compared. Temsirolimus resistance enhanced the number of tumor cells in the G2/M-phase, correlating with elevated cell proliferation and clonal growth. The cell cycling proteins cdk1 and cyclin B, along with Akt-mTOR signaling increased, whereas p19, p21 and p27 decreased, compared to the parental cells. VPA significantly reduced cell growth and up-regulated the acetylated histones H3 and H4. Cdk1 and cyclin B decreased, as did phosphorylated mTOR and the mTOR sub-complex Raptor. The mTOR sub-member Rictor and phosphorylated Akt increased under VPA. Knockdown of cdk1, cyclin B, or Raptor led to significant cell growth reduction. HDAC inhibition through VPA counteracts temsirolimus resistance, probably by down-regulating cdk1, cyclin B and Raptor. Enhanced Rictor and Akt, however, may represent an undesired feedback loop, which should be considered when designing future therapeutic regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmina Makarević
- Department of Urology, Goethe-University, D-60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Jochen Rutz
- Department of Urology, Goethe-University, D-60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Eva Juengel
- Department of Urology, Goethe-University, D-60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Sebastian Maxeiner
- Department of Urology, Goethe-University, D-60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Igor Tsaur
- Department of Urology, Goethe-University, D-60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Felix K-H Chun
- Department of Urology, Goethe-University, D-60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Jürgen Bereiter-Hahn
- Institute for Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Goethe-University, D-60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Roman A Blaheta
- Department of Urology, Goethe-University, D-60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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Fang E, Wang J, Hong M, Zheng L, Tong Q. Valproic acid suppresses Warburg effect and tumor progression in neuroblastoma. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 508:9-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.11.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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24
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Shetty AK, Kodali M, Upadhya R, Madhu LN. Emerging Anti-Aging Strategies - Scientific Basis and Efficacy. Aging Dis 2018; 9:1165-1184. [PMID: 30574426 PMCID: PMC6284760 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2018.1026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of age-related diseases is in an upward trend due to increased life expectancy in humans. Age-related conditions are among the leading causes of morbidity and death worldwide currently. Therefore, there is an urgent need to find apt interventions that slow down aging and reduce or postpone the incidence of debilitating age-related diseases. This review discusses the efficacy of emerging anti-aging approaches for maintaining better health in old age. There are many anti-aging strategies in development, which include procedures such as augmentation of autophagy, elimination of senescent cells, transfusion of plasma from young blood, intermittent fasting, enhancement of adult neurogenesis, physical exercise, antioxidant intake, and stem cell therapy. Multiple pre-clinical studies suggest that administration of autophagy enhancers, senolytic drugs, plasma from young blood, drugs that enhance neurogenesis and BDNF are promising approaches to sustain normal health during aging and also to postpone age-related neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease. Stem cell therapy has also shown promise for improving regeneration and function of the aged or Alzheimer's disease brain. Several of these approaches are awaiting critical appraisal in clinical trials to determine their long-term efficacy and possible adverse effects. On the other hand, procedures such as intermittent fasting, physical exercise, intake of antioxidants such as resveratrol and curcumin have shown considerable promise for improving function in aging, some of which are ready for large-scale clinical trials, as they are non-invasive, and seem to have minimal side effects. In summary, several approaches are at the forefront of becoming mainstream therapies for combating aging and postponing age-related diseases in the coming years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashok K. Shetty
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center College of Medicine, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
- Olin E. Teague Veterans’ Medical Center, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas 76504, USA
| | - Maheedhar Kodali
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center College of Medicine, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
- Olin E. Teague Veterans’ Medical Center, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas 76504, USA
| | - Raghavendra Upadhya
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center College of Medicine, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
- Olin E. Teague Veterans’ Medical Center, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas 76504, USA
| | - Leelavathi N. Madhu
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center College of Medicine, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
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Shah RR, Stonier PD. Repurposing old drugs in oncology: Opportunities with clinical and regulatory challenges ahead. J Clin Pharm Ther 2018; 44:6-22. [PMID: 30218625 DOI: 10.1111/jcpt.12759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
WHAT IS KNOWN AND OBJECTIVE In order to expedite the availability of drugs to treat cancers in a cost-effective manner, repurposing of old drugs for oncological indications is gathering momentum. Revolutionary advances in pharmacology and genomics have demonstrated many old drugs to have activity at novel antioncogenic pharmacological targets. We decided to investigate whether prospective studies support the promises of nonclinical and retrospective clinical studies on repurposing three old drugs, namely metformin, valproate and astemizole. METHODS We conducted an extensive literature search through PubMed to gather representative nonclinical and retrospective clinical studies that investigated the potential repurposing of these three drugs for oncological indications. We then searched for prospective studies aimed at confirming the promises of retrospective data. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION While evidence from nonclinical and retrospective clinical studies with these drugs appears highly promising, large scale prospective studies are either lacking or have failed to substantiate this promise. We provide a brief discussion of some of the challenges in repurposing. Principal challenges and obstacles relate to heterogeneity of cancers studied without considering their molecular signatures, trials with small sample size and short duration, failure consider issues of ethnicity of study population and effective antioncogenic doses of the drug studied. WHAT IS NEW AND CONCLUSION Well-designed prospective studies demonstrating efficacy are required for repurposing old drugs for oncology indications, just as they are for new chemical entities for any indication. Early and ongoing interactions with regulatory authorities are invaluable. We outline a tentative framework for a structured approach to repurposing old drugs for novel indications in oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashmi R Shah
- Pharmaceutical Consultant, Gerrards Cross, Buckinghamshire, UK
| | - Peter D Stonier
- Department of Pharmaceutical Medicine, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College, London, UK
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Barneh F, Salimi M, Goshadrou F, Ashtiani M, Mirzaie M, Zali H, Jafari M. Valproic acid inhibits the protective effects of stromal cells against chemotherapy in breast cancer: Insights from proteomics and systems biology. J Cell Biochem 2018; 119:9270-9283. [PMID: 29953653 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.27196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Interaction between tumor and stromal cells is beginning to be decoded as a contributor to chemotherapy resistance. Here, we aim to take a system-level approach to explore a mechanism by which stromal cells induce chemoresistance in cancer cells and subsequently identify a drug that can inhibit such interaction. Using a proteomic dataset containing quantitative data on secretome of stromal cells, we performed multivariate analyses and found that bone-marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) play the most protective role against chemotherapeutics. Pathway enrichment tests showed that secreted cytokines from BM-MSCs activated 4 signaling pathways including Janus kinase-signal transducer and activator of transcription, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-protein kinase B, and mitogen-activated protein kinase, transforming growth factor-β in cancer cells collectively leading to nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-kB) transcription factor activation. Based on the data from integrated Library of Integrated Network-Based Cellular Signatures (iLINCs) program, we found that among different drugs, valproic acid (VA) affected the expression of 34 genes within the identified pathways that are activated by stromal cells. Our in vitro experiments confirmed that VA inhibits NF-kB activation in cancer cells. In addition, analyzing gene expression data in patients taking oral VA showed that this drug decreased expression of antioxidant enzymes culminating in increased oxidative stress in tumor cells. These results suggest that VA confines the protective role of stromal cells by inhibiting the adaptation mechanisms toward oxidative stress which is potentiated by stromal cells. Since VA is an already prescribed drug manifesting anticancer effects, this study provides a mechanistic insight for combination of VA with chemotherapy in the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farnaz Barneh
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Paramedical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Physiology and Pharmacology Department, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.,Drug Design and Bioinformatics Unit, Medical Biotechnology Department, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mona Salimi
- Physiology and Pharmacology Department, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Goshadrou
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Paramedical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Minoo Ashtiani
- Drug Design and Bioinformatics Unit, Medical Biotechnology Department, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Computer Science and Statistics, Faculty of Mathematics, K. N. Toosi University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Mirzaie
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Faculty of Mathematical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hakimeh Zali
- School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohieddin Jafari
- Drug Design and Bioinformatics Unit, Medical Biotechnology Department, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
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Zhang X, He X, Li Q, Kong X, Ou Z, Zhang L, Gong Z, Long D, Li J, Zhang M, Ji W, Zhang W, Xu L, Xuan A. PI3K/AKT/mTOR Signaling Mediates Valproic Acid-Induced Neuronal Differentiation of Neural Stem Cells through Epigenetic Modifications. Stem Cell Reports 2018; 8:1256-1269. [PMID: 28494938 PMCID: PMC5425725 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2017.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2016] [Revised: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Although valproic acid (VPA), has been shown to induce neuronal differentiation of neural stem cells (NSCs), the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. Here we investigated if and how mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling is involved in the neuronal differentiation of VPA-induced NSCs. Our data demonstrated that mTOR activation not only promoted but also was necessary for the neuronal differentiation of NSCs induced by VPA. We further found that inhibition of mTOR signaling blocked demethylation of neuron-specific gene neurogenin 1 (Ngn1) regulatory element in induced cells. These are correlated with the significant alterations of passive DNA demethylation and the active DNA demethylation pathway in the Ngn1 promoter, but not the suppression of lysine-specific histone methylation and acetylation in the promoter region of Ngn1. These findings highlight a potentially important role for mTOR signaling, by working together with DNA demethylation, to influence the fate of NSCs via regulating the expression of Ngn1 in VPA-induced neuronal differentiation of NSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China; Department of Neurology, Institute of Neuroscience, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of Guangdong Province and the Ministry of Education of China, Guangzhou 510260, China
| | - Xiaosong He
- Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China; Department of Neurology, Institute of Neuroscience, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of Guangdong Province and the Ministry of Education of China, Guangzhou 510260, China
| | - Qingqing Li
- Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China; Department of Neurology, Institute of Neuroscience, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of Guangdong Province and the Ministry of Education of China, Guangzhou 510260, China
| | - Xuejian Kong
- Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China; Department of Neurology, Institute of Neuroscience, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of Guangdong Province and the Ministry of Education of China, Guangzhou 510260, China
| | - Zhenri Ou
- Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China; Department of Neurology, Institute of Neuroscience, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of Guangdong Province and the Ministry of Education of China, Guangzhou 510260, China
| | - Le Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China; Department of Neurology, Institute of Neuroscience, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of Guangdong Province and the Ministry of Education of China, Guangzhou 510260, China
| | - Zhuo Gong
- Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China; Department of Neurology, Institute of Neuroscience, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of Guangdong Province and the Ministry of Education of China, Guangzhou 510260, China
| | - Dahong Long
- Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China; Department of Neurology, Institute of Neuroscience, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of Guangdong Province and the Ministry of Education of China, Guangzhou 510260, China
| | - Jianhua Li
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- Department of Physiology, Augusta University, Augusta 30912, USA
| | - Weidong Ji
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Center for Translational Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Wenjuan Zhang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Liping Xu
- Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China; Department of Neurology, Institute of Neuroscience, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of Guangdong Province and the Ministry of Education of China, Guangzhou 510260, China
| | - Aiguo Xuan
- Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China; Department of Neurology, Institute of Neuroscience, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of Guangdong Province and the Ministry of Education of China, Guangzhou 510260, China.
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HDAC inhibition as a treatment concept to combat temsirolimus-resistant bladder cancer cells. Oncotarget 2017; 8:110016-110028. [PMID: 29299126 PMCID: PMC5746361 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.22454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Although the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) might be a promising molecular target to treat advanced bladder cancer, resistance develops under chronic exposure to an mTOR inhibitor (everolimus, temsirolimus). Based on earlier studies, we proposed that histone deacetylase (HDAC) blockade might circumvent resistance and investigated whether HDAC inhibition has an impact on growth of bladder cancer cells with acquired resistance towards temsirolimus. Results The HDAC inhibitor valproic acid (VPA) significantly inhibited growth, proliferation and caused G0/G1 phase arrest in RT112res and UMUC-3res. cdk1, cyclin B, cdk2, cyclin A and Skp1 p19 were down-regulated, p27 was elevated. Akt-mTOR signaling was deactivated, whereas acetylation of histone H3 and H4 in RT112res and UMUC-3res increased in the presence of VPA. Knocking down cdk2 or cyclin A resulted in a significant growth blockade of RT112res and UMUC-3res. Materials And Methods Parental (par) and resistant (res) RT112 and UMUC-3 cells were exposed to the HDAC inhibitor VPA. Tumor cell growth, proliferation, cell cycling and expression of cell cycle regulating proteins were then evaluated. siRNA blockade was used to investigate the functional impact of the proteins. Conclusions HDAC inhibition induced a strong response of temsirolimus-resistant bladder cancer cells. Therefore, the temsirolimus-VPA-combination might be an innovative strategy for bladder cancer treatment.
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Guo H, Lin W, Zhang X, Zhang X, Hu Z, Li L, Duan Z, Zhang J, Ren F. Kaempferol induces hepatocellular carcinoma cell death via endoplasmic reticulum stress-CHOP-autophagy signaling pathway. Oncotarget 2017; 8:82207-82216. [PMID: 29137257 PMCID: PMC5669883 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.19200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Kaempferol is a flavonoid compound that has gained widespread attention due to its antitumor functions. However, the underlying mechanisms are still not clear. The present study investigated the effect of kaempferol on hepatocellular carcinoma and its underlying mechanisms. Kaempferol induced autophagy in a concentration- and time-dependent manner in HepG2 or Huh7 cells, which was evidenced by the significant increase of autophagy-related genes. Inhibition of autophagy pathway, through 3-methyladenine or Atg7 siRNA, strongly diminished kaempferol-induced apoptosis. We further hypothesized that kaempferol can induce autophagy via endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress pathway. Indeed, blocking ER stress by 4-phenyl butyric acid (4-PBA) or knockdown of CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein homologous protein (CHOP) with siRNA alleviated kaempferol-induced HepG2 or Huh7 cells autophagy; while transfection with plasmid overexpressing CHOP reversed the effect of 4-PBA on kaempferol-induced autophagy. Our results demonstrated that kaempferol induced hepatocarcinoma cell death via ER stress and CHOP-autophagy signaling pathway; kaempferol may be used as a potential chemopreventive agent for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiqing Guo
- Department of Hepatitis C and Drug-Induced Liver Disease, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Wei Lin
- Department of Hepatitis C and Drug-Induced Liver Disease, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Xiangying Zhang
- Beijing Institute of Hepatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Xiaohui Zhang
- Department of Hepatitis C and Drug-Induced Liver Disease, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Zhongjie Hu
- Department of Hepatitis C and Drug-Induced Liver Disease, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Liying Li
- Department of Cell Biology, Municipal Laboratory for Liver Protection and Regulation of Regeneration, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Zhongping Duan
- Artificial Liver Center, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Hepatitis C and Drug-Induced Liver Disease, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Feng Ren
- Beijing Institute of Hepatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
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30
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Cheng DD, Li SJ, Zhu B, Yuan T, Yang QC, Fan CY. Downregulation of BZW2 inhibits osteosarcoma cell growth by inactivating the Akt/mTOR signaling pathway. Oncol Rep 2017; 38:2116-2122. [PMID: 28791373 PMCID: PMC5652953 DOI: 10.3892/or.2017.5890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma is the most common malignant bone tumor in adolescents. The function of basic leucine zipper and W2 domains 2 (BZW2) in tumor progression has been reported. However, the role and mechanisms of BZW2 in osteosarcoma remain to be determined. The aim of the present study was to reveal the expression and biological functions of BZW2 in osteosarcoma and to elucidate the proximal mechanisms underlying these functions. The expression of BZW2 in osteosarcoma tissues and cell lines was assessed by qRT-PCR, western blotting and immunohistochemistry. BZW2 overexpression was detected in osteosarcoma cell lines. Clinically, BZW2 expression was higher in osteosarcoma tissues than in corresponding non-tumor tissues and was associated with advanced Enneking stage and tumor recurrence. The knockdown of BZW2 using siRNA inhibited osteosarcoma cell proliferation, colony-forming ability, and the cell cycle at the G2/M phase in vitro. Host signaling pathways affected by BZW2 were detected using a PathScan Intracellular Signaling Antibody Array kit. These data demonstrated that the knockdown of BZW2 suppresses protein phosphorylation in the Akt/mTOR signaling pathway. These observations suggest that BZW2 is upregulated and has a pro-tumor effect in osteosarcoma via activation of the Akt/mTOR signaling pathway and thus is a potential target for gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Dong Cheng
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Jiaotong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, P.R. China
| | - Shi-Jie Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Jiaotong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, P.R. China
| | - Bin Zhu
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Jiaotong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, P.R. China
| | - Ting Yuan
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Jiaotong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, P.R. China
| | - Qing-Cheng Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Jiaotong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, P.R. China
| | - Cun-Yi Fan
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Jiaotong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, P.R. China
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Valproic Acid Induces Endocytosis-Mediated Doxorubicin Internalization and Shows Synergistic Cytotoxic Effects in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18051048. [PMID: 28498322 PMCID: PMC5454960 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18051048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Revised: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Valproic acid (VPA), a well-known histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor, is used as an anti-cancer drug for various cancers, but the synergistic anti-cancer effect of VPA and doxorubicin (DOX) combination treatment and its potential underlying mechanism in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remain to be elucidated. Here, we evaluate the mono- and combination-therapy effects of VPA and DOX in HCC and identify a specific and efficient, synergistic anti-proliferative effect of the VPA and DOX combination in HCC cells, especially HepG2 cells; this effect was not apparent in MIHA cells, a normal hepatocyte cell line. The calculation of the coefficient of drug interaction confirmed the significant synergistic effect of the combination treatment. Concurrently, the synergistic apoptotic cell death caused by the VPA and DOX combination treatment was confirmed by Hoechst nuclear staining and Western blot analysis of caspase-3 and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) activation. Co-treatment with VPA and DOX enhanced reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and autophagy, which were clearly attenuated by ROS and autophagy inhibitors, respectively. Furthermore, as an indication of the mechanism underlying the synergistic effect, we observed that DOX internalization, which was induced in the VPA and DOX combination-treated group, occurred via by the caveolae-mediated endocytosis pathway. Taken together, our study uncovered the potential effect of the VPA and DOX combination treatment with regard to cell death, including induction of cellular ROS, autophagy, and the caveolae-mediated endocytosis pathway. Therefore, these results present novel implications in drug delivery research for the treatment of HCC.
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32
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Liu S, Liang B, Jia H, Jiao Y, Pang Z, Huang Y. Evaluation of cell death pathways initiated by antitumor drugs melatonin and valproic acid in bladder cancer cells. FEBS Open Bio 2017; 7:798-810. [PMID: 28593135 PMCID: PMC5458469 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.12223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Effective drug combinations have the potential to strengthen therapeutic efficacy and combat drug resistance. Both melatonin and valproic acid (VPA) exhibit antitumor activities in various cancer cells. The aim of this study was to evaluate the cell death pathways initiated by anticancer combinatorial effects of melatonin and VPA in bladder cancer cells. The results demonstrated that the combination of melatonin and VPA leads to significant synergistic growth inhibition of UC3 bladder cancer cells. Gene expression studies revealed that cotreatment with melatonin and VPA triggered the up-regulation of certain genes related to apoptosis (TNFRSF10A and TNFRSF10B), autophagy (BECN, ATG3 and ATG5) and necrosis (MLKL, PARP-1 and RIPK1). The combinatorial treatment increased the expression of endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-stress-related genes ATF6, IRE1, EDEM1 and ERdj4. Cotreatment with melatonin and VPA enhanced the expression of E-cadherin, and decreased the expression of N-cadherin, Fibronectin, Snail and Slug. Furthermore, the Wnt pathway and Raf/MEK/ERK pathway were activated by combinatorial treatment. However, the effects on the expression of certain genes were not further enhanced in cells following combinatorial treatment in comparison to individual treatment of melatonin or VPA. In summary, these findings provided evidence that cotreatment with melatonin and VPA exerted increased cytotoxicity by regulating cell death pathways in UC3 bladder cancer cells, but the clinical significance of combinatorial treatment still needs to be further exploited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siwei Liu
- College of Life and Health Sciences Northeastern University Shenyang China
| | - Bilin Liang
- College of Life and Health Sciences Northeastern University Shenyang China
| | - Huiting Jia
- College of Life and Health Sciences Northeastern University Shenyang China
| | - Yuhan Jiao
- College of Life and Health Sciences Northeastern University Shenyang China
| | - Zhongqiu Pang
- College of Life and Health Sciences Northeastern University Shenyang China
| | - Yongye Huang
- College of Life and Health Sciences Northeastern University Shenyang China
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Sun X, Du F, Liu S. Modulation of autophagy in exJSRV-env-transfected cells through the Akt/mTOR and MAPK signaling pathway. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 485:672-678. [PMID: 28235485 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.02.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The envelope (Env) of Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus (JSRV) is an oncoprotein of ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma (OPA). Autophagy is involved in different cancers, but how it is carcinogenic in JSRV Env is unclear. Modulation of autophagy in exJSRV-env-NM-transfected cells through the Akt/mTOR and MAPK signaling pathway was studied, and we observed strong positive labeling of p-Akt, p-mTOR, p-MEK1/2, p-ERK1/2, p-p38 and p-JNK in tumor cells and typical type II pneumocytes in naturally infected OPA lung tissues, which was co-aligned with JSRV-Env positive cells as shown by immunohistochemical and microscopic analysis. Akt/mTOR and MAPK pathways were activated in OPA lung and JSRV-Env transfected NIH 3T3 cells. Decreased Beclin1 and LC3 II/I suggested that autophagy was inhibited in OPA lung and JSRV-Env transfected NIH 3T3 cells. Beclin1 and LC3 II/I increased in JSRV-Env transfected NIH3T3 cells treated with mTOR inhibitor (rapamycin), ERK1/2 inhibitor (PD 98059), p38 inhibitor (SB 203580) and JNK inhibitor (SP 600125), suggesting that Akt/mTOR and MAPK pathways were responsible for JSRV-Env decreased autophagy. In conclusion, JSRV Env decreased autophagy in JSRV-Env transfected NIH3T3 cells through Akt/mTOR and MAPK pathways, in particular, JNK and p38 pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin Sun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Technology in Animal Disease, Ministry of Agriculture, Hohhot 010018, China.
| | - Fangyuan Du
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Technology in Animal Disease, Ministry of Agriculture, Hohhot 010018, China
| | - Shuying Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Technology in Animal Disease, Ministry of Agriculture, Hohhot 010018, China.
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Kawaoka K, Doi S, Nakashima A, Yamada K, Ueno T, Doi T, Masaki T. Valproic acid attenuates renal fibrosis through the induction of autophagy. Clin Exp Nephrol 2016; 21:771-780. [PMID: 27928635 DOI: 10.1007/s10157-016-1365-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 11/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Renal fibrosis is a common pathological feature of the progression of chronic kidney disease. Although valproic acid (VPA) has been recently shown to induce autophagy, the effect of VPA-induced autophagy on renal fibrosis remains unknown. We, therefore, investigated whether VPA-induced autophagy suppresses renal fibrosis in a mouse model of unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO). METHODS Male C57BL/6 mice were divided into five groups (n = 8 per group): (1) sham group; (2) vehicle group; (3) VPA-treated group; (4) 3-methyladenine (3-MA; autophagy inhibitor)-treated group; and (5) VPA plus 3-MA-treated group. Mice underwent UUO and the kidneys were studied after 5 days. We also investigated the effect of VPA-induced autophagy on α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) in transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1-stimulated rat kidney fibroblasts and epithelial cells. RESULTS VPA attenuated renal fibrosis and induced autophagy in UUO mice, while 3-MA increased renal fibrosis and suppressed autophagy. In addition, the anti-fibrotic effect of VPA was diminished by 3-MA in UUO mice. In rat kidney fibroblasts and epithelial cells, VPA suppressed TGF-β1-stimulated α-SMA expression and induced autophagy. In contrast, 3-MA enhanced α-SMA expression while inhibiting autophagy. Furthermore, the combined use of VPA and 3-MA treatments increased the expression of α-SMA compared with VPA treatment alone in TGF-β1-stimulated rat kidney fibroblasts and epithelial cells, which was accompanied by the inhibition of autophagy. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that VPA may be a candidate drug for the treatment of renal fibrosis through the induction of autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichiro Kawaoka
- Department of Nephrology, Hiroshima University Hospital, 1-2-3 Kasumi Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan
| | - Shigehiro Doi
- Department of Nephrology, Hiroshima University Hospital, 1-2-3 Kasumi Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan. .,Department of Blood Purification, Hiroshima University Hospital, 1-2-3 Kasumi Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan.
| | - Ayumu Nakashima
- Department of Nephrology, Hiroshima University Hospital, 1-2-3 Kasumi Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan
| | - Kyoko Yamada
- Department of Nephrology, Hiroshima University Hospital, 1-2-3 Kasumi Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan
| | - Toshinori Ueno
- Department of Nephrology, Hiroshima University Hospital, 1-2-3 Kasumi Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan
| | - Toshiki Doi
- Department of Nephrology, Hiroshima University Hospital, 1-2-3 Kasumi Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan
| | - Takao Masaki
- Department of Nephrology, Hiroshima University Hospital, 1-2-3 Kasumi Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan
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