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Kamikawa T, Kimura N, Ishii S, Muraoka M, Kodama T, Taniguchi K, Yoshimoto M, Miura-Okuda M, Uchikawa R, Kato C, Shinozuka J, Akai S, Naoi S, Tomioka N, Nagaya N, Pang CL, Garvita G, Feng S, Shimada M, Kamata-Sakurai M, Aburatani H, Kitazawa T, Igawa T. SAIL66, a next generation CLDN6-targeting T-cell engager, demonstrates potent antitumor efficacy through dual binding to CD3/CD137. J Immunother Cancer 2024; 12:e009563. [PMID: 39401967 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2024-009563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/26/2024] [Indexed: 10/17/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ovarian cancer remains a formidable challenge in oncology, necessitating innovative therapeutic approaches. Claudin-6 (CLDN6), a member of the tight junction molecule CLDN family, exhibits negligible expression in healthy tissues but displays aberrant upregulation in various malignancies, including ovarian cancer. Although several therapeutic modalities targeting CLDN6 are currently under investigation, there is still a need for more potent therapeutic options. While T-cell engagers (TCEs) hold substantial promise as potent immunotherapeutic agents, their current efficacy and safety in terms of target antigen selection and T-cell exhaustion due to only CD3 stimulation without co-stimulation must be improved, particularly against solid tumors. To provide an efficacious treatment option for ovarian cancer, we generated SAIL66, a tri-specific antibody against CLDN6/CD3/CD137. METHODS Using our proprietary next-generation TCE technology (Dual-Ig), SAIL66 was designed to bind to CLDN6 with one Fab and CD3/CD137 with the other, thereby activating T cells through CD3 activation and CD137 co-stimulation. The preclinical characterization of SAIL66 was performed in a series of in vitro and in vivo studies which included comparisons to a conventional TCE targeting CLDN6 and CD3. RESULTS Despite the high similarity between CLDN6 and other CLDN family members, SAIL66 demonstrated high specificity for CLDN6, reducing the risk of off-target toxicity. In an in vitro co-culture assay with CLDN6-positive cancer cells, we confirmed that SAIL66 strongly activated the CD137 signal in the Jurkat reporter system, and preferentially induced activation of both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells isolated from human peripheral blood mononuclear cells compared to conventional TCEs. In vivo studies demonstrated that SAIL66 led to a more pronounced increase in intratumor T-cell infiltration and a decrease in exhausted T cells compared with conventional CLDN6 TCE by contribution of CD137 co-stimulation, resulting in better antitumor efficacy in tumor-bearing mouse models. CONCLUSION Our data demonstrate that SAIL66, designed to engage CLDN6, CD3, and CD137, has the potential to enhance antitumor activity and provide a potent therapeutic option for patients with ovarian and other solid tumors expressing CLDN6. Clinical trials are currently underway to evaluate the safety and efficacy of SAIL66.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Naoki Kimura
- Chugai Pharmaceutical Co Ltd, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Shinya Ishii
- Chugai Pharmaceutical Co Ltd, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | | | | | | | - Moe Yoshimoto
- Chugai Pharmaceutical Co Ltd, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | | | - Ryo Uchikawa
- Chugai Pharmaceutical Co Ltd, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Chie Kato
- Chugai Pharmaceutical Co Ltd, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | | | - Sho Akai
- Chugai Pharmaceutical Co Ltd, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Sotaro Naoi
- Chugai Pharmabody Research Pte Ltd, Singapore
| | | | | | | | | | - Shu Feng
- Chugai Pharmabody Research Pte Ltd, Singapore
| | - Mei Shimada
- Chugai Pharmaceutical Co Ltd, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
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Tao D, Guan B, Li H, Zhou C. Expression patterns of claudins in cancer. Heliyon 2023; 9:e21338. [PMID: 37954388 PMCID: PMC10637965 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e21338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Claudins are four-transmembrane proteins, which were found in tight junctions. They maintain cell barriers and regulate cell differentiation and proliferation. They are involved in maintaining cellular polarity and normal functions. Different claudins show different expression patterns. The expression level and localization of claudins are altered in various cancers. They promote or inhibit proliferation, invasion, and migration of cancer cells through multiple signaling pathways. Therefore, claudins may serve as diagnostic markers, novel therapeutic targets, and prognostic risk factors. The important roles of claudins in cancer aroused our great interest. In the present review, we provide a summary of insights into expression patterns of claudins in cancer, which is more comprehensive and provides new ideas for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daoyu Tao
- Department of Pathology, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Bingxin Guan
- Department of Pathology, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Pathology, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Chengjun Zhou
- Department of Pathology, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
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3
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Simon AG, Lyu SI, Laible M, Wöll S, Türeci Ö, Şahin U, Alakus H, Fahrig L, Zander T, Buettner R, Bruns CJ, Schroeder W, Gebauer F, Quaas A. The tight junction protein claudin 6 is a potential target for patient-individualized treatment in esophageal and gastric adenocarcinoma and is associated with poor prognosis. J Transl Med 2023; 21:552. [PMID: 37592303 PMCID: PMC10436499 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-023-04433-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prognosis of esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) and gastric adenocarcinoma (GAC) remains poor, and new therapeutic approaches are urgently needed. Claudin 6 (CLDN6) is an oncofetal antigen that is largely absent in healthy tissues and upregulated in several cancers, making it a promising therapeutical target. In this study, the expression of CLDN6 was assessed in an large Caucasian EAC and GAC cohort. METHODS RNA-Seq data from 89 EACs and 371 GACs were obtained from The Cancer Genome Atlas project and EAC/GAC cases were stratified by CLDN6 mRNA expression based on a survival-associated cutoff. For groups with CLDN6 expression above or below this cutoff, differential gene expression analyses were performed using DESeq, and dysregulated biological pathways were identified using the Enrichr tool. Additionally, CLDN6 protein expression was assessed in more than 800 EACs and almost 600 GACs using a CLDN6-specific immunohistochemical antibody (clone 58-4B-2) that is currently used in Phase I/II trials to identify patients with CLDN6-positive tumors (NCT05262530; NCT04503278). The expression of CLDN6 was also correlated with histopathological parameters and overall survival (OS). RESULTS EACs and GACs with high CLDN6 mRNA levels displayed an overexpression of pathways regulating the cell cycle, DNA replication, and receptor / extracellular matrix interactions. CLDN6 protein expression was associated with shorter OS in EAC and GAC, both in treatment-naïve subgroups and cohorts receiving neoadjuvant therapy. In multivariate analysis, CLDN6 protein expression was an independent adverse prognostic factor in EAC associated with a shorter OS (HR: 1.75; p = 0.01) and GAC (HR: 2.74; p = 0.028). CONCLUSIONS High expression of CLDN6 mRNA is associated with the dysregulation of distinct biological pathways regulating cell growth, proliferation, and cell-matrix interactions. Clinically, the expression of CLDN6 protein is a valuable adverse prognostic marker in EAC and GAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Georg Simon
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Cologne, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Kerpener Str. 62, 50937, Cologne, Germany.
| | - Su Ir Lyu
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Cologne, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Kerpener Str. 62, 50937, Cologne, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | - Hakan Alakus
- Department of General, Visceral and Cancer Surgery, University Hospital Cologne, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Luca Fahrig
- Department of General, Visceral and Cancer Surgery, University Hospital Cologne, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Thomas Zander
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Cologne, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Reinhard Buettner
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Cologne, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Kerpener Str. 62, 50937, Cologne, Germany
| | - Christiane Josephine Bruns
- Department of General, Visceral and Cancer Surgery, University Hospital Cologne, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Schroeder
- Department of General, Visceral and Cancer Surgery, University Hospital Cologne, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Florian Gebauer
- Department of General, Visceral and Cancer Surgery, University Hospital Cologne, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Alexander Quaas
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Cologne, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Kerpener Str. 62, 50937, Cologne, Germany
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Liu T, Jiang L, Bai Q, Wu S, Yu X, Wu T, Wang J, Zhang X, Li H, Zhao K, Wang L. CLDN6 Suppresses Migration and Invasion of MCF-7 and SKBR-3 Breast Cancer Cells by Blocking the SMAD/Snail/MMP-2/9 Axis. Bull Exp Biol Med 2023; 175:376-381. [PMID: 37566248 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-023-05871-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
The study examined the mechanisms of action of signal protein claudin 6 (CLDN6) on migration and invasion of breast cancer cell lines MCF-7 and SKBR-3. To this end, the signal proteins SMAD were blocked with their inhibitor SB431542, the genes CLDN6 and SNAIL were knocked down with short hairpin RNAs, and MMP2 and MMP9 were inhibited with TIMP-1. Expressions of MMP2 and MMP9 mRNAs were evaluated by reverse transcription PCR, Expressions of MMP-2, MMP-9, E-cadherin, N-cadherin, and vimentin were examined by Western blotting. Migration and invasion were analyzed by scratch test and Matrigel invasion assay. SB431542 inhibited expression of MMP2 and MMP9 in both cell lines. Single use of SB431542 inhibited expression of MMP-2/MMP-9 and corresponding mRNAs, but subsequent silencing of CLDN6 gene reversed this effect. TIMP-1 reversed down-regulation of E-cadherin, upregulation of N-cadherin and vimentin, facilitation of migration and invasion evoked by CLDN6 knocking down. Silencing of SNAIL gene inhibited migration and invasion, upregulated the expression of E-cadherin, and down-regulated expression of MMP2, MMP 9, N-cadherin, and vimentin. Thus, CLDN6 suppresses the epithelial-mesenchymal transition, migration, and invasion via blocking SMAD/Snail/MMP-2/9 signaling pathway in MCF-7 and SKBR-3 cancer cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Liu
- Basic Pathology Department, Pathology College, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar City, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - L Jiang
- Basic Pathology Department, Pathology College, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar City, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Q Bai
- Basic Pathology Department, Pathology College, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar City, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - S Wu
- Basic Pathology Department, Pathology College, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar City, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - X Yu
- Basic Pathology Department, Pathology College, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar City, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - T Wu
- Basic Pathology Department, Pathology College, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar City, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - J Wang
- Basic Pathology Department, Pathology College, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar City, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - X Zhang
- Basic Pathology Department, Pathology College, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar City, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - H Li
- Basic Pathology Department, Pathology College, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar City, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - K Zhao
- Basic Pathology Department, Pathology College, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar City, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - L Wang
- Basic Pathology Department, Pathology College, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar City, Heilongjiang Province, China.
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Mikuteit M, Zschäbitz S, Stöhr C, Herrmann E, Polifka I, Agaimy A, Trojan L, Ströbel P, Becker F, Wülfing C, Barth P, Stöckle M, Staehler M, Stief C, Haferkamp A, Hohenfellner M, Duensing S, Macher-Göppinger S, Wullich B, Noldus J, Brenner W, Roos F, Walter B, Otto W, Burger M, Erlmeier M, Schrader AJ, Hartmann A, Erlmeier F, Steffens S. Evaluation of Gas 6 as a Prognostic Marker in Papillary Renal Cell Carcinoma. Urol Int 2023; 107:713-722. [PMID: 37348477 PMCID: PMC10413799 DOI: 10.1159/000529898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Growth arrest-specific protein 6 (Gas 6) is a ligand that plays a role in proliferation and migration of cells. For several tumor entities, high levels of Gas 6 are associated with poorer survival. We examined the prognostic role of Gas 6 in renal cell carcinoma (RCC), especially in papillary RCC (pRCC), which is still unclear. METHODS The patients' sample collection is a joint collaboration of the PANZAR consortium. Patients' medical history and tumor specimens were collected from n = 240 and n = 128 patients with type 1 and 2 pRCC, respectively. Expression of Gas 6 was determined by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS In total, Gas 6 staining was evaluable in 180 of 240 type 1 and 110 of 128 type 2 pRCC cases. Kaplan-Meier analysis disclosed no significant difference in 5-year overall survival for all pRCC nor either subtype. Also, Gas+ and Gas- groups did not significantly differ in any tumor or patient characteristics. CONCLUSION Gas 6 was not found to be an independent prognostic marker in pRCC. Future studies are warranted to determine if Gas 6 plays a role as prognostic marker or therapeutic target in pRCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Mikuteit
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Dean’s Office, Curriculum Development, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Stefanie Zschäbitz
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Center of Tumor Diseases, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christine Stöhr
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Erlangen-Nuernberg, Friedrich Alexander University (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Edwin Herrmann
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Iris Polifka
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Erlangen-Nuernberg, Friedrich Alexander University (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Abbas Agaimy
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Erlangen-Nuernberg, Friedrich Alexander University (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Lutz Trojan
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Philipp Ströbel
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Frank Becker
- Department of Urology and Pediatric Urology, University of Saarland (UKS), Homburg, Germany
| | - Christian Wülfing
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Peter Barth
- Department of Urology, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Michael Stöckle
- Department of Urology and Pediatric Urology, University of Saarland (UKS), Homburg, Germany
| | - Michael Staehler
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Christian Stief
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Axel Haferkamp
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | | | - Stefan Duensing
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Bernd Wullich
- Department of Urology and Pediatric Urology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Joachim Noldus
- Department of Urology, Marien Hospital Herne, Ruhr University Bochum, Herne, Germany
| | - Walburgis Brenner
- Clinic for Obstretics and Woman's Health and Department of Urology, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
- Department of Urology, University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Frederik Roos
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Bernhard Walter
- Department of Urology and Pediatric Urology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Otto
- Department of Urology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Maximilian Burger
- Department of Urology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | | | | | - Arndt Hartmann
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Erlangen-Nuernberg, Friedrich Alexander University (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Franziska Erlmeier
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Erlangen-Nuernberg, Friedrich Alexander University (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sandra Steffens
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Dean’s Office, Curriculum Development, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - German Network of Kidney Cancer
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Dean’s Office, Curriculum Development, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Center of Tumor Diseases, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Erlangen-Nuernberg, Friedrich Alexander University (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Department of Urology and Pediatric Urology, University of Saarland (UKS), Homburg, Germany
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Department of Urology, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Munich, Munich, Germany
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Department of Urology and Pediatric Urology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
- Department of Urology, Marien Hospital Herne, Ruhr University Bochum, Herne, Germany
- Clinic for Obstretics and Woman's Health and Department of Urology, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
- Department of Urology, University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
- Department of Urology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
- Department of Urology, München Klinik Bogenhausen, Munich, Germany
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Erlmeier M, Mikuteit M, Zschäbitz S, Autenrieth M, Weichert W, Hartmann A, Steffens S, Erlmeier F. Immunohistochemical expression of the hepatocyte growth factor in chromophobe renal cell carcinoma. BMC Urol 2023; 23:90. [PMID: 37170275 PMCID: PMC10176764 DOI: 10.1186/s12894-023-01263-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prognostic value of Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) in non-clear cell renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is still unclear. The aim of this study is to evaluate the prognostic impact of HGF expression in a large cohort of chromophobe RCC (chRCC). METHODS Patients who underwent renal surgery due to chRCC were recruited. Clinical data was retrospectively evaluated. Tumor specimen were analyzed for HGF expression by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS 81 chRCC patients were eligible for analysis, thereof 37 (45.7%) patients were positive for HGF. No significant associations were found for HGF expression and clinical attributes in patients with chRCC. Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed no differences in 5-year overall survival (OS) for patients with HGF- compared to HGF+ tumors (95.0% versus 90.9%; p = 0.410). CONCLUSIONS In chRCC HGF expression is not associated with parameters of aggressiveness or survival.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marie Mikuteit
- Department for Rheumatology and Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Straße 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Stefanie Zschäbitz
- Dept. of Medical Oncology, National Center of Tumor Diseases, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael Autenrieth
- Department of Urology, Technical University of Munich, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, München, Germany
| | - Wilko Weichert
- Institute for Pathology and Pathological Anatomy, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Arndt Hartmann
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital of Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sandra Steffens
- Department for Rheumatology and Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Straße 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Franziska Erlmeier
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital of Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
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7
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Erlmeier F, Zschäbitz S, Mikuteit M, Autenrieth M, Weichert W, Hartmann A, Steffens S. The role of claudin-6 in chromophobe renal cell carcinoma. Histol Histopathol 2023; 38:403-407. [PMID: 36128931 DOI: 10.14670/hh-18-520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prognostic value of Claudin-6 (CLDN6) in non clear cell renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is still unclear. AIM To evaluate the prognostic impact of CLDN6 expression in a large cohort of chromophobe RCC (chRCC). MATERIAL AND METHODS Patients who underwent renal surgery due to chRCC were recruited. Clinical data were retrospectively evaluated. Tumor specimens were analyzed for CLDN6 expression by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS 81 chRCC patients were eligible for analysis, thereof 10 (12.3%) patients were positive for CLDN6. No significant associations were found for CLDN6 expression and clinical attributes in patients with chRCC. Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed no differences in overall survival (OS) for patients with CLDN6⁻ compared to CLDN6⁺ tumors (87.0% versus 62.5%; p=0.174). CONCLUSION In chRCC CLDN6 expression is not associated with parameters of aggressiveness or survival. Due to the rare incidence of chRCC further studies with larger cohorts are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Erlmeier
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital of Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Stefanie Zschäbitz
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Center of Tumor Diseases, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marie Mikuteit
- Department for Rheumatology and Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Michael Autenrieth
- Department of Urology, Technical University of Munich, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany
| | - Wilko Weichert
- Institute for Pathology and Pathological Anatomy, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
- Member of the German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Germany
| | - Arndt Hartmann
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital of Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sandra Steffens
- Department for Rheumatology and Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
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8
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Wang DW, Zhang WH, Danil G, Yang K, Hu JK. The role and mechanism of claudins in cancer. Front Oncol 2022; 12:1051497. [PMID: 36620607 PMCID: PMC9818346 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.1051497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Claudins are a tetraspan membrane protein multigene family that plays a structural and functional role in constructing tight junctions. Claudins perform crucial roles in maintaining cell polarity in epithelial and endothelial cell sheets and controlling paracellular permeability. In the last two decades, increasing evidence indicates that claudin proteins play a major role in controlling paracellular permeability and signaling inside cells. Several types of claudins are dysregulated in various cancers. Depending on where the tumor originated, claudin overexpression or underexpression has been shown to regulate cell proliferation, cell growth, metabolism, metastasis and cell stemness. Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition is one of the most important functions of claudin proteins in disease progression. However, the exact molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways that explain why claudin proteins are so important to tumorigenesis and progression have not been determined. In addition, claudins are currently being investigated as possible diagnostic and treatment targets. Here, we discuss how claudin-related signaling pathways affect tumorigenesis, tumor progression, and treatment sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- De-Wen Wang
- Gastric Cancer Center and Laboratory of Gastric Cancer, Department of General Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China,State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wei-Han Zhang
- Gastric Cancer Center and Laboratory of Gastric Cancer, Department of General Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China,State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Galiullin Danil
- Gastric Cancer Center and Laboratory of Gastric Cancer, Department of General Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China,State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China,Central Research Laboratory, Bashkir State Medical University, Ufa, Russia
| | - Kun Yang
- Gastric Cancer Center and Laboratory of Gastric Cancer, Department of General Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China,State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jian-Kun Hu
- Gastric Cancer Center and Laboratory of Gastric Cancer, Department of General Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China,State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China,*Correspondence: Jian-Kun Hu,
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9
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Chromosomally Unstable Gastric Cancers Overexpressing Claudin-6 Disclose Cross-Talk between HNF1A and HNF4A, and Upregulated Cholesterol Metabolism. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232213977. [PMID: 36430456 PMCID: PMC9694805 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232213977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Abnormally increased expression of claudin-6 in gastric cancer is considered a prognostic marker of the chromosomal unstable molecular subtype. However, a detailed molecular profile analysis of differentially expressed genes and affected pathways associated with claudin-6 increased (Cldn6high) expression has not been assessed. (2) The TCGA Stomach Adenocarcinoma Pan-Cancer Atlas Data was evaluated using Cytoscape's Gene Mania, MCODE, and Cytohubba bioinformatic software. (3) 96.88% of Cldn6high gastric cancer tumors belonging to the chromosomal unstable molecular subtype are associated with a worse prognosis. Cldn6expression coincided with higher mutations in TP53, MIEN1, STARD3, PGAP3, and CCNE1 genes compared to Cldn6low expression. In Cldn6high cancers, 1316 genes were highly expressed. Cholesterol metabolism was the most affected pathway as APOA1, APOA2, APOH, APOC2, APOC3, APOB-100, LDL receptor-related protein 1/2, Sterol O-acyltransferase, STARD3, MAGEA-2, -3, -4, -6, -9B, and -12 genes were overexpressed in Cldn6high gastric cancers; interestingly, APOA2 and MAGEA9b were identified as top hub genes. Functional enrichment of DEGs linked HNF-4α and HNF-1α genes as highly expressed in Cldn6high gastric cancer. (4) Our results suggest that APOA2 and MAGEA9b could be considered as prognostic markers for Cldn6high gastric cancers.
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Chen S, Zang Y, Xu B, Lu B, Ma R, Miao P, Chen B. An Unsupervised Deep Learning-Based Model Using Multiomics Data to Predict Prognosis of Patients with Stomach Adenocarcinoma. COMPUTATIONAL AND MATHEMATICAL METHODS IN MEDICINE 2022; 2022:5844846. [PMID: 36339684 PMCID: PMC9633210 DOI: 10.1155/2022/5844846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2022] [Revised: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/08/2022] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
METHODS Patients (363 in total) with stomach adenocarcinoma from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) cohort were included. An autoencoder was constructed to integrate the RNA sequencing, miRNA sequencing, and methylation data. The features of the bottleneck layer were used to perform the k-means clustering algorithm to obtain different subgroups for evaluating the prognosis-related risk of stomach adenocarcinoma. The model's robustness was verified using a 10-fold cross-validation (CV). Survival was analyzed by the Kaplan-Meier method. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression was used to estimate hazard risk. The model was validated in three independent cohorts with different endpoints. RESULTS The patients were divided into low-risk and high-risk groups according to the k-means clustering algorithm. The high-risk group had a significantly higher risk of poor survival (log-rank P value = 2.80e - 06; adjusted hazard ratio = 2.386, 95% confidence interval: 1.607~3.543), a concordance index (C-index) of 0.714, and a Brier score of 0.184. The model performed well both in the 10-fold CV procedure and three independent cohorts from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) repository. CONCLUSIONS A robust and generalizable model based on the autoencoder was proposed to integrate multiomics data and predict the prognosis of patients with stomach adenocarcinoma. The model demonstrates better performance than two alternative approaches on prognosis prediction. The results might provide the grounds for further exploring the potential biomarkers to predict the prognosis of patients with stomach adenocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sizhen Chen
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yiteng Zang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Biyun Xu
- Department of Biostatistics, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Beier Lu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Rongji Ma
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Pengcheng Miao
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Bingwei Chen
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
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Banga AR, Odiase P, Rachakonda K, Garg AP, Adunyah SE, Rachakonda G. Application of C-Terminal Clostridium Perfringens Enterotoxin in Treatment of Brain Metastasis from Breast Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:4309. [PMID: 36077843 PMCID: PMC9454751 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14174309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Claudin-4 is part of the Claudin family of transmembrane tight junction (TJ) proteins found in almost all tissues and, together with adherens junctions and desmosomes, forms epithelial and endothelial junctional complexes. Although the distribution of Claudin-4 occurs in many cell types, the level of expression is cell-specific. Claudin proteins regulate cell proliferation and differentiation by binding cell-signaling ligands, and its expression is upregulated in several cancers. As a result, alterations in Claudin expression patterns or distribution are vital in the pathology of cancer. Profiling the genetic expression of Claudin-4 showed that Claudin-4 is also a receptor for the clostridium perfringens enterotoxin (CPE) and that Claudin-4 has a high sequence similarity with CPE's high-affinity receptor. CPE is cytolytic due to its ability to form pores in cellular membranes, and CPE treatment in breast cancer cells have shown promising results due to the high expression of Claudin-4. The C-terminal fragment of CPE (c-CPE) provides a less toxic alternative for drug delivery into breast cancer cells, particularly metastatic tumors in the brain, especially as Claudin-4 expression in the central nervous system (CNS) is low. Therefore, c-CPE provides a unique avenue for the treatment of breast-brain metastatic tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amita R. Banga
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Biological Engineering & Sciences, Shobhit Institute of Engineering & Technology, Meerut 250110, India
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Physiology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN 37208, USA
| | - Peace Odiase
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Physiology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN 37208, USA
| | - Kartik Rachakonda
- Undergraduate Studies, School of Arts and Sciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | - Amar P. Garg
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Biological Engineering & Sciences, Shobhit Institute of Engineering & Technology, Meerut 250110, India
| | - Samuel E. Adunyah
- Department of Biochemistry, Cancer Biology, Neuroscience & Pharmacology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN 37208, USA
| | - Girish Rachakonda
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Physiology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN 37208, USA
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Dong Z, Ni B, Yang L, Guan Y, Zhu C, Zhao E, Zhao G, Xia X, Zhang Z. Efficacy and Safety of Camrelizumab in Combination with Docetaxel + S-1 Sequenced by Camrelizumab + S-1 for Stage III (PD-1+/MSI-H/EBV+/dMMR) Gastric Cancer: Study Protocol for a Single-Center, Prospective, Open-Label, Single-Arm Trial. Front Surg 2022; 9:917352. [PMID: 35836597 PMCID: PMC9274117 DOI: 10.3389/fsurg.2022.917352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Gastric cancer occupies the fourth highest morbidity rate of cancers worldwide. A higher incidence of gastric cancer had been found in East Asia compared to the other regions. Gastrectomy with radical lymph node dissection is the cornerstone of curative treatment for Stage III gastric cancer, and postoperative systemic chemotherapy with docetaxel, S-1 improved patients’ disease-free survival rates. However, advances in immunotherapy bring innovations in the management of patients with gastric cancer. The objective of this study was to explore the efficacy and safety of camrelizumab in combination with docetaxel + S-1, sequenced by camrelizumab + S-1 in stage III gastric cancer patients who are EBV positive, with defective mismatch repair and CPS ≥5. Methods and analysis This prospective, open-label, single-arm trial was performed at Renji Hospital. In this study, a total of 70 adult patients aged 18–80 years with Stage III (PD-1+/MSI-H/EBV+/dMMR) gastric cancer confirmed by post-operative pathology will be enrolled after screening. Participants will receive the specific chemotherapy regimen until 1 year after the operation or until tumor recurrence or metastasis. The primary outcome is the 3-year disease-free survival rate measured by the Clopper-Pearson method and 95% confidence intervals. The secondary outcomes include overall survival, incidence and severity of adverse effects, and laboratory abnormalities. The data will be analyzed by the Kaplan-Meier method and log-rank test. The patients will be followed up every 3 months with imaging investigation until clinical remission. Ethics and dissemination All participants will provide informed consent. The protocol has been approved by the Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Renji Hospital Ethics Committee (KY2019-191). The results will be disseminated through peer-reviewed manuscripts, reports and presentations. Clinical Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov, identifier: ChiCTR1900027123. Registration date November 2019; first enrolment December 2019; expected end date December 2021; trial status: Ongoing. Brief Abstract A clinical trial for Stage III (PD-1+/MSI-H/EBV+/dMMR) gastric cancer patients who accepted anti-PD-1 therapy combined with docetaxel + S-1 as the first-line treatment and explored improvements in three-year disease-free survival rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongyi Dong
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bo Ni
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Linxi Yang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yujing Guan
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunchao Zhu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Enhao Zhao
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Gang Zhao
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiang Xia
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zizhen Zhang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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Chen Y, Sun X, Yang J. Prediction of Gastric Cancer-Related Genes Based on the Graph Transformer Network. Front Oncol 2022; 12:902616. [PMID: 35847949 PMCID: PMC9281472 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.902616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer is a complex multifactorial and multistage process that involves a large number of tumor-related gene structural changes and abnormal expression. Therefore, knowing the related genes of gastric cancer can further understand the pathogenesis of gastric cancer and provide guidance for the development of targeted drugs. Traditional methods to discover gastric cancer-related genes based on biological experiments are time-consuming and expensive. In recent years, a large number of computational methods have been developed to identify gastric cancer-related genes. In addition, a large number of experiments show that establishing a biological network to identify disease-related genes has higher accuracy than ordinary methods. However, most of the current computing methods focus on the processing of homogeneous networks, and do not have the ability to encode heterogeneous networks. In this paper, we built a heterogeneous network using a disease similarity network and a gene interaction network. We implemented the graph transformer network (GTN) to encode this heterogeneous network. Meanwhile, the deep belief network (DBN) was applied to reduce the dimension of features. We call this method “DBN-GTN”, and it performed best among four traditional methods and five similar methods.
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Mikuteit M, Zschäbitz S, Erlmeier M, Autenrieth M, Weichert W, Hartmann A, Steffens S, Erlmeier F. Growth Arrest-Specific 6 in Chromophobe Renal Cell Carcinoma. Oncology 2022; 100:536-541. [PMID: 35760058 PMCID: PMC9677856 DOI: 10.1159/000525601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Overexpression of tumor-associated growth arrest-specific protein 6 (Gas6) is found in many tumor entities. The prognostic value of Gas6 in renal cell carcinoma (RCC), especially in non-clear cell RCC, is still unclear. AIM The aim of the study was to evaluate the prognostic impact of Gas6 expression in a large cohort of patients with chromophobe RCC (chRCC). MATERIAL AND METHODS Patients who underwent renal surgery due to chRCC were retrospectively evaluated. Tumor specimens were analyzed for Gas6 expression by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Eighty-one chRCC patients were eligible for analysis; of these, 24 (29.6%) patients were positive for Gas6. No significant associations were found for Gas6 expression and clinical attributes in patients with chRCC. The Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed no differences in 5-year overall survival for Gas6- compared to Gas6+ (89.6% vs. 100.0%; p = 0.288) tumors. CONCLUSION In chRCC, Gas6 expression is not associated with survival and other parameters of aggressiveness. Due to the rare incidence of chRCC, further studies with larger cohorts are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Mikuteit
- Department for Rheumatology and Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Dean's Office − Curriculum Development, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Stefanie Zschäbitz
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Center of Tumor Diseases, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Michael Autenrieth
- Department of Urology, Technical University of Munich, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany
| | - Wilko Weichert
- Institute for Pathology and Pathological Anatomy, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
- Member of the German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Arndt Hartmann
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital of Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sandra Steffens
- Department for Rheumatology and Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Dean's Office − Curriculum Development, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Franziska Erlmeier
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital of Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
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Mikuteit M, Steffens S, Zschäbitz S, Autenrieth M, Weichert W, Hartmann A, Erlmeier F. Trophoblast Cell Surface Antigen 2 (Trop2) in Chromophobe Renal Cell Carcinoma. Oncology 2022; 100:331-336. [PMID: 35168242 DOI: 10.1159/000522592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Overexpression of tumor-associated calcium signal transducer 2 (Trop2) is found in many tumor entities. The prognostic value of Trop2 in renal cell renal carcinoma (RCC), especially in non-clear cell RCC, is still unclear. AIM To evaluate the prognostic impact of Trop2 expression in a large cohort of patients with chromophobe (ch)RCC. MATERIAL AND METHODS Patients who underwent renal surgery due to chRCC were retrospectively evaluated. Tumor specimen were analyzed for Trop2 expression by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS 81 chRCC patients were eligible for analysis, of these 24 (29.6%) patients were positive for Trop2. No significant associations were found for Trop2 expression and clinical attributes in patients with chRCC. Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed no differences in 5-year overall survival for Trop2- compared to Trop2+ (89.6% versus 100.0%; p=0.288). CONCLUSION In chRCC Trop2 expression is not associated with survival and other parameters of aggressiveness. Due to the rare incidence of chRCC further studies with larger cohorts are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Mikuteit
- Department for Rheumatology and Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Sandra Steffens
- Department for Rheumatology and Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Stefanie Zschäbitz
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Center of Tumor Diseases, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael Autenrieth
- Department of Urology, Technical University of Munich, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany
| | - Wilko Weichert
- Institute for Pathology and Pathological Anatomy, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
- Member of the German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Munich, Germany
| | - Arndt Hartmann
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital of Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Franziska Erlmeier
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital of Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
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Claudins and Gastric Cancer: An Overview. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14020290. [PMID: 35053454 PMCID: PMC8773541 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14020290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 01/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the most common cancers and the third leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide, with a high frequency of recurrence and metastasis, and a poor prognosis. This review presents novel biological and clinical significance of claudin (CLDN) expression in GC, especially CLDN18, and clinical trials centered around CLDN18.2. It also presents new findings for other CLDNs. Abstract Despite recent improvements in diagnostic ability and treatment strategies, advanced gastric cancer (GC) has a high frequency of recurrence and metastasis, with poor prognosis. To improve the treatment results of GC, the search for new treatment targets from proteins related to epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) and cell–cell adhesion is currently being conducted. EMT plays an important role in cancer metastasis and is initiated by the loss of cell–cell adhesion, such as tight junctions (TJs), adherens junctions, desmosomes, and gap junctions. Among these, claudins (CLDNs) are highly expressed in some cancers, including GC. Abnormal expression of CLDN1, CLDN2, CLDN3, CLDN4, CLDN6, CLDN7, CLDN10, CLDN11, CLDN14, CLDN17, CLDN18, and CLDN23 have been reported. Among these, CLDN18 is of particular interest. In The Cancer Genome Atlas, GC was classified into four new molecular subtypes, and CLDN18–ARHGAP fusion was observed in the genomically stable type. An anti-CLDN18.2 antibody drug was recently developed as a therapeutic drug for GC, and the results of clinical trials are highly predictable. Thus, CLDNs are highly expressed in GC as TJs and are expected targets for new antibody drugs. Herein, we review the literature on CLDNs, focusing on CLDN18 in GC.
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Qu H, Jin Q, Quan C. CLDN6: From Traditional Barrier Function to Emerging Roles in Cancers. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222413416. [PMID: 34948213 PMCID: PMC8705207 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Claudins (CLDNs) are the most important tight junction proteins, which are mainly expressed in endothelial cells or epithelial cells in a tissue-specific manner. As a member of the CLDNs family, CLDN6 is highly expressed in fetal tissues such as the stomach, pancreas, lung, and kidney, but is not expressed in corresponding adult tissues. The expression of CLDN6 is regulated by a variety of factors, including but not limited to stimuli and transcription factors, DNA methylation, and post-translational modifications. CLDN6 has been found to have a key role in the formation of barriers, especially the lung epithelial barrier and the epidermal permeability barrier (EPB). Importantly, the roles of CLDN6 in cancers have gained focus and are being investigated in recent years. Strong evidence indicates that the altered expression of CLDN6 is linked to the development of various cancers. Malignant phenotypes of tumors affected by CLDN6 include proliferation and apoptosis, migration and invasion, and drug resistance, which are regulated by CLDN6-mediated key signaling pathways. Given the important role in tumors and its low or no expression in normal tissues, CLDN6 is an ideal target for tumor therapy. This review aims to provide an overview of the structure and regulation of CLDN6, and its traditional barrier function, with a special emphasis on its emerging roles in cancers, including its impact on the malignant phenotypes, signal-modulating effects, the prognosis of tumor patients, and clinical applications in cancers.
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Du H, Yang X, Fan J, Du X. Claudin 6: Therapeutic prospects for tumours, and mechanisms of expression and regulation (Review). Mol Med Rep 2021; 24:677. [PMID: 34296304 PMCID: PMC8335585 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2021.12316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tight junctions (TJs) are an important component of cell connectivity; they maintain cell polarity, permeability and adhesion, and participate in the regulation of cell proliferation and differentiation. The claudin (CLDN) family is integral to TJs, and CLDN6 is an important member of this family. Abnormal expression of CLDN6 can destroy the integrity of TJs through various mechanisms and can serve multiple roles in the occurrence and development of tumours. CLDN6 is widely expressed in various tumours but rarely expressed in healthy adult tissues. The aim of this review is to critically examine the recent literature on CLDN6, including its structure, expression in different tumours, regulatory mechanisms and therapeutic prospects. Although some conclusions are controversial, in certain tumours, such as liver, ovarian, endometrial and oesophageal cancer, and atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumours, research consistently shows that CLDN6 is expressed in tumour tissues but is not expressed or is expressed at low levels in surrounding tissues. In these tumours, CLDN6 has potential as a carcinoembryonic antigen and a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Du
- Department of Oncology, Mianyang Central Hospital, Mianyang, Sichuan 621000, P.R. China
| | - Xiyue Yang
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan 637000, P.R. China
| | - Jinjia Fan
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan 637000, P.R. China
| | - Xiaobo Du
- Department of Oncology, Mianyang Central Hospital, Mianyang, Sichuan 621000, P.R. China
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Zhang J, An L, Zhou X, Shi R, Wang H. Analysis of tumor mutation burden combined with immune infiltrates in endometrial cancer. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2021; 9:551. [PMID: 33987249 PMCID: PMC8105813 DOI: 10.21037/atm-20-6049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tumor mutational burden (TMB) is widely regarded as a predictor of response to immunotherapy. Few researchers have focused on the activity and prognosis of TMB in endometrial cancer (EC) and immune cells. Our study aimed to identify the prognostic role of TMB in EC. METHODS We downloaded transcriptome data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. Kaplan-Meier analysis with log-rank test was conducted to assess the difference in overall survival (OS) between the high and low TMB groups. The "CIBERSORT" scripts were performed to evaluate the immune compositions of EC patients. Cox regression analysis and survival analysis were used to verify the prognostic value prognosis of TMB. RESULTS We obtained the single nucleotide mutation data for 529 EC patients. A missense mutation was the most common mutation type. TMB was associated with survival outcome, tumor grades, and pathological types. We identified 10 hub TMB-related signature and found that elevated T-cell subsets infiltrating density in the high TMB group revealed improved survival outcomes. According to Kaplan-Meier analysis, T cells gamma delta and T cells regulatory were prognostic immune cells in EC samples. Moreover, many top gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) results, including amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism, nucleotide excision repair, or p53 signaling pathway, were enriched significantly with TMB level as phenotype. CONCLUSIONS TMB is an important prognostic factor for EC, and TMB-related genes may be potential therapeutic targets for EC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Lanfen An
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xing Zhou
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Rui Shi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hongbo Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Lin P, Tian P, Pang J, Lai L, He G, Song Y, Zheng Y. Clinical significance of COL1A1 and COL1A2 expression levels in hypopharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma. Oncol Lett 2020; 20:803-809. [PMID: 32566007 PMCID: PMC7285875 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2020.11594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Alterations in collagen type I α1 (COL1A1) and collagen type I α 2 (COL1A2) expression levels have been reported to predict prognosis in various types of cancer. However, the effect of these biomarkers on hypopharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (HPSCC) is yet to be fully elucidated. The present study aimed to explore the prognostic significance of COL1A1 and COL1A2 expression levels in HPSCC. The expression levels of COL1A1 and COL1A2 in 67 patients with HPSCC were examined using an immunohistochemical assay in a tissue microarray. The associations between COL1A1/COL1A2 expression levels and patient clinicopathological features were analyzed using ANOVA, Pearson's χ2 or Fisher's exact test. The Cox proportional hazard models and Kaplan-Meier survival analysis with log-rank tests were used to analyze the significance of COL1A1/COL1A2 as prognostic markers for patients with HPSCC. As a result, immunohistochemical staining revealed that COL1A1 was positively expressed in all cases, among which 40.3% were strong positive, while COL1A2 was positively expressed in 76.1% of the HPSCC cases with 6.0% of the samples exhibiting strong staining. Further analysis revealed no significant association between the expression levels of COL1A1/COL1A2 and other clinicopathological features. Cox regression analysis revealed that a high COL1A2 expression level predicted a high locoregional recurrence and a less favorable disease-free survival rate (P=0.042 and 0.020, respectively). Overall, the present study indicated that COL1A2 expression levels may have value as a prognostic indicator in HPSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiliang Lin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, P.R. China.,Department of Otolaryngology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, P.R. China
| | - Peng Tian
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, P.R. China.,Department of Otolaryngology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, P.R. China
| | - Jiaqi Pang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, P.R. China.,Department of Otolaryngology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, P.R. China
| | - Lan Lai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, P.R. China.,Department of Otolaryngology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, P.R. China
| | - Gui He
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, P.R. China.,Cellular and Molecular Diagnostics Center, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, P.R. China
| | - Yang Song
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, P.R. China.,Cellular and Molecular Diagnostics Center, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, P.R. China
| | - Yiqing Zheng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, P.R. China.,Department of Otolaryngology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, P.R. China
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21
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Kohmoto T, Masuda K, Shoda K, Takahashi R, Ujiro S, Tange S, Ichikawa D, Otsuji E, Imoto I. Claudin-6 is a single prognostic marker and functions as a tumor-promoting gene in a subgroup of intestinal type gastric cancer. Gastric Cancer 2020; 23:403-417. [PMID: 31654186 DOI: 10.1007/s10120-019-01014-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We aimed to identify novel tumor-promoting drivers highly expressed in gastric cancer (GC) that contribute to worsened prognosis in affected patients. METHODS Genes whose expression was increased and correlated with worse prognosis in GC were screened using datasets from the Cancer Genome Atlas and Gene Expression Omnibus. We examined Claudin-6 (CLDN6) immunoreactivity in GC tissues and the effect of CLDN6 on cellular functions in GC cell lines. The mechanisms underlying GC-promoting function of CLDN6 were also investigated. RESULTS CLDN6 was identified as a gene overexpressed in GC tumors as compared with adjacent non-tumorous tissues and whose increased expression was positively correlated with worse overall survival of GC patients, particularly those with Lauren's intestinal type GC, in data from multiple publicly available datasets. Additionally, membranous CLDN6 immunoreactivity detected in intestinal type GC tumors was correlated with worse overall survival. In CLDN6-expressing GC cells, silencing of CLDN6 inhibited cell proliferation and migration/invasion abilities, possibly via suppressing transcription of YAP1 and its downstream transcriptional targets at least in part. CONCLUSIONS This study identified CLDN6 as a GC-promoting gene, suggesting that CLDN6 to be a possible single prognostic marker and promising therapeutic target for a subset of GC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Kohmoto
- Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan.,Division of Molecular Genetics, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, 1-1 Kanokoden Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8681, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Masuda
- Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Okayama, 701-0192, Japan
| | - Katsutoshi Shoda
- Division of Digestive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Rizu Takahashi
- Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Sae Ujiro
- Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Shoichiro Tange
- Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Daisuke Ichikawa
- First Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Yamanashi, 409-3898, Japan
| | - Eigo Otsuji
- Division of Digestive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Issei Imoto
- Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan. .,Division of Molecular Genetics, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, 1-1 Kanokoden Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8681, Japan. .,Department of Cancer Genetics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, 466-8550, Japan.
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22
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Tight Junction-Related CLDN5 and CLDN6 Genes, and Gap Junction-Related GJB6 and GJB7 Genes Are Somatically Mutated in Gastric and Colorectal Cancers. Pathol Oncol Res 2020; 26:1983-1987. [PMID: 32170581 DOI: 10.1007/s12253-020-00806-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Tight junction and gap junction are major cell junctions that play important roles in cellular communication and structural integrity. Alterations of these junctions are known to be involved in cancer pathogenesis. Claudins and connexins are major tight and gap junction proteins, but genetic alterations of these genes have not been reported in gastric (GC) and colorectal cancers (CRC) with microsatellite instability (MSI). Claudin genes CLDN5 and CKDN6, and connexin genes GJB6 and GJB7 have mononucleotide repeats in the coding sequences that might be mutation targets in the cancers with MSI. We analyzed 79 GCs and 145 CRCs, and found CLDN5 frameshift mutations in 3 (3%) CRCs and 1 (2.9%) GC, CLDN6 frameshift mutations in 6 (6%) CRCs, GJB6 frameshift mutations in 5 (5%) CRCs and GJB7 frameshift mutation in one CRC (1%) with high MSI (MSI-H). We also analyzed intratumoral heterogeneity (ITH) of the frameshift mutations in 16 CRCs and found that CLDN6 and GJB6 frameshift mutations showed regional ITH in 2 (12.5%) and 2 (12.5%) cases, respectively. Our results show that CLDN5, CLDN6, GJB6 and GJB7 genes harbor not only frameshift mutations but also mutational ITH, which together may be features of GC and CRC with MSI-H. Based on the roles of cellular junctions in cancers, frameshift mutations of tight junction and gap junction genes might contribute to tumorigenesis by altering their functions in GC and CRC.
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23
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Jia Y, Guo Y, Jin Q, Qu H, Qi D, Song P, Zhang X, Wang X, Xu W, Dong Y, Liang Y, Quan C. A SUMOylation-dependent HIF-1α/CLDN6 negative feedback mitigates hypoxia-induced breast cancer metastasis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2020; 39:42. [PMID: 32093760 PMCID: PMC7038627 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-020-01547-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Background We have previously described CLDN6 as a tumor suppressor gene in breast cancer. Here, a new finding is that CLDN6 was upregulated under hypoxia, a commonly recognized factor that promotes tumor metastasis. In this study, we aim to explain this confusing finding and delineate the role of CLDN6 in the breast cancer metastasis induced by hypoxia. Methods RNAi and ChIP assays were used to confirm that CLDN6 is transcriptional regulated by HIF-1α. mRNA seq and KEGG analysis were performed to define the downstream pathways of CLDN6. The roles of the CLDN6/SENP1/HIF-1α signaling on tumor metastasis were evaluated by function experiments and clinical samples. Finally, the possible transcription factor of SENP1 was suspected and then validated by ChIP assay. Results We demonstrated a previously unrecognized negative feedback loop exists between CLDN6 and HIF-1α. CLDN6 was transcriptionally up-regulated by HIF-1α under hypoxia. On the other hand, in cytoplasm CLDN6 combines and retains β-catenin, a transcription factor of SENP1, causing β-catenin degradation and preventing its nuclear translocation. This process reduced SENP1 expression and prevented the deSUMOylation of HIF-1α, ultimately leading to HIF-1α degradation and breast cancer metastasis suppression. Conclusions Our data provide a molecular mechanistic insight indicating that CLDN6 loss may lead to elevated HIF-1α-driven breast cancer metastasis in a SUMOylation-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiyang Jia
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, 126 Xinmin Avenue, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, People's Republic of China
| | - Yantong Guo
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, 126 Xinmin Avenue, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiu Jin
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, 126 Xinmin Avenue, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, People's Republic of China
| | - Huinan Qu
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, 126 Xinmin Avenue, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, People's Republic of China
| | - Da Qi
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, 126 Xinmin Avenue, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, People's Republic of China
| | - Peiye Song
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, 126 Xinmin Avenue, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoli Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, 126 Xinmin Avenue, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinqi Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, 126 Xinmin Avenue, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenhong Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, 126 Xinmin Avenue, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Dong
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, 126 Xinmin Avenue, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingying Liang
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, 126 Xinmin Avenue, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, People's Republic of China
| | - Chengshi Quan
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, 126 Xinmin Avenue, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, People's Republic of China.
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