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Xiang Y, Zhang C, Wang J, Cheng Y, Wang L, Tong Y, Yan D. Identification of host gene-microbiome associations in colorectal cancer patients using mendelian randomization. J Transl Med 2023; 21:535. [PMID: 37563724 PMCID: PMC10416448 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-023-04335-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are many studies indicating that alterations in the abundance of certain gut microbiota are associated with colorectal cancer (CRC). However, a causal relationship has not been identified due to confounding factors such as lifestyle, environmental, and possible reverse causal associations between the two. Furthermore, certain host gene mutations can also contribute to the development of CRC. However, the association between genes and gut microbes in patients with CRC has not been extensively studied. METHODS We conducted a two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) study to reveal the causal relationship between gut microbiota and CRC. We obtained SNPs associated with gut microbiome abundance as instrumental variables (IVs) from a large-scale, multi-ethnic GWAS study, and extracted CRC-related datasets from an East Asian Population genetic consortia GWAS (AGWAS) study and FinnGen consortium, respectively. We analyzed a total of 166 bacterial features at four taxonomic levels, including order, family, genus, and species. The inverse-variance-weighted (IVW), weighted median, MR-Egger, and simple median methods were applied to the MR analysis, and the robustness of the results were tested using a series of sensitivity analyses. We extracted IVs of gut microbiota with direct causal association with CRC for SNP annotation to identify the genes in which these genetic variants were located to reveal the possible host gene-microbiome associations in CRC patients. RESULTS The findings from our MR analysis based on CRC-associated GWAS datasets from AGWAS revealed causal relationships between 6 bacterial taxa and CRC at a locus-wide significance level (P < 1 × 10-5). The IVW method found that family Porphyromonadaceae, genera Anaerotruncus, Intestinibacter, Slackia, and Ruminococcaceae UCG004, and species Eubacterium coprostanoligenes group were positively associated with CRC risk, which was generally consistent with the results of other complementary analyses. The results of a meta-analysis of the MR estimates from the AGWAS and the FinnGen datasets showed that family Porphyromonadaceae and genera Slackia, Anaerotruncus, and Intestinibacter replicated the same causal association. Sensitivity analysis of all causal associations did not indicate significant heterogeneity, horizontal pleiotropy, or reverse causal associations. We annotated the SNPs at a locus-wide significance level of the above intestinal flora and identified 24 host genes that may be related to pathogenic intestinal microflora in CRC patients. CONCLUSION This study supported the causal relationship of gut microbiota on CRC and revealed a possible correlation between genes and pathogenic microbiota in CRC. These findings suggested that the study of the gut microbiome and its further multi-omics analysis was important for the prevention and treatment of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaoxian Xiang
- Department of Oncology, Beijing Luhe Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing, 101149, China
| | - Chan Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Beijing Luhe Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing, 101149, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Oncology, Beijing Luhe Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing, 101149, China
| | - Yurong Cheng
- Department of Oncology, Beijing Luhe Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing, 101149, China
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Oncology, Beijing Luhe Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing, 101149, China
| | - Yingying Tong
- Department of Oncology, Beijing Luhe Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing, 101149, China.
| | - Dong Yan
- Department of Oncology, Beijing Luhe Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing, 101149, China.
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Zhang W, Shang X, Liu N, Ma X, Yang R, Xia H, Zhang Y, Zheng Q, Wang X, Liu Y. ANK2 as a novel predictive biomarker for immune checkpoint inhibitors and its correlation with antitumor immunity in lung adenocarcinoma. BMC Pulm Med 2022; 22:483. [PMID: 36539782 PMCID: PMC9768990 DOI: 10.1186/s12890-022-02279-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have been shown to significantly improve the survival of patients with advanced lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD). However, only limited proportion of patients could benefit from ICIs. Novel biomarkers with strong predictability are needed for clinicians to maximize the efficacy of ICIs. Our study aimed to identify potential biomarkers predicting ICIs efficacy in LUAD. METHODS The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) PanCancer Atlas studies in cBioportal were used to evaluate the mutation frequency of ANK2 across multiple cancers. Clinical and mutational data for LUAD from ICIs-treated cohorts (Hellmann et al. and Rizvi et al.) were collected to explore the correlation between ANK2 mutation and clinical outcomes. In addition, the relationship between ANK2 expression and clinical outcomes was analyzed using LUAD data from TCGA and Gene Expression Omnibus. Furthermore, the impact of ANK2 mutation and expression on the tumor immune microenvironment of LUAD was analyzed using TCGA and TISIDB databases. RESULTS Patients with ANK2 mutation benefited more from ICIs. In ICIs-treated cohort, prolonged progression-free survival (PFS) (median PFS: NR (not reached) vs. 5.42 months, HR (hazard ratio) 0.31, 95% CI 0.18-0.54; P = 0.0037), improved complete response rate (17.65% vs. 1.85%, P = 0.0402), and improved objective response rate (64.71% vs. 24.07%, P = 0.0033) were observed in LUAD patients with ANK2 mutation compared to their wild-type counterparts. Regarding ANK2 expression, it was observed that ANK2 expression was decreased in LUAD (P < 0.05) and a higher level of ANK2 expression was associated with longer overall survival (HR 0.69, 95% CI 0.52-0.92; P = 0.012) in TCGA LUAD cohort. Moreover, ANK2 mutation or higher ANK2 expression correlated with enhanced antitumor immunity and "hot" tumor microenvironment in LUAD, which could be potential mechanisms that ANK2 mutation facilitated ICIs therapy and patients with higher ANK2 expression survived longer. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that ANK2 mutation or increased ANK2 expression may serve as a favorable biomarker for the efficacy of ICIs in patients with LUAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wengang Zhang
- grid.452402.50000 0004 1808 3430Department of Medical Oncology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, 107 Wenhuaxi Road, Jinan, 250012 Shandong China
| | - Xiaoling Shang
- grid.452402.50000 0004 1808 3430Department of Medical Oncology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, 107 Wenhuaxi Road, Jinan, 250012 Shandong China
| | - Ni Liu
- grid.452402.50000 0004 1808 3430Department of Medical Oncology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, 107 Wenhuaxi Road, Jinan, 250012 Shandong China
| | - Xinchun Ma
- grid.452402.50000 0004 1808 3430Department of Medical Oncology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, 107 Wenhuaxi Road, Jinan, 250012 Shandong China
| | - Rui Yang
- grid.452402.50000 0004 1808 3430Department of Medical Oncology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, 107 Wenhuaxi Road, Jinan, 250012 Shandong China
| | - Handai Xia
- grid.452402.50000 0004 1808 3430Department of Medical Oncology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, 107 Wenhuaxi Road, Jinan, 250012 Shandong China
| | - Yuqing Zhang
- grid.452402.50000 0004 1808 3430Department of Medical Oncology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, 107 Wenhuaxi Road, Jinan, 250012 Shandong China
| | - Qi Zheng
- grid.452402.50000 0004 1808 3430Department of Medical Oncology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, 107 Wenhuaxi Road, Jinan, 250012 Shandong China
| | - Xiuwen Wang
- grid.452402.50000 0004 1808 3430Department of Medical Oncology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, 107 Wenhuaxi Road, Jinan, 250012 Shandong China
| | - Yanguo Liu
- grid.452402.50000 0004 1808 3430Department of Medical Oncology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, 107 Wenhuaxi Road, Jinan, 250012 Shandong China
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Kang Y, Zhang Y, Sun Y. MicroRNA‑198 suppresses tumour growth and metastasis in oral squamous cell carcinoma by targeting CDK4. Int J Oncol 2021; 59:39. [PMID: 33982769 PMCID: PMC8121097 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2021.5219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs/miR) often contribute to the progression of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) via the regulation of mRNA. The present study aimed to investigate the role of miR‑198 in OSCC pathogenesis and explore the underlying mechanism. Reverse transcription‑quantitative (RT‑q)PCR was performed to determine miR‑198 expression in OSCC tissues and cell lines, and univariate and multivariate analyses were applied to evaluate the survival of patients with OSCC. The effects of miR‑198 on OSCC cell lines were studied in vitro and in vivo. A set of epithelial‑mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers were detected to determine whether miR‑198 was involved in EMT. Lastly, using luciferase assays, a novel target of miR‑198 was identified and the effect of the new target gene of miR‑198 on cell proliferation and invasion was also studied. It was identified that miR‑198 expression was decreased in OSCC tissues and cell lines, and low expression of miR‑198 was associated with poor overall survival and disease‑free survival. Overexpression of miR‑198 appeared to significantly inhibit the proliferation, invasion and EMT of OSCC cells. Moreover, the luciferase assay results showed that miR‑198 interacted with cyclin‑dependent kinase 4 (CDK4) by directly targeting the miRNA‑binding site in the CDK4 sequence, and RT‑qPCR results showed that CDK4 expression was increased in OSCC tissues and cell lines. In addition, transfection of small interfering RNA against CDK4 in OSCC cells showed similar inhibitory effects on cell proliferation, invasion and EMT, whereas CDK4 overexpression in OSCC cells partially reversed the inhibitory effects of the miR‑198 mimic. The present results indicated that miR‑198 suppressed OSCC tumour growth and metastasis by directly targeting CDK4 expression. Thus, miR‑198 may be a potential therapeutic target in the treatment of OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Kang
- Department of Emergency and Oral Medicine, School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Shenyang, Liaoning 110002, P.R. China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Emergency and Oral Medicine, School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Shenyang, Liaoning 110002, P.R. China
| | - Yan Sun
- Department of Emergency and Oral Medicine, School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Shenyang, Liaoning 110002, P.R. China
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WGCNA reveals key gene modules regulated by the combined treatment of colon cancer with PHY906 and CPT11. Biosci Rep 2020; 40:226138. [PMID: 32812032 PMCID: PMC7468096 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20200935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Irinotecan (CPT11) is one of the most effective drugs for treating colon cancer, but its severe side effects limit its application. Recently, a traditional Chinese herbal preparation, named PHY906, has been proved to be effective for improving therapeutic effect and reducing side effects of CPT11. The aim of the present study was to provide novel insight to understand the molecular mechanism underlying PHY906-CPT11 intervention of colon cancer. Based on the GSE25192 dataset, for different three treatments (PHY906, CPT11, and PHY906-CPT11), we screened out differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and constructed a co-expression network by weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) to identify hub genes. The key genes of the three treatments were obtained by merging the DEGs and hub genes. For the PHY906-CPT11 treatment, a total of 18 key genes including Eif4e, Prr15, Anxa2, Ddx5, Tardbp, Skint5, Prss12 and Hnrnpa3, were identified. The results of functional enrichment analysis indicated that the key genes associated with PHY906-CPT11 treatment were mainly enriched in ‘superoxide anion generation’ and ‘complement and coagulation cascades’. Finally, we validated the key genes by Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis (GEPIA) and RT-PCR analysis, the results indicated that EIF4E, PRR15, ANXA2, HNRNPA3, NCF1, C3AR1, PFDN2, RGS10, GNG11, and TMSB4X might play an important role in the treatment of colon cancer with PHY906-CPT11. In conclusion, a total of 18 key genes were identified in the present study. These genes showed strong correlation with PHY906-CPT11 treatment in colon cancer, which may help elucidate the underlying molecular mechanism of PHY906-CPT11 treatment in colon cancer.
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Schabort JJ, Nam AR, Lee KH, Kim SW, Lee JE, Cho JY. ANK2 Hypermethylation in Canine Mammary Tumors and Human Breast Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21228697. [PMID: 33218035 PMCID: PMC7698701 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine mammary tumors (CMT) constitute the most common tumor types found in female dogs. Understanding this cancer through extensive research is important not only for clinical veterinary applications, but also in the scope of comparative oncology. The use of DNA methylation as a biomarker has been noted for numerous cancers in the form of both tissue and liquid biopsies, yet the study of methylation in CMT has been limited. By analyzing our canine methyl-binding domain sequencing (MBD-seq) data, we identified intron regions of canine ANK2 and EPAS1 as differentially methylated regions (DMGs) in CMT. Subsequently, we established quantitative methylation specific PCR (qMSP) of ANK2 and EPAS1 to validate the target hypermethylation in CMT tissue, as well as cell free DNA (cfDNA) from CMT plasma. Both ANK2 and EPAS1 were hypermethylated in CMT and highlighted as potential tissue biomarkers in CMT. ANK2 additionally showed significant hypermethylation in the plasma cfDNA of CMT, indicating that it could be a potential liquid biopsy biomarker as well. A similar trend towards hypermethylation was indicated in HBC at a specific CpG of the ANK2 target on the orthologous human region, which validates the comparative approach using aberrant methylation in CMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes J. Schabort
- Department of Biochemistry, BK21 PLUS Program for Creative Veterinary Science Research and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, 08826 Seoul, Korea; (J.J.S.); (A.-R.N.); (K.-H.L.)
| | - A-Reum Nam
- Department of Biochemistry, BK21 PLUS Program for Creative Veterinary Science Research and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, 08826 Seoul, Korea; (J.J.S.); (A.-R.N.); (K.-H.L.)
| | - Kang-Hoon Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, BK21 PLUS Program for Creative Veterinary Science Research and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, 08826 Seoul, Korea; (J.J.S.); (A.-R.N.); (K.-H.L.)
| | - Seok Won Kim
- Division of Breast Surgery, Department of Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 81 Irwon-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul 06351, Korea; (S.W.K.); (J.E.L.)
| | - Jeong Eon Lee
- Division of Breast Surgery, Department of Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 81 Irwon-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul 06351, Korea; (S.W.K.); (J.E.L.)
| | - Je-Yoel Cho
- Department of Biochemistry, BK21 PLUS Program for Creative Veterinary Science Research and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, 08826 Seoul, Korea; (J.J.S.); (A.-R.N.); (K.-H.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-02-880-1268
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Ruan Z, Deng H, Liang M, Xu Z, Lai M, Ren H, Deng X, Su X. Downregulation of long non-coding RNA MAFG-AS1 represses tumorigenesis of colorectal cancer cells through the microRNA-149-3p-dependent inhibition of HOXB8. Cancer Cell Int 2020; 20:511. [PMID: 33093810 PMCID: PMC7574567 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-020-01485-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Colorectal cancer (CRC) is considered as the second common death-induced cancer. More recently, association of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) with CRC has been extensively investigated. Therefore, the present study was performed to determine whether lncRNA MAF BZIP Transcription Factor G Antisense RNA 1 (MAFG-AS1) could regulate biological activities of CRC cells and unravel the underlying mechanisms. Methods CRC and corresponding adjacent tissues were collected to determine the expression of lncRNA MAFG-AS1, microRNA-149-3p (miR-149-3p) and homeobox B8 (HOXB8) by RT-qPCR. Dual luciferase reporter gene assay was used to explore the targeting relationship between miR-149-3p and lncRNA MAFG-AS1 and between miR-149-3p and HOXB8, followed by RNA immunoprecipitation for verification. Migration, proliferation, invasion, and apoptosis of HCT116 and LoVo cells were examined when lncRNA MAFG-AS1 was silenced or miR-149-3p was overexpressed. Furthermore, tumorigenicity of HCT116 and LoVo cells was measured in vivo by tumor xenograft in nude mice. Results LncRNA MAFG-AS1 and HOXB8 were found to be highly expressed in CRC tissues and cells, while miR-149-3p was under-expressed. LncRNA MAFG-AS1 negatively regulated miR-149-3p while miR-149-3p downregulated HOXB8. In addition, lncRNA MAFG-AS1 silencing by shRNA or miR-149-3p upregulation by mimic suppressed the migration, proliferation, invasion and tumorigenesis but promoted the apoptosis of HCT116 and LoVo cells. Conclusion Taken together, lncRNA MAFG-AS1 downregulation inhibits the malignant behaviors of CRC cells by upregulating miR-149-3p and downregulating HOXB8, providing a potential therapeutic target for CRC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyan Ruan
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Province, Guangdong Food & Drug Vocational College, No. 321, Longdong North Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510520 P.R. China
| | - Hongling Deng
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Province, Guangdong Food & Drug Vocational College, No. 321, Longdong North Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510520 P.R. China
| | - Minhua Liang
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Province, Guangdong Food & Drug Vocational College, No. 321, Longdong North Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510520 P.R. China
| | - Zhe Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Province, Guangdong Food & Drug Vocational College, No. 321, Longdong North Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510520 P.R. China
| | - Manxiang Lai
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Province, Guangdong Food & Drug Vocational College, No. 321, Longdong North Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510520 P.R. China
| | - Hong Ren
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Province, Guangdong Food & Drug Vocational College, No. 321, Longdong North Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510520 P.R. China
| | - Xiangliang Deng
- School of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, No. 280, East Ring Road, Guangzhou University Town, Guangzhou, 510006 P.R. China
| | - Xinguo Su
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Province, Guangdong Food & Drug Vocational College, No. 321, Longdong North Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510520 P.R. China
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Sun W, Ren S, Li R, Zhang Q, Song H. LncRNA, a novel target biomolecule, is involved in the progression of colorectal cancer. Am J Cancer Res 2019; 9:2515-2530. [PMID: 31815050 PMCID: PMC6895445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is one of the most commonly diagnosed malignancies among males and females worldwide. Although China is a country with a low incidence of colorectal cancer, with the improvement of China's economy and lifestyle changes, the incidence rate in China has generally increased in recent years, and the morbidity and mortality of colorectal cancer rank fifth among those of all malignant tumours. Furthermore, despite recent improvements in screening strategies and treatments for colorectal cancer, the prognosis of advanced colorectal cancer is still poor, mainly due to the recurrence or distant metastasis of this disease. Thus, colorectal cancer still seriously threatens the health and life of people and is a major public health problem worthy of further study. Recently, accumulating evidence has revealed that colorectal carcinogenesis might be a multistep process driven by progressive genetic abnormalities, including changes in lncRNA expression. Moreover, a large number of studies have discovered and studied the abnormal expression of lncRNAs in colorectal cancer, providing a promising target for the diagnosis and treatment of colorectal cancer, which will promote human understanding of the pathogenesis of colorectal cancer and improve diagnosis and treatment. Therefore, in the present review, we mainly summarize the present status of colorectal cancer, the characteristics, functions and clinical perspectives of lncRNAs, and the current therapeutic methods used for colorectal cancer, especially the application of lncRNAs in the treatment of colorectal cancer. It is hoped that this review will give readers a new understanding of the roles of lncRNAs in colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihong Sun
- Biotherapy Center, Department of Oncology, Qingdao Tumor Hospital, Second Affiliated Hospital of Medical College of Qingdao University No. 127 Siliu South Road, Qingdao 266042, Shandong, China
| | - Shaoshao Ren
- Biotherapy Center, Department of Oncology, Qingdao Tumor Hospital, Second Affiliated Hospital of Medical College of Qingdao University No. 127 Siliu South Road, Qingdao 266042, Shandong, China
| | - Ran Li
- Biotherapy Center, Department of Oncology, Qingdao Tumor Hospital, Second Affiliated Hospital of Medical College of Qingdao University No. 127 Siliu South Road, Qingdao 266042, Shandong, China
| | - Qingshan Zhang
- Biotherapy Center, Department of Oncology, Qingdao Tumor Hospital, Second Affiliated Hospital of Medical College of Qingdao University No. 127 Siliu South Road, Qingdao 266042, Shandong, China
| | - Haiping Song
- Biotherapy Center, Department of Oncology, Qingdao Tumor Hospital, Second Affiliated Hospital of Medical College of Qingdao University No. 127 Siliu South Road, Qingdao 266042, Shandong, China
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