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Yadav N, Purow BW. Understanding current experimental models of glioblastoma-brain microenvironment interactions. J Neurooncol 2024; 166:213-229. [PMID: 38180686 PMCID: PMC11056965 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-023-04536-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is a common and devastating primary brain tumor, with median survival of 16-18 months after diagnosis in the setting of substantial resistance to standard-of-care and inevitable tumor recurrence. Recent work has implicated the brain microenvironment as being critical for GBM proliferation, invasion, and resistance to treatment. GBM does not operate in isolation, with neurons, astrocytes, and multiple immune populations being implicated in GBM tumor progression and invasiveness. The goal of this review article is to provide an overview of the available in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo experimental models for assessing GBM-brain interactions, as well as discuss each model's relative strengths and limitations. Current in vitro models discussed will include 2D and 3D co-culture platforms with various cells of the brain microenvironment, as well as spheroids, whole organoids, and models of fluid dynamics, such as interstitial flow. An overview of in vitro and ex vivo organotypic GBM brain slices is also provided. Finally, we conclude with a discussion of the various in vivo rodent models of GBM, including xenografts, syngeneic grafts, and genetically-engineered models of GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niket Yadav
- Department of Neurology, University of Virginia Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA, 22903, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - Benjamin W Purow
- Department of Neurology, University of Virginia Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA, 22903, USA.
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2
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Bekeschus S, Ispirjan M, Freund E, Kinnen F, Moritz J, Saadati F, Eckroth J, Singer D, Stope MB, Wende K, Ritter CA, Schroeder HWS, Marx S. Gas Plasma Exposure of Glioblastoma Is Cytotoxic and Immunomodulatory in Patient-Derived GBM Tissue. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14030813. [PMID: 35159079 PMCID: PMC8834374 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14030813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Despite treatment advances, glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) remains an often-fatal disease, motivating novel therapeutic avenues. Gas plasma is a technology that has been recently employed in preclinical oncology research and acts primarily via reactive oxygen-species-induced cell death. In addition, the modulation of immune processes and inflammation have been ascribed to gas plasma exposure. This is the first study that extends those observations from in vitro investigations to a set of 16 patient-derived GBM tumor biopsies analyzed after gas plasma treatment ex vivo. Besides cell culture results showing cell cycle arrest and apoptosis induction, an immunomodulatory potential was identified for gas plasma exposure in vitro and cultured GBM tissues. The proapoptotic action shown in this study might be an important step forward to the first clinical observational studies on the future discovery of gas plasma technology’s potential in neurosurgery and neuro-oncology. Abstract Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common primary malignant adult brain tumor. Therapeutic options for glioblastoma are maximal surgical resection, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy. Therapy resistance and tumor recurrence demand, however, new strategies. Several experimental studies have suggested gas plasma technology, a partially ionized gas that generates a potent mixture of reactive oxygen species (ROS), as a future complement to the existing treatment arsenal. However, aspects such as immunomodulation, inflammatory consequences, and feasibility studies using GBM tissue have not been addressed so far. In vitro, gas plasma generated ROS that oxidized cells and led to a treatment time-dependent metabolic activity decline and G2 cell cycle arrest. In addition, peripheral blood-derived monocytes were co-cultured with glioblastoma cells, and immunomodulatory surface expression markers and cytokine release were screened. Gas plasma treatment of either cell type, for instance, decreased the expression of the M2-macrophage marker CD163 and the tolerogenic molecule SIGLEC1 (CD169). In patient-derived GBM tissue samples exposed to the plasma jet kINPen ex vivo, apoptosis was significantly increased. Quantitative chemokine/cytokine release screening revealed gas plasma exposure to significantly decrease 5 out of 11 tested chemokines and cytokines, namely IL-6, TGF-β, sTREM-2, b-NGF, and TNF-α involved in GBM apoptosis and immunomodulation. In summary, the immuno-modulatory and proapoptotic action shown in this study might be an important step forward to first clinical observational studies on the future discovery of gas plasma technology’s potential in neurosurgery and neuro-oncology especially in putative adjuvant or combinatory GBM treatment settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sander Bekeschus
- ZIK plasmatis, Leibniz Institute for Plasma Science and Technology (INP), Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 2, 17489 Greifswald, Germany; (M.I.); (E.F.); (F.K.); (J.M.); (F.S.); (J.E.); (D.S.); (K.W.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Mikael Ispirjan
- ZIK plasmatis, Leibniz Institute for Plasma Science and Technology (INP), Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 2, 17489 Greifswald, Germany; (M.I.); (E.F.); (F.K.); (J.M.); (F.S.); (J.E.); (D.S.); (K.W.)
- Department of Neurosurgery, Greifswald University Medical Center, Ferdinand-Sauerbruch-Str., 17475 Greifswald, Germany; (H.W.S.S.); (S.M.)
| | - Eric Freund
- ZIK plasmatis, Leibniz Institute for Plasma Science and Technology (INP), Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 2, 17489 Greifswald, Germany; (M.I.); (E.F.); (F.K.); (J.M.); (F.S.); (J.E.); (D.S.); (K.W.)
- Department of General, Visceral, Thoracic, and Vascular Surgery, Greifswald University Medical Center, Ferdinand-Sauerbruch-Str., 17475 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Frederik Kinnen
- ZIK plasmatis, Leibniz Institute for Plasma Science and Technology (INP), Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 2, 17489 Greifswald, Germany; (M.I.); (E.F.); (F.K.); (J.M.); (F.S.); (J.E.); (D.S.); (K.W.)
- Department of Neurosurgery, Greifswald University Medical Center, Ferdinand-Sauerbruch-Str., 17475 Greifswald, Germany; (H.W.S.S.); (S.M.)
| | - Juliane Moritz
- ZIK plasmatis, Leibniz Institute for Plasma Science and Technology (INP), Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 2, 17489 Greifswald, Germany; (M.I.); (E.F.); (F.K.); (J.M.); (F.S.); (J.E.); (D.S.); (K.W.)
| | - Fariba Saadati
- ZIK plasmatis, Leibniz Institute for Plasma Science and Technology (INP), Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 2, 17489 Greifswald, Germany; (M.I.); (E.F.); (F.K.); (J.M.); (F.S.); (J.E.); (D.S.); (K.W.)
- Clinic and Policlinic for Dermatology and Venerology, Rostock University Medical Center, Strempelstr. 13, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Jacqueline Eckroth
- ZIK plasmatis, Leibniz Institute for Plasma Science and Technology (INP), Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 2, 17489 Greifswald, Germany; (M.I.); (E.F.); (F.K.); (J.M.); (F.S.); (J.E.); (D.S.); (K.W.)
| | - Debora Singer
- ZIK plasmatis, Leibniz Institute for Plasma Science and Technology (INP), Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 2, 17489 Greifswald, Germany; (M.I.); (E.F.); (F.K.); (J.M.); (F.S.); (J.E.); (D.S.); (K.W.)
| | - Matthias B. Stope
- Department of Gynecology and Gynecological Oncology, Bonn University Medical Center, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53127 Bonn, Germany;
| | - Kristian Wende
- ZIK plasmatis, Leibniz Institute for Plasma Science and Technology (INP), Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 2, 17489 Greifswald, Germany; (M.I.); (E.F.); (F.K.); (J.M.); (F.S.); (J.E.); (D.S.); (K.W.)
| | - Christoph A. Ritter
- Department of Clinical Pharmaceutics, University of Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 1, 17489 Greifswald, Germany;
| | - Henry W. S. Schroeder
- Department of Neurosurgery, Greifswald University Medical Center, Ferdinand-Sauerbruch-Str., 17475 Greifswald, Germany; (H.W.S.S.); (S.M.)
| | - Sascha Marx
- Department of Neurosurgery, Greifswald University Medical Center, Ferdinand-Sauerbruch-Str., 17475 Greifswald, Germany; (H.W.S.S.); (S.M.)
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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3
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Multiple Faces of the Glioblastoma Microenvironment. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23020595. [PMID: 35054779 PMCID: PMC8775531 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23020595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment is a highly dynamic accumulation of resident and infiltrating tumor cells, responsible for growth and invasion. The authors focused on the leading-edge concepts regarding the glioblastoma microenvironment. Due to the fact that the modern trend in the research and treatment of glioblastoma is represented by multiple approaches that target not only the primary tumor but also the neighboring tissue, the study of the microenvironment in the peritumoral tissue is an appealing direction for current and future therapies.
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Zhou MY, Cheng ML, Huang T, Hu RH, Zou GL, Li H, Zhang BF, Zhu JJ, Liu YM, Liu Y, Zhao XK. Transforming growth factor beta-1 upregulates glucose transporter 1 and glycolysis through canonical and noncanonical pathways in hepatic stellate cells. World J Gastroenterol 2021; 27:6908-6926. [PMID: 34790014 PMCID: PMC8567474 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v27.i40.6908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) are the key effector cells mediating the occurrence and development of liver fibrosis, while aerobic glycolysis is an important metabolic characteristic of HSC activation. Transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) induces aerobic glycolysis and is a driving factor for metabolic reprogramming. The occurrence of glycolysis depends on a high glucose uptake level. Glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1) is the most widely distributed glucose transporter in the body and mainly participates in the regulation of carbohydrate metabolism, thus affecting cell proliferation and growth. However, little is known about the relationship between TGF-β1 and GLUT1 in the process of liver fibrosis and the molecular mechanism underlying the promotion of aerobic glycolysis in HSCs.
AIM To investigate the mechanisms of action of GLUT1, TGF-β1 and aerobic glycolysis in the process of HSC activation during liver fibrosis.
METHODS Immunohistochemical staining and immunofluorescence assays were used to examine GLUT1 expression in fibrotic liver tissue. A Seahorse extracellular flux (XF) analyzer was used to examine changes in aerobic glycolytic flux, lactate production levels and glucose consumption levels in HSCs upon TGF-β1 stimulation. The mechanism by which TGF-β1 induces GLUT1 protein expression in HSCs was further explored by inhibiting/promoting the TGF-β1/mothers-against-decapentaplegic-homolog 2/3 (Smad2/3) signaling pathway and inhibiting the p38 and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT signaling pathways. In addition, GLUT1 expression was silenced to observe changes in the growth and proliferation of HSCs. Finally, a GLUT1 inhibitor was used to verify the in vivo effects of GLUT1 on a mouse model of liver fibrosis.
RESULTS GLUT1 protein expression was increased in both mouse and human fibrotic liver tissues. In addition, immunofluorescence staining revealed colocalization of GLUT1 and alpha-smooth muscle actin proteins, indicating that GLUT1 expression was related to the development of liver fibrosis. TGF-β1 caused an increase in aerobic glycolysis in HSCs and induced GLUT1 expression in HSCs by activating the Smad, p38 MAPK and P13K/AKT signaling pathways. The p38 MAPK and Smad pathways synergistically affected the induction of GLUT1 expression. GLUT1 inhibition eliminated the effect of TGF-β1 on HSC proliferation and migration. A GLUT1 inhibitor was administered in a mouse model of liver fibrosis, and GLUT1 inhibition reduced the degree of liver inflammation and liver fibrosis.
CONCLUSION TGF-β1 induces GLUT1 expression in HSCs, a process related to liver fibrosis progression. In vitro experiments revealed that TGF-β1-induced GLUT1 expression might be one of the mechanisms mediating the metabolic reprogramming of HSCs. In addition, in vivo experiments also indicated that the GLUT1 protein promotes the occurrence and development of liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Yu Zhou
- Department of Internal Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550001, Guizhou Province, China
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Ming-Liang Cheng
- Department of Internal Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550001, Guizhou Province, China
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Tao Huang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550001, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Rui-Han Hu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550001, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Gao-Liang Zou
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Hong Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Bao-Fang Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Juan-Juan Zhu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Yong-Mei Liu
- Clinical Laboratory Center, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Xue-Ke Zhao
- Department of Internal Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550001, Guizhou Province, China
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, Guizhou Province, China
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Dapash M, Castro B, Hou D, Lee-Chang C. Current Immunotherapeutic Strategies for the Treatment of Glioblastoma. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:4548. [PMID: 34572775 PMCID: PMC8467991 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13184548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is a lethal primary brain tumor. Despite extensive effort in basic, translational, and clinical research, the treatment outcomes for patients with GBM are virtually unchanged over the past 15 years. GBM is one of the most immunologically "cold" tumors, in which cytotoxic T-cell infiltration is minimal, and myeloid infiltration predominates. This is due to the profound immunosuppressive nature of GBM, a tumor microenvironment that is metabolically challenging for immune cells, and the low mutational burden of GBMs. Together, these GBM characteristics contribute to the poor results obtained from immunotherapy. However, as indicated by an ongoing and expanding number of clinical trials, and despite the mostly disappointing results to date, immunotherapy remains a conceptually attractive approach for treating GBM. Checkpoint inhibitors, various vaccination strategies, and CAR T-cell therapy serve as some of the most investigated immunotherapeutic strategies. This review article aims to provide a general overview of the current state of glioblastoma immunotherapy. Information was compiled through a literature search conducted on PubMed and clinical trials between 1961 to 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Dapash
- Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA;
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; (B.C.); (D.H.)
| | - Brandyn Castro
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; (B.C.); (D.H.)
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - David Hou
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; (B.C.); (D.H.)
| | - Catalina Lee-Chang
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; (B.C.); (D.H.)
- Northwestern Medicine Malnati Brain Tumor Institute, Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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6
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Goulet CR, Pouliot F. TGFβ Signaling in the Tumor Microenvironment. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1270:89-105. [PMID: 33123995 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-47189-7_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) is a pleiotropic growth factor. Under normal physiological conditions, TGFβ maintains homeostasis in mammalian tissues by restraining the growth of cells and stimulating apoptosis. However, the role of TGFβ signaling in the carcinogenesis is complex. TGFβ acts as a tumor suppressor in the early stages of disease and as a tumor promoter in its later stages where cancer cells have been relieved from TGFβ growth controls. Overproduction of TGFβ by cancer cells lead to a local fibrotic and immune-suppressive microenvironment that fosters tumor growth and correlates with invasive and metastatic behavior of the cancer cells. Here, we present an overview of the complex biology of the TGFβ family, and we discuss the roles of TGFβ signaling in carcinogenesis and how this knowledge is being leveraged to develop TGFβ inhibition therapies against the tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra Ringuette Goulet
- Oncology Division, CHU de Québec Research Center, Quebec, QC, Canada
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec, QC, Canada
| | - Frédéric Pouliot
- Oncology Division, CHU de Québec Research Center, Quebec, QC, Canada.
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec, QC, Canada.
- Department of surgery, CHU de Québec Research Center - Laval University, Quebec City, QC, Canada.
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7
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He Z, Long J, Yang C, Gong B, Cheng M, Wang Q, Tang J. LncRNA DGCR5 plays a tumor-suppressive role in glioma via the miR-21/Smad7 and miR-23a/PTEN axes. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:20285-20307. [PMID: 33085646 PMCID: PMC7655220 DOI: 10.18632/aging.103800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
Abstract
Glioma is one of the most commonly diagnosed brain malignancies with a high cancer-related death rate in humans. The prognosis of glioma patients is still unsatisfactory. In the present study, we attempted to identify lncRNAs and miRNAs that might be related to NF-κB-mediated epithelial-mesenchymal transition in glioma cells based on online microarray expression profiles, and investigate the specific effects of lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA axes on glioma cell phenotypes. Herein, we identified lncRNA DGCR5 as a downregulated lncRNA in glioma that was negatively regulated by NF-κB1 in an NF-κB1 RE-dependent manner. LncRNA DGCR5 overexpression significantly inhibited the capacity of glioma cells to proliferate, migrate, and invade, whereas promoted the apoptosis of glioma cells. Moreover, lncRNA DGCR5 overexpression upregulated the epithelial marker E-cadherin while downregulating the mesenchymal marker VIM, as well as Snai2 and TWIST. Regarding the underlying molecular mechanisms, lncRNA DGCR5 could inhibit miR-21 and miR-23a expression, and miR-21 or miR-23a overexpression significantly reversed the tumor-suppressive effects of lncRNA DGCR5 overexpression. LncRNA DGCR5 exerted its tumor-suppressive effects through the DGCR5/miR-21/Smad7 and DGCR5/miR-23a/PTEN axes. In conclusion, lncRNA DGCR5 suppresses the capacity of glioma cells to migrate and invade via miR-21/Smad7, whereas it inhibits the proliferation and enhances the apoptosis of glioma cells through miR-23a/PTEN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongze He
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, Sichuan, China
- Institute of Chengdu Biology, Sichuan Translational Medicine Hospital, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610072, Sichuan, China
| | - Juan Long
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, Sichuan, China
| | - Chen Yang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, Sichuan, China
| | - Bo Gong
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, Sichuan, China
| | - Meixiong Cheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, Sichuan, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, Sichuan, China
| | - Jian Tang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, Sichuan, China
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8
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Kaminska B, Cyranowski S. Recent Advances in Understanding Mechanisms of TGF Beta Signaling and Its Role in Glioma Pathogenesis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1202:179-201. [PMID: 32034714 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-30651-9_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) signaling is involved in the regulation of proliferation, differentiation and survival/or apoptosis of many cells, including glioma cells. TGF-β acts via specific receptors activating multiple intracellular pathways resulting in phosphorylation of receptor-regulated Smad2/3 proteins that associate with the common mediator, Smad4. Such complex translocates to the nucleus, binds to DNA and regulates transcription of many genes. Furthermore, TGF-β-activated kinase-1 (TAK1) is a component of TGF-β signaling and activates mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades. Negative regulation of TGF-β/Smad signaling may occur through the inhibitory Smad6/7. While genetic alterations in genes related to TGF-β signaling are relatively rare in gliomas, the altered expression of those genes is a frequent event. The increased expression of TGF-β1-3 correlates with a degree of malignancy of human gliomas. TGF-β may contribute to tumor pathogenesis in many ways: by direct support of tumor growth, by maintaining self-renewal of glioma initiating stem cells and inhibiting anti-tumor immunity. Glioma initiating cells are dedifferentiated cells that retain many stem cell-like properties, play a role in tumor initiation and contribute to its recurrence. TGF-β1,2 stimulate expression of the vascular endothelial growth factor as well as the plasminogen activator inhibitor and some metalloproteinases that are involved in vascular remodeling, angiogenesis and degradation of the extracellular matrix. Inhibitors of TGF-β signaling reduce viability and invasion of gliomas in animal models and show a great promise as novel, potential anti-tumor therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bozena Kaminska
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Neurobiology Center, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland. .,Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, Warsaw Medical University, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Salwador Cyranowski
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Neurobiology Center, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland.,Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, Warsaw Medical University, Warsaw, Poland
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9
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Muskens IS, Zhou M, Mccoy L, Bracci PM, Hansen HM, Gauderman WJ, Wiencke JK, Wrensch MR, Wiemels JL. Immune factors preceding diagnosis of glioma: a Prostate Lung Colorectal Ovarian Cancer Screening Trial nested case-control study. Neurooncol Adv 2019; 1:vdz031. [PMID: 31807733 PMCID: PMC6881819 DOI: 10.1093/noajnl/vdz031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Epidemiological studies of adult glioma have identified genetic and environmental risk factors, but much remains unclear. The aim of the current study was to evaluate anthropometric, disease-related, and prediagnostic immune-related factors for relationship with glioma risk. Methods We conducted a nested case–control study among the intervention arm of the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian Cancer (PLCO) Screening Trial. One hundred and twenty-four glioma cases were identified and each matched to four controls. Baseline characteristics were collected at enrollment and were evaluated for association with glioma status. Serum specimens were collected at yearly intervals and were analyzed for immune-related factors including TGF-β1, TNF-α, total IgE, and allergen-specific IgE. Immune factors were evaluated at baseline in a multivariate conditional logistic regression model, along with one additional model that incorporated the latest available measurement. Results A family history of glioma among first-degree relatives was associated with increased glioma risk (OR = 4.41, P = .002). In multivariate modeling of immune factors at baseline, increased respiratory allergen-specific IgE was inversely associated with glioma risk (OR for allergen-specific IgE > 0.35 PAU/L: 0.59, P = .03). A logistic regression model that incorporated the latest available measurements found a similar association for allergen-specific IgE (P = .005) and showed that elevated TGF-β1 was associated with increased glioma risk (P-value for trend <.0001). Conclusion The results from this prospective prediagnostic study suggest that several immune-related factors are associated with glioma risk. The association observed for TGF-β1 when sampling closer to the time of diagnosis may reflect the nascent brain tumor’s feedback on immune function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivo S Muskens
- Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Mi Zhou
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics
| | - Lucie Mccoy
- Department of Neurological Surgery, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | | | - Helen M Hansen
- Department of Neurological Surgery, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - W James Gauderman
- Division of Biostatistics, Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - John K Wiencke
- Department of Neurological Surgery, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Margaret R Wrensch
- Department of Neurological Surgery, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Joseph L Wiemels
- Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA.,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics
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10
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Statins affect human glioblastoma and other cancers through TGF-β inhibition. Oncotarget 2019; 10:1716-1728. [PMID: 30899443 PMCID: PMC6422202 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.26733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 02/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The cholesterol-lowering statins have known anti-cancer effects, but the mechanisms and how to utilize statins in oncology have been unclear. We noted in the CellMiner database that statin activity against cancer lines correlated with higher expression of TGF-β target genes such as SERPINE1 and ZYX. This prompted us to assess whether statins affected TGF-β activity in glioblastoma (GBM), a cancer strongly influenced by TGF-β and in dire need of new therapeutic approaches. We noted that statins reduced TGF-β activity, cell viability and invasiveness, Rho/ROCK activity, phosphorylation and activity of the TGF-β mediator Smad3, and expression of TGF-β targets ZYX and SERPINE1 in GBM and GBM-initiating cell (GIC) lines. Statins were most potent against GBM, GIC, and other cancer cells with high TGF-β activity, and exogenous TGF-β further sensitized mesenchymal GICs to statins. Statin toxicity was rescued by addition of exogenous mevalonolactone or geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate, indicating that the observed effects reflected inhibition of HMG CoA-reductase by the statins. Simvastatin significantly inhibited the growth of subcutaneous GIC grafts and prolonged survival in GIC intracranially grafted mice. These results indicate where the statins might best be applied as adjunct therapies in oncology, against GBM and other cancers with high TGF-β activity, and have implications for other statin roles outside of oncology.
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Zeng Y, Wang X, Wang J, Yi R, Long H, Zhou M, Luo Q, Zhai Z, Song Y, Qi S. The Tumorgenicity of Glioblastoma Cell Line U87MG Decreased During Serial In Vitro Passage. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2018; 38:1245-1252. [PMID: 29948550 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-018-0592-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Established cancer cell lines are routinely used to study cancer. Several factors such as serial passage may affect the reproducibility of experiments with cancer cell lines, but few researches focused on these changes. In the present study, different morphology and decreased tumorigenicity were observed in late passage U87MG cells. In vitro experiments further revealed that late passage U87MG cells possessed lower invasion properties than early passage, whereas no significant differences of proliferation and migration were found between early and late passage U87MG cells. In particular, we confirmed that late passage U87MG cells exhibited more epithelial phenotype with decreased PI3K/Akt pathway and TGF-β pathway expressions at protein level. In summary, our results focused on the changes of U87MG cells during serial in vitro passage, suggested that passage-induced changes may lead to notable changes of biological characteristics and several molecular transitions in cancer cell lines, indicating the necessity to shorten experiment-span and accomplish experiments with the same or similar passage cancer cell strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zeng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xizhao Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Jizhou Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai, 519000, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Renhui Yi
- Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, 341000, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China.,Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, 341000, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Long
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingfeng Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Qisheng Luo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical College for Nationalities, Baise, 533000, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhihao Zhai
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Futian, Shenzhen, 518000, People's Republic of China
| | - Ye Song
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.
| | - Songtao Qi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.
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Zhang C, Han X, Xu X, Zhou Z, Chen X, Tang Y, Cheng J, Moazzam NF, Liu F, Xu J, Peng W, Du F, Zhang B, Song Z, Zeng J, Gong A. FoxM1 drives ADAM17/EGFR activation loop to promote mesenchymal transition in glioblastoma. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:469. [PMID: 29700308 PMCID: PMC5920065 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-0482-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Revised: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal transition (MES transition) is a hallmark of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), however, the mechanism regulating the process remains to be elucidated. Here we report that FoxM1 drives ADAM17/EGFR activation loop to promote MES transition in GBM. Firstly, FoxM1 expression was positively associated with ADAM17 expression, and their expression was correlated with the mesenchymal features and overall patient survival of GBM. Overexpressing FoxM1 or ADAM17 increased the mesenchymal phenotype of glioma cells, which could be reversed by silencing FoxM1 or ADAM17. Importantly, FoxM1 bound to the ADAM17 promoter to transcriptionally upregulate its expression. Using gain- and loss-of-function studies, we showed that FoxM1/ADAM17 axis promoted the MES transition in glioma cells. Moreover, tissue microarray analysis and orthotopic xenograft model further confirmed that FoxM1/ADAM17 axis played key roles in malignancy of GBM. Mechanistically, FoxM1/ADAM17 axis activated the EGFR/AKT/GSK3β signaling pathway and ADAM17/EGFR/GSK3β axis could maintain FoxM1 stability in glioma cells. Taken together, our study demonstrated that FoxM1/ADAM17 feedback loop controlled the MES transition and regulated the progression of GBM, raising the possibility that deregulation of this loop might improve the durability of therapies in GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunli Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China.,Department of Clinical Laboratory, Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Jiading District, Shanghai, 201821, China
| | - Xiu Han
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiao Xu
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhengrong Zhou
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yu Tang
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jie Cheng
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Nida Fatima Moazzam
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Fei Liu
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jing Xu
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wanxin Peng
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Fengyi Du
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, 272000, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Zhiwen Song
- Department of Orthopedics, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Changzhou, 213003, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jian Zeng
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Aihua Gong
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China.
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Bajikar SS, Wang CC, Borten MA, Pereira EJ, Atkins KA, Janes KA. Tumor-Suppressor Inactivation of GDF11 Occurs by Precursor Sequestration in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. Dev Cell 2017; 43:418-435.e13. [PMID: 29161592 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2017.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2016] [Revised: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an aggressive and heterogeneous carcinoma in which various tumor-suppressor genes are lost by mutation, deletion, or silencing. Here we report a tumor-suppressive mode of action for growth-differentiation factor 11 (GDF11) and an unusual mechanism of its inactivation in TNBC. GDF11 promotes an epithelial, anti-invasive phenotype in 3D triple-negative cultures and intraductal xenografts by sustaining expression of E-cadherin and inhibitor of differentiation 2 (ID2). Surprisingly, clinical TNBCs retain the GDF11 locus and expression of the protein itself. GDF11 bioactivity is instead lost because of deficiencies in its convertase, proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 5 (PCSK5), causing inactive GDF11 precursor to accumulate intracellularly. PCSK5 reconstitution mobilizes the latent TNBC reservoir of GDF11 in vitro and suppresses triple-negative mammary cancer metastasis to the lung of syngeneic hosts. Intracellular GDF11 retention adds to the concept of tumor-suppressor inactivation and reveals a cell-biological vulnerability for TNBCs lacking therapeutically actionable mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sameer S Bajikar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Chun-Chao Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA; Institute of Molecular Medicine & Department of Medical Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Michael A Borten
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Elizabeth J Pereira
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Kristen A Atkins
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Kevin A Janes
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA.
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Abstract
Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) regulates cell growth and differentiation, apoptosis, cell motility, extracellular matrix production, angiogenesis, and cellular immunity. It has a paradoxical role in cancer. In the early stages it inhibits cellular transformation and prevents cancer progression. In later stages TGF-β plays a key role in promoting tumor progression through mainly 3 mechanisms: facilitating epithelial to mesenchymal transition, stimulating angiogenesis and inducing immunosuppression. As a result of its opposing tumor promoting and tumor suppressive abilities, TGF-β and its pathway has represented potential opportunities for drug development and several therapies targeting the TGF-β pathway have been identified. This review focuses on identifying the mechanisms through which TGF-β is involved in tumorigenesis and current therapeutics that are under development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sulsal Haque
- a Department of Internal Medicine , University of Cincinnati , Cincinnati , OH , USA
| | - John C Morris
- a Department of Internal Medicine , University of Cincinnati , Cincinnati , OH , USA.,b University of Cincinnati Cancer Institute , Cincinnati , OH , USA
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15
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The Process and Regulatory Components of Inflammation in Brain Oncogenesis. Biomolecules 2017; 7:biom7020034. [PMID: 28346397 PMCID: PMC5485723 DOI: 10.3390/biom7020034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Central nervous system tumors comprising the primary cancers and brain metastases remain the most lethal neoplasms and challenging to treat. Substantial evidence points to a paramount role for inflammation in the pathology leading to gliomagenesis, malignant progression and tumor aggressiveness in the central nervous system (CNS) microenvironment. This review summarizes the salient contributions of oxidative stress, interleukins, tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α), cyclooxygenases, and transcription factors such as signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B-cells (NF-κB) and the associated cross-talks to the inflammatory signaling in CNS cancers. The roles of reactive astrocytes, tumor associated microglia and macrophages, metabolic alterations, microsatellite instability, O6-methylguanine DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) DNA repair and epigenetic alterations mediated by the isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) mutations have been discussed. The inflammatory pathways with relevance to the brain cancer treatments have been highlighted.
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16
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Xu J, Mukerjee S, Silva-Alves CRA, Carvalho-Galvão A, Cruz JC, Balarini CM, Braga VA, Lazartigues E, França-Silva MS. A Disintegrin and Metalloprotease 17 in the Cardiovascular and Central Nervous Systems. Front Physiol 2016; 7:469. [PMID: 27803674 PMCID: PMC5067531 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
ADAM17 is a metalloprotease and disintegrin that lodges in the plasmatic membrane of several cell types and is able to cleave a wide variety of cell surface proteins. It is somatically expressed in mammalian organisms and its proteolytic action influences several physiological and pathological processes. This review focuses on the structure of ADAM17, its signaling in the cardiovascular system and its participation in certain disorders involving the heart, blood vessels, and neural regulation of autonomic and cardiovascular modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxi Xu
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics and Cardiovascular Center of Excellence, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Snigdha Mukerjee
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics and Cardiovascular Center of Excellence, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center New Orleans, LA, USA
| | | | | | - Josiane C Cruz
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal da Paraíba João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Camille M Balarini
- Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Paraíba João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Valdir A Braga
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal da Paraíba João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Eric Lazartigues
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics and Cardiovascular Center of Excellence, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center New Orleans, LA, USA
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17
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Abstract
Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) and related growth factors are secreted pleiotropic factors that play critical roles in embryogenesis and adult tissue homeostasis by regulating cell proliferation, differentiation, death, and migration. The TGF-β family members signal via heteromeric complexes of type I and type II receptors, which activate members of the Smad family of signal transducers. The main attribute of the TGF-β signaling pathway is context-dependence. Depending on the concentration and type of ligand, target tissue, and developmental stage, TGF-β family members transmit distinct signals. Deregulation of TGF-β signaling contributes to developmental defects and human diseases. More than a decade of studies have revealed the framework by which TGF-βs encode a context-dependent signal, which includes various positive and negative modifiers of the principal elements of the signaling pathway, the receptors, and the Smad proteins. In this review, we first introduce some basic components of the TGF-β signaling pathways and their actions, and then discuss posttranslational modifications and modulatory partners that modify the outcome of the signaling and contribute to its context-dependence, including small noncoding RNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Hata
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143
| | - Ye-Guang Chen
- The State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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18
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Sarkar S, Zemp FJ, Senger D, Robbins SM, Yong VW. ADAM-9 is a novel mediator of tenascin-C-stimulated invasiveness of brain tumor-initiating cells. Neuro Oncol 2015; 17:1095-105. [PMID: 25646025 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/nou362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2014] [Accepted: 12/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tenascin-C (TNC), an extracellular matrix protein overexpressed in malignant gliomas, stimulates invasion of conventional glioma cell lines (U251, U87). However, there is a dearth of such information on glioma stemlike cells. Here, we have addressed whether and how TNC may regulate the invasiveness of brain tumor-initiating cells (BTICs) that give rise to glioma progenies. METHODS Transwell inserts coated with extracellular matrix proteins were used to determine the role of TNC in BTIC invasion. Microarray analysis, lentiviral constructs, RNA interference-mediated knockdown, and activity assay ascertained the role of proteases in TNC-stimulated BTIC invasion in culture. Involvement of proteases was validated using orthotopic brain xenografts in mice. RESULTS TNC stimulated BTIC invasiveness in a metalloproteinase-dependent manner. A global gene expression screen identified the metalloproteinase ADAM-9 as a potential regulator of TNC-stimulated BTIC invasiveness, and this was corroborated by an increase of ADAM-9 protein in 4 glioma patient-derived BTIC lines. Notably, RNA interference to ADAM-9, as well as inhibition of mitogen-activated protein kinase 8 (c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase), attenuated TNC-stimulated ADAM-9 expression, proteolytic activity, and BTIC invasiveness. The relevance of ADAM-9 to tumor invasiveness was validated using resected human glioblastoma specimens and orthotopic xenografts where elevation of ADAM-9 and TNC expression was prominent at the invasive front of the tumor. CONCLUSIONS This study has identified TNC as a promoter of the invasiveness of BTICs through a mechanism involving ADAM-9 proteolysis via the c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susobhan Sarkar
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada (S.S., V.W.Y.); Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada (S.S., V.W.Y.); The Southern Alberta Cancer Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada (F.J.Z., D.S., S.M.R.)
| | - Franz J Zemp
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada (S.S., V.W.Y.); Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada (S.S., V.W.Y.); The Southern Alberta Cancer Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada (F.J.Z., D.S., S.M.R.)
| | - Donna Senger
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada (S.S., V.W.Y.); Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada (S.S., V.W.Y.); The Southern Alberta Cancer Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada (F.J.Z., D.S., S.M.R.)
| | - Stephen M Robbins
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada (S.S., V.W.Y.); Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada (S.S., V.W.Y.); The Southern Alberta Cancer Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada (F.J.Z., D.S., S.M.R.)
| | - V Wee Yong
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada (S.S., V.W.Y.); Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada (S.S., V.W.Y.); The Southern Alberta Cancer Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada (F.J.Z., D.S., S.M.R.)
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Caveolin-1 is required for TGF-β-induced transactivation of the EGF receptor pathway in hepatocytes through the activation of the metalloprotease TACE/ADAM17. Cell Death Dis 2014; 5:e1326. [PMID: 25032849 PMCID: PMC4123087 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2014.294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Revised: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) plays a dual role in hepatocytes, inducing both pro- and anti-apoptotic responses, whose balance decides cell fate. Survival signals are mediated by the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) pathway, which is activated by TGF-β in these cells. Caveolin-1 (Cav1) is a structural protein of caveolae linked to TGF-β receptors trafficking and signaling. Previous results have indicated that in hepatocytes, Cav1 is required for TGF-β-induced anti-apoptotic signals, but the molecular mechanism is not fully understood yet. In this work, we show that immortalized Cav1(-/-) hepatocytes were more sensitive to the pro-apoptotic effects induced by TGF-β, showing a higher activation of caspase-3, higher decrease in cell viability and prolonged increase through time of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS). These results were coincident with attenuation of TGF-β-induced survival signals in Cav1(-/-) hepatocytes, such as AKT and ERK1/2 phosphorylation and NFκ-B activation. Transactivation of the EGFR pathway by TGF-β was impaired in Cav1(-/-) hepatocytes, which correlated with lack of activation of TACE/ADAM17, the metalloprotease responsible for the shedding of EGFR ligands. Reconstitution of Cav1 in Cav1(-/-) hepatocytes rescued wild-type phenotype features, both in terms of EGFR transactivation and TACE/ADAM17 activation. TACE/ADAM17 was localized in detergent-resistant membrane (DRM) fractions in Cav1(+/+) cells, which was not the case in Cav1(-/-) cells. Disorganization of lipid rafts after treatment with cholesterol-binding agents caused loss of TACE/ADAM17 activation after TGF-β treatment. In conclusion, in hepatocytes, Cav1 is required for TGF-β-mediated activation of the metalloprotease TACE/ADAM17 that is responsible for shedding of EGFR ligands and activation of the EGFR pathway, which counteracts the TGF-β pro-apoptotic effects. Therefore, Cav1 contributes to the pro-tumorigenic effects of TGF-β in liver cancer cells.
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Myeloid-derived suppressor cells in sepsis. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:598654. [PMID: 24995313 PMCID: PMC4065675 DOI: 10.1155/2014/598654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2014] [Accepted: 05/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Sepsis is a systemic, deleterious host response to widespread infection. Patients with sepsis will have documented or suspected infection which can progress to a state of septic shock or acute organ dysfunction. Since sepsis is responsible for nearly 3 million cases per year in China and severe sepsis is a common, expensive fatal condition in America, developing new therapies becomes a significant and worthwhile challenge. Clinical research has shown that sepsis-associated immunosuppression plays a central role in patient mortality, and targeted immune-enhancing therapy may be an effective treatment approach in these patients. As part of the inflammatory response during sepsis, there are elevations in the number of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs). MDSCs are a heterogeneous population of immature myeloid cells that possess immunosuppressive activities via suppressing T-cell proliferation and activation. The role of MDSCs in sepsis remains uncertain. Some believe activated MDSCs are beneficial to the sepsis host by increasing innate immune responses and antimicrobial activities, while others think expansion of MDSCs leads to adaptive immune suppression and secondary infection. Herein, we discuss the complex role of MDSCs in immune regulation during sepsis, as well as the potential to target these cells for therapeutic benefit.
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Forsyth PA, Krishna N, Lawn S, Valadez JG, Qu X, Fenstermacher DA, Fournier M, Potthast L, Chinnaiyan P, Gibney GT, Zeinieh M, Barker PA, Carter BD, Cooper MK, Kenchappa RS. p75 neurotrophin receptor cleavage by α- and γ-secretases is required for neurotrophin-mediated proliferation of brain tumor-initiating cells. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:8067-85. [PMID: 24519935 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.513762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant gliomas are highly invasive, proliferative, and resistant to treatment. Previously, we have shown that p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75NTR) is a novel mediator of invasion of human glioma cells. However, the role of p75NTR in glioma proliferation is unknown. Here we used brain tumor-initiating cells (BTICs) and show that BTICs express neurotrophin receptors (p75NTR, TrkA, TrkB, and TrkC) and their ligands (NGF, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, and neurotrophin 3) and secrete NGF. Down-regulation of p75NTR significantly decreased proliferation of BTICs. Conversely, exogenouous NGF stimulated BTIC proliferation through α- and γ-secretase-mediated p75NTR cleavage and release of its intracellular domain (ICD). In contrast, overexpression of the p75NTR ICD induced proliferation. Interestingly, inhibition of Trk signaling blocked NGF-stimulated BTIC proliferation and p75NTR cleavage, indicating a role of Trk in p75NTR signaling. Further, blocking p75NTR cleavage attenuated Akt activation in BTICs, suggesting role of Akt in p75NTR-mediated proliferation. We also found that p75NTR, α-secretases, and the four subunits of the γ-secretase enzyme were elevated in glioblastoma multiformes patients. Importantly, the ICD of p75NTR was commonly found in malignant glioma patient specimens, suggesting that the receptor is activated and cleaved in patient tumors. These results suggest that p75NTR proteolysis is required for BTIC proliferation and is a novel potential clinical target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter A Forsyth
- From the Department of Neuro-Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute and
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Wolpert F, Tritschler I, Steinle A, Weller M, Eisele G. A disintegrin and metalloproteinases 10 and 17 modulate the immunogenicity of glioblastoma-initiating cells. Neuro Oncol 2013; 16:382-91. [PMID: 24327582 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/not232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are emerging reports that the family of a disintegrin and metalloproteinases (ADAM) are involved in the maintenance of the malignant phenotype of glioblastomas. Notably, ADAM proteases 10 and 17 might impair the immune recognition of glioma cells via the activating immunoreceptor NKG2D by cleavage of its ligands from the cell surface. Glioblastoma-initiating cells (GIC) with stem cell properties have been identified as an attractive target for immunotherapy. However, GIC immunogenicity seems to be low. METHODS AND RESULTS Here,we show that ADAM10 and ADAM17 are expressed on the cell surface of GIC and contribute to an immunosuppressive phenotype by cleavage of ULBP2. The cell surface expression of ULBP2 is enhanced upon blocking ADAM10 and ADAM17, and treatment with ADAM10 and ADAM17specific inhibitors leads to enhanced immunerecognition of GIC by natural killer cells. CONCLUSIONS Therefore, ADAM10 and ADAM17 constitute suitable targets to boost an immune response against GIC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Wolpert
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (F.W., I.T., M.W., G.E.); Institute for Molecular Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (A.S.)
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Sayegh ET, Kaur G, Bloch O, Parsa AT. Systematic review of protein biomarkers of invasive behavior in glioblastoma. Mol Neurobiol 2013; 49:1212-44. [PMID: 24271659 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-013-8593-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2013] [Accepted: 11/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is an aggressive and incurable brain tumor with a grave prognosis. Recurrence is inevitable even with maximal surgical resection, in large part because GBM is a highly invasive tumor. Invasiveness also contributes to the failure of multiple cornerstones of GBM therapy, including radiotherapy, temozolomide chemotherapy, and vascular endothelial growth factor blockade. In recent years there has been significant progress in the identification of protein biomarkers of invasive phenotype in GBM. In this article, we comprehensively review the literature and survey a broad spectrum of biomarkers, including proteolytic enzymes, extracellular matrix proteins, cell adhesion molecules, neurodevelopmental factors, cell signaling and transcription factors, angiogenic effectors, metabolic proteins, membrane channels, and cytokines and chemokines. In light of the marked variation seen in outcomes in GBM patients, the systematic use of these biomarkers could be used to form a framework for better prediction, prognostication, and treatment selection, as well as the identification of molecular targets for further laboratory investigation and development of nascent, directed therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eli T Sayegh
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 676 N. St. Clair Street, Suite 2210, Chicago, IL, 60611-2911, USA
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Canonical transforming growth factor-β signaling regulates disintegrin metalloprotease expression in experimental renal fibrosis via miR-29. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2013; 183:1885-1896. [PMID: 24103556 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2013.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2012] [Revised: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 08/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Fibrosis pathophysiology is critically regulated by Smad 2- and Smad 3-mediated transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling. Disintegrin metalloproteases (Adam) can manipulate the signaling environment, however, the role and regulation of ADAMs in renal fibrosis remain unclear. TGF-β stimulation of renal cells results in a significant up-regulation of Adams 10, 17, 12, and 19. The selective Smad2/3 inhibitor SB 525334 reversed these TGF-β-induced changes. In vivo, using ureteral obstruction to model renal fibrosis, we observed increased Adams gene expression that was blocked by oral administration of SB 525334. Similar increases in Adam gene expression also occurred in preclinical models of hypertension-induced renal damage and glomerulonephritis. miRNAs are a recently discovered second level of regulation of gene expression. Analysis of 3' untranslated regions of Adam12 and Adam19 mRNAs showed multiple binding sites for miR-29a, miR-29b, and miR-29c. We show that miR-29 family expression is decreased after unilateral ureter obstruction and this significant decrease in miR-29 family expression was observed consistently in preclinical models of renal dysfunction and correlated with an increase in Adam12 and Adam19 expression. Exogenous overexpression of the miR-29 family blocked TGF-β-mediated up-regulation of Adam12 and Adam19 gene expression. This study shows that Adams are involved in renal fibrosis and are regulated by canonical TGF-β signaling and miR-29. Therefore, both Adams and the miR-29 family represent therapeutic targets for renal fibrosis.
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25
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Qu P, Boelte KC, Lin PC. Negative regulation of myeloid-derived suppressor cells in cancer. Immunol Invest 2013; 41:562-80. [PMID: 23017135 DOI: 10.3109/08820139.2012.685538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) are a heterogeneous population of immature myeloid cells with suppressive function on immune response. In this review, we discuss recent studies about mechanisms of expansion and suppressive function of MDSCs during inflammation, infection and autoimmune diseases, as well as pro-angiogenic and pro-metastatic functions of these cells in tumor development. Further, we focus on novel studies of MDSCs and therapeutic approaches to eliminate these cells in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Qu
- National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA
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26
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Li W, Graeber MB. The molecular profile of microglia under the influence of glioma. Neuro Oncol 2012; 14:958-78. [PMID: 22573310 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/nos116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 248] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia, which contribute substantially to the tumor mass of glioblastoma, have been shown to play an important role in glioma growth and invasion. While a large number of experimental studies on functional attributes of microglia in glioma provide evidence for their tumor-supporting roles, there also exist hints in support of their anti-tumor properties. Microglial activities during glioma progression seem multifaceted. They have been attributed to the receptors expressed on the microglia surface, to glioma-derived molecules that have an effect on microglia, and to the molecules released by microglia in response to their environment under glioma control, which can have autocrine effects. In this paper, the microglia and glioma literature is reviewed. We provide a synopsis of the molecular profile of microglia under the influence of glioma in order to help establish a rational basis for their potential therapeutic use. The ability of microglia precursors to cross the blood-brain barrier makes them an attractive target for the development of novel cell-based treatments of malignant glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Brain Tumor Research Laboratories, The Brain and Mind Research Institute, University of Sydney, 94 Mallett St, Camperdown, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia
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