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Rosochowicz MA, Kulcenty K, Suchorska WM. Exploring the Role of HtrA Family Genes in Cancer: A Systematic Review. Mol Diagn Ther 2024; 28:347-377. [PMID: 38717523 PMCID: PMC11211202 DOI: 10.1007/s40291-024-00712-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE HtrA1, HtrA2, HtrA3 and HtrA4 appear to be involved in the development of pathologies such as cancer. This systematic review reports the results of a literature search performed to compare the expression of HtrA family genes and proteins in cancer versus non-cancer tissues and cell lines, assess relationships between HtrA expression and cancer clinical features in cancer, and analyse the molecular mechanism, by which HtrA family affects cancer. METHODS The literature search was conducted according to the PRISMA statement among four databases (PubMed, Web of Science, Embase and Scopus). RESULTS A total of 38 articles met the inclusion criteria and involved the expression of HtrA family members and concerned the effect of HtrA expression on cancer and metastasis development or on the factor that influences it. Additionally, 31 reports were retrieved manually. Most articles highlighted that HtrA1 and HtrA3 exhibited tumour suppressor activity, while HtrA2 was associated with tumour growth and metastasis. There were too few studies to clearly define the role of the HtrA4 protease in tumours. CONCLUSION Although the expression of serine proteases of the HtrA family was dependent on tumour type, stage and the presence of metastases, most articles indicated that HtrA1 and HtrA3 expression in tumours was downregulated compared with healthy tissue or cell lines. The expression of HtrA2 was completely study dependent. The limited number of studies on HtrA4 expression made it impossible to draw conclusions about differences in expression between healthy and tumour tissue. The conclusions drawn from the study suggest that HtrA1 and HtrA3 act as tumour suppressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Anna Rosochowicz
- Doctoral School, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland.
- Radiobiology Laboratory, Greater Poland Cancer Centre, Poznan, Poland.
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland.
| | | | - Wiktoria Maria Suchorska
- Radiobiology Laboratory, Greater Poland Cancer Centre, Poznan, Poland
- Department of Electroradiology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
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Zhang J, Qiao W, Luo Y. Mitochondrial quality control proteases and their modulation for cancer therapy. Med Res Rev 2023; 43:399-436. [PMID: 36208112 DOI: 10.1002/med.21929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Revised: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria, the main provider of energy in eukaryotic cells, contains more than 1000 different proteins and is closely related to the development of cells. However, damaged proteins impair mitochondrial function, further contributing to several human diseases. Evidence shows mitochondrial proteases are critically important for protein maintenance. Most importantly, quality control enzymes exert a crucial role in the modulation of mitochondrial functions by degrading misfolded, aged, or superfluous proteins. Interestingly, cancer cells thrive under stress conditions that damage proteins, so targeting mitochondrial quality control proteases serves as a novel regulator for cancer cells. Not only that, mitochondrial quality control proteases have been shown to affect mitochondrial dynamics by regulating the morphology of optic atrophy 1 (OPA1), which is closely related to the occurrence and progression of cancer. In this review, we introduce mitochondrial quality control proteases as promising targets and related modulators in cancer therapy with a focus on caseinolytic protease P (ClpP), Lon protease (LonP1), high-temperature requirement protein A2 (HrtA2), and OMA-1. Further, we summarize our current knowledge of the advances in clinical trials for modulators of mitochondrial quality control proteases. Overall, the content proposed above serves to suggest directions for the development of novel antitumor drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangnan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Wenliang Qiao
- Lung Cancer Center, Laboratory of Lung Cancer, Western China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Youfu Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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Bian J, Zhang D, Wang Y, Qin H, Yang W, Cui R, Sheng J. Mitochondrial Quality Control in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Front Oncol 2021; 11:713721. [PMID: 34589426 PMCID: PMC8473831 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.713721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria participate in the progression of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) by modifying processes including but not limited to redox homeostasis, metabolism, and the cell death pathway. These processes depend on the health status of the mitochondria. Quality control processes in mitochondria can repair or eliminate “unhealthy mitochondria” at the molecular, organelle, or cellular level and form an efficient integrated network that plays an important role in HCC tumorigenesis, patient survival, and tumor progression. Here, we review the influence of mitochondria on the biological behavior of HCC. Based on this information, we further highlight the need for determining the role and mechanism of interaction between different levels of mitochondrial quality control in regulating HCC occurrence and progression as well as resistance development. This information may lead to the development of precision medicine approaches against targets involved in various mitochondrial quality control-related pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinda Bian
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Dan Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yicun Wang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory on Molecular and Chemical Genetic, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hanjiao Qin
- Department of Radiotherapy, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Wei Yang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory on Molecular and Chemical Genetic, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ranji Cui
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory on Molecular and Chemical Genetic, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jiyao Sheng
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Abdel Ghafar MT, Gharib F, Al-Ashmawy GM, Mariah RA. Serum high-temperature-required protein A2: A potential biomarker for the diagnosis of breast cancer. GENE REPORTS 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2020.100706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Zhou H, Yuan D, Gao W, Tian J, Sun H, Yu S, Wang J, Sun L. Loss of high-temperature requirement protein A2 protease activity induces mitonuclear imbalance via differential regulation of mitochondrial biogenesis in sarcopenia. IUBMB Life 2020; 72:1659-1679. [PMID: 32353215 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cellular homeostasis requires tight coordination between nucleus and mitochondria, organelles that each possesses their own genomes. Disrupted mitonuclear communication has been found to be implicated in many aging processes. However, little is known about mitonuclear signaling regulator in sarcopenia which is a major contributor to the risk of poor health-related quality of life, disability, and premature death in older people. High-temperature requirement protein A2 (HtrA2/Omi) is a mitochondrial protease and plays an important role in mitochondrial proteostasis. HtrA2mnd2(-/-) mice harboring protease-deficient HtrA2/Omi Ser276Cys missense mutants exhibit premature aging phenotype. Additionally, HtrA2/Omi has been established as a signaling regulator in nervous system and tumors. We therefore asked whether HtrA2/Omi participates in mitonuclear signaling regulation in muscle degeneration. Using motor functional, histological, and molecular biological methods, we characterized the phenotype of HtrA2mnd2(-/-) muscle. Furthermore, we isolated the gastrocnemius muscle of HtrA2mnd2(-/-) mice and determined expression of genes in mitochondrial unfolded protein response (UPRmt ), mitohormesis, electron transport chain (ETC), and mitochondrial biogenesis. Here, we showed that HtrA2/Omi protease deficiency induced denervation-independent skeletal muscle degeneration with sarcopenia phenotypes. Despite mitochondrial hypofunction, upregulation of UPRmt and mitohormesis-related genes and elevated total reactive oxygen species (ROS) production were not observed in HtrA2mnd2(-/-) mice, contrary to previous assumptions that loss of protease activity of HtrA2/Omi would lead to mitochondrial dysfunction as a result of proteostasis disturbance and ROS burst. Instead, we showed that HtrA2/Omi protease deficiency results in different changes between the expression of nuclear DNA- and mitochondrial DNA-encoded ETC subunits, which is in consistent with their transcription factors, nuclear respiratory factors 1 and 2, and coactivator peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1α. These results reveal that loss of HtrA2/Omi protease activity induces mitonuclear imbalance via differential regulation of mitochondrial biogenesis in sarcopenia. The novel mechanistic insights may be of importance in developing new therapeutic strategies for sarcopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haohan Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Danni Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Weinan Gao
- Department of Orthopedics, Second Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jiayi Tian
- Department of Reproductive Medicine and Center for Prenatal Diagnosis, First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hongyu Sun
- Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Shuang Yu
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Second Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jincheng Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Second Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Liankun Sun
- Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Wu L, Liu D, Wu Y, Wei X, Wang Z, Wang W, Zhang S, Yang H, Yi M, Liu H. p53 mediated transcription of Omi/HtrA2 in aging myocardium. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 519:734-739. [PMID: 31543347 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.09.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Omi/HtrA2 is a pro-apoptotic protein, increased mRNA and protein levels of Omi/HtrA2 in aging myocardium facilitates apoptosis and affects mitochondrial homeostasis. Our previous study found that p53 can bind to the Omi/HtrA2 promoter. The purpose of this study was to determine whether p53 participates in regulating the expression of Omi/HtrA2 in aging myocardium. METHODS AND RESULTS we used Western blot to detect the expression of Omi/HtrA2 and p53 nucleoprotein, and then found that both of them were elevated in aging heart. Furthermore, we also observed the increased binding of p53 to Omi/HtrA2 promoter by chromatin immunoprecipitation. To initially explore the regulation mechanism of Omi/HtrA2, plasmid transfection and RNA interference in NIH3T3 cells were used to upregulate or knock down p53, respectively. The mRNA and protein levels of Omi/HtrA2 were increased with the overexpression of p53 by real-time PCR and Western blot, and Omi/HtrA2 promoter activity enhanced after transfected with pcDNA3.1-p53. The result from RNA interference was quite the contrary.Our study demonstrated that the binding ability of p53 to Omi/HtrA2 promoter was increased in aging myocardium, and increased p53 promoted the mRNA and protein levels of Omi/HtrA2 by enhancing the promoter activity of Omi/HtrA2. CONCLUSIONS p53 acts as a transcriptional factor that induces Omi/HtrA2 expression in aged cardiomyocytes.These results provide a new way to explore the mechanism of increased Omi/HtrA2 in the aging process of heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linguo Wu
- Department of Pathology, Beijing Luhe Hospital,Capital Medical University, Beijing, 101100, China.
| | - Dan Liu
- Yan Jing Medical College, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 101300, China.
| | - Ye Wu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Metabolic Disturbance Related Cardiovascular Disease, Beijing, 100069, China.
| | - Xin Wei
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China.
| | - Zhaojia Wang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China.
| | - Wen Wang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Metabolic Disturbance Related Cardiovascular Disease, Beijing, 100069, China.
| | - Suli Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Metabolic Disturbance Related Cardiovascular Disease, Beijing, 100069, China.
| | - Hong Yang
- Yan Jing Medical College, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 101300, China.
| | - Ming Yi
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China.
| | - Huirong Liu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Metabolic Disturbance Related Cardiovascular Disease, Beijing, 100069, China.
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Abstract
The purpose of this study was to detect the expression of high-temperature requirement A2 (HtrA2) and its diagnostic value in the patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).The relative serum HtrA2 expression at mRNA and protein level was severally detected by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and western blot analysis in 198 HCC patients and 48 healthy controls. And its association with clinicopathological features was analyzed by chi-square test. The diagnostic value of HtrA2 expression was estimated by establishing a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve.Serum HtrA2 was significantly higher in patients with HCC than that in healthy controls both at mRNA and protein levels (P < .05 for both). In addition, the high HtrA2 expression was associated with large tumor size and advanced clinical stage. Furthermore, the value of the area under the ROC curve was 0.808 corresponding with a sensitivity of 65.2% and a specificity of 89.6%, revealed that HtrA2 might be a diagnostic biomarker in HCC.HtrA2 is upregulated and considered to be a potential biomarker for the diagnosis of patients with HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Furong Hao
- Department of Radiotherapy, Weifang People's Hospital, Weifang 261041, Shandong, China
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Zurawa-Janicka D, Wenta T, Jarzab M, Skorko-Glonek J, Glaza P, Gieldon A, Ciarkowski J, Lipinska B. Structural insights into the activation mechanisms of human HtrA serine proteases. Arch Biochem Biophys 2017; 621:6-23. [PMID: 28396256 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2017.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Revised: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Human HtrA1-4 proteins belong to the HtrA family of evolutionarily conserved serine proteases and function as important modulators of many physiological processes, including maintenance of mitochondrial homeostasis, cell signaling and apoptosis. Disturbances in their action are linked to severe diseases, including oncogenesis and neurodegeneration. The HtrA1-4 proteins share structural and functional features of other members of the HtrA protein family, however there are several significant differences in structural architecture and mechanisms of action which makes each of them unique. Our goal is to present recent studies regarding human HtrAs. We focus on their physiological functions, structure and regulation, and describe current models of activation mechanisms. Knowledge of molecular basis of the human HtrAs' action is a subject of great interest; it is crucial for understanding their relevance in cellular physiology and pathogenesis as well as for using them as targets in future therapies of diseases such as neurodegenerative disorders and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Zurawa-Janicka
- Department of General and Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland.
| | - Tomasz Wenta
- Department of General and Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Miroslaw Jarzab
- Department of General and Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Joanna Skorko-Glonek
- Department of General and Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Przemyslaw Glaza
- Department of General and Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Artur Gieldon
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Jerzy Ciarkowski
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Barbara Lipinska
- Department of General and Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland
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Ding Y, Wang B, Chen X, Zhou Y, Ge J. Staurosporine suppresses survival of HepG2 cancer cells through Omi/HtrA2-mediated inhibition of PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. Tumour Biol 2017; 39:1010428317694317. [PMID: 28349827 DOI: 10.1177/1010428317694317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Staurosporine, which is an inhibitor of a broad spectrum of protein kinases, has shown cytotoxicity on several human cancer cells. However, the underlying mechanism is not well understood. In this study, we examined whether and how this compound has an inhibitory action on phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt pathway in vitro using HepG2 human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line. Cell viability and apoptosis were determined using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and terminal deoxyribonucleotidyl transferase–mediated dUTP-digoxigenin nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay, respectively. Glutathione S-transferase (GST) pull-down assay and co-immunoprecipitation were performed to detect protein–protein interactions. Small interfering RNA (siRNA) was used to silence the expression of targeted protein. We found that staurosporine significantly decreased cell viability and increased cell apoptosis in a concentration- and time-dependent manner in HepG2 cancer cells, along with the decreased expressions of PDK1 protein and Akt phosphorylation. Staurosporine was also found to enhance Omi/HtrA2 release from mitochondria. Furthermore, Omi/HtrA2 directly bound to PDK1. Pharmacological and genetic inhibition of Omi/HtrA2 restored protein levels of PDK1 and protected HepG2 cancer cells from staurosporine-induced cell death. In addition, staurosporine was found to activate autophagy. However, inhibition of autophagy exacerbated cell death under concomitant treatment with staurosporine. Taken together, our results indicate that staurosporine induced cytotoxicity response by inhibiting PI3K/Akt signaling pathway through Omi/HtrA2-mediated PDK1 degradation, and the process provides a novel mechanism by which staurosporine produces its therapeutic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youming Ding
- Department of Hepatobiliary & Laparoscopic Surgery, Wuhan University Renmin Hospital, Wuhan, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary & Laparoscopic Surgery, Wuhan University Renmin Hospital, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoyan Chen
- Department of Hepatobiliary & Laparoscopic Surgery, Wuhan University Renmin Hospital, Wuhan, China
| | - Yu Zhou
- Department of Hepatobiliary & Laparoscopic Surgery, Wuhan University Renmin Hospital, Wuhan, China
| | - Jianhui Ge
- Department of Hepatobiliary & Laparoscopic Surgery, Wuhan University Renmin Hospital, Wuhan, China
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Cloning and Transcriptional Activity of the Mouse Omi/HtrA2 Gene Promoter. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17010119. [PMID: 26784188 PMCID: PMC4730360 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17010119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Revised: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
HtrA serine peptidase 2 (HtrA2), also named Omi, is a pro-apoptotic protein that exhibits dramatic changes in expression levels in a variety of disorders, including ischemia/reperfusion injury, cancer, and neurodegeneration. In our study, Omi/HtrA2 protein levels were high in the heart, brain, kidney and liver, with elevated heart/brain expression in aging mice. A similar expression pattern was observed at the mRNA level, which suggests that the regulation of Omi/HtrA2 is predominately transcriptional. Promoter binding by transcription factors is the main influencing factor of transcription, and to identify specific promoter elements that contribute to the differential expression of mouse Omi/HtrA2, we constructed truncated Omi/HtrA2 promoter/luciferase reporter vectors and analyzed their relative luciferase activity; it was greatest in the promoter regions at -1205~-838 bp and -146~+93 bp, with the -838~-649 bp region exhibiting negative regulatory activity. Bioinformatics analysis suggested that the Omi/HtrA2 gene promoter contains a CpG island at -709~+37 bp, and eight heat shock transcription factor 1 (HSF1) sites, two Sp1 transcription factor (SP1)sites, one activator protein (AP) site, seven p53 sites, and four YY1 transcription factor(YY1) sites were predicted in the core areas. Furthermore, we found that p53 and HSF1 specifically binds to the Omi/HtrA2 promoter using chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis. These results provide a foundation for understanding Omi/HtrA2 regulatory mechanisms, which could further understanding of HtrA-associated diseases.
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