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Fu Y, Qu Z, Wang Y, Sun P, Jiao N, Xu D. Biogeographical and biodiversity patterns of planktonic microeukaryotes along the tropical western to eastern Pacific Ocean transect revealed by metabarcoding. Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12:e0242423. [PMID: 38488393 PMCID: PMC10986530 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02424-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Microeukaryotic plankton (0.2-200 µm), which are morphologically and genetically highly diverse, play a crucial role in ocean productivity and carbon consumption. The Pacific Ocean (PO), one of the world's largest oligotrophic regions, remains largely unexplored in terms of the biogeography and biodiversity of microeukaryotes based on large-scale sampling. We investigated the horizontal distribution of microeukaryotes along a 16,000 km transect from the west to the east of the PO. The alpha diversity indices showed a distinct decreasing trend from west to east, which was highly correlated with water temperature. The microeukaryotic community, which was clustered into the western, central, and eastern PO groups, displayed a significant distance-decay relationship. Syndiniales, a lineage of parasitic dinoflagellates, was ubiquitously distributed along the transect and dominated the community in terms of both sequence and zero-radius operational taxonomic unit (ZOTU) proportions. The prevailing dominance of Syndiniales-affiliated ZOTUs and their close associations with dinoflagellates, diatoms, and radiolarians, as revealed by SparCC correlation analysis, suggested that parasitism may be an important trophic strategy in the surface waters of the PO. Geographical distance and temperature were the most important environmental factors that significantly correlated with community structure. Overall, our study sheds more light on the distribution pattern of both alpha and beta diversities of microeukaryotic communities and highlighted the importance of parasitisms by Syndiniales across the tropical PO.IMPORTANCEUnderstanding the biogeographical and biodiversity patterns of microeukaryotic communities is essential to comprehending their roles in biogeochemical cycling. In this study, planktonic microeukaryotes were collected along a west-to-east Pacific Ocean transect (ca. 16,000 km). Our study revealed that the alpha diversity indices were highly correlated with water temperature, and the microeukaryotic communities displayed a distinct geographical distance-driven pattern. The predominance of the parasitic dinoflagellate lineage Syndiniales and their close relationship with other microeukaryotic groups suggest that parasitism may be a crucial survival strategy for microeukaryotes in the surface waters of the Pacific Ocean. Our findings expand our understanding of the biodiversity and biogeographical pattern of microeukaryotes and highlight the significance of parasitic Syndiniales in the surface ocean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingjun Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Institute of Marine Microbes and Ecospheres, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Marine Carbon Sequestration, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Zhishuai Qu
- Institute of Marine Science and Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Coastal Ecology and Environmental Studies, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Ping Sun
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Coastal Ecology and Environmental Studies, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Nianzhi Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Institute of Marine Microbes and Ecospheres, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Marine Carbon Sequestration, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Dapeng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Institute of Marine Microbes and Ecospheres, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Marine Carbon Sequestration, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
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Hörstmann C, Hattermann T, Thomé PC, Buttigieg PL, Morel I, Waite AM, John U. Biogeographic gradients of picoplankton diversity indicate increasing dominance of prokaryotes in warmer Arctic fjords. Commun Biol 2024; 7:256. [PMID: 38431695 PMCID: PMC10908816 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-05946-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Climate change is opening the Arctic Ocean to increasing human impact and ecosystem changes. Arctic fjords, the region's most productive ecosystems, are sustained by a diverse microbial community at the base of the food web. Here we show that Arctic fjords become more prokaryotic in the picoplankton (0.2-3 µm) with increasing water temperatures. Across 21 fjords, we found that Arctic fjords had proportionally more trophically diverse (autotrophic, mixotrophic, and heterotrophic) picoeukaryotes, while subarctic and temperate fjords had relatively more diverse prokaryotic trophic groups. Modeled oceanographic connectivity between fjords suggested that transport alone would create a smooth gradient in beta diversity largely following the North Atlantic Current and East Greenland Current. Deviations from this suggested that picoeukaryotes had some strong regional patterns in beta diversity that reduced the effect of oceanographic connectivity, while prokaryotes were mainly stopped in their dispersal if strong temperature differences between sites were present. Fjords located in high Arctic regions also generally had very low prokaryotic alpha diversity. Ultimately, warming of Arctic fjords could induce a fundamental shift from more trophic diverse eukaryotic- to prokaryotic-dominated communities, with profound implications for Arctic ecosystem dynamics including their productivity patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cora Hörstmann
- Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Center for Polar and Marine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570, Bremerhaven, Germany.
- Aix Marseille Univ, Universite de Toulon, CNRS, IRD, MIO UM 110, 13288, Marseille, France.
- Turing Center for Living Systems, Aix-Marseille University, 13009, Marseille, France.
| | - Tore Hattermann
- Norwegian Polar Institute, iC3: Centre for Ice, Cryosphere, Carbon and Climate, Framsenteret, Hjalmar Johansens gate 14, 9296, Tromsø, Norway
- Complex Systems Group, Department of Mathematics and Statistics, The Arctic University - University of Tromsø, Hansine Hansens veg 18, 9019, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Pauline C Thomé
- Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Müggelseedamm 310, 12587, Berlin, Germany
| | - Pier Luigi Buttigieg
- Helmholtz Metadata Collaboration, GEOMAR, Wischhofstraße 1-3, 24148, Kiel, Germany
| | - Isidora Morel
- Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Celsiusstraße 1, 28359, Bremen, Germany
| | - Anya M Waite
- Ocean Frontier Institute, Dalhousie University, 1355 Oxford Street, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Uwe John
- Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Center for Polar and Marine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570, Bremerhaven, Germany
- Helmholtz Institute for Functional Marine Biodiversity at the University of Oldenburg (HIFMB), Ammerländer Heerstraße 231, 26129, Oldenburg, Germany
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Xu Z, Chen J, Li Y, Shekarriz E, Wu W, Chen B, Liu H. High Microeukaryotic Diversity in the Cold-Seep Sediment. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2023; 86:2003-2020. [PMID: 36973438 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-023-02212-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Microeukaryotic diversity, community structure, and their regulating mechanisms remain largely unclear in chemosynthetic ecosystems. Here, using high-throughput sequencing data of 18S rRNA genes, we explored microeukaryotic communities from the Haima cold seep in the northern South China Sea. We compared three distinct habitats: active, less active, and non-seep regions, with vertical layers (0-25 cm) from sediment cores. The results showed that seep regions harbored more abundant and diverse parasitic microeukaryotes (e.g., Apicomplexa and Syndiniales) as indicator species, compared to nearby non-seep region. Microeukaryotic community heterogeneity was larger between habitats than within habitat, and greatly increased when considering molecular phylogeny, suggesting the local diversification in cold-seep sediments. Microeukaryotic α-diversity at cold seeps was positively increased by metazoan richness and dispersal rate of microeukaryotes, while its β-diversity was promoted by heterogeneous selection mainly from metazoan communities (as potential hosts). Their combined effects led to the significant higher γ-diversity (i.e., total diversity in a region) at cold seeps than non-seep regions, suggesting cold-seep sediment as a hotspot for microeukaryotic diversity. Our study highlights the importance of microeukaryotic parasitism in cold-seep sediment and has implications for the roles of cold seep in maintaining and promoting marine biodiversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhimeng Xu
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China
- Department of Ocean Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jiawei Chen
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China
- Department of Ocean Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yingdong Li
- Department of Ocean Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Erfan Shekarriz
- Department of Ocean Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wenxue Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Bingzhang Chen
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Hongbin Liu
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China.
- Department of Ocean Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China.
- Department of Ocean Science and Hong Kong Branch of the Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China.
- CAS-HKUST Sanya Joint Laboratory of Marine Science Research, Sanya, China.
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Winners and Losers of Atlantification: The Degree of Ocean Warming Affects the Structure of Arctic Microbial Communities. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:genes14030623. [PMID: 36980894 PMCID: PMC10048660 DOI: 10.3390/genes14030623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Arctic microbial communities (i.e., protists and bacteria) are increasingly subjected to an intrusion of new species via Atlantification and an uncertain degree of ocean warming. As species differ in adaptive traits, these oceanic conditions may lead to compositional changes with functional implications for the ecosystem. In June 2021, we incubated water from the western Fram Strait at three temperatures (2 °C, 6 °C, and 9 °C), mimicking the current and potential future properties of the Arctic Ocean. Our results show that increasing the temperature to 6 °C only minorly affects the community, while an increase to 9 °C significantly lowers the diversity and shifts the composition. A higher relative abundance of large hetero- and mixotrophic protists was observed at 2 °C and 6 °C compared to a higher abundance of intermediate-sized temperate diatoms at 9 °C. The compositional differences at 9 °C led to a higher chlorophyll a:POC ratio, but the C:N ratio remained similar. Our results contradict the common assumption that smaller organisms and heterotrophs are favored under warming and strongly indicate a thermal limit between 6 °C and 9 °C for many Arctic species. Consequently, the magnitude of temperature increase is a crucial factor for microbial community reorganization and the ensuing ecological consequences in the future Arctic Ocean.
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Maselli M, Meire L, Meire P, Hansen PJ. Effects of Glacial Flour on Marine Micro-plankton: Evidences from Natural Communities of Greenlandic Fjords and Experimental Studies. Protist 2023; 174:125928. [PMID: 36442289 DOI: 10.1016/j.protis.2022.125928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Meltwater runoff from glaciers carries particles, so-called glacial flour that may affect planktonic organisms and the functioning of marine ecosystems. Protist microplankton is at the base of marine food webs and thus plays an important role in sustaining important ecosystem services. To assess the effect of glacial flour on photoautotrophic, heterotrophic and mixotrophic microplankton, the spatial distribution of these trophic groups was studied in four Greenlandic fjords during summer. The results suggest that the abundance of the autotrophic microplankton was affected by the glacier meltwater due to reduced light penetration and nutrient availability. The abundance of heterotrophic and mixotrophic microplankton were not apparently affected by the glacier meltwater. Incubation experiments were conducted on the natural population and in laboratory cultures of two mixoplanktonic ciliate species. The experiments on the natural population revealed that none of the trophic groups were affected by the suspended material at concentrations up to 50 mg L-1. The experiments on cultures gave no indication that glacial flour was ingested by the mixoplanktonic ciliates. Growth rates of cultured ciliates were not affected by the glacial flour addition. These results suggest that heterotrophic and mixotrophic microplankton are not affected by glacial flour as much as autotrophic microplankton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maira Maselli
- Marine Biological Section, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Helsingør, Denmark.
| | - Lorenz Meire
- Department of Estuarine and Delta Systems, Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, Yerseke, The Netherlands; Greenland Climate Research Centre, Greenland Institute of Natural Resources, Nuuk, Greenland
| | - Patrick Meire
- Ecosystem Management Research Group, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Per Juel Hansen
- Marine Biological Section, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Helsingør, Denmark
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Vaulot D, Sim CWH, Ong D, Teo B, Biwer C, Jamy M, Lopes dos Santos A. metaPR 2 : A database of eukaryotic 18S rRNA metabarcodes with an emphasis on protists. Mol Ecol Resour 2022; 22:3188-3201. [PMID: 35762265 PMCID: PMC9796713 DOI: 10.1111/1755-0998.13674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, metabarcoding has become the method of choice for investigating the composition and assembly of microbial eukaryotic communities. The number of environmental data sets published has increased very rapidly. Although unprocessed sequence files are often publicly available, processed data, in particular clustered sequences, are rarely available in a usable format. Clustered sequences are reported as operational taxonomic units (OTUs) with different similarity levels or more recently as amplicon sequence variants (ASVs). This hampers comparative studies between different environments and data sets, for example examining the biogeographical patterns of specific groups/species, as well analysing the genetic microdiversity within these groups. Here, we present a newly-assembled database of processed 18S rRNA metabarcodes that are annotated with the PR2 reference sequence database. This database, called metaPR2 , contains 41 data sets corresponding to more than 4000 samples and 90,000 ASVs. The database, which is accessible through both a web-based interface (https://shiny.metapr2.org) and an R package, should prove very useful to all researchers working on protist diversity in a variety of systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Vaulot
- UMR 7144, ECOMAP, CNRSSorbonne Université, Station Biologique de RoscoffRoscoffFrance
| | | | - Denise Ong
- Asian School of the EnvironmentNanyang Technological UniversitySingapore
| | - Bryan Teo
- Asian School of the EnvironmentNanyang Technological UniversitySingapore
| | - Charlie Biwer
- Department of Organismal Biology (Systematic Biology)Uppsala UniversityUppsalaSweden
| | - Mahwash Jamy
- Department of Organismal Biology (Systematic Biology)Uppsala UniversityUppsalaSweden
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7
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Xu D, Kong H, Yang EJ, Wang Y, Li X, Sun P, Jiao N, Lee Y, Jung J, Cho KH. Spatial dynamics of active microeukaryotes along a latitudinal gradient: Diversity, assembly process, and co-occurrence relationships. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 212:113234. [PMID: 35390306 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Recent global warming is profoundly and increasingly influencing the Arctic ecosystem. Understanding how microeukaryote communities respond to changes in the Arctic Ocean is crucial for understanding their roles in the biogeochemical cycles of nutrients and elements. Between July 22 and August 19, 2016, during cruise ARA07, seawater samples were collected along a latitudinal transect extending from the East Sea of Korea to the central Arctic Ocean. Environmental RNA was extracted and the V4 hypervariable regions of the reverse transcribed SSU rRNA were amplified. The sequences generated by high throughput sequencing were clustered into zero-radius OTUs (ZOTUs), and the taxonomic identities of each ZOTU were assigned using SINTAX against the PR2 database. Thus, the diversity, community composition, and co-occurrence networks of size fractionated microeukaryotes were revealed. The present study found: 1) the alpha diversity of pico- and nano-sized microeukaryotes showed a latitudinal diversity gradient; 2) three distinct communities were identified, i.e., the Leg-A, Leg-B surface, and Leg-B subsurface chlorophyll a maximum (SCM) groups; 3) distinct network structure and composition were found in the three groups; and 4) water temperature was identified as the primary factor driving both the alpha and beta diversities of microeukaryotes. This study conducted a comprehensive and systematic survey of active microeukaryotes along a latitudinal gradient, elucidated the diversity, community composition, co-occurrence relationships, and community assembly processes among major microeukaryote assemblages, and will help shed more light on our understanding of the responses of microeukaryote communities to the changing Arctic Ocean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dapeng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Institute of Marine Microbes and Ecospheres, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Marine Carbon Sequestration, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.
| | - Hejun Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Institute of Marine Microbes and Ecospheres, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Marine Carbon Sequestration, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Eun-Jin Yang
- Division of Polar Ocean Science, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Ying Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Institute of Marine Microbes and Ecospheres, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Marine Carbon Sequestration, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Xinran Li
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Institute of Marine Microbes and Ecospheres, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Marine Carbon Sequestration, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Ping Sun
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystem, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Coastal Ecology and Environmental Studies, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.
| | - Nianzhi Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Institute of Marine Microbes and Ecospheres, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Marine Carbon Sequestration, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Youngju Lee
- Division of Polar Ocean Science, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Jinyoung Jung
- Division of Polar Ocean Science, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Kyoung-Ho Cho
- Division of Polar Ocean Science, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon, South Korea
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Koppelle S, López-Escardó D, Brussaard CPD, Huisman J, Philippart CJM, Massana R, Wilken S. Mixotrophy in the bloom-forming genus Phaeocystis and other haptophytes. HARMFUL ALGAE 2022; 117:102292. [PMID: 35944956 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2022.102292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Phaeocystis is a globally widespread marine phytoplankton genus, best known for its colony-forming species that can form large blooms and odorous foam during bloom decline. In the North Sea, Phaeocystis globosa typically becomes abundant towards the end of the spring bloom, when nutrients are depleted and the share of mixotrophic protists increases. Although mixotrophy is widespread across the eukaryotic tree of life and is also found amongst haptophytes, a mixotrophic nutrition has not yet been demonstrated in Phaeocystis. Here, we sampled two consecutive Phaeocystis globosa spring blooms in the coastal North Sea. In both years, bacterial cells were observed inside 0.6 - 2% of P. globosa cells using double CARD-FISH hybridizations in combination with laser scanning confocal microscopy. Incubation experiments manipulating light and nutrient availability showed a trend towards higher occurrence of intracellular bacteria under P-deplete conditions. Based on counts of bacteria inside P. globosa cells in combination with theoretical values of prey digestion times, maximum ingestion rates of up to 0.08 bacteria cell-1 h-1 were estimated. In addition, a gene-based predictive model was applied to the transcriptome assemblies of seven Phaeocystis strains and 24 other haptophytes to assess their trophic mode. This model predicted a phago-mixotrophic feeding strategy in several (but not all) strains of P. globosa, P. antarctica and other haptophytes that were previously assumed to be autotrophic. The observation of bacterial cells inside P. globosa and the gene-based model predictions strongly suggest that the phago-mixotrophic feeding strategy is widespread among members of the Phaeocystis genus and other haptophytes, and might contribute to their remarkable success to form nuisance blooms under nutrient-limiting conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastiaan Koppelle
- Department of Freshwater and Marine Ecology (FAME), Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED), University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94920, 1090 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - David López-Escardó
- Ecology of Marine Microbes, Institut de Ciènces del Mar (ICM-CSIC), Passeig Marítim de la Barceloneta 37-49, 08003 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Corina P D Brussaard
- Department of Freshwater and Marine Ecology (FAME), Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED), University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94920, 1090 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Marine Microbiology and Biogeochemistry, NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, P.O. Box 59, 1790 AB, Den Burg, Texel, The Netherlands
| | - Jef Huisman
- Department of Freshwater and Marine Ecology (FAME), Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED), University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94920, 1090 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Catharina J M Philippart
- Department of Coastal Systems, NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, P.O. Box 59, 1790 AB, Den Burg, Texel, The Netherlands; Department of Physical Geography, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80115, 3508 TC, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ramon Massana
- Ecology of Marine Microbes, Institut de Ciènces del Mar (ICM-CSIC), Passeig Marítim de la Barceloneta 37-49, 08003 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Susanne Wilken
- Department of Freshwater and Marine Ecology (FAME), Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED), University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94920, 1090 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Kleptoplast distribution, photosynthetic efficiency and sequestration mechanisms in intertidal benthic foraminifera. THE ISME JOURNAL 2022; 16:822-832. [PMID: 34635793 PMCID: PMC8857221 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-021-01128-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Foraminifera are ubiquitously distributed in marine habitats, playing a major role in marine sediment carbon sequestration and the nitrogen cycle. They exhibit a wide diversity of feeding and behavioural strategies (heterotrophy, autotrophy and mixotrophy), including species with the ability of sequestering intact functional chloroplasts from their microalgal food source (kleptoplastidy), resulting in a mixotrophic lifestyle. The mechanisms by which kleptoplasts are integrated and kept functional inside foraminiferal cytosol are poorly known. In our study, we investigated relationships between feeding strategies, kleptoplast spatial distribution and photosynthetic functionality in two shallow-water benthic foraminifera (Haynesina germanica and Elphidium williamsoni), both species feeding on benthic diatoms. We used a combination of observations of foraminiferal feeding behaviour, test morphology, cytological TEM-based observations and HPLC pigment analysis, with non-destructive, single-cell level imaging of kleptoplast spatial distribution and PSII quantum efficiency. The two species showed different feeding strategies, with H. germanica removing diatom content at the foraminifer's apertural region and E. williamsoni on the dorsal site. All E. williamsoni parameters showed that this species has higher autotrophic capacity albeit both feeding on benthic diatoms. This might represent two different stages in the evolutionary process of establishing a permanent symbiotic relationship, or may reflect different trophic strategies.
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Linacre L, Sánchez-Robles C, Mirabal-Gómez U, Lara-Lara JR, Bazán-Guzmán C. Cell carbon content and biomass assessments of dinoflagellates and diatoms in the oceanic ecosystem of the Southern Gulf of Mexico. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0247071. [PMID: 33596253 PMCID: PMC7888629 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0247071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This study assessed the cell carbon content and biomass for genera of dinoflagellates and diatoms in the oceanic ecosystem of the Southern Gulf of Mexico. Carbon content estimates were based on biovolume calculations derived from linear dimension measurements of individual cells and the approximate geometric body shape of each genus. Then, biomass assessments were performed for both groups in two gulf regions (Perdido and Coatzacoalcos) using these carbon content factors and cell abundances. After four seasonal cruises, 11,817 cells of dinoflagellates and 3,412 cells of diatoms were analyzed. Diverse body shapes and cell sizes were observed among 46 dinoflagellate genera and 37 diatom genera. Nano-cells of dinoflagellates (68% <20 μm) and micro-cells of diatoms (77% 20-200 μm, mostly 50-75 μm) were predominant. According to this cell-size structure, on average, diatoms contained 40% more carbon per cell than dinoflagellates. Contrasting carbon content estimates were observed within the genera of both microalgae. Large carbon averages (>10,000 pg C cell-1) were attributed to Gonyaulacal and some occasional genera of dinoflagellates (e.g., Pyrocystis and Noctiluca) and centric diatoms. In contrast, values up to 3 orders of magnitude lower were found for Peridinial and Gymnodinial dinoflagellates and pennate diatoms. Based on these carbon content estimates, which can be considered representative for most of this oceanic ecosystem, seasonal and regional differences were found in the biomass assessments conducted for these functional groups. Overall, dinoflagellates (mostly low-carbon Gymnodinales) had larger depth-integrated biomass than diatoms (mainly rich-carbon centric forms) within the euphotic zone. An exception to it was the late-summer cruise at the Coatzacoalcos region when a surface bloom of centric diatoms was observed in stations influenced by river runoff. This work contributes useful reference information for future ecological studies and models for understanding the biogeochemical functioning of this open-ocean ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Linacre
- Departamento de Oceanografía Biológica, División de Oceanología, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada, Baja California (CICESE), Ensenada, Baja California, México
| | - Citlalli Sánchez-Robles
- Departamento de Oceanografía Biológica, División de Oceanología, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada, Baja California (CICESE), Ensenada, Baja California, México
| | - Uriel Mirabal-Gómez
- Departamento de Oceanografía Biológica, División de Oceanología, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada, Baja California (CICESE), Ensenada, Baja California, México
| | - J. Rubén Lara-Lara
- Departamento de Oceanografía Biológica, División de Oceanología, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada, Baja California (CICESE), Ensenada, Baja California, México
| | - Carmen Bazán-Guzmán
- Departamento de Oceanografía Biológica, División de Oceanología, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada, Baja California (CICESE), Ensenada, Baja California, México
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