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Khanna D, Furst DE, Li JW, Meng Q, Yuan Y, Lesperance T, Peoples K, Ali F, LaMoreaux B, Taylor SD. Economic and Health Care Resource Use Burden of Systemic Sclerosis. ACR Open Rheumatol 2023. [PMID: 37794717 DOI: 10.1002/acr2.11616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the health care resource use (HCRU) and costs of patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc) prior to and after diagnosis. METHODS This retrospective study used a claims data set (Merative MarketScan; 2015-2019). Eligible patients with SSc were identified by diagnosis codes and required at least 24 months of enrollment without an SSc diagnosis before their first SSc claim and at least 12 months of enrollment thereafter. Total HCRU and costs were reported for three intervals: 2 years and 1 year before and 1 year after index diagnosis. A general population cohort without SSc was matched 1:1 to the SSC cohort on age and sex for comparison. RESULTS Eligibility criteria identified 902 patients with SSc (mean age: 54 years old; 85% female). Mean per-member per year costs increased each year from $22,383 to $29,708 to $47,095, 2 years before, 1 year before, and 1 year after index diagnosis versus $10,232 to $9656 to $9714 in the general population cohort. Outpatient settings represented the largest proportion of cost 1 year after SSc diagnosis ($16,392), followed by prescription drugs ($10,692), physician office ($10,523), and inpatient ($9448) settings. CONCLUSION Patients with SSC accrued greater costs and required more services than a general population cohort. These elevated expenditures and HCRU were observed at least 2 years before an SSc diagnosis and increased over time, reflecting both the progressive, multisystem nature of SSc and potential challenges in diagnosis. These findings suggest that SSc poses a substantial burden on the US health care system and highlights the need for early diagnosis and effective therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel E Furst
- University of California, Los Angeles, University of Florence, Florence, Italy, and University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Justin W Li
- Trinity Life Sciences, Waltham, Massachusetts
| | - Qian Meng
- Trinity Life Sciences, Waltham, Massachusetts
| | - Yuan Yuan
- Trinity Life Sciences, Waltham, Massachusetts
| | | | | | - Farah Ali
- Horizon Therapeutics, Deerfield, Illinois
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Spiera R, Kuwana M, Khanna D, Hummers L, Frech TM, Stevens W, Matucci-Cerinic M, Kafaja S, Distler O, Jun JB, Levy Y, Leszcyzński P, Gordon J, Steen V, Lee EB, Jankowski T, Litinsky I, Chung L, Hsu V, Mayes M, Sandorfi N, Simms RW, Finzel S, de Vries-Bouwstra J, Constantine S, Dgetluck N, Dinh Q, Bloom BJ, Furst DE, White B, Denton CP. Efficacy and Safety of Lenabasum, a Cannabinoid Type 2 Receptor Agonist, in a Phase 3 Randomized Trial in Diffuse Cutaneous Systemic Sclerosis. Arthritis Rheumatol 2023; 75:1608-1618. [PMID: 37098795 DOI: 10.1002/art.42510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This phase 3 study was undertaken to investigate the efficacy and safety of lenabasum, a cannabinoid type 2 receptor agonist, in patients with diffuse cutaneous systemic sclerosis (dcSSc). METHODS A multinational double-blind study was conducted in 365 dcSSc patients who were randomized and dosed 1:1:1 with lenabasum 20 mg, lenabasum 5 mg, or placebo, each twice daily and added to background treatments, including immunosuppressive therapies (IST). RESULTS The primary end point, the American College of Rheumatology combined response index in dcSSc (CRISS) at week 52 for lenabasum 20 mg twice a day versus placebo, was not met, with CRISS score of 0.888 versus 0.887 (P = 0.4972, using mixed models repeated measures [MMRM]). The change in the modified Rodnan skin thickness score (MRSS) at week 52 for lenabasum 20 mg twice a day versus placebo was -6.7 versus -8.1 (P = 0.1183, using MMRM). Prespecified analyses showed higher CRISS scores, greater improvement in MRSS, and lower decline in forced vital capacity in patients on background mycophenolate and those who were taking IST for ≤1 year. No deaths or excess in serious or severe adverse events related to lenabasum were observed. CONCLUSION A benefit of lenabasum in dcSSc was not demonstrated. Most patients were treated with background IST, and treatment with mycophenolate mofetil in particular was associated with better outcomes. These findings support the use of IST in the treatment of dcSSc and highlight the challenge of demonstrating a treatment effect when investigational treatment is added to standard of care IST. These findings have relevance to trial design in SSc, as well as to clinical care.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Masataka Kuwana
- Nippon Medical School Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Laura Hummers
- John Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Tracy M Frech
- University of Utah and Salt Lake City VA Health Care System, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Wendy Stevens
- St. Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Marco Matucci-Cerinic
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, and Division of Rheumatology AOUC, Florence, and Unit of Immunology, Rheumatology, Allergy and Rare Diseases (UnIRAR), IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Suzanne Kafaja
- David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA)
| | - Oliver Distler
- University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jae-Bum Jun
- Hanyang University Hospital for Rheumatic Diseases, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yair Levy
- Meir Medical Center, Kfar Saba, Israel
| | | | | | - Virginia Steen
- Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC
| | - Eun Bong Lee
- Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Tomasz Jankowski
- Klinika Reumatologii Ukladowych Chorob Tkanki Lacznej Szpital Uniwersytecki, Bydgozzcz, Poland
| | | | - Lorina Chung
- Stanford University School of Medicine and Palo Alto VA Health Care System, Palo Alto, California
| | - Vivien Hsu
- Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Maureen Mayes
- McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston
| | - Nora Sandorfi
- Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Robert W Simms
- Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Stephanie Finzel
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center, Universitätsklinikum Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Quinn Dinh
- Corbus Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Norwood, Massachusetts
| | | | - Daniel E Furst
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, and Division of Rheumatology AOUC, Florence, Italy, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, and University of Washington, Seattle, UK
| | - Barbara White
- Corbus Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Norwood, Massachusetts
| | - Christopher P Denton
- UCL Centre for Rheumatology and Connective Tissue Diseases, Royal Free Hospital Campus, University College London Medical School, London, UK
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Abstract
Systemic sclerosis (SSc), also known as scleroderma, is a chronic autoimmune connective tissue disease and is associated with a significant economic burden resulting from health care utilization costs in addition to indirect costs attributable to SSc resulting from early retirement and lost productivity in those that remain in employment.
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Lee KI, Manuntag LJ, Kifayat A, Manuntag SE, Sperber K, Ash JY, Frishman WH, Wasserman A. Cardiovascular Manifestations of Systemic Sclerosis: An Overview of Pathophysiology, Screening Modalities, and Treatment Options. Cardiol Rev 2023; 31:22-27. [PMID: 34619709 DOI: 10.1097/crd.0000000000000420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Systemic sclerosis, previously known as scleroderma, is a heterogeneous, systemic disease that is defined by its 3 pathological hallmarks: the production of autoantibodies, small vessel vasculopathy, and fibroblast dysfunction, leading to an increased deposition of extracellular matrix. We conducted a review of the available literature that covers the cardiovascular manifestations of SSc: electrical conduction abnormalities, pulmonary hypertension, pericardial disease, and atherosclerosis. Within each major category, we will discuss the definition, diagnostics, and available treatment options. Increased mortality from cardiovascular complications necessitates early screening and management. Annual screening with noninvasive modalities is encouraged. The current management of each complication generally follows the management algorithms of patients regardless of SSc status and is dependent on the severity of the patient's clinical presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyu-In Lee
- From the Department of Medicine, Westchester Medical Center, Valhalla, NY
| | - Levy Jo Manuntag
- From the Department of Medicine, Westchester Medical Center, Valhalla, NY
| | - Alina Kifayat
- Department of Rheumatology, Westchester Medical Center/New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY
| | | | - Kirk Sperber
- Department of Rheumatology, Westchester Medical Center/New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY
| | - Julia Yegudin Ash
- Department of Rheumatology, Westchester Medical Center/New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY
| | - William H Frishman
- Department of Allergy/Immunology, Westchester Medical Center/New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY
| | - Amy Wasserman
- Department of Rheumatology, Westchester Medical Center/New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY
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Parfrey H. The hidden costs of living with systemic sclerosis-associated interstitial lung disease. Respirology 2022; 27:486-487. [PMID: 35538640 DOI: 10.1111/resp.14275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Helen Parfrey
- Cambridge Interstitial Lung Disease Unit, Royal Papworth Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
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Knarborg M, Løkke A, Hilberg O, Ibsen R, Sikjær MG. Direct and indirect costs of systemic sclerosis and associated interstitial lung disease: A nationwide population‐based cohort study. Respirology 2022; 27:341-349. [PMID: 35224821 PMCID: PMC9306585 DOI: 10.1111/resp.14234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Background and objective The study aimed to evaluate the direct and indirect costs of systemic sclerosis (SSc) in cases with and without interstitial lung disease (ILD). Methods Cases diagnosed with SSc (2002–2015) were identified in the Danish National Patient Registry. Cases were matched 1:4 with non‐SSc controls from the general population. Data on costs were obtained from national databases. Excess cost was estimated as the annual cost per case subtracting the costs of the control. Results We identified 1869 cases and 7463 controls. Total excess cost (direct healthcare, elderly care and indirect costs) in the SSc‐ILD cohort was €29,725, and €17,905 in the non‐ILD SSc cohort. In‐ and out‐patient contacts and forgone earnings were the key drivers of costs in both cohorts. Healthcare costs were higher before and after the diagnosis compared with the controls. Men incurred higher excess healthcare costs than women. Hospitalization and outpatient services were the key drivers of the gender‐associated differences. Income from employment decreased more rapidly after diagnosis in the SSc‐ILD cohort than in the non‐ILD SSc cohort. Public transfer income increased after diagnosis, with the most pronounced difference in the SSc‐ILD cohort. Disability pension was the key driver of public transfer income. Conclusion SSc is associated with a significant individual and societal burden that is evident several years before and after the diagnosis. Total excess costs are higher in SSc‐ILD than in the non‐ILD SSc underlining the severity of pulmonary involvement. Initiatives to maintain work ability and to reduce hospital admissions may reduce the economic burden of SSc. In a cohort of 1869 cases and 7463 matched controls, we found a significant individual and societal burden of systemic sclerosis that is evident several years before and after the diagnosis. Total excess costs were highest in cases with concomitant interstitial lung disease, which underlines the severity of pulmonary involvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malene Knarborg
- Department of Medicine Lillebaelt Hospital Vejle Denmark
- Department of Regional Health Research University of Southern Denmark Odense Denmark
| | - Anders Løkke
- Department of Medicine Lillebaelt Hospital Vejle Denmark
- Department of Regional Health Research University of Southern Denmark Odense Denmark
| | - Ole Hilberg
- Department of Medicine Lillebaelt Hospital Vejle Denmark
- Department of Regional Health Research University of Southern Denmark Odense Denmark
| | | | - Melina Gade Sikjær
- Department of Medicine Lillebaelt Hospital Vejle Denmark
- Department of Regional Health Research University of Southern Denmark Odense Denmark
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Martin Calderon L, Chaudhury M, Pope JE. Healthcare utilization and economic burden in systemic sclerosis: a systematic review. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2021; 61:3123-3131. [PMID: 34849627 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/keab847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Systemic Sclerosis (SSc) is characterized by vasculopathy, fibrosis of skin and internal organs, and autoimmunity with complications including interstitial lung disease, pulmonary hypertension, and digital ulcers with substantial morbidity and disability. Patients with SSc may require considerable healthcare resources with economic impact. The purpose of this systematic review was to provide a narrative synthesis of the economic impact and healthcare resource utilization associated with SSc. METHODS MEDLINE and EMBASE were searched from inception to January 20th, 2021. Studies were included if they provided information regarding the total, direct and indirect cost of SSc. The cost of SSc subtypes and associated complications was determined. Risk of bias assessments through the Joanna Briggs Institute cross-sectional and case series checklists, and the Newcastle-Ottawa Cohort and Case-Control study scales were performed. A narrative synthesis of included studies was planned. RESULTS 1777 publications were retrieved, of which 33 were included representing 20 cross-sectional, 10 cohort, and 3 case-control studies. Studies used various methods of calculating cost including prevalence-based cost-of-illness approach and health resource units cost analysis. Overall SSc total annual cost ranged from USD$14 959-$23 268 in USA, CAD$10 673-$18 453 in Canada, €4,607-€30 797 in Europe, and AUD$7,060-$11 607 in Oceania. Annual cost for SSc-associated interstitial lung disease and pulmonary hypertension was USD$31 285-$55 446 and $44 454-$63 320, respectively. CONCLUSION Cost-calculation methodology varied greatly between included studies. SSc represents significant patient and health resource economic burden. SSc-associated complications increase economic burden and are variable depending on geographical location, and access.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Martin Calderon
- Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, Department of Medicine, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mitali Chaudhury
- Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Janet E Pope
- Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, Division of Rheumatology, St. Joseph's Health Care, London, Ontario, Canada
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Cavagna L, Zanframundo G, Codullo V, Pisu MG, Caporali R, Montecucco C. Telemedicine in rheumatology: a reliable approach beyond the pandemic. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2021; 60:366-370. [PMID: 32893293 PMCID: PMC7499691 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/keaa554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives The SARS-CoV-2 outbreak has imposed considerable restrictions on people’s mobility, which affects the referral of chronically ill patients to health care structures. The emerging need for alternative ways to follow these patients up is leading to a wide adoption of telemedicine. We aimed to evaluate the feasibility of this approach for our cohort of patients with CTDs, investigating their attitude to adopting telemedicine, even after the pandemic. Methods We conducted a telephonic survey among consecutive patients referred to our CTD outpatients’ clinic, evaluating their capability and propensity for adopting telemedicine and whether they would prefer it over face-to-face evaluation. Demographical and occupational factors were also collected, and their influence on the answers has been evaluated by a multivariate analysis. Results A total of 175 patients answered our survey (M/F = 28/147), with a median age of 62.5 years [interquartile range (IQR) 53–73]. About 80% of patients owned a device allowing video-calls, and 86% would be able to perform a tele-visit, either alone (50%) or with the help of a relative (36%). Telemedicine was considered acceptable by 78% of patients and 61% would prefer it. Distance from the hospital and patient’s educational level were the strongest predictive factors for the acceptance of telemedicine (P < 0.05), whereas age only affected the mastering of required skills (P < 0.001). Conclusion Telemedicine is a viable approach to be considered for routine follow-up of chronic patients, even beyond the pandemic. Our data showed that older patients would be willing to use this approach, although a proper guide for them would be required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Cavagna
- Division of Rheumatology, University and IRCCS Policlinico S. Matteo, Pavia
| | | | - Veronica Codullo
- Division of Rheumatology, University and IRCCS Policlinico S. Matteo, Pavia
| | - Maria Grazia Pisu
- Associazione Lombarda Malati Reumatici, ALOMAR, c/o Hospital G. Pini-CTO
| | - Roberto Caporali
- Rheumatology Division, Hospital G. Pini-CTO, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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Fernández Pérez ER. Soldiering on the Job When Ill: Productivity Costs in Connective Tissue Disease-associated Interstitial Lung Disease. Ann Am Thorac Soc 2020; 17:1058-1059. [PMID: 32870057 PMCID: PMC7462320 DOI: 10.1513/annalsats.202006-721ed] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Evans R Fernández Pérez
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Autoimmune Lung Center and Interstitial Lung Disease Program, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado
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Gayle A, Schoof N, Alves M, Clarke D, Raabe C, Das P, Del Galdo F, Maher TM. Healthcare Resource Utilization Among Patients in England with Systemic Sclerosis-Associated Interstitial Lung Disease: A Retrospective Database Analysis. Adv Ther 2020; 37:2460-2476. [PMID: 32319038 PMCID: PMC7467474 DOI: 10.1007/s12325-020-01330-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Systemic sclerosis-associated interstitial lung disease (SSc-ILD) places a substantial burden on patients and healthcare systems. The objectives of this study were to describe clinical characteristics and assess healthcare resource utilization and costs of patients with SSc-ILD in England, compared with patients with non-pulmonary organ involvement related to SSc (SSc-OOI). METHODS This population-based retrospective study used data from the Clinical Practice Research Datalink linked to Hospital Episode Statistics. Data were extracted from medical records dated January 1, 2005 to March 31, 2016. Patients with SSc were identified and placed in subgroups based on organ involvement: SSc-ILD, SSc-OOI, and both (SSc-ILD-OOI). Patients with SSc-ILD-OOI were included in both the SSc-ILD and SSc-OOI subgroups. All-cause healthcare costs, excluding medication costs, were calculated to 2016 British pounds sterling (£). RESULTS This study included 675 patients with SSc: 174 (26%) had neither ILD nor other organ involvement (OOI); 127 (19%) had SSc-ILD; 477 (71%) had SSc-OOI; 103 (15%) had SSc-ILD-OOI. Age-weighted median [interquartile range (IQR)] annual healthcare costs per patient were: £1496 (£664-£2817) in SSc only; £6375 (£3451-£15,041) in SSc-ILD; £4084 (£1454-£10,105) in SSc-OOI; £6632 (£4023-£17,009) in SSc-ILD-OOI. In multivariate analysis, older age at diagnosis, diagnosis of anemia, and number of comorbid diseases were associated with higher yearly healthcare costs. CONCLUSION The annual healthcare cost for patients with SSc-ILD is substantial, and higher than that of patients with SSc-OOI or SSc only. These results quantify the economic burden of SSc-ILD in a real-world setting, and highlight the need for treatment of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nils Schoof
- Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbH, Ingelheim am Rhein, Germany
| | - Margarida Alves
- Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbH, Ingelheim am Rhein, Germany
| | | | - Christina Raabe
- Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbH, Ingelheim am Rhein, Germany
| | | | | | - Toby M Maher
- Fibrosis Research Group, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK.
- Interstitial Lung Disease Unit, Royal Brompton Hospital, London, UK.
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