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Zhu X, Hu J, Liu D, Li J, Wu H, Sun L, Dai L, Tan C, Li Z, Xiao Z, Li X, Yan Y, Dou G, Sun Y, Zou H. Rapid and Sustained Effect of Ixekizumab on Patient Global, Spinal Pain, Stiffness, and Fatigue in Chinese Patients with Radiographic Axial Spondyloarthritis. Rheumatol Ther 2024; 11:1011-1022. [PMID: 38907104 PMCID: PMC11264586 DOI: 10.1007/s40744-024-00688-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/23/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Ixekizumab, an interleukin 17A (IL-17A) inhibitor, has demonstrated rapid and sustained improvement in the signs and symptoms in patients with active radiographic axial spondyloarthritis (r-axSpA) in global and Chinese populations. We studied the effect of ixekizumab on patient-reported outcomes (PROs) (including patient global, spinal pain, stiffness, and fatigue) and overall health-related quality of life (HRQoL) of ixekizumab in the phase 3 study in China. METHODS In this Chinese phase 3, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study, patients with r-axSpA were randomized (1:1) to receive ixekizumab 80 mg every 4 weeks (IXEQ4W; starting dose 160 mg) or placebo for 16 weeks. At week 16, patients receiving placebo were switched to IXEQ4W, and those receiving IXEQ4W continued, until week 52. Data for patient global, spinal pain, spinal pain at night, stiffness, and fatigue were collected through week 52. Minimally clinical important differences (MCIDs) were determined for spinal pain and spinal pain at night. The subgroup analyses by baseline disease duration since diagnosis and baseline C-reactive protein (CRP) level were conducted post hoc. RESULTS Compared with placebo, patients treated with IXEQ4W reported significantly greater improvement with a rapid onset in changes from baseline of PROs (patient global, spinal pain, spinal pain at night, stiffness, and fatigue) through week 16. Improvements were maintained through week 52. A similar trend of improvement was also observed in MCID response in spinal pain and spinal pain at night. The improvement in overall HRQoL was supported by EQ-5D-5L assessment. Subgroup analyses demonstrated that IXEQ4W provided significantly greater efficacy at week 16 compared with placebo, irrespective of baseline disease duration or baseline CRP level. CONCLUSION IXEQ4W provided rapid and sustained improvement in clinically relevant PROs and overall HRQoL through 1-year treatment in Chinese patients with r-axSpA. Regardless of the baseline disease duration or baseline CRP level, consistent efficacy was observed. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT04285229.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxia Zhu
- Department of Rheumatology, Huashan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, 12 Wulumuqi Zhong Rd, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Jiankang Hu
- Pingxiang People's Hospital, Pingxiang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Dongzhou Liu
- Shenzhen People's Hospital, The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jingyang Li
- The Affiliated Zhuzhou Hospital Xiangya Medical College Central South University, Zhuzhou, Hunan, China
| | - Huaxiang Wu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lingyun Sun
- Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, the Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lie Dai
- Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Chunyu Tan
- West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhijun Li
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, Anhui, China
| | - Zhengyu Xiao
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaomei Li
- The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Anhui Provincial Hospital, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yan Yan
- Eli Lilly and Company, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Yuzi Sun
- Eli Lilly and Company, Shanghai, China
| | - Hejian Zou
- Department of Rheumatology, Huashan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, 12 Wulumuqi Zhong Rd, Shanghai, 200040, China.
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Kiltz U, Braun J. Correspondence on "Efficacy of a tight-control and treat-to-target strategy in axial spondyloarthritis: results of the open-label, pragmatic, cluster-randomised TICOSPA trial" by Molto et al. Ann Rheum Dis 2023; 82:e229. [PMID: 34725049 DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2021-221423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Uta Kiltz
- Rheumazentrum Ruhrgebiet, Ruhr Universität Bochum, Herne, Germany
| | - Juergen Braun
- Rheumazentrum Ruhrgebiet, Ruhr Universität Bochum, Herne, Germany
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Bautista-Molano W, Fernández-Ávila DG, Brance ML, Ávila Pedretti MG, Burgos-Vargas R, Corbacho I, Cosentino VL, Díaz Coto JF, Giraldo Ho E, Gomes Resende G, Gutiérrez LA, Gutiérrez M, Ibáñez Vodnizza SE, Jáuregui E, Ocampo V, Palleiro Rivero DR, Palominos PE, Pacheco Tena C, Quiceno GA, Saldarriaga-Rivera LM, Sommerfleck FA, Goecke Sariego A, Vera Barrezueta C, Vega Espinoza LE, Vega Hinojosa O, Citera G, Lozada C, Sampaio-Barros PD, Schneeberger E, Soriano ER. Pan American League of Associations for Rheumatology recommendations for the management of axial spondyloarthritis. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2023; 19:724-737. [PMID: 37803079 DOI: 10.1038/s41584-023-01034-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
Axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA) comprises a spectrum of chronic inflammatory manifestations affecting the axial skeleton and represents a challenge for diagnosis and treatment. Our objective was to generate a set of evidence-based recommendations for the management of axSpA for physicians, health professionals, rheumatologists and policy decision makers in Pan American League of Associations for Rheumatology (PANLAR) countries. Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation-ADOLOPMENT methodology was used to adapt existing recommendations after performing an independent systematic search and synthesis of the literature to update the evidence. A working group consisting of rheumatologists, epidemiologists and patient representatives from countries within the Americas prioritized 13 topics relevant to the context of these countries for the management of axSpA. This Evidence-Based Guideline article reports 13 recommendations addressing therapeutic targets, the use of NSAIDs and glucocorticoids, treatment with DMARDs (including conventional synthetic, biologic and targeted synthetic DMARDs), therapeutic failure, optimization of the use of biologic DMARDs, the use of drugs for extra-musculoskeletal manifestations of axSpA, non-pharmacological interventions and the follow-up of patients with axSpA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilson Bautista-Molano
- Hospital Universitario Fundación Santafé de Bogotá, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad El Bosque, Universidad Militar Nueva Granada, Bogotá, Colombia
| | | | - María Lorena Brance
- Bone Biology Laboratory, School of Medicine, Rosario National University, Rosario, Argentina
| | | | | | - Inés Corbacho
- Cátedra de Reumatologia, Universidad de la República UDELAR, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Marwin Gutiérrez
- Center of Excellence of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Diseases, C.E.R.M, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Edwin Jáuregui
- Gestor de Reumatología de o en Riesgo de fractura S.A, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Vanessa Ocampo
- Rheumatology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | | | - Cesar Pacheco Tena
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua e Investigación y Biomedicina de Chihuahua SC, Chihuahua, Mexico
| | - Guillermo Andrés Quiceno
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Lina María Saldarriaga-Rivera
- Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira, Hospital Universitario San Jorge de Pereira, Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia
| | | | | | | | | | - Oscar Vega Hinojosa
- Centro Médico Reumacenter y Hospital III Red Asistencial Essalud, Juliaca, Perú
| | - Gustavo Citera
- Instituto de Rehabilitación Psicofísica, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carlos Lozada
- Division of Rheumatology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | | | | | - Enrique R Soriano
- Rheumatology Unit, Internal Medicine Services and University Institute, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Wang W, Lee YH, Wei JCC. Correspondence on 'Efficacy of a tight-control and treat-to-target strategy in axial spondyloarthritis: results of the open-label, pragmatic, cluster-randomised TICOSPA trial'. Ann Rheum Dis 2023; 82:e223. [PMID: 34226191 DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2021-220938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Weijie Wang
- Department of Rheumatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yung-Heng Lee
- Department of senior services industry management, Minghsin University of Science and Technology, Hsinchu, Taiwan
- Department of Recreation and Sport Management, Shu-Te University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Orthopedics, Cishan Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - James Cheng Chung Wei
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Allergy, Immunology & RheumatologyTaiwan, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
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Regierer AC, Weiß A, Kiltz U, Sieper J, Schwarze I, Bohl-Bühler M, Kellner H, Poddubnyy D, Zink A, Braun J, Listing J, Strangfeld A. The Sensitivity to Change of the ASAS Health Index in an Observational Real-Life Cohort Study. J Rheumatol 2023; 50:185-191. [PMID: 35914790 DOI: 10.3899/jrheum.220212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The Assessment of Spondyloarthritis international Society Health Index (ASAS HI) measures global functioning and health in patients with axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA) covering domains of physical, emotional, and social functioning. The main aim of this study was to investigate the sensitivity to change of ASAS HI in comparison with established variables of disease activity, function, and mental health. METHODS Patients with axSpA from the disease register RABBIT-SpA with follow-up time of at least 12 months and available ASAS HI questionnaires were included. Patients received questionnaires addressing disease activity (Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index [BASDAI], Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Score [ASDAS]), physical function (Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Functional Index [BASFI]), mental health (5-item World Health Organization Well-Being Index [WHO-5]), and global functioning (ASAS HI). Standardized response means (SRMs) were calculated to compare the sensitivity to change of different variables. RESULTS Six hundred and sixty-seven patients were included, 552 treated with biologic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (bDMARDs) and 115 with conventional synthetic DMARDs and/or nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (control group). Between baseline and month 12, the mean ASAS HI declined from 6.9 to 5.1 in the bDMARD group and from 5.9 to 5.6 in the conventionally treated group. In the bDMARD group, the SRM of ASAS HI was 0.52, compared to 0.59 for BASFI, 0.65 for WHO-5, 0.73 for BASDAI, and 0.90 for ASDAS. The following ASAS HI domains were most frequently affected: pain (78% agreed), maintaining body position (75%), and energy/drive (73%). In the patients receiving bDMARDs, there was an improvement in all items. In the control group, the largest improvement was seen in pain. CONCLUSION As expected, ASDAS and BASDAI as disease activity scores showed high sensitivity to change, whereas changes in physical function (BASFI), mental health (WHO-5), and the broader concept of functioning and health (ASAS HI) were moderate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne C Regierer
- A.C. Regierer, MD, PhD, A. Weiß, PhD, J. Listing, PhD, German Rheumatism Research Center (DRFZ Berlin), Epidemiology and Health Care Research, Berlin;
| | - Anja Weiß
- A.C. Regierer, MD, PhD, A. Weiß, PhD, J. Listing, PhD, German Rheumatism Research Center (DRFZ Berlin), Epidemiology and Health Care Research, Berlin
| | - Uta Kiltz
- U. Kiltz, MD, PhD, J. Braun, MD, PhD, Rheumazentrum Ruhrgebiet, Herne, and Ruhr-University Bochum
| | - Joachim Sieper
- J. Sieper, MD, PhD, Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin
| | - Ilka Schwarze
- I. Schwarze, MD, Private Rheumatology Practice, Leipzig
| | | | | | - Denis Poddubnyy
- D. Poddubnyy, MD, PhD, Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, and German Rheumatism Research Center (DRFZ Berlin), Epidemiology and Health Care Research, Berlin
| | - Angela Zink
- A. Zink, PhD, A. Strangfeld, MD, PhD, German Rheumatism Research Center (DRFZ Berlin), Epidemiology and Health Care Research, Berlin, and Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jürgen Braun
- U. Kiltz, MD, PhD, J. Braun, MD, PhD, Rheumazentrum Ruhrgebiet, Herne, and Ruhr-University Bochum
| | - Joachim Listing
- A.C. Regierer, MD, PhD, A. Weiß, PhD, J. Listing, PhD, German Rheumatism Research Center (DRFZ Berlin), Epidemiology and Health Care Research, Berlin
| | - Anja Strangfeld
- A. Zink, PhD, A. Strangfeld, MD, PhD, German Rheumatism Research Center (DRFZ Berlin), Epidemiology and Health Care Research, Berlin, and Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Sunzini F, D'Antonio A, Fatica M, Triggianese P, Conigliaro P, Greco E, Bergamini A, Chimenti MS. What's new and what's next for biological and targeted synthetic treatments in psoriatic arthritis? Expert Opin Biol Ther 2022; 22:1545-1559. [PMID: 36453200 DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2022.2152321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Psoriatic arthritis (PsA) is a chronic arthritis typically associated with cutaneous psoriasis (PsO). Its pathogenesis is connected to an innate and acquired immune response, as well as genetic risk alleles. The extent of immunopathogenic mechanisms and the heterogenicity of clinical manifestation make the identification of patient-targeted therapies a critical issue, and the treatment decision challenging in patients' management. AREAS COVERED This review includes a brief overview of biological and small-molecule therapies, focusing on evidence from clinical trials and real-world data that support their use in PsA. We summarize novel and future possible therapeutic strategies, the importance that comorbidities have on selection of therapy and discuss the adverse event of each drug. Relevant papers for up to 1 August 2022 (trials, real-life studies, and reviews) regarding biologics and/or small molecules were summarized. EXPERT OPINION In recent years, the treatment of PsA has been revolutionized by new targeted therapies, which offer the opportunity to perform a tailored-tail management, considering risk factors, comorbidities, and the different PsA phenotypes. Growing experience with these new agents allows novel treatment approaches that may improve clinical outcomes for PsA patients, in terms of remission/low disease activity and quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia Sunzini
- Institute of Infection, Immunity & Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kindom
| | - Arianna D'Antonio
- Rheumatology, Allergology and Clinical Immunology, Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Mauro Fatica
- Rheumatology, Allergology and Clinical Immunology, Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Triggianese
- Rheumatology, Allergology and Clinical Immunology, Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Conigliaro
- Rheumatology, Allergology and Clinical Immunology, Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Greco
- Rheumatology, Allergology and Clinical Immunology, Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Alberto Bergamini
- Rheumatology, Allergology and Clinical Immunology, Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Sole Chimenti
- Rheumatology, Allergology and Clinical Immunology, Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
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Deodhar AA, Mease PJ, Rahman P, Navarro-Compán V, Strand V, Hunter T, Bolce R, Leon L, Lauzon S, Marzo-Ortega H. Ixekizumab improves spinal pain, function, fatigue, stiffness, and sleep in radiographic axial Spondyloarthritis: COAST-V/W 52-week results. BMC Rheumatol 2021; 5:35. [PMID: 34538257 PMCID: PMC8451150 DOI: 10.1186/s41927-021-00205-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background This analysis assessed improvements in patients with radiographic axial spondyloarthritis (r-axSpA) treated with ixekizumab in the Assessment of Spondyloarthritis International Society (ASAS) treatment response domains and additional patient-reported outcomes at 1 year of treatment. Methods COAST-V and COAST-W were 52-week, phase 3, randomized controlled trials evaluating the efficacy and safety of ixekizumab in biologic disease-modifying antirheumatic drug (bDMARD)-naïve and tumor necrosis factor inhibitor (TNFi)-experienced patients with radiographic spondyloarthritis, respectively. Patients were treated with 80-mg ixekizumab either every 2 weeks or every 4 weeks. Patient-reported outcomes included Patient Global Disease Activity, Spinal Pain, stiffness as measured by Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index (BASDAI) Questions 5 and 6, function as measured by the Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Functional Index, fatigue as measured by the Fatigue Numeric Rating Scale and BASDAI question 1, Spinal Pain at Night, and sleep quality as measured by the Jenkins Sleep Evaluation Questionnaire. Mixed-effects models for repeated measures were used to analyze changes from baseline in patient-reported outcomes from weeks 1 to 16, and descriptive statistics were reported from weeks 20 to 52. Analysis of covariance with Scheffé’s method was used for the ASAS response association analyses. Results This study assessed 341 bDMARD-naïve and 316 TNFi-experienced patients in the placebo-controlled blinded treatment dosing period (weeks 1–16) as well as 329 bDMARD-naïve and 281 TNFi-experienced patients in the dose double-blind extended treatment period (weeks 20–52). bDMARD-naïve or TNFi-experienced patients treated with ixekizumab every 2 weeks and every 4 weeks reported improvements in patient global disease activity, spinal pain, function, stiffness, fatigue, spinal pain at night, and sleep quality through week 52. Greater correlations with improvements in all response domains were seen when comparing ASAS40 responders to ASAS20 non-responders (p < 0.001), with up to 10.5-fold greater improvements observed in ASAS40 responses compared with ASAS20 non-responders. Function and fatigue demonstrated the highest values. Conclusions Ixekizumab-treated bDMARD-naïve and TNFi-experienced patients with radiographic axial spondyloarthritis achieving ASAS40 reported sustained and consistent improvement in all ASAS response domains and other patient-reported outcomes though week 52, with spinal pain, function, and stiffness as major drivers of the response. Trial registration NCT02696785 and NCT02696798, March 2, 2016. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s41927-021-00205-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atul A Deodhar
- Division of Arthritis and Rheumatic Diseases, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR, 97239, USA.
| | - Philip J Mease
- Swedish Medical Center/ Providence St. Joseph Health and University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Proton Rahman
- Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | | | - Vibeke Strand
- Division of Immunology/Rheumatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Luis Leon
- Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | | | - Helena Marzo-Ortega
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Leeds Biomedical Research Centre, Leeds Teaching Hospitals Trust and LIRMM, University of Leeds, Leeds, WY, UK
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Alonso S, Morante I, Alperi M, Queiro R. The ASAS health index: a new era for health impact assessment in spondyloarthritis. J Rheumatol 2021; 49:8-15. [PMID: 34393105 DOI: 10.3899/jrheum.200586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The concept of spondyloarthritis (SpA) encompasses a series of entities that share clinical and imaging characteristics and a common genetic basis. These diseases can affect 0.20 to 1.6% of the general population, limiting functioning and affecting the quality of life of patients. Considering the patient perspective in the management of the disease and ensuring patients are sufficiently prepared to participate in decisionmaking is critical to treatment success as well as for optimal health outcomes. The overall picture of impairments, limitations, and restrictions in activities or social participation of patients with SpA is not adequately assessed in SpA-specific instruments. Therefore, it is quite relevant to measure the broader range of impairments that can affect SpA patients and integrate these into one measure of overall functioning in daily life. The Assessment of SpondyloArthritis international Society-Health Index (ASAS HI) is a recently introduced health instrument for evaluating SpA based on the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health, also known as ICF, that could cover a good part of the health metric needs in SpA. This review addresses its origins, its measurement properties, its use in routine clinical practice, as well as its prospects for future use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Alonso
- Rheumatology Division. Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias (HUCA). Oviedo- Asturias (Spain); Rheumatology Division. Hospital de Sierrallana. Torrelavega-Cantabria (Spain); ISPA Translational Immunology division. Oviedo (Spain). Address correspondence to Rubén Queiro. M.D., Ph.D, Associate professor. Oviedo University School of Medicine, Rheumatology Division, HUCA. Avenida de Roma s/n, 33011. Oviedo (Spain).
| | - Isla Morante
- Rheumatology Division. Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias (HUCA). Oviedo- Asturias (Spain); Rheumatology Division. Hospital de Sierrallana. Torrelavega-Cantabria (Spain); ISPA Translational Immunology division. Oviedo (Spain). Address correspondence to Rubén Queiro. M.D., Ph.D, Associate professor. Oviedo University School of Medicine, Rheumatology Division, HUCA. Avenida de Roma s/n, 33011. Oviedo (Spain).
| | - Mercedes Alperi
- Rheumatology Division. Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias (HUCA). Oviedo- Asturias (Spain); Rheumatology Division. Hospital de Sierrallana. Torrelavega-Cantabria (Spain); ISPA Translational Immunology division. Oviedo (Spain). Address correspondence to Rubén Queiro. M.D., Ph.D, Associate professor. Oviedo University School of Medicine, Rheumatology Division, HUCA. Avenida de Roma s/n, 33011. Oviedo (Spain).
| | - Rubén Queiro
- Rheumatology Division. Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias (HUCA). Oviedo- Asturias (Spain); Rheumatology Division. Hospital de Sierrallana. Torrelavega-Cantabria (Spain); ISPA Translational Immunology division. Oviedo (Spain). Address correspondence to Rubén Queiro. M.D., Ph.D, Associate professor. Oviedo University School of Medicine, Rheumatology Division, HUCA. Avenida de Roma s/n, 33011. Oviedo (Spain).
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