Nanotoxicity: a challenge for future medicine

Nanomaterials in the environment and their pragmatic voyage at various trophic levels in an ecosystem

In the development of nanotechnology, nanomaterials (NMs) have a huge credential in advancing the existing follow-ups of analytical and diagnosis techniques, drug designing, agricultural science, electronics, cosmetics, sports, textiles and water purification. However, NMs have also grasped attention of researchers onto their toxicity. In the present review, initially the development of notable NMs such as metal and metal-oxide nanoparticles (NPs), magnetic NPs, carbon-based NMs and quantum dots intended to be commercialized along with their applications are discussed. This is followed by the current scenario of NMs in the environment to widen the outlook on the concentration of NPs in the environmental compartments and the frequency of organism exposed to NPs at varied trophic levels. In order to understand the physiochemical and morphological significance of NPs in exhibiting toxicity, fate of NPs in the environment is briefly deliberated. This is further geared-up to glance in-sightedly on the organisms starting from primary producer to primary consumer, secondary consumer, tertiary consumer and decomposers encountering NPs in their habitual niche. The state of NPs to which organisms are exposed, mechanism of NP uptake and toxicity, anomalies faced at each trophic level, concentration of NPs that is liable to cause toxicity and, biotransfer of NPs to the next generation and trophic level are detailed. Finally, the future prospects on bioaccumulation and biomagnification of NP-based products are conversed. Thus, the review would be noteworthy in unveiling the significance of NPs in forthcoming years combined with threat towards each organism in an ecosystem.

Better biocompatibility of nitrogen-doped graphene compared with graphene oxide by reducing cell autophagic flux blockage and cell apoptosis

Nitrogen-doped graphene (C2 N), a novel graphene-based materials, has been proposed as a potential alternative to graphene oxide (GO) in biomedical applications. However, due to the challenges in synthesizing C2 N, reports in the biomedical field are currently rare. Here, we have modified the reported procedure and successfully synthesized C2 N nanoparticles at 120°C, which we refer to as C2 N-120. The toxicity and biocompatibility of GO and C2 N-120 were evaluated using a mouse model injected with GO/C2 N-120 via the tail vein, as well as cell models treated with GO/C2 N-120. In vivo studies revealed that GO/C2 N-120 showed similar distribution patterns after tail vein injection. The liver, spleen, and lung are the major nanoparticle uptake organs of GO and C2 N-120. However, GO deposition in the major nanoparticle uptake organs was more significant than that of C2 N-120. In addition, GO deposition caused structural abnormalities, increased apoptotic cells, and enhanced macrophage infiltration whereas C2 N-120 exhibited fewer adverse effects. In vitro experiments were conducted using different cell lines treated with GO/C2 N-120. Unlike GO which induced mitochondrial damage, oxidative stress, inflammatory response, autophagic flux blockage and cell apoptosis, C2 N-120 showed lower cytotoxicity in cell models. Our data demonstrated that C2 N-120 exhibits higher biocompatibility than GO, both in vivo and in vitro, suggesting its potential for biomedical application in the future.

Biogenic silver nanoparticles: Synthesis, applications and challenges in food sector with special emphasis on aquaculture

Aquaculture, a rapidly expanding global food sector faces challenges like pathogenic infections, water quality management and sustainability. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have emerged as promising tools in aquaculture due to their antimicrobial, antiviral and antifungal properties. AgNPs offer alternatives to traditional antimicrobial agents. Their small size and unique physicochemical properties enhance antimicrobial activity, effectively inhibiting pathogen growth and reducing disease incidence in aquatic organisms. Additionally, AgNPs can improve water quality by catalyzing the removal of pollutants, heavy metals and nutrients, reducing environmental impacts. Despite their potential benefits, several challenges and knowledge gaps exist in the utilization of AgNPs in aquaculture. Addressing challenges related to regulation, sustainability and environmental impact will be crucial for realizing their full potential in the industry. Therefore, the present review aims to provide insight into the role of AgNPs, its challenges in aquaculture and also highlights key areas for future research.

Nano-scale delivery systems for siRNA delivery in cancer therapy: New era of gene therapy empowered by nanotechnology

RNA interference (RNAi) is a unique treatment approach used to decrease a disease's excessive gene expression, including cancer. SiRNAs may find and destroy homologous mRNA sequences within the cell thanks to RNAi processes. However, difficulties such poor cellular uptake, off-target effects, and susceptibility to destruction by serum nucleases in the bloodstream restrict the therapeutic potential of siRNAs. Since some years ago, siRNA-based therapies have been in the process of being translated into the clinic. Therefore, the primary emphasis of this work is on sophisticated nanocarriers that aid in the transport of siRNA payloads, their administration in combination with anticancer medications, and their use in the treatment of cancer. The research looks into molecular manifestations, difficulties with siRNA transport, the design and development of siRNA-based delivery methods, and the benefits and drawbacks of various nanocarriers. The trapping of siRNA in endosomes is a challenge for the majority of delivery methods, which affects the therapeutic effectiveness. Numerous techniques for siRNA release, including as pH-responsive release, membrane fusion, the proton sponge effect, and photochemical disruption, have been studied to overcome this problem. The present state of siRNA treatments in clinical trials is also looked at in order to give a thorough and systematic evaluation of siRNA-based medicines for efficient cancer therapy.

Dual Functions of a Hybrid Magnetic Magnesium Oxide Nanocomposite as a Fungicide and Plant Growth Promoter in Agriculture Applications

The use of nanometal oxides in nanoagronomy has garnered considerable attention due to their excellent antifungal and plant growth promotion properties. Hybrid nanometal oxides, which combine the strengths of individual nanomaterials, have emerged as a promising class of materials. In this study, nanomagnesium oxide (n-MgO) and hybrid magnetic nanomagnesium oxide (m/n-MgO) were successfully synthesized via the ultrasound-mediated sol-gel method. Characterization results, including TGA, XRD, VSM, and FTIR, confirmed the successful synthesis of m/n-MgO. Both n-MgO and m/n-MgO underwent antifungal assays and plant growth promotion ability studies, benchmarked against the conventional fungicide-copper oxychloride. This study bridges a significant gap by simultaneously reporting the antifungal properties of both n-MgO and m/n-MgO and their impact on plant growth. The disc diffusion assay suggested that the antifungal activity of n-MgO and m/n-MgO against F. oxysporum was inversely related to the particle size. Notably, n-MgO exhibited superior antifungal performance (lower minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC)) and sustained efficacy compared with m/n-MgO, owing to distinct antifungal mechanisms. Nanorod-shaped MgO, with a smaller size (8.24 ± 5.61 nm) and higher aspect ratio, allowed them to penetrate the fungal cell wall and cause intercellular damage. In contrast, cubical m/n-MgO, with a larger size (20.95 ± 9.99 nm) and lower aspect ratio, accumulate on the fungal cell wall surface, disrupting the wall integrity, albeit less effectively against F. oxysporum. Moreover, in plant growth promotion studies, m/n-MgO-treated samples exhibited a 15.7% stronger promotion effect compared to n-MgO at their respective MICs. In addition, both n-MgO and m/n-MgO outperformed copper oxychloride in terms of antifungal and plant growth promoting activities. Thus, m/n-MgO presents a promising alternative to conventional copper-based fungicides, offering dual functionality as a fungicide and plant growth promoter, while the study also delves into the antifungal mechanisms at the intracellular level, enhancing its novelty.

Silver nanoparticle as an alternate to antibiotics in cattle semen during cryopreservation

The proposed study was to determine if the silver nanoparticles can be used as potential antimicrobial agents and can replace the use of conventional antibiotics in semen without affecting the motility and fertility of semen. The silver nanoparticles prepared by chemical reduction method were confirmed by determination of the wavelength of surface plasmon resonance peak and further characterized using Zetasizer by determining their size, polydispersity index, and zeta potential. The nanoparticles were assessed for antibacterial activity and their concentration was optimized for use in semen extender for cryopreservation. Cryopreserved semen was further evaluated for seminal parameters, antioxidant parameter, and microbial load. Prepared silver NPs showed a plasmon resonance peak at 417 nm wavelength. NPs were found to possess antibacterial activity and were supplemented in semen extender @ 125 and 250 µg/ml for semen cryopreservation. There was a significant increase in pre and post-freezing motility and other seminal parameters. The microbial load of frozen-thawed semen of control and supplemented groups were well within the permissible limits. Lipid peroxidation levels were reduced in NPs supplemented groups, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels were significantly reduced in semen supplemented with 125 µg/ml NPs. Thus it can be conclude that silver NPs can be successfully used as a substitute for antibiotics in cattle bull semen cryopreservation with good antimicrobial activity and no adverse effects on sperm characteristics.

Functionalized chitosan for cancer nano drug delivery

Chitosan is a biotechnological derivative of chitin receiving a widespread pharmaceutical and biomedical applications. It can be used to encapsulate and deliver cancer therapeutics with inherent pH-dependent solubility to confer drug targeting at tumour microenvironment and anti-cancer activity synergizing cancer cytotoxic drug actions. To further reduce the off-target and by-stander adverse effects of drugs, a high targeted drug delivery efficiency at the lowest possible drug doses is clinically required. The chitosan has been functionalized with covalent conjugates or complexes and processed into nanoparticles to encapsulate and control drug release, to avoid premature drug clearance, to deliver drugs passively and actively to cancer site at tissue, cell or subcellular levels, and to promote cancer cell uptake of nanoparticles through membrane permeabilization at higher specificity and scale. Nanomedicine developed using functionalized chitosan translates to significant preclinical improvements. Future challenges related to nanotoxicity, manufacturability, selection precision of conjugates and complexes as a function of cancer omics and their biological responses from administration site to cancer target need critical assessments.

Current Knowledge and Future Perspectives of Exosomes as Nanocarriers in Diagnosis and Treatment of Diseases

Exosomes, as natural nanocarriers, characterized with low immunogenicity, non-cytotoxicity and targeted delivery capability, which have advantages over synthetic nanocarriers. Recently, exosomes have shown great potential as diagnostic markers for diseases and are also considered as a promising cell-free therapy. Engineered exosomes have significantly enhanced the efficacy and precision of delivering therapeutic agents, and are currently being extensively employed in targeted therapeutic investigations for various ailments, including oncology, inflammatory disorders, and degenerative conditions. Particularly, engineered exosomes enable therapeutic agent loading, targeted modification, evasion of MPS phagocytosis, intelligent control, and bioimaging, and have been developed as multifunctional nano-delivery platforms in recent years. The utilization of bioactive scaffolds that are loaded with exosome delivery has been shown to substantially augment retention, extend exosome release, and enhance efficacy. This approach has advanced from conventional hydrogels to nanocomposite hydrogels, nanofiber hydrogels, and 3D printing, resulting in superior physical and biological properties that effectively address the limitations of natural scaffolds. Additionally, plant-derived exosomes, which can participate in gut flora remodeling via oral administration, are considered as an ideal delivery platform for the treatment of intestinal diseases. Consequently, there is great interest in exosomes and exosomes as nanocarriers for therapeutic and diagnostic applications. This comprehensive review provides an overview of the biogenesis, composition, and isolation methods of exosomes. Additionally, it examines the pathological and diagnostic mechanisms of exosomes in various diseases, including tumors, degenerative disorders, and inflammatory conditions. Furthermore, this review highlights the significance of gut microbial-derived exosomes. Strategies and specific applications of engineered exosomes and bioactive scaffold-loaded exosome delivery are further summarized, especially some new techniques such as large-scale loading technique, macromolecular loading technique, development of multifunctional nano-delivery platforms and nano-scaffold-loaded exosome delivery. The potential benefits of using plant-derived exosomes for the treatment of gut-related diseases are also discussed. Additionally, the challenges, opportunities, and prospects of exosome-based nanocarriers for disease diagnosis and treatment are summarized from both preclinical and clinical viewpoints.

Inhaled nano-based therapeutics for pulmonary fibrosis: recent advances and future prospects

It is reported that pulmonary fibrosis has become one of the major long-term complications of COVID-19, even in asymptomatic individuals. Currently, despite the best efforts of the global medical community, there are no treatments for COVID-induced pulmonary fibrosis. Recently, inhalable nanocarriers have received more attention due to their ability to improve the solubility of insoluble drugs, penetrate biological barriers of the lungs and target fibrotic tissues in the lungs. The inhalation route has many advantages as a non-invasive method of administration and the local delivery of anti-fibrosis agents to fibrotic tissues like direct to the lesion from the respiratory system, high delivery efficiency, low systemic toxicity, low therapeutic dose and more stable dosage forms. In addition, the lung has low biometabolic enzyme activity and no hepatic first-pass effect, so the drug is rapidly absorbed after pulmonary administration, which can significantly improve the bioavailability of the drug. This paper summary the pathogenesis and current treatment of pulmonary fibrosis and reviews various inhalable systems for drug delivery in the treatment of pulmonary fibrosis, including lipid-based nanocarriers, nanovesicles, polymeric nanocarriers, protein nanocarriers, nanosuspensions, nanoparticles, gold nanoparticles and hydrogel, which provides a theoretical basis for finding new strategies for the treatment of pulmonary fibrosis and clinical rational drug use.

Effect of Sublethal Concentrations of Metal Nanomaterials on Cell Energy Metabolism

Metallic nanomaterials (MNMs) are widely used in the medical field because of their photocatalytic, optical, electrical, electronic, antibacterial, and bactericidal properties. Despite the advantages of MNMs, there is a lack of complete understanding of their toxicological behavior and their interactions with cellular mechanisms that determine cell fate. Most of the existing studies are acute toxicity studies with high doses, which is not conducive to understanding the toxic effects and mechanisms of homeostasis-dependent organelles, such as mitochondria, which are involved in many cellular functions. In this study, four types of MNMs were used to investigate the effects of metallic nanomaterials on mitochondrial function and structure. We first characterized the four MNMs and selected the appropriate sublethal concentration for application in cells. Mitochondrial characterization, energy metabolism, mitochondrial damage, mitochondrial complex activity, and expression levels were evaluated using various biological methods. The results showed that the four types of MNMs greatly inhibited mitochondrial function and cell energy metabolism and that the material entering the mitochondria damaged the mitochondrial structure. Additionally, the complex activity of mitochondrial electron transport chains is critical for assessing the mitochondrial toxicity of MNMs, which may serve as an early warning of MNM-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and cytotoxicity.

Potential Role of Carbon Nanomaterials in the Treatment of Malignant Brain Gliomas

Malignant gliomas are the most common primary brain tumors in adults up to an extent of 78% of all primary malignant brain tumors. However, total surgical resection is almost unachievable due to the considerable infiltrative ability of glial cells. The efficacy of current multimodal therapeutic strategies is, furthermore, limited by the lack of specific therapies against malignant cells, and, therefore, the prognosis of these in patients is still very unfavorable. The limitations of conventional therapies, which may result from inefficient delivery of the therapeutic or contrast agent to brain tumors, are major reasons for this unsolved clinical problem. The major problem in brain drug delivery is the presence of the blood-brain barrier, which limits the delivery of many chemotherapeutic agents. Nanoparticles, thanks to their chemical configuration, are able to go through the blood-brain barrier carrying drugs or genes targeted against gliomas. Carbon nanomaterials show distinct properties including electronic properties, a penetrating capability on the cell membrane, high drug-loading and pH-dependent therapeutic unloading capacities, thermal properties, a large surface area, and easy modification with molecules, which render them as suitable candidates for deliver drugs. In this review, we will focus on the potential effectiveness of the use of carbon nanomaterials in the treatment of malignant gliomas and discuss the current progress of in vitro and in vivo researches of carbon nanomaterials-based drug delivery to brain.

Assessing regulated cell death modalities as an efficient tool for in vitro nanotoxicity screening: a review

Nanomedicine is a fast-growing field of nanotechnology. One of the major obstacles for a wider use of nanomaterials for medical application is the lack of standardized toxicity screening protocols for assessing the safety of newly synthesized nanomaterials. In this review, we focus on less frequently studied nanomaterials-induced regulated cell death (RCD) modalities, including eryptosis, necroptosis, pyroptosis, and ferroptosis, as a tool for in vitro nanomaterials safety evaluation. We summarize the latest insights into the mechanisms that mediate these RCDs in response to nanomaterials exposure. Comprehensive data from reviewed studies suggest that ROS (reactive oxygen species) overproduction and ROS-mediated pathways play a central role in nanomaterials-induced RCDs activation. On the other hand, studies also suggest that individual properties of nanomaterials, including size, shape, or surface charge, could determine specific toxicity pathways with consequent RCD induction as well. We anticipate that the evaluation of RCDs can become one of the mechanism-based screening methods in nanotoxicology. In addition to the toxicity assessment, evaluation of necroptosis-, pyroptosis-, and ferroptosis-promoting capacity of nanomaterials could simultaneously provide useful information for specific medical applications as could be their anti-tumor potential. Moreover, a detailed understanding of molecular mechanisms driving nanomaterials-mediated induction of immunogenic RCDs will substantially aid novel anti-tumor nanodrugs development.

Xenogenic Implantation of Human Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Using a Novel 3D-Printed Scaffold of PLGA and Graphene Leads to a Significant Increase in Bone Mineralization in a Rat Segmental Femoral Bone Defect

Tissue-engineering technologies have the potential to provide an effective approach to bone regeneration. Based on the published literature and data from our laboratory, two biomaterial inks containing PLGA and blended with graphene nanoparticles were fabricated. The biomaterial inks consisted of two forms of commercially available PLGA with varying ratios of LA:GA (65:35 and 75:25) and molecular weights of 30,000-107,000. Each of these forms of PLGA was blended with a form containing a 50:50 ratio of LA:GA, resulting in ratios of 50:65 and 50:75, which were subsequently mixed with a 0.05 wt% low-oxygen-functionalized derivative of graphene. Scanning electron microscopy showed interconnected pores in the lattice structures of each scaffold. The cytocompatibility of human ADMSCs transduced with a red fluorescent protein (RFP) was evaluated in vitro. The in vivo biocompatibility and the potential to repair bones were evaluated in a critically sized 5 mm mechanical load-bearing segmental femur defect model in rats. Bone repair was monitored by radiological, histological, and microcomputed tomography methods. The results showed that all of the constructs were biocompatible and did not exhibit any adverse effects. The constructs containing PLGA (50:75)/graphene alone and with hADMSCs demonstrated a significant increase in mineralized tissues within 60 days post-treatment. The percentage of bone volume to total volume from microCT analyses in the rats treated with the PLGA + cells construct showed a 50% new tissue formation, which matched that of a phantom. The microCT results were supported by Von Kossa staining.

Nanoparticles Induced Oxidative Damage in Reproductive System and Role of Antioxidants on the Induced Toxicity

Nanotechnology is used in a variety of scientific, medical, and research domains. It is significant to mention that there are negative and severe repercussions of nanotechnology on both individuals and the environment. The toxic effect of nanoparticles exerted on living beings is termed as nanotoxicity. Nanoparticles are synthesized by various methods such as chemical, biological, physical, etc. These nanoparticles’ nanotoxicity has been observed to vary depending on the synthesis process, precursors, size of the particles, etc. Nanoparticles can enter the cell in different ways and can cause cytotoxic effects. In this review, the toxicity caused in the reproductive system and the role of the antioxidants against the nanotoxicity are briefly explained.

Zinc nanoparticles ameliorate oxidative stress and apoptosis induced by silver nanoparticles in the brain of male rats

The current study was conducted to investigate the possible ameliorative role of zinc nanoparticles (Zn NPs) against silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs)-induced oxidative and apoptotic brain damage in adult male rats. Twenty-four mature Wistar rats were randomly and equally divided into four groups: control group, Ag NPs group, Zn NPs group, and Ag NPs + Zn NPs group. Rats were exposed to Ag NPs (50 mg/kg) and/or Zn NPs (30 mg/kg) daily by oral gavage for 12 weeks. The results revealed that exposure to Ag NPs significantly increased malondialdehyde (MDA) content, decreased catalase and reduced glutathione (GSH) activities, downregulated the relative mRNA expression of antioxidant-related genes (Nrf-2 and SOD), and upregulated the relative mRNA expression of apoptosis-related genes (Bax, caspase 3 and caspase 9) in the brain tissue. Furthermore, severe neuropathological lesions with a substantial increase in the caspase 3 and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) immunoreactivity were observed in the cerebrum and cerebellum of Ag NPs-exposed rats. Conversely, co-administration of Zn NPs with Ag NPs significantly ameliorated most of these neurotoxic effects. Collectively, Zn NPs can be used as a potent prophylactic agent against Ag NPs-induced oxidative and apoptotic neural damage.

Nanotechnology for Targeted Drug Delivery to Treat Osteoporosis

Bone diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, Paget's disease, and osteoporosis cause mortality and mobility limits. Nanomedicine and nano delivery systems have been utilised to deliver active drug moiety to the precisely targeted site in a controlled manner, and it serves as a means of diagnostic tools. The utilisation of nanomedicine is expanding vigorously for assured targeting and efficient drug delivery. Nanotechnology offers various advantages, such as site-specific targeting, precise drug release kinetics, and improved bone mineral density. Recent medications available for osteoporosis are not viable due to the adverse effects associated with them and low patient compliance. There is an urgent need to develop biocompatible and appropriate drug delivery nanocarriers such as nanoparticles, liposomes, hydrogels, dendrimers, micelles, mesoporous particles, etc. These carriers enhance drug delivery and therapeutic effectiveness in bone tissues. The use of nanotechnology is also associated with toxicity. This article presents the review of various reports on nanocarrier systems and biologics for the treatment of osteoporosis. It aims to provide researchers with a clue for inventing a new drug delivery system with site-specific targeting for the treatment of osteoporosis.

Potential nanotechnology-based diagnostic and therapeutic approaches for Meniere's disease

Meniere's disease (MD) is a progressive inner ear disorder involving recurrent and prolonged episodes or attacks of vertigo with associated symptoms, resulting in a significantly reduced quality of life for sufferers. In most cases, MD starts in one ear; however, in one-third of patients, the disorder progresses to the other ear. Unfortunately, the etiology of the disease is unknown, making the development of effective treatments difficult. Nanomaterials, including nanoparticles (NPs) and nanocarriers, offer an array of novel diagnostic and therapeutic applications related to MD. NPs have specific features such as biocompatibility, biochemical stability, targetability, and enhanced visualization using imaging tools. This paper provides a comprehensive and critical review of recent advancements in nanotechnology-based diagnostic and therapeutic approaches for MD. Furthermore, the crucial challenges adversely affecting the use of nanoparticles to treat middle ear disorders are investigated. Finally, this paper provides recommendations and future directions for improving the performances of nanomaterials on theragnostic applications of MD.

The Application of Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials in Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment: A Review

Cancer is one of the deadliest diseases worldwide in present times, with its incidence on a tremendous rise. It is caused by uncontrolled cell growth. Cancer therapies have advanced substantially, but there is a need for improvement in specificity and fear of systemic toxicity. Early detection is critical in improving patients' prognosis and quality of life, and recent advancements in technology, especially in dealing with biomaterials, have aided in that surge. Nanotechnology possesses the key to solving many of the downsides of traditional pharmaceutical formulations. Indeed, significant progress has been made in using customized nanomaterials for cancer diagnosis and treatment with high specificity, sensitivity, and efficacy. Nanotechnology is the integration of nanoscience into medicine by the use of nanoparticles. The advent of nanoscience in cancer diagnosis and treatment will help clinicians better assess and manage patients and improve the healthcare system and services. This review article gives an account of the clinical applications of nanoscience in the modern management of cancer, the different modalities of nanotechnology used, and the limitations and possible side effects of this new tool.

Analysis of Research Status and Development Trend of Nanotoxicology of Liliaceae Medicinal Plants

The research status and development trend of nanotoxicology of Liliaceae medicinal plants were analyzed. In the research, the toxicology of Liliaceae medicinal plants was investigated by the preparation method of silver nanoparticles. By means of spectral curve experiment, the present situation of nanotoxicology of Liliaceae medicinal plants was analyzed, and then its subsequent development trend was analyzed. In this process, Liliaceae medicinal plants could be used effectively, which could create great economic benefits. In the application of the above scheme, the toxicological degradation of Liliaceae medicinal plants could be controlled at about 96%. The high-dose silver nanoparticles could reach 100 μM, and the silver nitrate could reach 10 or 30 μM.

UV Light-Activated GdYVO4:Eu3+ Nanoparticles Induce Reactive Oxygen Species Generation in Leukocytes Without Affecting Erythrocytes In Vitro

Nanoparticles (NPs) have been reported to be promising enhancement agents for radiation therapy. The aim of the study was to assess the cytotoxicity of UV non-treated and UV pretreated GdYVO₄:Eu³⁺ nanoparticles against erythrocytes and leukocytes by detecting eryptosis and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. Levels of intracellular ROS in erythrocytes and leukocytes using a ROS-sensitive dye 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (H2DCFDA), as well as eryptosis rate utilizing annexin V staining, following direct exposure to UV-activated and nonactivated NPs were detected by flow cytometry. Blood cells were collected from 9 intact WAG rats. Neither the UV light-untreated GdYVO₄:Eu³⁺ NPs nor the treated ones promoted eryptosis and ROS generation in erythrocytes. Low concentrations of UV light-untreated NPs did not induce oxidative stress in leukocytes, evidenced by unaffected intracellular ROS levels. UV light treatment grants prooxidant properties to NPs, confirmed by NP-induced ROS overproduction in leukocytes. High concentrations of both UV light-treated and untreated NPs altered the redox state of leukocytes. UV light treatment imparts prooxidant properties to GdYVO₄:Eu³⁺ NPs, making them promising radiosensitizing agents in cancer radiation therapy.

Colloidal Quantum Dot Solar Cells: Progressive Deposition Techniques and Future Prospects on Large-Area Fabrication

Colloidally grown nanosized semiconductors yield extremely high-quality optoelectronic materials. Many examples have pointed to near perfect photoluminescence quantum yields, allowing for technology-leading materials such as high purity color centers in display technology. Furthermore, because of high chemical yield, and improved understanding of the surfaces, these materials, particularly colloidal quantum dots (QDs) can also be ideal candidates for other optoelectronic applications. Given the urgent necessity toward carbon neutrality, electricity from solar photovoltaics will play a large role in the power generation sector. QDs are developed and shown dramatic improvements over the past 15 years as photoactive materials in photovoltaics with various innovative deposition properties which can lead to exceptionally low-cost and high-performance devices. Once the key issues related to charge transport in optically thick arrays are addressed, QD-based photovoltaic technology can become a better candidate for practical application. In this article, the authors show how the possibilities of different deposition techniques can bring QD-based solar cells to the industrial level and discuss the challenges for perovskite QD solar cells in particular, to achieve large-area fabrication for further advancing technology to solve pivotal energy and environmental issues.

Experimental Investigation of the Biofunctional Properties of Nickel-Titanium Alloys Depending on the Type of Production

Nickel–titanium alloys used in dentistry have a variety of mechanical, chemical, and biofunctional properties that are dependent on the manufacturing process. The aim of this study was to compare the mechanical and biofunctional performances of a nickel–titanium alloy produced by the continuous casting method (NiTi-2) with commercial nitinol (NiTi-1) manufactured by the classical process, i.e., from remelting in a vacuum furnace with electro-resistive heating and final casting into ingots. The chemical composition of the tested samples was analyzed using an energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX) and X-ray fluorescence (XRF). Electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) quantitative microstructural analysis was performed to determine phase distribution in the samples. As part of the mechanical properties, the hardness on the surface of samples was measured with the static Vickers method. The release of metal ions (Ni, Ti) in artificial saliva (pH 6.5) and lactic acid (pH 2.3) was measured using a static immersion test. Finally, the resulting corrosion layer was revealed by means of a scanning electron microscope (SEM), which allows the detection and direct measurement of the formatted oxide layer thickness. To assess the biocompatibility of the tested nickel–titanium alloy samples, an MTT test of fibroblast cellular proliferation on direct contact with the samples was performed. The obtained data were analyzed with the IBM SPSS Statistics v22 software. EDX and XRF analyses showed a higher presence of Ni in the NiTi-2 sample. The EBSD analysis detected an additional NiTi₂-cubic phase in the NiTi-2 microstructure. Additionally, in the NiTi-2 higher hardness was measured. An immersion test performed in artificial saliva after 7 days did not induce significant ion release in either group of samples (NiTi-1 and NiTi-2). The acidic environment significantly increased the release of toxic ions in both types of samples. However, Ni ion release was two times lower, and Ti ion release was three times lower from NiTi-2 than from NiTi-1. Comparison of the cells’ mitochondrial activity between the NiTi-1 and NiTi-2 groups did not show a statistically significant difference. In conclusion, we obtained an alloy of small diameter with an appropriate microstructure and better response compared to classic NiTi material. Thus, it appears from the present study that the continuous cast technology offers new possibilities for the production of NiTi material for usage in dentistry.

Potential Application of Bionanoparticles to Treat Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 Infection

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a contagious virus that spreads exponentially across the world, resulting in serious viral pneumonia. Several companies and researchers have put their tremendous effort into developing novel vaccines or drugs for the complete eradication of COVID-19 caused by SARS-CoV-2. Bionanotechnology plays a vital role in designing functionalized biocompatible nanoparticulate systems with higher antiviral capabilities. Thus, several nanocarriers have been explored in designing and delivering drugs and vaccines. This problem can be overcome with the intervention of biomaterials or bionanoparticles. The present review describes the comparative analysis of SARS infection and its associated etiological agents. This review also highlighted some nanoparticles that have been explored in the treatment of COVID-19. However, these carriers elicit several problems once they come in contact with biological systems. Often, the body’s immune system treats these nanocarriers as foreign particles and antigens. In contrast, some bionanoparticles are highlighted here with their potential application in SARS-CoV-2. However, bionanoparticles have demonstrated some drawbacks discussed here with the possible outcomes. The scope of bioinspired nanoparticles is also discussed in detail to explore the new era of research. It is highly essential for the effective delivery of these nanoparticles to the target site. For effective management of SARS-CoV-2, different delivery patterns are also discussed here.

Silica-coated magnetic-nanoparticle-induced cytotoxicity is reduced in microglia by glutathione and citrate identified using integrated omics

BACKGROUND

Nanoparticles have been utilized in brain research and therapeutics, including imaging, diagnosis, and drug delivery, owing to their versatile properties compared to bulk materials. However, exposure to nanoparticles leads to their accumulation in the brain, but drug development to counteract this nanotoxicity remains challenging. To date, concerns have risen about the potential toxicity to the brain associated with nanoparticles exposure via penetration of the brain blood barrier to address this issue.

METHODS

Here the effect of silica-coated-magnetic nanoparticles containing the rhodamine B isothiocyanate dye [MNPs@SiO2(RITC)] were assessed on microglia through toxicological investigation, including biological analysis and integration of transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics. MNPs@SiO2(RITC)-induced biological changes, such as morphology, generation of reactive oxygen species, intracellular accumulation of MNPs@SiO2(RITC) using transmission electron microscopy, and glucose uptake efficiency, were analyzed in BV2 murine microglial cells. Each omics data was collected via RNA-sequencing-based transcriptome analysis, liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry-based proteome analysis, and gas chromatography- tandem mass spectrometry-based metabolome analysis. The three omics datasets were integrated and generated as a single network using a machine learning algorithm. Nineteen compounds were screened and predicted their effects on nanotoxicity within the triple-omics network.

RESULTS

Intracellular reactive oxygen species production, an inflammatory response, and morphological activation of cells were greater, but glucose uptake was lower in MNPs@SiO2(RITC)-treated BV2 microglia and primary rat microglia in a dose-dependent manner. Expression of 121 genes (from 41,214 identified genes), and levels of 45 proteins (from 5918 identified proteins) and 17 metabolites (from 47 identified metabolites) related to the above phenomena changed in MNPs@SiO2(RITC)-treated microglia. A combination of glutathione and citrate attenuated nanotoxicity induced by MNPs@SiO2(RITC) and ten other nanoparticles in vitro and in the murine brain, protecting mostly the hippocampus and thalamus.

CONCLUSIONS

Combination of glutathione and citrate can be one of the candidates for nanotoxicity alleviating drug against MNPs@SiO2(RITC) induced detrimental effect, including elevation of intracellular reactive oxygen species level, activation of microglia, and reduction in glucose uptake efficiency. In addition, our findings indicate that an integrated triple omics approach provides useful and sensitive toxicological assessment for nanoparticles and screening of drug for nanotoxicity.

A Review on Conventional and Advanced Methods for Nanotoxicology Evaluation of Engineered Nanomaterials

Nanotechnology can be defined as the field of science and technology that studies material at nanoscale (1-100 nm). These nanomaterials, especially carbon nanostructure-based composites and biopolymer-based nanocomposites, exhibit excellent chemical, physical, mechanical, electrical, and many other properties beneficial for their application in many consumer products (e.g., industrial, food, pharmaceutical, and medical). The current literature reports that the increased exposure of humans to nanomaterials could toxicologically affect their environment. Hence, this paper aims to present a review on the possible nanotoxicology assays that can be used to evaluate the toxicity of engineered nanomaterials. The different ways humans are exposed to nanomaterials are discussed, and the recent toxicity evaluation approaches of these nanomaterials are critically assessed.

Detection of Oxidative Stress Induced by Nanomaterials in Cells-The Roles of Reactive Oxygen Species and Glutathione

The potential of nanomaterials use is huge, especially in fields such as medicine or industry. Due to widespread use of nanomaterials, their cytotoxicity and involvement in cellular pathways ought to be evaluated in detail. Nanomaterials can induce the production of a number of substances in cells, including reactive oxygen species (ROS), participating in physiological and pathological cellular processes. These highly reactive substances include: superoxide, singlet oxygen, hydroxyl radical, and hydrogen peroxide. For overall assessment, there are a number of fluorescent probes in particular that are very specific and selective for given ROS. In addition, due to the involvement of ROS in a number of cellular signaling pathways, understanding the principle of ROS production induced by nanomaterials is very important. For defense, the cells have a number of reparative and especially antioxidant mechanisms. One of the most potent antioxidants is a tripeptide glutathione. Thus, the glutathione depletion can be a characteristic manifestation of harmful effects caused by the prooxidative-acting of nanomaterials in cells. For these reasons, here we would like to provide a review on the current knowledge of ROS-mediated cellular nanotoxicity manifesting as glutathione depletion, including an overview of approaches for the detection of ROS levels in cells.

Nanoemulsions: A Review on the Conceptualization of Treatment for Psoriasis Using a 'Green' Surfactant with Low-Energy Emulsification Method

Psoriasis is a skin disease that is not lethal and does not spread through bodily contact. However, this seemingly harmless condition can lead to a loss of confidence and social stigmatization due to a persons' flawed appearance. The conventional methods of psoriasis treatment include taking in systemic drugs to inhibit immunoresponses within the body or applying topical drugs onto the surface of the skin to inhibit cell proliferation. Topical methods are favored as they pose lesser side effects compared to the systemic methods. However, the side effects from systemic drugs and low bioavailability of topical drugs are the limitations to the treatment. The use of nanotechnology in this field has enhanced drug loading capacity and reduced dosage size. In this review, biosurfactants were introduced as a 'greener' alternative to their synthetic counterparts. Glycolipid biosurfactants are specifically suited for anti-psoriatic application due to their characteristic skin-enhancing qualities. The selection of a suitable oil phase can also contribute to the anti-psoriatic effect as some oils have skin-healing properties. The review covers the pathogenic pathway of psoriasis, conventional treatments, and prospective ingredients to be used as components in the nanoemulsion formulation. Furthermore, an insight into the state-of-the-art methods used in formulating nanoemulsions and their progression to low-energy methods are also elaborated in detail.

The toxicity of SiO2 NPs on cell proliferation and cellular uptake of human lung fibroblastic cell line during the variation of calcination temperature and its modeling by artificial neural network

Less attention had been paid to cell toxicity of the various synthesis methods of nanoparticles, this study investigated the effect of the calcination temperature(CT) on the crystallization of SiO2 nanoparticles(NPs), cell proliferation(CP), and cellular uptake(CU) in MRC-5. In this study, parameters were adjusted as CT(70-1000 °C), calcination time(2, 12, and 24 h), and catalyst feed rate(0.01, 0.05, and 0.1 mL.min1). CP was determined by the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide(MTT) test after a 24-h exposure. The CU was achieved using ICP-MS. Results were analyzed using MATLAB2018. Results revealed that the size of synthesized particles was lower than 50 nm and, the XRD peak varied from 21 to 30° during the increase in CT. FTIR spectra confirmed the existence of Si-O and Si-Cl bonds. The maximum level of crystallization was at 1000 °C. CP decreased with the rise in the concentration of NPs(p < 0.05), as well as an increase in feed rate. A positive relationship between increased crystallization and decreased CP(R = 0.78) was seen, while such a trend was not observed in calcination time. The suggested structure in this study was 4:10:1 with Rall = 0.97, Rtest = 0.97, RMSE = 0.25, and MSE = 0.003. Furthermore, the CU rate increased with the rise in CT and calcination time. The maximum and minimum CU levels were related to NPs calcinated in 1000 °C-24 h and 350 °C-2 h, respectively. As a consequence, the most toxicity of SiO2 NPs was related to the crystalline NP. Therefore, the increase in CT and the calcination time were significant factors affecting on crystallization of SiO2 NPs, CP of lung cell, as well as CU of SiO2.

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40201-021-00663-4.

The Benefits of Smart Nanoparticles in Dental Applications

Dentistry, as a branch of medicine, has undergone continuous evolution over time. The scientific world has focused its attention on the development of new methods and materials with improved properties that meet the needs of patients. For this purpose, the replacement of so-called "passive" dental materials that do not interact with the oral environment with "smart/intelligent" materials that have the capability to change their shape, color, or size in response to an externally stimulus, such as the temperature, pH, light, moisture, stress, electric or magnetic fields, and chemical compounds, has received much attention in recent years. A strong trend in dental applications is to apply nanotechnology and smart nanomaterials such as nanoclays, nanofibers, nanocomposites, nanobubbles, nanocapsules, solid-lipid nanoparticles, nanospheres, metallic nanoparticles, nanotubes, and nanocrystals. Among the nanomaterials, the smart nanoparticles present several advantages compared to other materials, creating the possibility to use them in various dental applications, including preventive dentistry, endodontics, restoration, and periodontal diseases. This review is focused on the recent developments and dental applications (drug delivery systems and restoration materials) of smart nanoparticles.