Antibiotic Resistance of Escherichia coli Isolated from Beef and its Related Samples in Techiman Municipality of Ghana

Occurrence and antimicrobial resistance pattern of E. coli O157:H7 isolated from foods of Bovine origin in Dessie and Kombolcha towns, Ethiopia

E. coli are frequently isolated food-borne pathogens from meat, milk, and their products. Moreover, there has been a significant rise in the antimicrobial resistance patterns of E. coli O157:H7 to commonly used antibiotics. A cross-sectional study was conducted from October 2019 to July 2021 to estimate prevalence and identify associated factors of E. coli and E. coli O157:H7 and to determine antibiotic resistance pattern of E. coli O157:H7 from foods of bovine origin in Dessie and Kombolcha towns. A total of 384 samples were collected. Systematic and simple random sampling techniques were employed for sampling carcasses and milking cows, respectively. E. coli and E. coli O157:H7 were detected according to recommended bacteriological protocols. E. coli O157:H7 strains were evaluated for in vitro antimicrobial susceptibility using agar disk diffusion method. Both descriptive and inferential statistical techniques were applied to analyze the data. Overall prevalence rates of E. coli and E. coli O157:H7 were 54.7% and 6.5%, respectively. Highest prevalence rates of E. coli (79.6%) and E. coli O157:H7 (16.7%) were obtained from carcass swabs and milk tank samples, respectively. Unlike E. coli O157:H7, a statistically significant difference in the E. coli prevalence (P<0.05) was observed among the different sample types. Multidrug resistance was observed among all isolates of E. coli O157:H7. All E. coli O157:H7 isolates (100.0%) were susceptible to Ampicillin, Sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim, and Norfloxacin. On the contrary, all of the isolates (100%) were resistant to Penicillin G, Vancomycin, and Oxacillin. The current study indicated that different foods of bovine origin in the study area were unsafe for human consumption. Hence, good hygienic production methods should be employed to ensure the safety of foods of bovine origin.

Bacteriological quality and antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of isolates of ready-to-eat raw minced meat from hotels and restaurants in Arba Minch, Ethiopia

In Ethiopia, the bacteriological quality of ready-to-eat raw meat is of a great public health concern as it can serve as a source of meat-borne pathogens and worsen the transmission of antimicrobial resistant bacteria, and hence this cross-sectional study, done on 257 meat samples (ie., 169 beef, 50 mutton and 38 chevon) from randomly selected hotels and restaurants (n = 52). Approximately 25 gm of meat samples were taken bi-weekly and subjected to quantitative and qualitative analyses; antimicrobial susceptibility tests were done as per the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. It was found that 13.2 (n = 34), 17.5 (n = 45) and 21.8% (n = 56) samples exceeded the permissible limit for total viable and coliform and S. aureus counts, respectively. At the same time, 24.9% (n = 64) surpassed the bacteriological limit permissible for consumption. Overall, 36.6% (n = 94) of samples were extrapolated as unsatisfactory for consumption due to high bacterial load and or the presence of pathogens. Five different bacterial spp. such as E. coli 65% (n = 167), S. aureus 59% (n = 152), Salmonella spp. 28.4% (n = 73), Campylobacter spp. 14.4% (n = 37) and Shigella spp. 4.3% (n = 11) were isolated in varied proportions. Alarmingly, 60% (n = 264) of the isolates were multi-drug resistant and 51% of S. aureus were found to be MRSA.

Determination of frequency, multiple antibiotic resistance index and resistotype of Salmonella spp. in chicken meat collected from southeast of Iran

BACKGROUND

Zoonotic food-borne pathogens such as Salmonella spp., which can be hosted by some raw foods, play a crucial role in ranking the public health of a country OBJECTIVES: The present study was conducted to assess the frequency, antibiotic resistance pattern and index of multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) of Salmonella spp. in chicken meat METHODS: A cross-sectional survey was conducted from October 2017 to March 2018. One-hundred and fifty chicken meat samples were collected from meat stores in Zahedan, southeast of Iran and screened for contamination with Salmonella spp. using the polymerase chain reaction assay targeting the inv-A gene. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed against 11 commonly prescribed antimicrobial agents in the veterinary treatment to calculate the MAR index RESULTS: The contamination rate was 2.7% (4/150). The antimicrobial resistance rate was 100% (n = 4) against penicillin, tylosin, tetracycline, erythromycin and tiamulin, 50% (n = 2) against trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, difloxacin and lincomycin/spectinomycin and 25% (n = 1) against flumequine and florfenicol. All isolates were sensitive to fosfomycin. Interestingly, all isolates (n = 4) exhibited different MAR patterns. Furthermore, the MAR index ranged from 0.45 to 0.81 CONCLUSIONS: In addition to the MAR index, which indicated that the isolate originated from a source where antibiotics were used to a great degree and/or in large amounts, the results showed that the chicken meat hosted resistant strains of Salmonella spp. in the study area. Overall, the findings indicated an important public health problem. To reduce this alarming signal, the poultry industry should implement control measures in the study area.

Impact of Sodium Alginate Packaging Film Synthesized Using Syzygium cumini Seed Extract on Multi Drug Resistant Escherichia coli Isolated from Raw Buffalo Meat

A total of 50 Escherichia coli were isolated from buffalo meat and their antibiotic profiling was carried out. 90% E. coli isolates showed resistant to two or more classes of 21 commonly used antibiotics. Moreover, there was also variation in resistance/sensitivity behavior towards antibiotics. Highest resistance was found to be against methicillin (84%) in the isolates followed by vancomicin (70%), sulphadiazine (68%) and cefaclor (66%), whereas, resistance was less common for kanamycin (8%) and chloramphenicol (4%). ECMB1, ECMA2, ECMA8, ECMS9 and ECMA31 strains showed highest MDR pattern with presence of ^bla CTX-M, qnr S and qnr B resistant genes. ECMB1 strain was resistant to 14 antibiotics belonging to 7 different classes. Therefore, ECMB1 was selected for further studies. Sodium Alginate Film incorporated with 10, 20, and 30% ethanolic extract of Syzygium cumini (EESC) were formulated and characterized using state-of-art techniques. A dose-dependent antibacterial activity against E. coli ECMB1 was recorded by the films made from EESC (EESCF). The growth kinetics of E. coli strain ECMB1 showed 9% decrease in log CFU when it was cultured in 30% EESCF as compared to control cells after 12 h of growth. Present finding highlight the efficacy and possible use of EESCF as meat packaging film to prevent food spoilage caused by MDR bacteria.

Prevalence and Antimicrobial Resistance of Escherichia coli Isolated from Various Meat Types in the Tamale Metropolis of Ghana

Meats are important potential sources of foodborne pathogens including Escherichia coli. This study was conducted to determine the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of Escherichia coli isolated from meats in the Tamale metropolis of Ghana. Isolation of Escherichia coli was done using the procedure according to the USA-FDA Bacteriological Analytical Manual. Antibiotic resistance patterns in the Escherichia coli isolates were determined by the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method against 8 antibiotics. The overall prevalence of Escherichia coli in the meat samples was 84.00% (189/225). Mutton (88.89%), guinea fowl (88.89%), beef (86.67%), local chicken (80.00%), and chevon (75.56%) were contaminated by Escherichia coli. The average coliform count was 4.22 cfu/cm² and was highest in guinea fowl (4.94 log cfu/cm²) and lowest in local chicken (3.23 log cfu/cm²). The Escherichia coli isolates were highly resistant to erythromycin (85.00%), tetracycline (73.33%), and ampicillin (71.67%). The multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) index ranged from 0.13 to 1. The Escherichia coli isolates exhibited 23 antimicrobial resistance patterns with resistant pattern TeAmpE (tetracycline-ampicillin-erythromycin) being the most common. Multidrug resistance was 68.33% (41/60) among the Escherichia coli isolates. The results showed that Escherichia coli was commonly present in the various meat types and exhibited multidrug resistances, necessitating efficient antibiotic stewardship guidelines to streamline their use in the production industry.

Antimicrobial resistance and molecular detection of extended spectrum β-lactamase producing Escherichia coli isolates from raw meat in Greater Accra region, Ghana

BACKGROUND

Typically, raw meat can be contaminated with antibiotic resistant pathogens at unhygienic slaughter and sale points. Consumption of meat contaminated with antibiotic resistant E. coli is associated with grave health care consequences. The aim of this study was to determine the microbial quality of raw meat, the antimicrobial susceptibility and Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamase (ESBL) production in E. coli isolates from raw meat.

RESULTS

Total Plate Counts exceeded the acceptable limit of 5.0 log CFU/ cm² in 60.5% (124/205) of raw meat samples. Total Coliform Counts in 70.7% (145/205) of samples were in excess of the acceptable limit of 2.5 log CFU/cm². E. coli was detected in about half of raw meat samples (48%), ranging from 9.5-79.0% among the slaughter sites. Isolates were susceptible to meropenem (100%), ceftriaxone (99%), cefotaxime (98%), chloramphenicol (97%), gentamycin (97%), ciprofloxacin (92%) and amikacin (92%), but resistant to ampicillin (57%), tetracycline (45%), sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim (21%) and cefuroxime (17%). Multi-drug resistance (MDR) was identified in 22% of the isolates. The bla_{TEM gene} was detected in 4% (4/98) of E. coli isolates in this study.

CONCLUSION

The levels of microbial contamination of raw meat in this study were unacceptable. Meat handlers and consumers are at risk of foodborne infections from E. coli including ESBL producing E. coli that are resistant to most antibiotics in use. We recommend an enhanced surveillance for antibiotic resistance in food products for the early detection of emerging resistant bacteria species in the food chain.

Molecular diversity and profile analysis of virulence-associated genes in some Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates

The noticeable increase in the occurrence of multidrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae strains separated from different hospitals in Taif city, (Saudi Arabia) demonstrates the limitation of antibiotics used for bacterial eradication. The aim of the present study is to detect the virulence genes in some K. pneumoniae isolates that collected from different hospitals in Taif governorate in Saudi Arabia. A total of 134 clinical samples were used to isolate about twenty three K. pneumoniae strains from various clinical specimens throw six months. They were identified by microbiological method as K. pneumoniae and confirmed with 16S rRNA sequencing analysis. The antimicrobial susceptibility of K. pneumoniae isolates was determined. The existence of virulence genes (AcrAB, tolC, arb, OmpK35, RmpA, fimH-1, entB, K2, irP-1 and Mdtk) were performed by PCR. The multidrug-resistant strains were detected in 16 (69.5%), that showed the presence of the most virulence genes. The multidrug-resistant isolates showed resistance against Ampicillin (96%), Amox-Clav (90%), Cephalothin (90%), Cefuroxime (90%), Ceftriaxone (85%), Aztreonam (87%), Cefepime (80%), Ceftazidime (80%), and Trim-Sulf (82%). Molecular diversity between K. pneumoniae isolates was determined using Rep-PCR markers technique. Thirty eight bands were resulted from the rep-PCR primers. Out of them, 31 bands were polymorphic with a polymorphism average of 81.6%. Total loci detected for each primer varied from 11 to 15 loci, and the loci size ranging from 200 to 2000 bp. These data may present novel epidemiological information regarding the clonal nature of K. pneumoniae separated from Taif governorate hospitals, Saudi Arabia.

Risk factor analysis, antimicrobial resistance and pathotyping of Escherichia coli associated with pre- and post-weaning piglet diarrhoea in organised farms, India

A cross-sectional study was conducted from 2014 to 2017 in 13 organised pig farms located in eight states of India (Northern, North-Eastern and Southern regions) to identify the risk factors, pathotype and antimicrobial resistance of Escherichia coli associated with pre- and post-weaning piglet diarrhoea. The data collected through questionnaire survey were used to identify the risk factors by univariable analysis, in which weaning status, season, altitude, ventilation in the shed, use of heater/cooler for temperature control in the sheds, feed type, water source, and use of disinfectant, were the potential risk factors. In logistic regression model, weaning and source of water were the significant risk factors. The piglet diarrhoea prevalence was almost similar across the regions. Of the 909 faecal samples collected (North - 310, North-East - 194 and South - 405) for isolation of E. coli, pathotyping and antibiotic screening, 531 E. coli were isolated in MacConkey agar added with cefotaxime, where 345 isolates were extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) producers and were positive for blaCTX-M-1 (n = 147), bla TEM (n = 151), qnrA (n = 98), qnrB (n = 116), qnrS (n = 53), tetA (n = 46), tetB (n = 48) and sul1 (n = 54) genes. Multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) index revealed that 14 (2.64%) isolates had MAR index of 1. On the virulence screening of E. coli, 174 isolates harboured alone or combination of Stx1, Stx2, eaeA, hlyA genes. The isolates from diarrhoeic and post-weaning samples harboured higher number of virulence genes than non-diarrhoeic and pre-weaning. Alleviating the risk factors might reduce the piglet diarrhoea cases. The presence of multidrug-resistant and ESBL-producing pathogenic E. coli in piglets appears a public health concern.

First report of isolation and antibiotic susceptibility pattern of Raoultella electrica from table eggs in Jaipur, India

Raoultella electrica, a Gram-negative, non-spore-forming, rod-shaped facultative anaerobe, was identified during a regular investigation of bacterial contamination in table eggs in the winter season. A total of 165 hen's eggs were collected in the winter season from 15 different areas of the city of Jaipur, India. Gram-negative Enterobacteriales were isolated on selective and differential media by the conventional plate method and were further identified by several biochemical tests and 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Commonly prescribed antibiotics for enteric infection were used for antibiotic susceptibility testing. For isolated microorganisms, different resistance patterns were found against the different antibiotics used (p < 0.01). The multiple antibiotic resistance index of bacterial isolates ranged from 0.10 to 0.60. R. electrica strain 1GB/NBRC 109676/KCTC 32430 was isolated for the first time from commercial chicken's eggs.