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Mendonça APS, Dos Reis KL, Barbosa-Tessmann IP. Aspergillus clavatus UEM 04: An efficient producer of glucoamylase and α-amylase able to hydrolyze gelatinized and raw starch. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 249:125890. [PMID: 37479205 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Revised: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
The best amylolytic activity production by Aspergillus clavatus UEM 04 occurred in submersed culture, with starch, for 72 h, at 25 °C, and 100 rpm. Exclusion chromatography partially purified two enzymes, which ran as unique bands in SDS-PAGE with approximately 84 kDa. LC-MS/MS identified a glucoamylase (GH15) and an α-amylase (GH13_1) as the predominant proteins and other co-purified proteins. Zn2+, Cu2+, and Mn2+ activated the glucoamylase, and SDS, Zn2+, Fe3+, and Cu2+ inhibited the α-amylase. The α-amylase optimum pH was 6.5. The optimal temperatures for the glucoamylase and α-amylase were 50 °C and 40 °C, and the Tm was 53.1 °C and 56.3 °C, respectively. Both enzymes remained almost fully active for 28-32 h at 40 °C, but the α-amylase thermal stability was calcium-dependent. Furthermore, the glucoamylase and α-amylase KM for starch were 2.95 and 1.0 mg/mL, respectively. Still, the Vmax was 0.28 μmol/min of released glucose for glucoamylase and 0.1 mg/min of consumed starch for α-amylase. Moreover, the glucoamylase showed greater affinity for amylopectin and α-amylase for maltodextrin. Additionally, both enzymes efficiently degraded raw starch. At last, glucose was the main product of glucoamylase, and α-amylase produced mainly maltose from gelatinized soluble starch hydrolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Paula Silva Mendonça
- Biological Sciences Center, Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | - Karina Lima Dos Reis
- Biological Sciences Center, Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | - Ione Parra Barbosa-Tessmann
- Biological Sciences Center, Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, PR, Brazil.
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Singh VK, Kumar A. Secondary metabolites from endophytic fungi: Production, methods of analysis, and diverse pharmaceutical potential. Symbiosis 2023; 90:1-15. [PMID: 37360552 PMCID: PMC10249938 DOI: 10.1007/s13199-023-00925-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of secondary metabolites is a constantly functioning metabolic pathway in all living systems. Secondary metabolites can be broken down into numerous classes, including alkaloids, coumarins, flavonoids, lignans, saponins, terpenes, quinones, xanthones, and others. However, animals lack the routes of synthesis of these compounds, while plants, fungi, and bacteria all synthesize them. The primary function of bioactive metabolites (BM) synthesized from endophytic fungi (EF) is to make the host plants resistant to pathogens. EF is a group of fungal communities that colonize host tissues' intracellular or intercellular spaces. EF serves as a storehouse of the above-mentioned bioactive metabolites, providing beneficial effects to their hosts. BM of EF could be promising candidates for anti-cancer, anti-malarial, anti-tuberculosis, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, etc. because EF is regarded as an unexploited and untapped source of novel BM for effective drug candidates. Due to the emergence of drug resistance, there is an urgent need to search for new bioactive compounds that combat resistance. This article summarizes the production of BM from EF, high throughput methods for analysis, and their pharmaceutical application. The emphasis is on the diversity of metabolic products from EF, yield, method of purification/characterization, and various functions/activities of EF. Discussed information led to the development of new drugs and food additives that were more effective in the treatment of disease. This review shed light on the pharmacological potential of the fungal bioactive metabolites and emphasizes to exploit them in the future for therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Kumar Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology, Raipur (CG), Raipur, 492010 Chhattisgarh India
| | - Awanish Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology, Raipur (CG), Raipur, 492010 Chhattisgarh India
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Lago MC, Dos Santos FC, Bueno PSA, de Oliveira MAS, Barbosa-Tessmann IP. The glucoamylase from Aspergillus wentii: Purification and characterization. J Basic Microbiol 2021; 61:443-458. [PMID: 33783000 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.202000595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
This study describes for the first time the purification and characterization of a glucoamylase from Aspergillus wentii (strain PG18), a species of the Aspergillus genus Cremei section. Maximum enzyme production (∼3.5 U/ml) was obtained in submerged culture (72 h) with starch as the carbon source, at 25°C, and with orbital agitation (100 rpm). The enzyme was purified with one-step molecular exclusion chromatography. The 86 kDa purified enzyme hydrolyzed starch in a zymogram and had activity against p-nitrophenyl α- d-glucopyranoside. The optimal enzyme pH and temperature were 5.0 and 60°C (at pH 5.0), respectively. The Tm of the purified enzyme was 60°C, at pH 7.0. The purified glucoamylase had a KM for starch of 1.4 mg/ml and a Vmax of 0.057 mg/min of hydrolyzed starch. Molybdenum activated the purified enzyme, and sodium dodecyl sulfate inhibited it. A thin layer chromatography analysis revealed glucose as the enzyme's main starch hydrolysis product. An enzyme's peptide sequence was obtained by mass spectrometry and used to retrieve a glucoamylase within the annotated genome of A. wentii v1.0. An in silico structural model revealed a N-terminal glycosyl hydrolases family 15 (GH15) domain, which is ligated by a linker to a C-terminal carbohydrate-binding module (CBM) from the CBM20 family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munira C Lago
- Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Fabiane C Dos Santos
- Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Paulo S A Bueno
- Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Marco A S de Oliveira
- Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
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Karim KMR, Husaini A, Sing NN, Tasnim T, Mohd Sinang F, Hussain H, Hossain MA, Roslan H. Characterization and expression in Pichia pastoris of a raw starch degrading glucoamylase (GA2) derived from Aspergillus flavus NSH9. Protein Expr Purif 2019; 164:105462. [PMID: 31351992 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2019.105462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The Aspergillus flavus NSH9 gene, encoding a pH and thermostable glucoamylase with a starch binding domain (SBD), was expressed in Pichia pastoris to produce recombinant glucoamylase (rGA2). The full-length glucoamylase gene (2039 bp), and cDNA (1839 bp) encode a 612 amino acid protein most similar to glucoamylase from Aspergillus oryzae RIB40; the first 19 amino acids are presumed to be a signal peptide for secretion, and the SBD is at the C-terminal. The cDNA was successfully secreted by Pichia at 8.23 U mL-1, and the rGA2 was found to be: a 80 kDa monomer, stable from pH 3.0-9.0, with optimum catalytic activity at pH 5.0, active at temperatures up to 80°C (rGA2 retained 58% of its activity after 60 min of incubation at 70°C), and metal ions such as Na+, K+, Ca++ and Mg++ enhanced rGA2 enzyme activity. The starch degrading ability of rGA2 was also observed on raw sago starch and where prolonged incubation generated larger, deeper, holes on the starch granules, indicating rGA2 is an excellent candidate for industrial starch processing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ahmad Husaini
- Faculty of Resource Science and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, 94300, Kota, Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia.
| | - Ngieng Ngui Sing
- Faculty of Resource Science and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, 94300, Kota, Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Tasmia Tasnim
- Department of Nutrition and Food Engineering, Daffodil International University, Dhaka, 1207, Bangladesh
| | - Fazia Mohd Sinang
- Faculty of Resource Science and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, 94300, Kota, Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Hasnain Hussain
- Faculty of Resource Science and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, 94300, Kota, Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Md Anowar Hossain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, 6205, Bangladesh
| | - Hairul Roslan
- Faculty of Resource Science and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, 94300, Kota, Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia
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Sirohi R, Singh A, Tarafdar A, Shahi NC. Application of genetic algorithm in modelling and optimization of cellulase production. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2018; 270:751-754. [PMID: 30270051 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2018.09.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to study the application of genetic algorithm (GA) in modelling and optimization of cellulose production by Trichoderma reesei from pea hull. Enzyme activity of cellulase was determined using Filter Paper Activity (FPA) assay. Optimization of process parameters was performed using mathematical (MO) and genetic optimizers to obtain combination of variables for highest possible enzyme activity. GA generated a higher value of cellulase activity (0.353 U/mL) as compared to MO (0.302 U/mL). The values of independent variables in set (GA, MO) were: agitation speed (127, 120 rpm), %H2O2 concentration (10.36, 5.0), cultivation time (112, 91 h). The investigation highlights that GA could be used as a potential optimizer for processes involving waste utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjna Sirohi
- Department of Postharvest Process and Food Engineering, College of Technology, G.B. Pant, University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar 263 145, Uttarakhand, India.
| | - Anupama Singh
- Department of Postharvest Process and Food Engineering, College of Technology, G.B. Pant, University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar 263 145, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Ayon Tarafdar
- Department of Postharvest Process and Food Engineering, College of Technology, G.B. Pant, University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar 263 145, Uttarakhand, India
| | - N C Shahi
- Department of Postharvest Process and Food Engineering, College of Technology, G.B. Pant, University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar 263 145, Uttarakhand, India
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Adeoyo OR, Pletschke BI, Dames JF. Purification and characterization of an amyloglucosidase from an ericoid mycorrhizal fungus (Leohumicola incrustata). AMB Express 2018; 8:154. [PMID: 30269298 PMCID: PMC6163121 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-018-0685-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to purify and characterize amyloglucosidase (AMG) from Leohumicola incrustata. AMG was purified to homogeneity from cell-free culture filtrate of an ERM fungus grown in a modified Melin-Norkrans liquid medium. The molecular mass of the AMG was estimated to be 101 kDa by combining the results of Sephadex G-100 gel filtration, sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and zymography. The Km and kcat values were 0.38 mg mL-1 and 70 s-1, respectively, using soluble starch as a substrate. The enzyme was stable at 45 °C (pH 5.0), retaining over 65% activity after a pre-incubation period of 24 h. The metal inhibition profile of the AMG showed that Mn2+ and Ca2+ enhanced activity, while it was stable to metals ions, except a few (Al3+, Co2+, Hg2+ and Cd2+) that were inhibitory at a concentration higher than 5 mM. Thin layer chromatography revealed that only glucose was produced as the product of starch hydrolysis. The amylase from L. incrustata is a glucoamylase with promising characteristics such as temperature stability over an extended period, high substrate affinity and stability to a range of chemicals. Also, this study reports for the first time the possibility of using some culturable ERM fungi to produce enzymes for the bio-economy.
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Hanif E, Qader SAU, Zohra RR. Role of Metal Ions, Surfactants and Solvents on Enzymatic Activity of Partial Purified Glucoamylase from Aspergillus niger ER05. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.6000/1927-5129.2018.14.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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Purification of an alpha amylase from Aspergillus flavus NSH9 and molecular characterization of its nucleotide gene sequence. 3 Biotech 2018; 8:204. [PMID: 29607285 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-018-1225-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, an alpha-amylase enzyme from a locally isolated Aspergillus flavus NSH9 was purified and characterized. The extracellular α-amylase was purified by ammonium sulfate precipitation and anion-exchange chromatography at a final yield of 2.55-fold and recovery of 11.73%. The molecular mass of the purified α-amylase was estimated to be 54 kDa using SDS-PAGE and the enzyme exhibited optimal catalytic activity at pH 5.0 and temperature of 50 °C. The enzyme was also thermally stable at 50 °C, with 87% residual activity after 60 min. As a metalloenzymes containing calcium, the purified α-amylase showed significantly increased enzyme activity in the presence of Ca2+ ions. Further gene isolation and characterization shows that the α-amylase gene of A. flavus NSH9 contained eight introns and an open reading frame that encodes for 499 amino acids with the first 21 amino acids presumed to be a signal peptide. Analysis of the deduced peptide sequence showed the presence of three conserved catalytic residues of α-amylase, two Ca2+-binding sites, seven conserved peptide sequences, and several other properties that indicates the protein belongs to glycosyl hydrolase family 13 capable of acting on α-1,4-bonds only. Based on sequence similarity, the deduced peptide sequence of A. flavus NSH9 α-amylase was also found to carry two potential surface/secondary-binding site (SBS) residues (Trp 237 and Tyr 409) that might be playing crucial roles in both the enzyme activity and also the binding of starch granules.
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