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Araki S, Miki A, Goto K, Fujiwara A, Yamashita T, Yoneda T, Haruishi K, Ieki Y, Kiryu J, Maehara G, Yaoeda K. Changes in Choroidal Thickness and Structure Induced by 1% Atropine Instillation in Children With Hyperopic Anisometropic Amblyopia. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 2023; 60:39-45. [PMID: 35446189 DOI: 10.3928/01913913-20220216-03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the effects of 1% atropine eye drops on the choroidal thickness and structure of amblyopic and fellow eyes in children with hyperopic anisometropic amblyopia. METHODS This study included 16 children with hypermetropic anisometropic amblyopia. All patients received 1% atropine eye drops in both eyes twice a day for 7 days. In the subfoveal choroidal region, choroidal thickness, total choroidal area, luminal area, and stromal area were measured quantitatively using swept-source optical coherence tomography. The choroidal parameters of the amblyopic and fellow eyes were compared between the baseline and atropine conditions. RESULTS There were no significant differences in all choroidal parameters of the amblyopic eye between baseline and atropine conditions. However, the subfoveal choroidal thickness in the fellow eye was significantly higher for the atropine condition than the baseline condition. This change was accompanied by a significant increase in both the luminal and stromal areas of the choroid. The median differences of subfoveal choroidal thickness between the conditions were larger for the fellow eye (6.46%) than the amblyopic eye (0.26%). CONCLUSIONS The choroidal structural change induced by 1% atropine instillation was smaller for the amblyopic eye than the fellow eye in children with hyperopic anisometropic amblyopia. Mechanisms of choroidal thickness changes could be inhibited in amblyopic eyes. [J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 2023;60(1):39-45.].
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Cevher S, Üçer MB, Şahin T. How does anisometropia affect the choroidal vascularity index? Indian J Ophthalmol 2022; 70:2043-2049. [PMID: 35647979 PMCID: PMC9359273 DOI: 10.4103/ijo.ijo_3092_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: To investigate the choroidal vascularity index (CVI) and morphological features of the choroid in anisometropic amblyopia. Methods: In this prospective cross-sectional study, 39 patients with unilateral anisometropic amblyopic patients and 33 eyes of 33 healthy control participants were involved. These participants were examined in terms of axial length (AL), spherical equivalent (SE), central macular thickness (CMT), choroidal thickness (CT), total choroidal area (TCA), luminal area (LA), stromal area (SA), LA/SA ratio, and CVI. All parameters were compared between amblyopic eyes, healthy fellow eyes, and healthy control eyes. The Shapiro–Wilk tests, Chi-square test, the paired t-test, Wilcoxon signed-rank test, Mann–Whitney U test, Kruskal–Wallis test, and Pearson/Spearman correlation tests were used. Results: In the hyperopic patients; SE, subfoveal CT, nasal CT, temporal CT, TCA, LA, SA, and CMT were greater in amblyopic eyes than in healthy fellow eyes and control eyes (P < 0.001, P < 0.001, P < 0.001, P < 0.001, P < 0.001, P < 0.001, and P < 0.001, respectively), and CVI, LA/SA ratio, and AL were smaller in amblyopic eyes than in healthy fellow eyes and control eyes ([P < 0.001, P = 0.006], P < 0.001, and P < 0.001, respectively). In the myopic patients, subfoveal CT, nasal CT, temporal CT, TCA, LA, SA values were statistically smaller in amblyopic eyes than in healthy eyes and control eyes ([P < 0.001, P = 0.002), [P = 0.004, P = 0.012], [P = 0.012, P = 0.032], [P < 0.001, P = 0.013], [P < 0.001, P = 0.024], and [P < 0.001, P = 0.047], respectively). The differences in the AL and choroidal parameters were due to myopia and hyperopia. Conclusion: The choroidal structural parameters of the amblyopic eyes were different from that of the healthy eyes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selim Cevher
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hitit University Faculty of Medicine, Çorum, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Barış Üçer
- Department of Ophthalmology, Minister of Health Hitit University Erol Olçok Education and Research Hospital, Çorum, Turkey
| | - Tayfun Şahin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hitit University Faculty of Medicine, Çorum, Turkey
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Alis MG, Alis A, Acikalin B. How do the amblyopic and fellow eyes differ in adults? J Fr Ophtalmol 2021; 45:74-80. [PMID: 34801272 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfo.2021.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the differences between the amblyopic eye and the fellow eye in adults with anisometropic amblyopia. MATERIALS AND METHODS Measurements of the central macular thickness [CMT], subfoveal choroidal thickness [SFCT], and retinal nerve fiber layer [RNFL] in patients with anisometropic amblyopia were obtained using optical coherence tomography [OCT]. Axial length [AL], anterior chamber depth [ACD], and central corneal thickness [CCT] were measured with optical biometry. All 12 parameters were compared between the amblyopic eye [Group 1] and the fellow eye [Group 2]. RESULTS A total of 110 eyes of 55 patients [9 myopic, 46 hypermetropic] were analyzed retrospectively. The ages of the patients ranged from 17 to 55 years, with a mean of 30.8±10.7 years. 56.4% [n=31] of the patients were female, and 43.6% [n=24] were male. The mean spherical equivalent [SE] was 1.96±3.79 in Group 1 and 1.28±2.45 in Group 2. SFCT was 312.00±53.03 in Group 1 and 283.47±51.91 in Group 2. AL was 22.53±1.40 in Group 1 and 22.79±1.18 in Group 2. SE, SFCT, and AL were statistically significantly different between the two groups. There was no difference between the two groups in terms of CMT, RNFL, ACD and CCT values. CONCLUSION In adults with anisometric amblyopia, the SFCT of the amblyopic eye is greater than that of the fellow eye. The choroid plays an important role in the nutrition of the retinal layers, the development of ocular function and refractive error, and its development may be affected by the refractive error. Since the majority of our patients were hyperopic, the AL was found to be shorter in the amblyopic eye. CMT, RNFL, ACD and CCT values were the similar in both groups. There was no clinically significant relationship between biometric parameters and OCT parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Alis
- Fatih Sultan Mehmet Training and Research Hospital, Atasehir, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - A Alis
- Fatih Sultan Mehmet Training and Research Hospital, Atasehir, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - B Acikalin
- Fatih Sultan Mehmet Training and Research Hospital, Atasehir, Istanbul, Turkey.
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Burke M, Lieu P, Abrams G, Boss J. MACULAR CHOROIDAL THICKNESS IN UNILATERAL COMMOTIO RETINAE. Retin Cases Brief Rep 2021; 15:417-420. [PMID: 30063577 DOI: 10.1097/icb.0000000000000802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the choroidal thickness (CT) and choroidal area (CA) in patients with unilateral commotio retinae of the macula using spectral domain optical coherence tomography with enhanced-depth imaging. METHODS This is a retrospective review of 16 eyes of 8 consecutive patients with unilateral macular commotio retinae within 7 days of blunt ocular trauma that underwent optical coherence tomography with enhanced-depth imaging seen at our institution. The contralateral, nontraumatized eye served as the control group. All patients underwent spectral domain optical coherence tomography imaging with enhanced-depth imaging protocol. Using the electronic caliper within the Zeiss optical coherence tomography review software, CT was measured from the outer portion of the retinal pigment epithelium band to the inner surface of the sclera. The central horizontal and vertical rasters were averaged to calculate the final CT measurement of each eye. The final CA reading of each eye was obtained by averaging the central 1,500 μm2 of subfoveal CA using the same rasters. The researchers compared the CT, CA, and best-corrected visual acuity in traumatized eyes with macular commotio with their fellow nontraumatized control eyes. RESULTS Traumatized eyes with macular commotio retinae had greater subfoveal CT and CA (P = 0.0027, P = 0.0279) compared with the normal fellow eye. An increase in CT and CA in the subfoveal area in the presence of commotio retinae was associated with worse visual acuity (P = 0.0180). CONCLUSION Subfoveal CT and CA were greater in eyes with commotio retinae when compared with normal fellow eyes. Increased CT and CA in macular commotio retinae were associated with decreased visual acuity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Burke
- Kresge Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Philip Lieu
- W. K. Kellogg Eye Center, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; and
| | - Gary Abrams
- Kresge Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Joseph Boss
- Kresge Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
- Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cole Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Cleveland, Ohio
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Does anisometropia affect the ciliary muscle thickness? An ultrasound biomicroscopy study. Int Ophthalmol 2020; 40:3393-3402. [PMID: 33083933 DOI: 10.1007/s10792-020-01625-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare the ciliary muscle thickness (CMT) of the normal fellow eye to that of the amblyopic eye using ultrasound biomicroscopy (UBM) in patients with unilateral anisometropic amblyopia. METHODS Thirty patients with unilateral anisometropic amblyopia were involved. The patients were divided into two groups: 19 hyperopic and 11 myopic. Axial length (AL) was measured with optic biometry and anterior chamber depth (ACD), iris area, and CMT were measured with UBM. RESULTS The mean age was 34.10 ± 6.61 years. The mean spherical difference between two eyes was 2.59 diopter (D) in hyperopic patients and 3.77D in myopic patients. In the hyperopic patients, nasal CMT1(nCMT), temporal CMT1(tCMT), tCMT2, and tCMT3 values were statistically thinner in amblyopic eyes than healthy eyes (p = 0.036, p = 0.003, p = 0.023, p = 0.005, respectively). ACD values were statistically lower in amblyopic eyes (2.78 ± 0.26 mm) than healthy eyes (2.90 ± 0.21 mm) (p < 0.001). In the myopic patients, nCMT1, nCMT2, nCMT3, tCMT1, tCMT2, and tCMT3 values were statistically thicker in amblyopic eyes than healthy eyes (p = 0.003, p = 0.003, p = 0.005, p = 0.003, p = 0.003, p = 0.019, respectively). ACD values were statistically higher in amblyopic eyes (3.20 ± 0.30 mm) than healthy eyes (3.06 ± 0.29 mm) (p = 0.004). Also, there was no significant difference in the iris area between the amblyopic and normal eyes of the myopic and hyperopic patients (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Amblyopic eyes in patients with unilateral myopic anisometropia have thicker CMT and deeper ACD than healthy eyes. Conversely, amblyopic eyes in patients with unilateral hyperopic anisometropia have thinner CMT and shorter ACD than healthy eyes. There is a positive correlation between AL and CMT.
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Abstract
Amblyopia refers to visual impairment resulting from perturbations in visual experience during visual development, typically secondary to strabismus, uncorrected refractive error, and/or deprivation. Amblyopia has traditionally been considered a cortical disease, but the depth of our understanding of this complex neurodevelopmental condition is limited by our ability to appreciate structural pathophysiology in the visual pathway. Recent advances in Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) have facilitated numerous studies of the structural changes in the retina and optic nerve, thereby expanding our appreciation for the pathogenesis of this condition. In this review, we summarize findings from studies evaluating retinal, retinal nerve fiber layer, and choroidal thickness changes in patients with amblyopia. Focusing on the largest and most recent studies, we discuss common limitations and confounding variables in these studies. We summarize recent advances in ocular imaging technology and reconcile the findings of early histological reports with those of structural OCT in amblyopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric D Gaier
- a Department of Ophthalmology , Boston Children's Hospital , Boston , MA , USA.,b Harvard Medical School , Boston , MA , USA
| | - Ryan Gise
- b Harvard Medical School , Boston , MA , USA.,c Neuro-Ophthalmology Service, Department of Ophthalmology , Massachusetts Eye and Ear , Boston , MA , USA
| | - Gena Heidary
- a Department of Ophthalmology , Boston Children's Hospital , Boston , MA , USA.,b Harvard Medical School , Boston , MA , USA
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Zha Y, Zhuang J, Feng W, Zheng H, Cai J. Evaluation of choroidal thickness in amblyopia using optical coherence tomography. Eur J Ophthalmol 2019; 30:629-634. [PMID: 30808182 DOI: 10.1177/1120672119834179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Objective: To investigate the choroidal thickness in children with amblyopia through spectral-domain optical coherence tomography. Methods: A total of 31 children with unilateral amblyopia and 31 right eyes of controls with normal vision were enrolled in the study. The choroidal thickness was measured directly below the fovea and at 12 other locations: 1, 2 and 3 mm superior, temporal, inferior, and nasal to the fovea. All the parameters were compared between amblyopic eyes, fellow eyes, and control eyes. Results: The mean subfoveal choroidal thickness was 398.03 ± 74.60, 354.13 ± 81.78, and 328.12 ± 65.93 μm in amblyopic eyes, fellow eyes, and control eyes, respectively. Significant difference was found in choroidal thickness among three groups at subfoveal choroidal thickness, N1, and S1 using multivariate analysis of covariance after adjusting for axial length. Significant negative correlation was found only between subfoveal choroidal thickness and axial length in amblyopic eyes (r = –0.463, p = 0.01). Conclusion: The subfoveal choroid is significantly thicker in amblyopic eyes than control eyes only at subfoveal choroidal thickness, N1, and S1. The choroidal thickness was thickest in the subfoveal region and thinnest in the nasal region. There are other changes in choroidal structure associated with amblyopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zha
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jinfei Zhuang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Wangqiang Feng
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Haihua Zheng
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jianqiu Cai
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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Rajavi Z, Sabbaghi H, Behradfar N, Yaseri M, Aghazadeh Amiri M, Faghihi M. Macular Thickness in Moderate to Severe Amblyopia. KOREAN JOURNAL OF OPHTHALMOLOGY 2018; 32:312-318. [PMID: 30091310 PMCID: PMC6085182 DOI: 10.3341/kjo.2017.0101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare the macular retinal thickness of moderately to severely amblyopic eyes with non-amblyopic eyes as controls. METHODS This case control study was conducted on 56 children aged 4 to 10 years old (64.3% female subjects). Twenty-eight children had unilateral amblyopia (28 amblyopic eyes as cases and 28 normal fellow eyes as internal controls) and 28 children had normal visual acuity in both eyes and were considered as external controls (n = 56 eyes). Among our cases, 14 had strabismic amblyopia and 14 had anisometropic amblyopia. Macular retinal thickness was measured using optical coherence tomography at the center and in 1-, 3-, and 6-mm rings. RESULTS Best-corrected visual acuity of the amblyopic eyes was less than that of the internal and external controls, and the best-corrected visual acuity of their fellow eyes was also less than that of the external controls. Thickness of the central macula and a 1-mm ring area in the amblyopic eyes was higher than that of both internal and external controls. Difference of central macular thickness ≥20 μm between two eyes of the amblyopic children was significantly more than non-amblyopic subjects. CONCLUSIONS Based on the results of this study, the macular retinal thickness was significantly higher in moderate to severe amblyopic eyes compared to their fellow eyes and external controls. This might be due to macular developmental disorders in amblyopic eyes. Therefore, optical coherence tomography imaging is recommended if subtle macular abnormalities are suspected in moderate to severe amblyopic eyes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhale Rajavi
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamideh Sabbaghi
- Ophthalmic Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Optometry, School of Rehabilitation, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Narges Behradfar
- Department of Optometry, School of Rehabilitation, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mehdi Yaseri
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Aghazadeh Amiri
- Department of Optometry, School of Rehabilitation, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Faghihi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Torfeh Eye Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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