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Picard K, Morris A. Potassium Food Additives and Dietary Management of Serum Potassium: Proposed Best-Practice Recommendations. J Ren Nutr 2024:S1051-2276(24)00160-2. [PMID: 38992519 DOI: 10.1053/j.jrn.2024.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024] Open
Abstract
The contribution of potassium food additives to total dietary potassium intake is unknown. This poses challenges for individuals living with kidney disease who may need to monitor their potassium intake. Additionally, different countries have varying regulations regarding the reporting of dietary potassium content in foods. This article examines the potential of published food databases to assist clinicians in helping individuals with kidney disease manage their serum potassium levels. It uses the United States Department of Agriculture's Branded Food Products Database as an example. Evidence for potassium additive content in database entries, along with their bioavailability, is discussed, and best-practice recommendations are made based on current evidence. Clinical practice and future research priorities are suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Picard
- Renal Dietitian, BC Renal, Island Health Authority, Nanaimo, British Columbia, Canada.
| | - Andrew Morris
- NIHR CRN West Midlands Clinical Research Scholar, Worchestershire Acute Hospitals NHS Trust, Worcester, Worcestershire, England
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2
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Zhou W, Si J, Han X, Zheng W, Li X, Zhu C, Zang J. Iodine Status of Infants and Toddlers under 2 Years of Age and Its Association with Feeding Behaviors and Maternal Iodine Status in Shanghai: A Quantile Regression Analysis. Nutrients 2024; 16:1686. [PMID: 38892618 PMCID: PMC11174867 DOI: 10.3390/nu16111686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
It is crucial to provide adequate iodine nutrition to infants and toddlers for proper thyroid function and subsequent brain development. Infants are particularly vulnerable to iodine deficiency during the transition from a milk-based diet (breast milk and/or infant formula) to solid food. This study examines the current iodine levels of children during their first two years of life and investigates the association between these levels and feeding behaviors and the iodine status of their mothers in Shanghai, a city located in eastern China. A hospital-based cohort study was conducted to enroll mother-child pairs, where the child is aged 6-23 months, who visited community health service centers in the 16 districts of Shanghai, China. Data on socio-demographic factors and feeding behavior data were collected from the participants. The urinary iodine concentration (UIC) in both the young children and their mothers were analyzed. A total of 2282 mother-child pairs were included in this analysis. The median (p25-p75) UIC for lactating women, weaning women, and children were 121.3 μg/L (68.1-206.4 μg/L), 123.4 μg/L (58.4-227.2 μg/L), and 152.1 μg/L (75.8-268.3 μg/L), respectively. The UIC in children was found to be higher than that in their mothers (p < 0.001). Children who consumed less than 500 mL per day of formula milk in the last week had lower UICs compared with those who consumed 500 mL per day or more (p = 0.026). Furthermore, the children's UIC was positively correlated with the maternal UIC (rs = 0.285, p < 0.001). Multiple quantile regression analysis revealed a statistically significant positive association between maternal UIC and children's UIC between the 0.1 and 0.9 quantiles (all p < 0.001). We found that the iodine status of infants and toddlers, as well as of mothers, was sufficient. However, a large minority of children and mothers may be at risk of iodine deficiency. Furthermore, no associations between children's UIC and feeding behaviors were observed. Moreover, there was a positive correlation between the UIC of young children and their mothers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhou
- Department of School and Nutrition, Shanghai Yangpu District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai 200090, China
| | - Jingyi Si
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xue Han
- General Office, Shanghai Yangpu District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai 200090, China
| | - Weiwei Zheng
- Department of School and Nutrition, Shanghai Yangpu District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai 200090, China
| | - Xiangting Li
- Department of School and Nutrition, Shanghai Yangpu District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai 200090, China
| | - Changfeng Zhu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jiajie Zang
- Division of Health Risk Factors Monitoring and Control, Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai 200336, China
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3
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Vázquez-Frias R, Ladino L, Bagés-Mesa MC, Hernández-Rosiles V, Ochoa-Ortiz E, Alomía M, Bejarano R, Boggio-Marzet C, Bojórquez-Ramos MC, Colindres-Campos E, Fernández G, García-Bacallao E, González-Cerda I, Guisande A, Guzmán C, Moraga-Mardones F, Palacios-Rosales J, Ramírez-Rodríguez NE, Roda J, Sanabria MC, Sánchez-Valverde F, Santiago RJ, Sepúlveda-Valbuena N, Spolidoro J, Valdivieso-Falcón P, Villalobos-Palencia N, Koletzko B. Consensus on complementary feeding from the Latin American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition: COCO 2023. REVISTA DE GASTROENTEROLOGIA DE MEXICO (ENGLISH) 2023; 88:57-70. [PMID: 36737343 DOI: 10.1016/j.rgmxen.2023.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Complementary feeding (CF) is defined as the feeding of infants that complements breastfeeding, or alternatively, feeding with a breast milk substitute, and is a process that is more than simply a guide as to what and how to introduce foods. The information provided by healthcare professionals must be up-to-date and evidence-based. Most of the recommendations that appear in the different international guidelines and position papers are widely applicable, but some must be regionalized or adapted to fit the conditions and reality of each geographic zone. The Nutrition Working Group of the Latin American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition (LASPGHAN) summoned a group of experts from each of the society's member countries, to develop a consensus on CF, incorporating, whenever possible, local information adapted to the reality of the region. The aim of the present document is to show the results of that endeavor. Utilizing the Delphi method, a total of 34 statements on relevant aspects of CF were evaluated, discussed, and voted upon.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Vázquez-Frias
- Departamento de Gastroenterología y Nutrición, Instituto Nacional de Salud Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Mexico City, Mexico; Grupo de Nutrición, Sociedad Latinoamericana de Gastroenterología, Hepatología y Nutrición Pediátrica, SLAGHNP/LASPGHAN.
| | - L Ladino
- Grupo de Nutrición, Sociedad Latinoamericana de Gastroenterología, Hepatología y Nutrición Pediátrica, SLAGHNP/LASPGHAN; Facultad de Medicina, Grupo de Nutrición, Genética y Metabolismo, Universidad El Bosque, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - M C Bagés-Mesa
- Grupo de Nutrición, Sociedad Latinoamericana de Gastroenterología, Hepatología y Nutrición Pediátrica, SLAGHNP/LASPGHAN; Facultad de Medicina, Grupo de Nutrición, Genética y Metabolismo, Universidad El Bosque, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - V Hernández-Rosiles
- Departamento de Gastroenterología y Nutrición, Instituto Nacional de Salud Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Mexico City, Mexico; Grupo de Nutrición, Sociedad Latinoamericana de Gastroenterología, Hepatología y Nutrición Pediátrica, SLAGHNP/LASPGHAN
| | - E Ochoa-Ortiz
- Grupo de Nutrición, Sociedad Latinoamericana de Gastroenterología, Hepatología y Nutrición Pediátrica, SLAGHNP/LASPGHAN; Tecnológico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Departamento de Nutrición, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - M Alomía
- Posgrado de Pediatría, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | - R Bejarano
- Servicio de Gastroenterología y Nutrición, Hospital de Especialidades Pediátricas, Ciudad de Panamá, Panama
| | - C Boggio-Marzet
- Grupo de Trabajo en Gastroenterología y Nutrición Pediátrica, Hospital General de Agudos "Dr. I. Pirovano", Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - E Colindres-Campos
- Departamento de Pediatría, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras, Tegucigalpa, Honduras
| | - G Fernández
- Departamento de Gastroenterología, Hospital Infantil Dr. Robert Reid Cabral, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic
| | - E García-Bacallao
- Sección de Pediatría, Instituto de Gastroenterología, Universidad de Ciencias Médicas, La Habana, Cuba
| | - I González-Cerda
- Servicio de Pediatría, Hospital Militar Escuela "Dr. Alejandro Dávila Bolaños", Managua, Nicaragua
| | - A Guisande
- Centro Hospitalario Pereira Rossell, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - C Guzmán
- Hospital La Católica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - F Moraga-Mardones
- Unidad de Nutrición, Servicio de Pediatría, Hospital Clínico San Borja Arriarán, Santiago, Chile
| | - J Palacios-Rosales
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala, Guatemala, Guatemala
| | - N E Ramírez-Rodríguez
- Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Medicina y Salud Mental, Universidad Mayor de San Andrés, La Paz, Bolivia
| | - J Roda
- Gastroenterología e Nutrição Pediátrica, Hospital Pediátrico - Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - M C Sanabria
- Cátedra y Servicio de Pediatría, Hospital de Clínicas, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Asunción, Asunción, Paraguay
| | - F Sánchez-Valverde
- Sección de Gastroenterología y Nutrición Pediátrica, Hospital Universitario de Navarra, NAVARRA BIOMED, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
| | - R J Santiago
- Departamento de Pediatría y Unidad de Gastroenterología, Hepatología y Nutrición, Hospital Universitario de Valera "Dr. Pedro Emilio Carrillo", Universidad de Los Andes, Valera, Venezuela
| | - N Sepúlveda-Valbuena
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - J Spolidoro
- Escuela de Medicina, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - P Valdivieso-Falcón
- Departamento de Pediatría, Servicio subespecialidades pediátricas, Hospital Nacional Docente Madre Niño San Bartolomé, Lima, Peru
| | | | - B Koletzko
- Departamento de Pediatría, Medical Centre of LMU Munich, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, München, Germany
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4
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Vázquez-Frias R, Ladino L, Bagés-Mesa M, Hernández-Rosiles V, Ochoa-Ortiz E, Alomía M, Bejarano R, Boggio-Marzet C, Bojórquez-Ramos M, Colindres-Campos E, Fernández G, García-Bacallao E, González-Cerda I, Guisande A, Guzmán C, Moraga-Mardones F, Palacios-Rosales J, Ramírez-Rodríguez N, Roda J, Sanabria M, Sánchez-Valverde F, Santiago R, Sepúlveda-Valbuena N, Spolidoro J, Valdivieso-Falcón P, Villalobos-Palencia N, Koletzko B. Consenso de alimentación complementaria de la Sociedad Latinoamericana de Gastroenterología, Hepatología y Nutrición Pediátrica: COCO 2023. REVISTA DE GASTROENTEROLOGÍA DE MÉXICO 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rgmx.2022.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Karbownik-Lewińska M, Stępniak J, Iwan P, Lewiński A. Iodine as a potential endocrine disruptor-a role of oxidative stress. Endocrine 2022; 78:219-240. [PMID: 35726078 PMCID: PMC9584999 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-022-03107-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Iodine is an essential micronutrient required for thyroid hormone biosynthesis. However, overtreatment with iodine can unfavorably affect thyroid physiology. The aim of this review is to present the evidence that iodine-when in excess-can interfere with thyroid hormone synthesis and, therefore, can act as a potential endocrine-disrupting chemical (EDC), and that this action, as well as other abnormalities in the thyroid, occurs-at least partially-via oxidative stress. METHODS We reviewed published studies on iodine as a potential EDC, with particular emphasis on the phenomenon of oxidative stress. RESULTS This paper summarizes current knowledge on iodine excess in the context of its properties as an EDC and its effects on oxidative processes. CONCLUSION Iodine does fulfill the criteria of an EDC because it is an exogenous chemical that interferes-when in excess-with thyroid hormone synthesis. However, this statement cannot change general rules regarding iodine supply, which means that iodine deficiency should be still eliminated worldwide and, at the same time, iodine excess should be avoided. Universal awareness that iodine is a potential EDC would make consumers more careful regarding their diet and what they supplement in tablets, and-what is of great importance-it would make caregivers choose iodine-containing medications (or other chemicals) more prudently. It should be stressed that compared to iodine deficiency, iodine in excess (acting either as a potential EDC or via other mechanisms) is much less harmful in such a sense that it affects only a small percentage of sensitive individuals, whereas the former affects whole populations; therefore, it causes endemic consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Karbownik-Lewińska
- Department of Oncological Endocrinology, Medical University of Lodz, 90-752, Lodz, Poland.
- Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital-Research Institute, 93-338, Lodz, Poland.
| | - Jan Stępniak
- Department of Oncological Endocrinology, Medical University of Lodz, 90-752, Lodz, Poland
| | - Paulina Iwan
- Department of Oncological Endocrinology, Medical University of Lodz, 90-752, Lodz, Poland
| | - Andrzej Lewiński
- Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital-Research Institute, 93-338, Lodz, Poland
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Medical University of Lodz, 93-338, Lodz, Poland
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6
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Iodine and Iodine Deficiency: A Comprehensive Review of a Re-Emerging Issue. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14173474. [PMID: 36079737 PMCID: PMC9459956 DOI: 10.3390/nu14173474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Iodine is a mineral nutrient essential for the regulation of a variety of key physiological functions including metabolism and brain development and function in children and adults. As such, iodine intake and status within populations is an area of concern and research focus. This paper will review recently published studies that focus on the re-emerging issue of iodine deficiency as a global concern and declining intake among populations in developed countries. Historically, the implementation of salt-iodization programs worldwide has reduced the incidence of iodine deficiency, but 30% of the world’s population is still at risk. Iodine nutrition is a growing issue within industrialized countries including the U.S. as a result of declining iodine intake, in part due to changing dietary patterns and food manufacturing practices. Few countries mandate universal salt iodization policies, and differing agriculture and industry practices and regulations among countries have resulted in inconsistencies in supplementation practices. In the U.S., in spite of salt-iodization policies, mild-to-moderate iodine deficiency is common and appears to be increasing. European countries with the highest incidence of deficiency lack iodization programs. Monitoring the iodine status of at-risk populations and, when appropriate, public health initiatives, appear to be warranted.
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Cu2+-Assisted Synthesis of Au@AgI Core/Shell Nanorods via In Situ Oxidation of Iodide: A Strategy for Colorimetric Iodide Sensing. JOURNAL OF ANALYSIS AND TESTING 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s41664-022-00221-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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8
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Opazo MC, Rivera JC, Gonzalez PA, Bueno SM, Kalergis AM, Riedel CA. Thyroid Gene Mutations in Pregnant and Breastfeeding Women Diagnosed With Transient Congenital Hypothyroidism: Implications for the Offspring's Health. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:679002. [PMID: 34721286 PMCID: PMC8551387 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.679002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Fetus and infants require appropriate thyroid hormone levels and iodine during pregnancy and lactation. Nature endorses the mother to supply thyroid hormones to the fetus and iodine to the lactating infant. Genetic variations on thyroid proteins that cause dyshormonogenic congenital hypothyroidism could in pregnant and breastfeeding women impair the delivery of thyroid hormones and iodine to the offspring. The review discusses maternal genetic variations in thyroid proteins that, in the context of pregnancy and/or breastfeeding, could trigger thyroid hormone deficiency or iodide transport defect that will affect the proper development of the offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria C. Opazo
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
- Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Agronomía, Universidad de las Américas, Santiago, Chile
| | - Juan Carlos Rivera
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pablo A. Gonzalez
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Susan M. Bueno
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alexis M. Kalergis
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Departamento de Endocrinología, Facultad de Medicina, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudia A. Riedel
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
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Machamba AAL, Priore SE, Macedo MDS, Franceschini SDCC. Ingestion of supplements and fortified food with iodine on the breast milk iodine concentration in deficiency areas: a systematic review. Afr Health Sci 2021; 21:1346-1354. [PMID: 35222600 PMCID: PMC8843278 DOI: 10.4314/ahs.v21i3.46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The level of iodine in breast milk may be inadequate and compromise the health of this, both due to excess and lack, some population groups remain deficient because of the low consumption of iodate salt, because there is an increase in consumption of other sources of iodine, such as supplements and fortified foods. Objective To evaluate the effect of the consumption of fortified foods and nutritional supplements with iodine on maternal milk levels. Methodology Systematic review based on the Prism method, using the descriptors provided by DeCS. The reading, selection and analysis of the methodological quality of the articles was done by two researchers independently. Results From 346 abstracts, 6 were eligible. The median iodination range between the studies ranged from 75 to 600 µg in supplements and 150 and 225 µg in fortified foods with effect on increased iodine concentration of breastmilk (BMIC), achieving the adequacy of the median BMIC in 4 of the 6 studies. Conclusion Iodine ingestion through supplements or fortified foods results in improved iodine levels in breast milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Almeida Abudo Leite Machamba
- Almeida A. L. Machamba: PhD Student in the Postgraduate Program in Nutrition Science, Department of Nutrition and Health, Federal University of Viçosa (UFV), Viçosa, Brazil
| | - Silvia Eloiza Priore
- Full PhD Professor in the the Postgraduate Program in Nutrition Science, Department of Nutrition and Health, Federal University of Viçosa (UFV), Viçosa, Brazil
| | - Mariana de Souza Macedo
- Post-Doctoral in the Postgraduate Program in Nutrition Science, Department of Nutrition and Health, Federal University of Viçosa (UFV), Viçosa, Brazil
| | - Sylvia do Carmo Castro Franceschini
- Full PhD Professor in the the Postgraduate Program in Nutrition Science, Department of Nutrition and Health and Pro-Rector of community affairs, Federal University of Viçosa (UFV), Viçosa, Brazil
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10
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Iwan P, Stepniak J, Karbownik-Lewinska M. Cumulative Protective Effect of Melatonin and Indole-3-Propionic Acid against KIO 3-Induced Lipid Peroxidation in Porcine Thyroid. TOXICS 2021; 9:toxics9050089. [PMID: 33919052 PMCID: PMC8143077 DOI: 10.3390/toxics9050089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Iodine deficiency is the main environmental factor leading to thyroid cancer. At the same time iodine excess may also contribute to thyroid cancer. Potassium iodate (KIO3), which is broadly used in salt iodization program, may increase oxidative damage to membrane lipids (lipid peroxidation, LPO) under experimental conditions, with the strongest damaging effect at KIO3 concentration of ~10 mM (corresponding to physiological iodine concentration in the thyroid). Melatonin and indole-3-propionic acid (IPA) are effective antioxidative indoles, each of which protects against KIO3-induced LPO in the thyroid. The study aims to check if melatonin used together with IPA (in their highest achievable in vitro concentrations) reveals stronger protective effects against KIO3-induced LPO in porcine thyroid homogenates than each of these antioxidants used separately. Homogenates were incubated in the presence of KIO3 (200; 100; 50; 25; 20; 15; 10; 7.5; 5.0; 2.5; 1.25; 0.0 mM) without/with melatonin (5 mM) or without/with IPA (10 mM) or without/with melatonin + IPA, and then, to further clarify the narrow range of KIO3 concentrations, against which melatonin + IPA reveal cumulative protective effects, the following KIO3 concentrations were used: 20; 18.75; 17.5; 16.25; 15; 13.75; 12.5; 11.25; 10; 8.75; 7.5; 0.0 mM. Malondialdehyde + 4-hydroxyalkenals (MDA + 4-HDA) concentration (LPO index) was measured spectrophotometrically. Protective effects of melatonin + IPA were stronger than those revealed by each antioxidant used separately, but only when LPO was induced by KIO3 in concentrations from 18.75 mM to 8.75 mM, corresponding to physiological iodine concentration in the thyroid. In conclusion, melatonin and indole-3-propionic acid exert cumulative protective effects against oxidative damage caused by KIO3, when this prooxidant is used in concentrations close to physiological iodine concentrations in the thyroid. Therefore, the simultaneous administration of these two indoles should be considered to prevent more effectively oxidative damage (and thereby thyroid cancer formation) caused by iodine compounds applied in iodine prophylaxis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Iwan
- Department of Oncological Endocrinology, Medical University of Lodz, 7/9 Zeligowski St., 90-752 Lodz, Poland; (P.I.); (J.S.)
| | - Jan Stepniak
- Department of Oncological Endocrinology, Medical University of Lodz, 7/9 Zeligowski St., 90-752 Lodz, Poland; (P.I.); (J.S.)
| | - Malgorzata Karbownik-Lewinska
- Department of Oncological Endocrinology, Medical University of Lodz, 7/9 Zeligowski St., 90-752 Lodz, Poland; (P.I.); (J.S.)
- Polish Mother’s Memorial Hospital—Research Institute, 281/289 Rzgowska St., 93-338 Lodz, Poland
- Correspondence:
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11
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Fallah R, Du L, Braverman LE, He X, Segura-Harrison M, Yeh MW, Pearce EN, Chiu HK, Mittelman SD, Leung AM. Iodine Nutrition in Weaning Infants in the United States. Thyroid 2019; 29:573-576. [PMID: 30827204 PMCID: PMC6457884 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2018.0102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As iodine is a requisite micronutrient for infant brain development, infants are at risk for iodine deficiency during the weaning period when their diet transitions from milk (breast-milk, infant formula, or follow-on formula) to solid food. Dietary iodine intake during this weaning period is likely minimal, as the iodine content of commercial baby food is not regulated, and the addition of salt to baby food is not recommended. This study reports the current status of iodine nutrition among weaning infants in the United States. METHODS Subjects (n = 60; 50% Caucasian, 30% black) were infants <12 months of age who were fed any combination of formula and/or baby food. Samples of all formula and food consumed in the previous 24 hours and a spot urine sample from each infant were obtained for the measurement of iodine. The estimated quantities of ingested formula and baby food were summed from a food diary recorded by the infants' parents. RESULTS The mean age of the infants was 6.3 ± 3.5 months. The median urinary iodine concentration (UIC) was 117 μg/L (range 26.9-1302.8 μg/L). Estimated daily iodine intake obtained from the measured iodine content in infant formula/foods was 89 μg (range 0-288 μg). There was a positive correlation between the infants' UIC and the iodine content in the consumed foods (r = 0.4, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Although the median UIC of infants fed a combination of infant formula and baby food would meet the criteria for iodine sufficiency in a larger sample, those consuming the lowest quartile of iodine-containing nutritional sources had a median UIC <100 μg/L.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roja Fallah
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics; UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California
| | - Lin Du
- Department of Biostatistics, UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, Los Angeles, California
| | - Lewis E. Braverman
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Xuemei He
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Miriam Segura-Harrison
- Department of Family Medicine, Memorial Hospital of Rhode Island, Brown University, Pawtucket, Rhode Island
| | - Michael W. Yeh
- Section of Endocrine Surgery, Department of Surgery; UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California
| | - Elizabeth N. Pearce
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism; UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California
| | - Harvey K. Chiu
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics; UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California
| | - Steven D. Mittelman
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics; UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California
| | - Angela M. Leung
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism; UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California
- Address correspondence to: Angela M. Leung, MD, MSc, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, 11301 Wilshire Blvd (111D), Los Angeles, CA 90073
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12
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McBurney MI, Hartunian-Sowa S, Matusheski NV. Implications of US Nutrition Facts Label Changes on Micronutrient Density of Fortified Foods and Supplements. J Nutr 2017; 147:1025-1030. [PMID: 28490678 DOI: 10.3945/jn.117.247585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Revised: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The US FDA published new nutrition-labeling regulations in May 2016. For the first time since the implementation of the Nutrition Labeling and Education Act of 1990, the Daily Value (DV) for most vitamins will change, as will the units of measurement used in nutrition labeling for some vitamins. For some food categories, the Reference Amounts Customarily Consumed (RACCs) will increase to reflect portions commonly consumed on a single occasion. These regulatory changes are now effective, and product label changes will be mandatory beginning 26 July 2018. This commentary considers the potential impact of these regulatory changes on the vitamin and mineral contents of foods and dietary supplements. Case studies examined potential effects on food fortification and nutrient density. The updated DVs may lead to a reduction in the nutrient density of foods and dietary supplements with respect to 8 vitamins (vitamin A, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin B-6, vitamin B-12, biotin, and pantothenic acid) and 6 minerals (zinc, selenium, copper, chromium, molybdenum, and chloride), and have mixed effects on 2 vitamins where the amount required per serving is affected by chemical structure (i.e., form) (natural vitamin E compared with synthetic vitamin E and folic acid compared with folate). Despite an increased DV for vitamin D, regulations limit food fortification. The adoption of Dietary Folate Equivalents for folate labeling may lead to reductions in the quantity of folic acid voluntarily added per RACC. Finally, because of increased RACCs in some food categories to reflect portions that people typically eat at one time, the vitamin and mineral density of these foods may be affected adversely. In totality, the United States is entering an era in which the need to monitor dietary intake patterns and nutritional status is unprecedented.
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Ershow AG, Goodman G, Coates PM, Swanson CA. Research needs for assessing iodine intake, iodine status, and the effects of maternal iodine supplementation. Am J Clin Nutr 2016; 104 Suppl 3:941S-9S. [PMID: 27534640 PMCID: PMC5004498 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.116.134858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The Office of Dietary Supplements of the NIH convened 3 workshops on iodine nutrition in Rockville, Maryland, in 2014. The purpose of the current article is to summarize and briefly discuss a list of research and resource needs developed with the input of workshop participants. This list is composed of the basic, clinical, translational, and population studies required for characterizing the benefits and risks of iodine supplementation, along with related data, analyses, evaluations, methods development, and supporting activities. Ancillary studies designed to use the participant, biological sample, and data resources of ongoing and completed studies (including those not originally concerned with iodine) may provide an efficient, cost-effective means to address some of these research and resource needs. In the United States, the foremost question is whether neurobehavioral development in the offspring of mildly to moderately iodine-deficient women is improved by maternal iodine supplementation during pregnancy. It is important to identify the benefits and risks of iodine supplementation in all population subgroups so that supplementation can be targeted, if necessary, to avoid increasing the risk of thyroid dysfunction and related adverse health effects in those with high iodine intakes. Ultimately, there will be a need for well-designed trials and other studies to assess the impact of maternal supplementation on neurodevelopmental outcomes in the offspring. However, 2 basic information gaps loom ahead of such a study: the development of robust, valid, and convenient biomarkers of individual iodine status and the identification of infant and toddler neurobehavioral development endpoints that are sensitive to mild maternal iodine deficiency during pregnancy and its reversal by supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abby G Ershow
- Office of Dietary Supplements, NIH, Bethesda, MD; and
| | | | - Paul M Coates
- Office of Dietary Supplements, NIH, Bethesda, MD; and
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14
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Long SE, Catron BL, Boggs AS, Tai SS, Wise SA. Development of Standard Reference Materials to support assessment of iodine status for nutritional and public health purposes. Am J Clin Nutr 2016; 104 Suppl 3:902S-6S. [PMID: 27534629 PMCID: PMC5004495 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.115.110361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of urinary iodine as an indicator of iodine status relies in part on the accuracy of the analytical measurement of iodine in urine. Likewise, the use of dietary iodine intake as an indicator of iodine status relies in part on the accuracy of the analytical measurement of iodine in dietary sources, including foods and dietary supplements. Similarly, the use of specific serum biomarkers of thyroid function to screen for both iodine deficiency and iodine excess relies in part on the accuracy of the analytical measurement of those biomarkers. The National Institute of Standards and Technology has been working with the NIH Office of Dietary Supplements for several years to develop higher-order reference measurement procedures and Standard Reference Materials to support the validation of new routine analytical methods for iodine in foods and dietary supplements, for urinary iodine, and for several serum biomarkers of thyroid function including thyroid-stimulating hormone, thyroglobulin, total and free thyroxine, and total and free triiodothyronine. These materials and methods have the potential to improve the assessment of iodine status and thyroid function in observational studies and clinical trials, thereby promoting public health efforts related to iodine nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen E Long
- Chemical Sciences Division, Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Charleston, SC, and
| | - Brittany L Catron
- Chemical Sciences Division, Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Charleston, SC, and
| | - Ashley Sp Boggs
- Chemical Sciences Division, Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Charleston, SC, and
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15
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Juan W, Trumbo PR, Spungen JH, Dwyer JT, Carriquiry AL, Zimmerman TP, Swanson CA, Murphy SP. Comparison of 2 methods for estimating the prevalences of inadequate and excessive iodine intakes. Am J Clin Nutr 2016; 104 Suppl 3:888S-97S. [PMID: 27534630 PMCID: PMC5004496 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.115.110346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prevalences of iodine inadequacy and excess are usually evaluated by comparing the population distribution of urinary iodine concentration (UIC) in spot samples with established UIC cutoffs. To our knowledge, until now, dietary intake data have not been assessed for this purpose. OBJECTIVE Our objective was to compare 2 methods for evaluating the prevalence of iodine inadequacy and excess in sex- and life stage-specific subgroups of the US population: one that uses UIC cutoffs, and one that uses iodine intake cutoffs. DESIGN By using the iodine concentrations of foods measured in the US Food and Drug Administration's Total Diet Study (TDS), dietary intake data from the NHANES 2003-2010, and a file that maps each NHANES food to a TDS food with similar ingredients, we estimated each NHANES participant's iodine intake from each NHANES food as the mean iodine concentration of the corresponding TDS food in samples gathered over the same 2-y period. We calculated prevalences of iodine inadequacy and excess in each sex- and life stage-specific subgroup by both the UIC cutoff method and the iodine intake cutoff method-using the UIC values and dietary intakes reported for NHANES participants who provided both types of data-and compared the prevalences across methods. RESULTS We found lower prevalences of iodine inadequacy across all sex- and life stage-specific subgroups with the iodine intake cutoff method than with the UIC cutoff method; for pregnant females, the respective prevalences were 5.0% and 37.9%. For children aged ≤8 y, the prevalence of excessive iodine intake was high by either method. CONCLUSIONS The consideration of dietary iodine intake from all sources may provide a more complete understanding of population prevalences of iodine inadequacy and excess and thus better inform dietary guidance than consideration of UIC alone. Methods of adjusting UIC for within-person variation are needed to improve the accuracy of prevalence assessments based on UIC.
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Affiliation(s)
- WenYen Juan
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, US Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD;
| | - Paula R Trumbo
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, US Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD
| | - Judith H Spungen
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, US Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD
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Ershow AG, Goodman G, Coates PM, Swanson CA. Assessing iodine intake, iodine status, and the effects of maternal iodine supplementation: introduction to articles arising from 3 workshops held by the NIH Office of Dietary Supplements. Am J Clin Nutr 2016; 104 Suppl 3:859S-63S. [PMID: 27534646 PMCID: PMC5004504 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.115.111161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The NIH Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) convened 3 workshops on iodine nutrition in 2014, each held in Rockville, Maryland. These workshops were part of the ongoing ODS Iodine Initiative, begun in 2011 in response to concerns that US pregnant women may be at risk of iodine deficiency and that a high fraction of prenatal dietary supplements do not contain the recommended amounts of iodine. The primary purpose of the workshops was to consider the data and resources necessary to evaluate the clinical and public health benefits and risks of maternal iodine supplementation in the United States. The first workshop focused on the assessment of iodine intake, the second focused on the assessment of iodine status, and the third focused on the design and interpretation of clinical trials of maternal iodine supplementation. Here we provide the background of the ODS Iodine Initiative, summarize the 3 workshops held in 2014, and introduce the articles that arose from the workshops and are published in this supplement issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abby G Ershow
- Office of Dietary Supplements, NIH, Bethesda, MD; and
| | | | - Paul M Coates
- Office of Dietary Supplements, NIH, Bethesda, MD; and
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