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Xu J, Xu H, Yang F, Xie Y, Cai F, Mao S, Lu M, Zhuang H, Hua Z. Different depths of food restriction and high-fat diet refeeding in mice impact host obesity and metabolic phenotypes with correlative changes in the gut microbiota. MedComm (Beijing) 2024; 5:e641. [PMID: 39021516 PMCID: PMC11253304 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Overweight and obesity affect almost 2 billion adults worldwide, and food restriction (FR) is commonly used to reduce body fat. Whether refeeding (Re) after FR at different ages and to different degrees leads to overweight and its possible mechanisms are uncertain. In this study, adult and young mice were both restricted to 15% and 40% of their casual food intake, and then were fed 60% high-fat chow (FR15%-Re, FR40%-Re), whereas the control groups(CON) consumed high-fat or normal food throughout, respectively. The results of the study suggest that mild FR-heavy feeding may lead to more significant abnormal fat accumulation, liver damage, and increased recruitment of intestinal inflammatory factors and immune cells in mice of different ages and involves multiple types of alterations in the gut microbiota. Further fecal transplantation experiments as well as serum and liver enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay experiments preliminarily suggest that the link between lipid metabolism and inflammatory responses and the gut microbiota may be related to the regulation of the gut and live by Lipopolysaccharides(LPS) and Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-Alpha(PPAR-α). In addition, our study may also serve as a reference for studying obesity prevention and treatment programs at different ages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Xu
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Department of Neurology of Nanjing Drum Tower HospitalSchool of Life Sciences and The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Huangru Xu
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Department of Neurology of Nanjing Drum Tower HospitalSchool of Life Sciences and The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Feiyan Yang
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Department of Neurology of Nanjing Drum Tower HospitalSchool of Life Sciences and The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Yawen Xie
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Department of Neurology of Nanjing Drum Tower HospitalSchool of Life Sciences and The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Fangfang Cai
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Department of Neurology of Nanjing Drum Tower HospitalSchool of Life Sciences and The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Siyu Mao
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Department of Neurology of Nanjing Drum Tower HospitalSchool of Life Sciences and The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Min Lu
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Department of Neurology of Nanjing Drum Tower HospitalSchool of Life Sciences and The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Hongqin Zhuang
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Department of Neurology of Nanjing Drum Tower HospitalSchool of Life Sciences and The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Zi‐Chun Hua
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Department of Neurology of Nanjing Drum Tower HospitalSchool of Life Sciences and The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing UniversityNanjingChina
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical SciencesXinxiang Medical UniversityXinxiangChina
- Changzhou High‐Tech Research Institute of Nanjing University and Jiangsu TargetPharma Laboratories Inc.ChangzhouChina
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Shiu WC, Liu ZS, Chen BY, Ku YW, Chen PW. Evaluation of a Standard Dietary Regimen Combined with Heat-Inactivated Lactobacillus gasseri HM1, Lactoferrin-Producing HM1, and Their Sonication-Inactivated Variants in the Management of Metabolic Disorders in an Obesity Mouse Model. Foods 2024; 13:1079. [PMID: 38611383 PMCID: PMC11011380 DOI: 10.3390/foods13071079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the impact of incorporating various inactivated probiotic formulations, with or without recombinant lactoferrin (LF) expression, into a standard chow diet on metabolic-related disorders in obese mice. After inducing obesity through a 13-week high-fat diet followed by a standard chow diet, mice received daily oral administrations of different probiotics for 6 weeks using the oral gavage approach. These probiotic formulations consisted of a placebo (MRS), heat-inactivated Lactobacillus gasseri HM1 (HK-HM1), heat-killed LF-expression HM1 (HK-HM1/LF), sonication-killed HM1 (SK-HM1), and sonication-killed LF-expression HM1 (SK-HM1/LF). The study successfully induced obesity, resulting in worsened glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity. Interestingly, the regular diet alone improved glucose tolerance, and the addition of inactivated probiotics further enhanced this effect, with SK-HM1/LF demonstrating the most noticeable improvement. However, while regular dietary intervention alone improved insulin sensitivity, probiotic supplementation did not provide additional benefits in this aspect. Inflammation in perirenal and epididymal fat tissues was partially alleviated by the regular diet and further improved by probiotics, particularly by SK-HM1, which showed the most significant reduction. Additionally, HK-HM1 and HK-HM1/LF supplements could contribute to the improvement of serum total triglycerides or total cholesterol, respectively. Overall, incorporating inactivated probiotics into a regular diet may enhance metabolic indices, and recombinant LF may offer potential benefits for improving glucose tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Chen Shiu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402202, Taiwan; (W.-C.S.); (B.-Y.C.); (Y.-W.K.)
| | - Zhen-Shu Liu
- Department of Safety, Health and Environmental Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei City 24301, Taiwan;
- Chronic Diseases and Health Promotion Research Center, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Chiayi 61363, Taiwan
- Center for Sustainability and Energy Technologies, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
| | - Bo-Yuan Chen
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402202, Taiwan; (W.-C.S.); (B.-Y.C.); (Y.-W.K.)
| | - Yu-We Ku
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402202, Taiwan; (W.-C.S.); (B.-Y.C.); (Y.-W.K.)
- Animal and Plant Disease Control Center Yilan County, Wujie Township, Yilan County 268015, Taiwan
| | - Po-Wen Chen
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402202, Taiwan; (W.-C.S.); (B.-Y.C.); (Y.-W.K.)
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3
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Flanagan EW, Spann R, Berry SE, Berthoud HR, Broyles S, Foster GD, Krakoff J, Loos RJF, Lowe MR, Ostendorf DM, Powell-Wiley TM, Redman LM, Rosenbaum M, Schauer PR, Seeley RJ, Swinburn BA, Hall K, Ravussin E. New insights in the mechanisms of weight-loss maintenance: Summary from a Pennington symposium. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2023; 31:2895-2908. [PMID: 37845825 PMCID: PMC10915908 DOI: 10.1002/oby.23905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is a chronic disease that affects more than 650 million adults worldwide. Obesity not only is a significant health concern on its own, but predisposes to cardiometabolic comorbidities, including coronary heart disease, dyslipidemia, hypertension, type 2 diabetes, and some cancers. Lifestyle interventions effectively promote weight loss of 5% to 10%, and pharmacological and surgical interventions even more, with some novel approved drugs inducing up to an average of 25% weight loss. Yet, maintaining weight loss over the long-term remains extremely challenging, and subsequent weight gain is typical. The mechanisms underlying weight regain remain to be fully elucidated. The purpose of this Pennington Biomedical Scientific Symposium was to review and highlight the complex interplay between the physiological, behavioral, and environmental systems controlling energy intake and expenditure. Each of these contributions were further discussed in the context of weight-loss maintenance, and systems-level viewpoints were highlighted to interpret gaps in current approaches. The invited speakers built upon the science of obesity and weight loss to collectively propose future research directions that will aid in revealing the complicated mechanisms involved in the weight-reduced state.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Redin Spann
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Sarah E. Berry
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, King’s College London, London, UK
| | | | | | - Gary D. Foster
- WW International, New York, New York, USA
- Center for Weight and Eating Disorders, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jonathan Krakoff
- Obesity and Diabetes Clinical Research Section, Phoenix Epidemiology & Clinical Research Branch, NIDDK-Phoenix, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Ruth J. F. Loos
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | | | - Danielle M. Ostendorf
- Department of Medicine, Anschutz Health and Wellness Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Tiffany M. Powell-Wiley
- Social Determinants of Obesity and Cardiovascular Risk Laboratory, Cardiovascular Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Leanne M. Redman
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Michael Rosenbaum
- Division of Molecular Genetics and Irving Center for Clinical and Translational Research, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | | | - Randy J. Seeley
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Boyd A. Swinburn
- School of Population Health, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Kevin Hall
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Eric Ravussin
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
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Cortez FM, Nunes CL, Sardinha LB, Silva AM, Teixeira VH. The BREAK study protocol: Effects of intermittent energy restriction on adaptive thermogenesis during weight loss and its maintenance. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0294131. [PMID: 37956119 PMCID: PMC10642783 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0294131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adaptive thermogenesis, defined as the decrease in the energy expenditure components beyond what can be predicted by changes in body mass stores, has been studied as a possible barrier to weight loss and weight maintenance. Intermittent energy restriction (IER), using energy balance refeeds, has been pointed out as a viable strategy to reduce adaptive thermogenesis and improve weight loss efficiency (greater weight loss per unit of energy deficit), as an alternative to a continuous energy restriction (CER). Following a randomized clinical trial design, the BREAK Study aims to compare the effects of IER versus CER on body composition and in adaptive thermogenesis, and understand whether participants will successfully maintain their weight loss after 12 months. METHODS Seventy-four women with obesity and inactive (20-45 y) will be randomized to 16 weeks of CER or IER (8x2 weeks of energy restriction interspersed with 7x1 week in energy balance). Both groups will start with 2 weeks in energy balance before energy restriction, followed by 16 weeks in energy restriction, then 8 weeks in energy balance and finally a 12-month weight maintenance phase. Primary outcomes are changes in fat-mass and adaptive thermogenesis after weight loss and weight maintenance. Secondary outcomes include weight loss, fat-free mass preservation, alterations in energy expenditure components, and changes in hormones (thyroid function, insulin, leptin, and cortisol). DISCUSSION We anticipate that The BREAK Study will allow us to better understand adaptive thermogenesis during weight loss and weight maintenance, in women with obesity. These findings will enable evidence-based decisions for obesity treatment. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT05184361.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipa M Cortez
- Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Catarina L Nunes
- Exercise and Health Laboratory, CIPER, Faculty of Human Kinetics, University of Lisbon, Cruz-Quebrada, Portugal
| | - Luís B Sardinha
- Exercise and Health Laboratory, CIPER, Faculty of Human Kinetics, University of Lisbon, Cruz-Quebrada, Portugal
| | - Analiza M Silva
- Exercise and Health Laboratory, CIPER, Faculty of Human Kinetics, University of Lisbon, Cruz-Quebrada, Portugal
| | - Vítor H Teixeira
- Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Research Centre of Physical Activity, Health and Leisure, CIAFEL, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health, ITR, Porto, Portugal
- Futebol Clube do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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van Baak MA, Mariman ECM. Obesity-induced and weight-loss-induced physiological factors affecting weight regain. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2023; 19:655-670. [PMID: 37696920 DOI: 10.1038/s41574-023-00887-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
Weight regain after successful weight loss resulting from lifestyle interventions is a major challenge in the management of overweight and obesity. Knowledge of the causal mechanisms for weight regain can help researchers and clinicians to find effective strategies to tackle weight regain and reduce obesity-associated metabolic and cardiovascular complications. This Review summarizes the current understanding of a number of potential physiological mechanisms underlying weight regain after weight loss, including: the role of adipose tissue immune cells; hormonal and neuronal factors affecting hunger, satiety and reward; resting energy expenditure and adaptive thermogenesis; and lipid metabolism (lipolysis and lipid oxidation). We describe and discuss obesity-associated changes in these mechanisms, their persistence during weight loss and weight regain and their association with weight regain. Interventions to prevent or limit weight regain based on these factors, such as diet, exercise, pharmacotherapy and biomedical strategies, and current knowledge on the effectiveness of these interventions are also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marleen A van Baak
- NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Department of Human Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands.
| | - Edwin C M Mariman
- NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Department of Human Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
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Mengi Çelik Ö, Köksal E, Aktürk M. Time-restricted eating (16/8) and energy-restricted diet: effects on diet quality, body composition and biochemical parameters in healthy overweight females. BMC Nutr 2023; 9:97. [PMID: 37559145 PMCID: PMC10410965 DOI: 10.1186/s40795-023-00753-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Time-restricted eating (TRE) is a current popular dietary strategy for noncommunicable diseases. However, studies demonstrated contradictory results for it and in all dietary strategies, diet quality is an the important part of the well-being. Our study aimed to investigate the effect of TRE and energy-restricted diet (ERD) on the nutritional status and diet quality of individuals. METHODS This pilot study was completed 23 healthy overweight female. Anthropometric and body composition measurements of individuals were taken. The energy expenditure was measured using indirect calorimetry. Blood pressure and heart rate measurements were made. Biochemical parameters were evaluated and food consumption were taken. The quality of dietary intake was assessed using the Healthy Eating Index (HEI) -2015. The physical activity levels of the individuals were estimated using the physical activity record. The Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (version 22.0) software was used for all analyses. A p-value of less than 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant. RESULTS After 8 weeks of intervention, while no change was observed in the diet quality of the individuals in the TRE group (p > 0.05), a significant increase was found in the diet quality score of the individuals in the ERD group (p < 0.05). There was a 3.2% and 5.5% decrease in body weight of individuals in the TRE and ERD groups, respectively (p < 0.05). While no significant change was observed in the body fat percentage of individuals in the TRE group (p > 0.05), a 7.1% decrease was observed in the ERD group (p < 0.05). A statistically significant decrease was found in the total cholesterol (3.7%) in the ERD group, and in the total cholesterol (6.7%) and low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) (6.5%) in the TRE group. In addition, a statistically significant increase was found in adiponectin (77.3%) and total antioxidant status (TAS) (13.2%) in the ERD group. CONCLUSION Energy-restricted diet yielded better results in weight loss and improvement of body composition and diet quality compared to TRE. Also, a decrease in total cholesterol level was found in the ERD group. However, more studies should be done with longer follow-ups and high sample sizes are very important in terms of creating public health-based recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Özge Mengi Çelik
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, University of Health Sciences, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Eda Köksal
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Müjde Aktürk
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Endocrinology, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
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Sterling SR, Bowen SA. Effect of a Plant-based Intervention Among Black Individuals in the Deep South: A Pilot Study. JOURNAL OF NUTRITION EDUCATION AND BEHAVIOR 2023; 55:68-76. [PMID: 36333197 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneb.2022.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the feasibility, acceptability, and clinical/behavioral outcomes of a remotely-delivered, culturally-tailored plant-based nutrition and lifestyle intervention designed to improve cardiovascular risk among Black adults in a rural, Black Belt community. METHODS We implemented a 12-week intervention with weekly educational sessions, cooking lessons, social support, exercise, and food items. OUTCOME(S) Body mass index, waist circumference, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein, high-density lipoprotein, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, trimethylamine N-oxide, diet/physical activity. Paired t tests analyzed preintervention and postintervention differences (n = 24). RESULTS Body mass index and waist circumference were reduced (P < 0.001), and total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol decreased by 10.8% and 13.9%, respectively (P < 0.05). There was a 25.8% reduction in high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (P = 0.02). Diet and physical activity were also improved. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS This pilot study demonstrated the feasibility and acceptability of a remotely-delivered intervention focused on improving cardiovascular risk through plant-based nutrition, physical activity/wellness, social support, and cultural adaptability. Larger scale and longer-term studies are needed.
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Gao R, Meng X, Xue Y, Mao M, Liu Y, Tian X, Sui B, Li X, Zhang P. Bile acids-gut microbiota crosstalk contributes to the improvement of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1027212. [PMID: 36386219 PMCID: PMC9640995 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1027212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) occurs that cannot effectively use the insulin. Insulin Resistance (IR) is a significant characteristic of T2DM which is also an essential treatment target in blood glucose regulation to prevent T2DM and its complications. Bile acids (BAs) are one group of bioactive metabolites synthesized from cholesterol in liver. BAs play an important role in mutualistic symbiosis between host and gut microbiota. It is shown that T2DM is associated with altered bile acid metabolism which can be regulated by gut microbiota. Simultaneously, BAs also reshape gut microbiota and improve IR and T2DM in the bidirectional communications of the gut-liver axis. This article reviewed the findings on the interaction between BAs and gut microbiota in improving T2DM, which focused on gut microbiota and its debinding function and BAs regulated gut microbiota through FXR/TGR5. Meanwhile, BAs and their derivatives that are effective for improving T2DM and other treatments based on bile acid metabolism were also summarized. This review highlighted that BAs play a critical role in the glucose metabolism and may serve as therapeutic targets in T2DM, providing a reference for discovering and screening novel therapeutic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruolin Gao
- School of Sports and Health, Shandong Sport University, Jinan, China
| | - Xiangjing Meng
- Shandong Academy of Pharmaceutical Science, Jinan, China
| | - Yili Xue
- School of Sports and Health, Shandong Sport University, Jinan, China
| | - Min Mao
- School of Nursing and Rehabilitation, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yaru Liu
- School of Sports and Health, Shandong Sport University, Jinan, China
| | - Xuewen Tian
- School of Sports and Health, Shandong Sport University, Jinan, China
| | - Bo Sui
- School of Sports and Health, Shandong Sport University, Jinan, China
| | - Xun Li
- School of Sports and Health, Shandong Sport University, Jinan, China
| | - Pengyi Zhang
- School of Sports and Health, Shandong Sport University, Jinan, China
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The energy balance theory is an inconsistent paradigm. J Theor Biol 2022; 550:111240. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2022.111240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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10
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Nunes CL, Jesus F, Francisco R, Hopkins M, Sardinha LB, Martins P, Minderico CS, Silva AM. Effects of a 4-month active weight loss phase followed by weight loss maintenance on adaptive thermogenesis in resting energy expenditure in former elite athletes. Eur J Nutr 2022; 61:4121-4133. [PMID: 35833970 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-022-02951-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Despite adaptive thermogenesis (AT) being studied as a barrier to weight loss (WL), few studies assessed AT in the resting energy expenditure (REE) compartment after WL maintenance. The aim of this study was twofold: (1) to understand if AT occurs after a moderate WL and if AT persists after a period of WL maintenance; and (2) if AT is associated with changes in body composition, hormones and energy intake (EI). METHODS Ninety-four participants [mean (SD); BMI, 31.1(4.3)kg/m2; 43.0(9.4)y; 34% female] were randomized to intervention (IG, n = 49) or control groups (CG, n = 45). Subjects underwent a 1-year lifestyle intervention, divided in 4 months of an active WL followed by 8 months of WL maintenance. Fat mass (FM) and fat-free mass (FFM) were measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and REE by indirect calorimetry. Predicted REE (pREE) was estimated through a model using FM, FFM. EI was measured by the "intake-balance" method. RESULTS For the IG, the weight and FM losses were - 4.8 (4.9) and - 11.3 (10.8)%, respectively (p < 0.001). A time-group interaction was found between groups for AT. After WL, the IG showed an AT of -85(29) kcal.d-1 (p < 0.001), and remained significant after 1 year [AT = - 72(31)kcal.d-1, p = 0.031]. Participants with higher degrees of restriction were those with an increased energy conservation (R = - 0.325, p = 0.036 and R = - 0.308, p = 0.047, respectively). No associations were found between diet adherence and AT. Following a sub-analysis in the IG, the group with a higher energy conservation showed a lower WL and fat loss and a higher initial EI. CONCLUSION AT in REE occurred after a moderate WL and remained significant after WL maintenance. More studies are needed to better clarify the mechanisms underlying the large variability observed in AT and providing an accurate methodological approach to avoid overstatements. Future studies on AT should consider not only changes in FM and FFM but also the FFM composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina L Nunes
- Exercise and Health Laboratory, CIPER, Faculdade Motricidade Humana, Universidade Lisboa, Estrada da Costa, 1499-002, Cruz-Quebrada, Portugal
| | - Filipe Jesus
- Exercise and Health Laboratory, CIPER, Faculdade Motricidade Humana, Universidade Lisboa, Estrada da Costa, 1499-002, Cruz-Quebrada, Portugal
| | - Ruben Francisco
- Exercise and Health Laboratory, CIPER, Faculdade Motricidade Humana, Universidade Lisboa, Estrada da Costa, 1499-002, Cruz-Quebrada, Portugal
| | - Mark Hopkins
- School of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Luís B Sardinha
- Exercise and Health Laboratory, CIPER, Faculdade Motricidade Humana, Universidade Lisboa, Estrada da Costa, 1499-002, Cruz-Quebrada, Portugal
| | - Paulo Martins
- Laboratory of Sport Psychology, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana da Universidade de Lisboa, 1499-002, Cruz-Quebrada, Portugal
| | - Cláudia S Minderico
- Exercise and Health Laboratory, CIPER, Faculdade Motricidade Humana, Universidade Lisboa, Estrada da Costa, 1499-002, Cruz-Quebrada, Portugal
| | - Analiza M Silva
- Exercise and Health Laboratory, CIPER, Faculdade Motricidade Humana, Universidade Lisboa, Estrada da Costa, 1499-002, Cruz-Quebrada, Portugal.
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Gut microbiota-bile acid crosstalk contributes to the rebound weight gain after calorie restriction in mice. Nat Commun 2022; 13:2060. [PMID: 35440584 PMCID: PMC9018700 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29589-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Calorie restriction (CR) and fasting are common approaches to weight reduction, but the maintenance is difficult after resuming food consumption. Meanwhile, the gut microbiome associated with energy harvest alters dramatically in response to nutrient deprivation. Here, we reported that CR and high-fat diet (HFD) both remodeled the gut microbiota with similar microbial composition, Parabacteroides distasonis was most significantly decreased after CR or HFD. CR altered microbiota and reprogramed metabolism, resulting in a distinct serum bile acid profile characterized by depleting the proportion of non-12α-hydroxylated bile acids, ursodeoxycholic acid and lithocholic acid. Downregulation of UCP1 expression in brown adipose tissue and decreased serum GLP-1 were observed in the weight-rebound mice. Moreover, treatment with Parabacteroides distasonis or non-12α-hydroxylated bile acids ameliorated weight regain via increased thermogenesis. Our results highlighted the gut microbiota-bile acid crosstalk in rebound weight gain and Parabacteroides distasonis as a potential probiotic to prevent rapid post-CR weight gain. Caloric restriction is a common approach to weight reduction, however, weight regain is common. Here the authors report that caloric restriction reduces the abundance of Parabacteroides distasonis in the gut and alters serum bile acid (BA) profile, which contribute to weight regain in mice.
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Papini NM, Foster RNS, Lopez NV, Ptomey LT, Herrmann SD, Donnelly JE. Examination of three-factor eating questionnaire subscale scores on weight loss and weight loss maintenance in a clinical intervention. BMC Psychol 2022; 10:101. [PMID: 35428328 PMCID: PMC9013121 DOI: 10.1186/s40359-022-00806-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The purpose of this study is to examine three-factor eating questionnaire (TFEQ) scores at baseline and post-intervention (6 months) on successful weight loss and weight maintenance in an 18-month behavioral weight management intervention for adults with overweight and obesity. Methods TFEQ and weight were assessed at baseline, 6, and 18 months. Logistic regression models were used to examine scores at baseline on disinhibition, restraint, and perceived hunger factors in the TFEQ on 5% body weight loss at 6 months and 6-month scores to predict 5% weight maintenance at 18 months while controlling for age, sex, and baseline weight.
Results Participants (n = 287; age = 43.8 ± 10.36 years; female = 64.1%; weight = 222.5 ± 39.02 pounds; BMI = 34.73 ± 4.56) were included for analysis. Dietary restraint at baseline was the only significant predictor of 5% weight loss at 6 months. None of the TFEQ subscale scores at 6 months predicted 5% weight maintenance at 18 months. The model examining weight loss at 6 months accounted for 7% of the variance of the outcome and 11% of the variance of weight maintenance at 18 months. Conclusion Dietary restraint is a unique eating behavior associated with weight loss at 6 months beyond other eating behaviors measured by the TFEQ in an adult sample enrolled in a weight loss intervention. No other subscale scores were significant at 6 months or at 18 months. Future research should consider how to promote flexible control and discourage adoption of rigid restraint behaviors since the latter is associated with disordered eating patterns.
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13
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Adaptive thermogenesis after moderate weight loss: magnitude and methodological issues. Eur J Nutr 2021; 61:1405-1416. [PMID: 34839398 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-021-02742-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was (1) to assess AT through 13 different mathematical approaches and to compare their results; and (2) to understand if AT occurs after moderate WL. METHODS Ninety-four participants [mean (SD); BMI, 31.1 (4.3) kg/m2; age, 43.0 (9.4) years; 34% females] underwent a 1-year lifestyle intervention (clinicaltrials.gov ID: NCT03031951) and were randomized to intervention (IG, n = 49) or control groups (CG, n = 45), and all measurements were made at baseline and after 4 months. Fat mass (FM) and fat-free mass (FFM) were measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and REE by indirect calorimetry. AT was assessed through 13 different approaches, varying in how REE was predicted and/or how AT was assessed. RESULTS IG underwent a mean negative energy balance (EB) of 270 (289) kcal/day, p < 0.001), resulting in a WL of - 4.8 (4.9)% and an FM loss of - 11.3 (10.8)%. Regardless of approach, AT occurred in the IG, ranging from ~ - 65 to ~ - 230 kcal/day and three approaches showed significant AT in the CG. CONCLUSIONS Regardless of approach, AT occurred after moderate WL in the IG. AT assessment should be standardized and comparisons among studies with different methodologies to assess AT must be avoided.
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14
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Wang X, Li Q, Liu Y, Jiang H, Chen W. Intermittent fasting versus continuous energy-restricted diet for patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and metabolic syndrome for glycemic control: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2021; 179:109003. [PMID: 34391831 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2021.109003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To compare the safety of intermittent fasting (IF) with that of continuous energy-restricted diets (CERD) in patients with T2DM and metabolic syndrome who were overweight or obese and assess their effects on glycemic control and weight loss. MATERIALS AND METHODS We searched MEDLINE (Ovid), Embase, and SINOMED databases up to September 13, 2020. The major outcome was glycemic control and secondary outcomes were change in weight, fasting insulin, and lipid profile. RESULTS Of 84 retrieved studies, 5 met our inclusion criteria. Of these, four studies comprising 355 participants were included in the meta-analysis. Based on changes in HbA1c (-0.06, 95% confidence interval [CI] -0.27 to 0.16) and fasting plasma glucose (-0.27, 95% CI -0.76 to 0.22), IF and CERD had similar effects on glycemic control. Moreover, IF had a better effect on weight loss (-1.70, 95% CI -3.28 to -0.11 kg). Patients in both groups experienced similar improvements in fasting insulin and lipid profile as well as similar hypoglycemic events. CONCLUSIONS IF is a safe diet pattern and could be implemented for patients with T2DM or metabolic syndrome. Further studies with a larger sample size are needed to verify the effectiveness and safety of IF in patients with T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Wang
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, No. 1 Shuai fu yuan Wang fu jing Dong cheng District, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Qifei Li
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, No. 1 Shuai fu yuan Wang fu jing Dong cheng District, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, No. 1 Shuai fu yuan Wang fu jing Dong cheng District, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Hua Jiang
- Institute for Emergency and Disaster Medicine, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, No. 32 Yi Huan Lu Xi Er Duan, Chengdu 610072, Sichuan Province, China; Emergency Intensive Care Unit, Emergency Medicine Center, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, No. 32 Yi Huan Lu Xi Er Duan, Chengdu 610072, Sichuan Province, China; Department of Acute Care Surgery, Emergency Medicine Center, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, No. 32, Yi Huan Lu Xi Er Duan, Chengdu 610072, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, No. 1 Shuai fu yuan Wang fu jing Dong cheng District, Beijing 100730, China.
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15
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Teong XT, Heilbronn LK. Evidence gaps and potential roles of intermittent fasting in the prevention of chronic diseases. Exp Gerontol 2021; 153:111506. [PMID: 34352288 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2021.111506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Moderate calorie restriction (CR) has long been recognized to reduce the risk of chronic diseases that are associated with obesity and aging. Intermittent fasting (IF) has recently emerged as a viable alternative to daily CR to reduce risk markers of chronic diseases, such as type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. The majority of trials have shown that IF provides similar metabolic and weight benefits to CR, although a few suggest that IF maybe superior to CR. The type of fasting protocol that is employed varies widely and could underpin the divergence in study outcomes. This review will discuss the findings of currently available IF versus CR trials, the protocol differences that exist between studies, as well as the gaps that still exist in the field, and finally will highlight upcoming studies that will further our understanding of the metabolic effectiveness of IF diets for metabolic health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Tong Teong
- Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; Lifelong Health Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Leonie K Heilbronn
- Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; Lifelong Health Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
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16
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Teong XT, Hutchison AT, Liu B, Wittert GA, Lange K, Banks S, Heilbronn LK. Eight weeks of intermittent fasting versus calorie restriction does not alter eating behaviors, mood, sleep quality, quality of life and cognitive performance in women with overweight. Nutr Res 2021; 92:32-39. [PMID: 34274552 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2021.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Human trials that compare intermittent fasting (IF) to calorie restriction (CR) with psychological, behavioral and cognition outcomes are limited. We hypothesized that there would be no difference between CR and IF on perceived eating behaviors, mood, sleep quality, quality of life (QOL) and cognition in women with overweight and obesity. In this prespecified secondary analysis of an open-label, single center, parallel assignment, randomized controlled trial, healthy women with overweight or obesity (N = 46, mean [SD] age 50 [9] years, BMI 32.9 [4.4] kg/m2), without a diagnosed eating disorder and who were randomized into 2 weight loss groups (prescribed 70% of calculated energy requirements as IF or CR) were included. Measurements were assessed in both IF and CR groups following a 12-hour overnight fast during baseline and week 8 and additionally following a 24-hour fast in the IF group only at week 8. We observed that IF produced greater weight and body fat loss than CR (P < .001). We did not detect any statistical difference between groups for the change in dietary restraint, disinhibition, hunger, mood, sleep quality, and QOL. An increase in cognitive performance was found in both IF (P = .036) and CR (P = .006) groups in one of the cognitive tasks, but there was no statistical difference between groups. Perceived eating behaviors, mood, sleep quality and cognitive performance were not changed by an acute 24-hour fast within the IF group (all P > .05). IF may be a viable alternative to CR for weight loss, in the short-term, without adversely impacting eating behaviors, mood, sleep quality, QOL or cognition in healthy women with overweight or obesity. However, larger and long term trials are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Tong Teong
- Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; Lifelong Health Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Amy T Hutchison
- Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; Lifelong Health Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Bo Liu
- Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; Lifelong Health Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Gary A Wittert
- Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; Lifelong Health Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Kylie Lange
- Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Siobhan Banks
- Behavior-Brain-Body Research Centre, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Leonie K Heilbronn
- Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; Lifelong Health Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
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17
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Svendsen M, Heggen E, Klemsdal TO, Tonstad S. Diet, eating behaviour and weight gain in men and women with overweight/obesity receiving varenicline for smoking cessation. Clin Obes 2021; 11:e12447. [PMID: 33751845 DOI: 10.1111/cob.12447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Revised: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Because trying to quit smoking and not gain weight requires changes in two major behaviours simultaneously we explored eating behaviour in smokers with overweight/obesity making a quit attempt using guideline-based treatment. Participants were randomized to a carbohydrate-reduced or fat-reduced diet. The Three Factor Eating Questionnaire and Binge Eating Scale were completed by 48 of 64 participants in the low-carbohydrate and 47 of 58 in the fat-reduced group at randomization, after 6 and 14 weeks. At 6 weeks, no between group differences were seen in eating behaviour scores thus, we combined the sample for further analyses. In the combined sample, restraint increased (3.94 [95% CI 3.05, 4.83]), disinhibition (uncontrolled eating) decreased (-0.86 [95% CI-1.31, -0.41]) and binge eating decreased (-1.95 [95% CI -2.83, -1.06]), while hunger scores did not change (-0.43 [95% CI -0.89, 0.03]) after 14 weeks. In a general linear model, increase in dietary restraint (P = .012) and decrease in binge eating (P = .040) were associated with lower weight gain (model R2 adj = .147). In a smoking cessation program, dietary support regardless of diet was associated with increased dietary restraint and reduced binge eating. Because smoking cessation causes weight gain these results indicate that dietary support leads to eating behaviour changes that may prevent weight gain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mette Svendsen
- Section for Preventive Cardiology, Department of Endocrinology, Obesity and Preventive Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Eli Heggen
- Section for Preventive Cardiology, Department of Endocrinology, Obesity and Preventive Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tor Ole Klemsdal
- Section for Preventive Cardiology, Department of Endocrinology, Obesity and Preventive Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Serena Tonstad
- Section for Preventive Cardiology, Department of Endocrinology, Obesity and Preventive Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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18
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Kebbe M, Sparks JR, Flanagan EW, Redman LM. Beyond weight loss: current perspectives on the impact of calorie restriction on healthspan and lifespan. Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab 2021; 16:95-108. [PMID: 33957841 PMCID: PMC9052419 DOI: 10.1080/17446651.2021.1922077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Changes to mental, physical, and physiological functions drive the complex processes underlying the variable progression of human aging. Nutritional interventions are one of the most promising non-pharmacological therapeutics to attenuate aging in humans. This narrative review aims to describe the implications of moderate and prolonged calorie restriction (CR) in healthy adults without obesity that occur beyond weight loss.Areas covered: Findings from CR studies, such as the CALERIE (Comprehensive Assessment of Long-term Effects of Reducing Intake of Energy) trials, the most rigorous trials to date examining a prolonged 25% CR, are described. The main areas covered include; changes to anthropometrics, energy metabolism, cardiometabolic health, inflammation and immune function, physical fitness, health behaviors, and mental health in response to weight loss (1-year) and weight loss maintenance (2-year).Expert opinion: CR presents a novel and effective therapeutic approach for improving healthspan and biomarkers of lifespan. To date, scientific evidence suggests that continued CR, under medical supervision, is accompanied with persistent and beneficial effects on health outcomes independent of weight loss. Mechanisms are yet to be fully elucidated, and novel dietary approaches that may similarly attenuate aging-related conditions should be explored and compared to traditional CR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Kebbe
- Reproductive Endocrinology and Women's Health Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States
| | - Joshua R Sparks
- Reproductive Endocrinology and Women's Health Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States
| | - Emily W Flanagan
- Reproductive Endocrinology and Women's Health Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States
| | - Leanne M Redman
- Reproductive Endocrinology and Women's Health Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States
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19
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Abstract
Adaptive thermogenesis (AT) has been proposed to be a compensatory response that may resist weight loss (WL) and promote weight regain. This systematic review examined the existence of AT in adults after a period of negative energy balance (EB) with or without a weight stabilisation phase. Studies published until 15 May 2020 were identified from PubMed, Cochrane Library, EMBASE, MEDLINE, SCOPUS and Web of Science. Inclusion criteria included statistically significant WL, observational with follow-up or experimental studies, age > 18y, sample size ≥10 participants, intervention period ≥ 1week, published in English, objective measures of total daily energy expenditure (EE) (TDEE), resting EE (REE) and sleeping EE(SEE). The systematic review was registered at PROSPERO (2020 CRD42020165348). A total of thirty-three studies comprising 2528 participants were included. AT was observed in twenty-seven studies. Twenty-three studies showed significant values for AT for REE (82·8 %), four for TDEE (80·0 %) and two for SEE (100 %). A large heterogeneity in the methods used to quantify AT and between subjects and among studies regarding the magnitude of WL and/or of AT was reported. Well-designed studies reported lower or non-significant values for AT. These findings suggest that although WL may lead to AT in some of the EE components, these values may be small or non-statistically significant when higher-quality methodological designs are used. Furthermore, AT seems to be attenuated, or non-existent, after periods of weight stabilisation/neutral EB. More high-quality studies are warranted not only to disclose the existence of AT but also to understand its clinical implications on weight management outcomes.
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20
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Eriau E, Paillet J, Kroemer G, Pol JG. Metabolic Reprogramming by Reduced Calorie Intake or Pharmacological Caloric Restriction Mimetics for Improved Cancer Immunotherapy. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13061260. [PMID: 33809187 PMCID: PMC7999281 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13061260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Caloric restriction and fasting have been known for a long time for their health- and life-span promoting effects, with coherent observations in multiple model organisms as well as epidemiological and clinical studies. This holds particularly true for cancer. The health-promoting effects of caloric restriction and fasting are mediated at least partly through their cellular effects-chiefly autophagy induction-rather than reduced calorie intake per se. Interestingly, caloric restriction has a differential impact on cancer and healthy cells, due to the atypical metabolic profile of malignant tumors. Caloric restriction mimetics are non-toxic compounds able to mimic the biochemical and physiological effects of caloric restriction including autophagy induction. Caloric restriction and its mimetics induce autophagy to improve the efficacy of some cancer treatments that induce immunogenic cell death (ICD), a type of cellular demise that eventually elicits adaptive antitumor immunity. Caloric restriction and its mimetics also enhance the therapeutic efficacy of chemo-immunotherapies combining ICD-inducing agents with immune checkpoint inhibitors targeting PD-1. Collectively, preclinical data encourage the application of caloric restriction and its mimetics as an adjuvant to immunotherapies. This recommendation is subject to confirmation in additional experimental settings and in clinical trials. In this work, we review the preclinical and clinical evidence in favor of such therapeutic interventions before listing ongoing clinical trials that will shed some light on this subject.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erwan Eriau
- Centre de Cancérologie de Lyon, Université de Lyon, UMR Inserm 1052 CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, 69008 Lyon, France; or
- Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 69342 Lyon, France
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, 75006 Paris, France or (J.P.); (G.K.)
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, 94800 Villejuif, France
| | - Juliette Paillet
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, 75006 Paris, France or (J.P.); (G.K.)
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, 94800 Villejuif, France
- Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris-Saclay, 91190 Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Guido Kroemer
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, 75006 Paris, France or (J.P.); (G.K.)
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, 94800 Villejuif, France
- Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris-Saclay, 91190 Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
- Institut Universitaire de France, 75005 Paris, France
- Pôle de Biologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), 75015 Paris, France
- Suzhou Institute for Systems Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215163, China
- Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Karolinska University Hospital, 17164 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jonathan G. Pol
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, 75006 Paris, France or (J.P.); (G.K.)
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, 94800 Villejuif, France
- Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris-Saclay, 91190 Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +33-1-44-27-76-66
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21
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Stubbs RJ, Turicchi J. From famine to therapeutic weight loss: Hunger, psychological responses, and energy balance-related behaviors. Obes Rev 2021; 22 Suppl 2:e13191. [PMID: 33527688 DOI: 10.1111/obr.13191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Understanding physiological and behavioral responses to energy imbalances is important for the management of overweight/obesity and undernutrition. Changes in body composition and physiological functions associated with energy imbalances provide the structural and functional context in which to consider psychological and behavioral responses. Compensatory changes in physiology and behavior are more pronounced in response to negative than positive energy balances. The physiological and psychological impact of weight loss (WL) occur on a continuum determined by (i) the degree of energy deficit (ED), (ii) its duration, (iii) body composition at the onset of the energy deficit, and (iv) the psychosocial environment in which it occurs. Therapeutic WL and famine/semistarvation both involve prolonged EDs, which are sometimes similar in magnitude. The key differences are that (i) the body mass index (BMI) of most famine victims is lower at the onset of the ED, (ii) therapeutic WL is intentional and (iii) famines are typically longer in duration (partly due to the voluntary nature of therapeutic WL and disengagement with WL interventions). The changes in psychological outcomes, motivation to eat, and energy intake in therapeutic WL are often modest (bearing in mind the nature of the measures used) and can be difficult to detect but are quantitatively significant over time. As WL progresses, these changes become more marked. It appears that extensive WL beyond 10%-20% in lean individuals has profound effects on body composition and physiological function. At this level of WL, there is a marked erosion of psychological functioning, which appears to run in parallel to WL. Psychological resources dwindle and become increasingly focused on alleviating escalating hunger and food seeking behavior. Functional changes in fat-free mass, characterized by catabolism of skeletal muscle and organs may be involved in the drive to eat associated with semistarvation. Higher levels of body fat mass may act as a buffer to protect fat-free mass, functional integrity and limit compensatory changes in energy balance behaviors. The increase in appetite that accompanies therapeutic WL appears to be very different to the intense and all-consuming drive to eat that occurs during prolonged semistarvation. The mechanisms may also differ but are not well understood, and longitudinal comparisons of the relationship between body structure, function, and behavior in response to differing EDs in those with higher and lower BMIs are currently lacking.
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Affiliation(s)
- R James Stubbs
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Jake Turicchi
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
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22
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Hoddy KK, Marlatt KL, Çetinkaya H, Ravussin E. Intermittent Fasting and Metabolic Health: From Religious Fast to Time-Restricted Feeding. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2020; 28 Suppl 1:S29-S37. [PMID: 32700827 PMCID: PMC7419159 DOI: 10.1002/oby.22829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Over the past 10 to 15 years, intermittent fasting has emerged as an unconventional approach to reduce body weight and improve metabolic health beyond simple calorie restriction. In this review, we summarize findings related to Ramadan and Sunnah fasting. We then discuss the role of caloric restriction not only as an intervention for weight control, but importantly, as a strategy for healthy aging and longevity. Finally, we review the four most common intermittent fasting (IF) strategies used to date for weight management and to improve cardiometabolic health. Weight loss is common after IF but does not appear to be different than daily caloric restriction when compared directly. IF may also provide additional cardiometabolic benefit, such as insulin sensitization, that is independent from weight loss. While no specific fasting regimen stands out as superior at this time, there is indeed heterogeneity in responses to these different IF diets. This suggests that one dietary regimen may not be ideally suited for every individual. Future studies should consider strategies for tailoring dietary prescriptions, including IF, based on advanced phenotyping and genotyping prior to diet initiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin K. Hoddy
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, 70808, USA
| | - Kara L. Marlatt
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, 70808, USA
| | - Hatice Çetinkaya
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Science, Izmir Katip Celebi University, 35620, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Eric Ravussin
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, 70808, USA
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23
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Abstract
Calorie restriction (CR), the reduction of dietary intake below energy requirements while maintaining optimal nutrition, is the only known nutritional intervention with the potential to attenuate aging. Evidence from observational, preclinical, and clinical trials suggests the ability to increase life span by 1-5 years with an improvement in health span and quality of life. CR moderates intrinsic processes of aging through cellular and metabolic adaptations and reducing risk for the development of many cardiometabolic diseases. Yet, implementation of CR may require unique considerations for the elderly and other specific populations. The objectives of this review are to summarize the evidence for CR to modify primary and secondary aging; present caveats for implementation in special populations; describe newer, alternative approaches that have comparative effectiveness and fewer deleterious effects; and provide thoughts on the future of this important field of study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily W Flanagan
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70808, USA;
| | - Jasper Most
- Nutrition and Movement Sciences, Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jacob T Mey
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70808, USA;
| | - Leanne M Redman
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70808, USA;
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24
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Most J, Redman LM. Impact of calorie restriction on energy metabolism in humans. Exp Gerontol 2020; 133:110875. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2020.110875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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25
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Teong XT, Liu K, Hutchison AT, Liu B, Feinle-Bisset C, Wittert GA, Lange K, Vincent AD, Heilbronn LK. Rationale and protocol for a randomized controlled trial comparing daily calorie restriction versus intermittent fasting to improve glycaemia in individuals at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes. Obes Res Clin Pract 2020; 14:176-183. [DOI: 10.1016/j.orcp.2020.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Literature from the past five years exploring roles of Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire (TFEQ) Restraint and Disinhibition in relation to adult obesity and eating disturbance (ED) was reviewed. RECENT FINDINGS Restraint has a mixed impact on weight regulation, diet quality, and vulnerability to ED, where it is related detrimentally to weight regulation, diet, and psychopathology, yet can serve as a protective factor. The impact of Disinhibition is potently related to increased obesity, poorer diet, hedonically driven food choices, and a higher susceptibility to ED. Restraint and Disinhibition have distinct influences on obesity and ED and should be targeted differently in interventions. Further work is required to elucidate the mechanisms underlying TFEQ eating behavior traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor J Bryant
- Division of Psychology, Faculty of Management, Law and Social Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford, UK.
| | - Javairia Rehman
- Division of Psychology, Faculty of Management, Law and Social Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford, UK
| | - Lisa B Pepper
- Division of Psychology, Faculty of Management, Law and Social Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford, UK
| | - Elizabeth R Walters
- Division of Psychology, Faculty of Management, Law and Social Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford, UK
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27
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Abstract
The ageing trajectory is plastic and can be slowed down by lifestyle factors, including good nutrition, adequate physical activity and avoidance of smoking. In humans, plant-based diets such as the Mediterranean dietary pattern are associated with healthier ageing and lower risk of age-related disease, whereas obesity accelerates ageing and increases the likelihood of most common complex diseases including CVD, T2D, dementia, musculoskeletal diseases and several cancers. As yet, there is only weak evidence in humans about the molecular mechanisms through which dietary factors modulate ageing but evidence from cell systems and animal models suggest that it is probable that better dietary choices influence all 9 hallmarks of ageing. It seems likely that better eating patterns retard ageing in at least two ways including (i) by reducing pervasive damaging processes such as inflammation, oxidative stress/redox changes and metabolic stress and (ii) by enhancing cellular capacities for damage management and repair. From a societal perspective, there is an urgent imperative to discover, and to implement, cost-effective lifestyle (especially dietary) interventions which enable each of us to age well, i.e. to remain physically and socially active and independent and to minimise the period towards the end of life when individuals suffer from frailty and multi-morbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona C Malcomson
- Human Nutrition Research Centre, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - John C Mathers
- Human Nutrition Research Centre, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
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