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Regional adiposity and markers of inflammation in pre-school age children. Sci Rep 2018; 8:15204. [PMID: 30315178 PMCID: PMC6185945 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-33054-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
In adults, upper body fat partially increases metabolic disease risk through increasing systemic inflammation. Our objective was to determine if this relationship exists in preschool-aged children. A subset of children (n = 71, 35 males), 3.7 ± 1.0 y, were studied from n = 515 children recruited from randomly selected daycares in Montréal, QC. According to WHO charts for 2-5 y, 49 children were healthy weight (HW) and 21 were overweight (OW). Adiposity was determined through dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. Blood concentrations of C-reactive protein (CRP) and tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) were determined via enzyme-linked immunosorbent and multiplex assays, respectively. OW children had higher (p = 0.03) android:gynoid ratio 0.50 ± 0.09 compared to HW children 0.56 ± 0.12, indicating excess fat was predominantly stored in the abdominal depot. CRP was higher (p = 0.01) in OW children 1.45 ± 2.02 mg/L compared to HW 0.74 ± 1.38 mg/L. Percent fat was correlated with CRP (r = 0.32; p < 0.01) and TNFα (r = 0.25; p = 0.04) concentrations. CRP also correlated with android adiposity (r = 0.24; p = 0.04) and TNFα correlated with gynoid adiposity (r = 0.24; p = 0.04). We observed that greater adiposity is associated with higher systemic inflammation in pre-school aged children. Future longitudinal studies are needed to understand the long term consequences of excess total and regional body fat in young children.
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2
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Regulation of Metabolic Disease-Associated Inflammation by Nutrient Sensors. Mediators Inflamm 2018; 2018:8261432. [PMID: 30116154 PMCID: PMC6079375 DOI: 10.1155/2018/8261432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Visceral obesity is frequently associated with the development of type 2 diabetes (T2D), a highly prevalent chronic disease that features insulin resistance and pancreatic β-cell dysfunction as important hallmarks. Recent evidence indicates that the chronic, low-grade inflammation commonly associated with visceral obesity plays a major role connecting the excessive visceral fat deposition with the development of insulin resistance and pancreatic β-cell dysfunction. Herein, we review the mechanisms by which nutrients modulate obesity-associated inflammation.
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3
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Pei R, DiMarco DM, Putt KK, Martin DA, Chitchumroonchokchai C, Bruno RS, Bolling BW. Premeal Low-Fat Yogurt Consumption Reduces Postprandial Inflammation and Markers of Endotoxin Exposure in Healthy Premenopausal Women in a Randomized Controlled Trial. J Nutr 2018; 148:910-916. [PMID: 29767743 PMCID: PMC5991203 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxy046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Metabolic endotoxemia is associated with obesity and contributes to postprandial inflammation. Objective We aimed to determine if low-fat yogurt consumption prevents postprandial inflammation and dysmetabolism in healthy women by inhibiting biomarkers of metabolic endotoxemia. Methods Premenopausal women defined as obese and nonobese [body mass index (BMI, in kg/m2) 30-40 and 18.5-27, respectively, n = 120] were randomly assigned to consume 339 g of low-fat yogurt (YN, yogurt nonobese; YO, yogurt obese) or 324 g of soy pudding (CN, control nonobese; CO, control obese) for 9 wk (n = 30/group). The intervention foods each supplied 330 kcal with 3 g fat, 66 g carbohydrate, and 4-6 g protein. At weeks 0 and 9, participants ingested 226 g of yogurt or 216 g of soy pudding before a meal providing 56-60 g fat, 82 g carbohydrate, and 28-30 g protein. Plasma soluble CD14 (sCD14), lipopolysaccharide-binding protein (LBP), LPS activity, interleukin-6 (IL-6), glucose, triglyceride, and insulin were measured hourly for 4 h to assess differences in postprandial responses between groups by 2-factor ANOVA. Results Premeal yogurt consumption prevented the postprandial decrease in sCD14 net incremental area under the curve (net iAUC) by 72% in obese individuals at week 0 (P = 0.0323). YN and YO had ≥40% lower net iAUC of LBP-to-sCD14 ratio and plasma IL-6 concentration than CN and CO, respectively (P < 0.05). CO had postprandial hyperglycemia which was not evident in YO; in contrast YN had 57% less postprandial hypoglycemia than did CN (P-interaction = 0.0013). After 9 wk of yogurt consumption, ΔAUC of LBP-to-sCD14 ratios of YO and YN were less than half of those of the control groups (P = 0.0093). Conclusion Yogurt consumption improved postprandial metabolism and biomarkers of metabolic endotoxemia in healthy premenopausal women. Premeal yogurt consumption is a feasible strategy to inhibit postprandial dysmetabolism and thus may reduce cardiometabolic risk. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01686204.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruisong Pei
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT,Department of Food Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - Diana M DiMarco
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT
| | - Kelley K Putt
- Department of Food Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - Derek A Martin
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT,Department of Food Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | | | - Richard S Bruno
- Human Nutrition Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Bradley W Bolling
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT,Department of Food Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI,Address correspondence to BWB (e-mail: )
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Jürimäe J, Võsoberg K, Tamm AL, Maasalu K, Remmel L, Tillmann V. Body composition and inflammatory markers in pubertal girls: Comparison between athletes and non-athletic controls. Eur J Sport Sci 2017; 17:867-873. [DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2017.1315177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jaak Jürimäe
- Institute of Sport Sciences and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Kristel Võsoberg
- Institute of Sport Sciences and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | | | - Katre Maasalu
- Clinics of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Liina Remmel
- Institute of Sport Sciences and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Vallo Tillmann
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
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5
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Effects of glucose ingestion on circulating inflammatory mediators: Influence of sex and weight excess. Clin Nutr 2017; 36:522-529. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2016.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Revised: 12/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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6
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High-fat meal, systemic inflammation and glucose homeostasis in obese children and adolescents. Int J Obes (Lond) 2017; 41:986-989. [PMID: 28216642 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2017.48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Revised: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
We aimed to assess in obese youths the relationships between interleukin-6 (IL-6), fat meal-induced endotoxemia and glucose homeostasis. Twenty obese children/adolescents (9-17 years old, 11 boys) underwent a standard oral glucose tolerance test and, 7-14 days later, a 5-h fat meal test (fat=69% of energy, saturated/monounsaturated/polyunsaturated fatty acids=31.5%/35%/33.5%), with serial measures of IL-6 and two markers of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) exposure and translocation, LPS-binding protein (LBP) and soluble CD14 (sCD14). IL-6 correlated not only with basal (homeostatic model assessment-insulin resistance) but also with post-prandial (Matsuda index) insulin sensitivity (r=0.61 (0.24-0.82), P=0.005, r=-0.53 (0.12-0.78), P=0.03, respectively). IL-6 did not change after the meal whereas LBP and sCD14 decreased significantly, indicating LPS translocation. Neither basal sCD14 and LBP nor their incremental concentrations correlated with IL-6 or glucose homeostasis. In our sample, IL-6 was associated with insulin sensitivity but not with LPS exposure, suggesting that meals with a balanced content of saturated/monounsaturated/polyunsaturated fatty acids may not be associated with LPS-induced inflammation and metabolic impairment.
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7
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Eshghi SR, Fletcher K, Myette-Côté É, Durrer C, Gabr RQ, Little JP, Senior P, Steinback C, Davenport MH, Bell GJ, Brocks DR, Boulé NG. Glycemic and Metabolic Effects of Two Long Bouts of Moderate-Intensity Exercise in Men with Normal Glucose Tolerance or Type 2 Diabetes. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2017; 8:154. [PMID: 28744255 PMCID: PMC5504214 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2017.00154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The glycemic and insulinemic responses following 30-60 min of exercise have been extensively studied, and a dose-response has been proposed between exercise duration, or volume, and improvements in glucose tolerance or insulin sensitivity. However, few studies have examined the effects of longer bouts of exercise in type 2 diabetes (T2D). Longer bouts may have a greater potential to affect glucagon, interleukin-6 (IL-6) and incretin hormones [i.e., glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP)]. AIM To examine the effect of two bouts of long-duration, moderate-intensity exercise on incretins, glucagon, and IL-6 responses before and after exercise, as well as in response to an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) conducted the following day. METHODS Twelve men, six with and six without T2D, participated in two separate conditions (i.e., exercise vs. rest) according to a randomized crossover design. On day 1, participants either rested or performed two 90 min bouts of treadmill exercise (separated by 3.5 h) at 80% of their ventilatory threshold. All participants received standardized meals on day 1. On day 2 of each condition, glucose and hormonal responses were measured during a 4-h OGTT. RESULTS On day 1, exercise increased IL-6 at the end of the first bout of exercise (exercise by time interaction p = 0.03) and GIP overall (main effect of exercise p = 0.004). Glucose was reduced to a greater extent in T2D following exercise (exercise by T2D interaction p = 0.03). On day 2, GIP and active GLP-1 were increased in the fasting state (p = 0.05 and p = 0.03, respectively), while plasma insulin and glucagon concentrations were reduced during the OGTT (p = 0.01 and p = 0.02, respectively) in the exercise compared to the rest condition for both healthy controls and T2D. Postprandial glucose was elevated in T2D compared to healthy control (p < 0.05) but was not affected by exercise. CONCLUSION Long-duration, moderate-intensity aerobic exercise can increase IL-6. On the day following exercise, fasting incretins remained increased but postprandial insulin and glucagon were decreased without affecting postprandial glucose. This long duration of exercise may not be appropriate for some people, and further research should investigate why next day glucose tolerance was unchanged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Reza Eshghi
- Faculty of Physical Education and Recreation, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Kevin Fletcher
- Faculty of Physical Education and Recreation, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Étienne Myette-Côté
- Faculty of Physical Education and Recreation, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Cody Durrer
- School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, Canada
| | - Raniah Q. Gabr
- National Organization for Drug Control and Research (NODCAR), Giza, Egypt
| | - Jonathan P. Little
- School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, Canada
| | - Peter Senior
- Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Craig Steinback
- Faculty of Physical Education and Recreation, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Margie H. Davenport
- Faculty of Physical Education and Recreation, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Gordon J. Bell
- Faculty of Physical Education and Recreation, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Dion R. Brocks
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Normand G. Boulé
- Faculty of Physical Education and Recreation, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- *Correspondence: Normand G. Boulé,
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Parvaresh Rizi E, Baig S, Shabeer M, Teo Y, Mok SF, Loh TP, Magkos F, Virtue S, Vidal-Puig A, Tai ES, Khoo CM, Toh SA. Meal rich in carbohydrate, but not protein or fat, reveals adverse immunometabolic responses associated with obesity. Nutr J 2016; 15:100. [PMID: 27903298 PMCID: PMC5131405 DOI: 10.1186/s12937-016-0219-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Obesity-related insulin resistance is linked to inflammation. Immunometabolic function differs between lean and obese subjects, but whether macronutrient composition of ingested meals affects these responses is not well known. We examined the effects of a single meal rich in fat, protein, or carbohydrate on immunometabolic responses. Methods Nine lean insulin sensitive (LIS) men and 9 obese insulin resistant (OIR) men ingested high-carbohydrate (HC), high-fat (HF) or high-protein (HP) mixed meals in random order. We assessed plasma glucose, insulin, and cytokine responses and cytokine gene expression in circulating mononuclear cells (MNC) at fasting and postprandial states (up to 6-h). Results Expression of NF-κB and TNFα genes were greater; whereas that of TGFβ and IL-6 genes were lower, in the OIR compared to the LIS individuals. The differences were significantly greater after the HC meal, but not after the HP or HF meal. Similar results were obtained for plasma concentrations of TNFα and IL-6. Conclusions Our findings indicate that a single HC meal has a distinct adverse effect on immunometabolic responses in the OIR individuals. The cumulative effect of such adverse responses to meals rich in carbohydrate may predispose the OIR individuals to a higher risk of cardiovascular disease. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12937-016-0219-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehsan Parvaresh Rizi
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 14 Medical Drive, 117599, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Medicine, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sonia Baig
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 14 Medical Drive, 117599, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Muhammad Shabeer
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 14 Medical Drive, 117599, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yvonne Teo
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 14 Medical Drive, 117599, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shao Feng Mok
- Department of Medicine, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Tze Ping Loh
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Faidon Magkos
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Singapore Institute of Clinical Sciences (SICS), A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sam Virtue
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - E Shyong Tai
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 14 Medical Drive, 117599, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Medicine, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore.,DUKE-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chin Meng Khoo
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 14 Medical Drive, 117599, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Medicine, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore.,DUKE-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sue-Anne Toh
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 14 Medical Drive, 117599, Singapore, Singapore. .,Department of Medicine, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore. .,DUKE-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore, Singapore. .,Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania, USA.
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Karatzi K, Moschonis G, Polychronopoulou MC, Chrousos GP, Lionis C, Manios Y, Manios Y, Moschonis G, Skenderi KP, Grammatikaki E, Androutsos O, Tanagra S, Koumpitski A, Siatitsa PE, Vandorou A, Kyriakou AE, Dede V, Kantilafti M, Farmaki AE, Siopi A, Micheli S, Damianidi L, Margiola P, Gakni D, Iatridi V, Mavrogianni C, Michailidou K, Giannopoulou A, Argyri E, Maragkopoulou K, Spyridonos M, Tsikalaki E, Kliasios P, Naoumi A, Koutsikas K, Aggelou E, Krommyda Z, Aga C, Birbilis M, Kosteria I, Zlatintsi A, Voutsadaki E, Papadopoulou EZ, Papazi Z, Papadogiorgakaki M, Chlouveraki F, Lyberi M, Karatsikaki-Vlami N, Dionysopoulou E, Daskalou E. Cutoff points of waist circumference and trunk and visceral fat for identifying children with elevated inflammation markers and adipokines: The Healthy Growth Study. Nutrition 2016; 32:1063-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2016.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Revised: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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10
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Guedes JM, Mamêde Neto JB, Andaki ACR, Pereira PF, Oliveira MDD, Dias RS, Paula SOD, Natali AJ, Rogério ADP, Mendes EL. Association of inflammation, dyslipidemia, obesity and physical activity status in children. MOTRIZ: REVISTA DE EDUCACAO FISICA 2016. [DOI: 10.1590/s1980-6574201600020003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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11
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Christensen MHE, Fenne IS, Nordbø Y, Varhaug JE, Nygård KO, Lien EA, Mellgren G. Novel inflammatory biomarkers in primary hyperparathyroidism. Eur J Endocrinol 2015; 173:9-17. [PMID: 25850829 DOI: 10.1530/eje-14-1038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) has been associated with low-grade inflammation and increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). The aim of the study was to investigate systemic levels of pro-inflammatory proteins that previously have not been examined in patients with PHPT. The selection of the pro-inflammatory biomarkers included in this study, MMP9, S100A4, S100A8/A9 and the receptors sCD14 and RAGE, was based on a previous microarray screen of mRNAs in adipose tissue from PHPT patients. DESIGN A prospective study was conducted on a total of 57 patients with PHPT and a control group of 20 healthy blood donors. METHODS PHPT patients with normalisation of serum calcium levels after parathyroidectomy were followed for 6 months. Forty-two patients participated in the longitudinal study, in which blood samples were taken at inclusion, and 1, 3 and 6 months after surgery. RESULTS We observed increased serum levels of MMP9 (P=0.029), S100A4 (P<0.001) and sCD14 (P=0.002) in the 57 patients with PHPT compared to the control-group. During 6 months of follow up, S100A4 (P=0.022) and sCD14 (0.002) decreased significantly, while serum levels of MMP9 increased (P=0.025). CONCLUSIONS The results demonstrate an increased inflammatory response in PHPT patients shown by elevated MMP9, S100A4 and sCD14 at inclusion. During the 6 months of follow-up, MMP9 increased further, possibly due to the tissue repair process after parathyroidectomy. S100A4 and sCD14 decreased after surgery demonstrating a partial reversal of the systemic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H E Christensen
- Department of Clinical ScienceUniversity of Bergen, Bergen, NorwayHormone LaboratoryDepartment of SurgeryHaukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, NorwayDepartment of Surgical ScienceUniversity of Bergen, Bergen, NorwayKG Jebsen Center for Diabetes ResearchBergen, NorwayDepartment of Heart DiseaseHaukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway Department of Clinical ScienceUniversity of Bergen, Bergen, NorwayHormone LaboratoryDepartment of SurgeryHaukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, NorwayDepartment of Surgical ScienceUniversity of Bergen, Bergen, NorwayKG Jebsen Center for Diabetes ResearchBergen, NorwayDepartment of Heart DiseaseHaukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - I S Fenne
- Department of Clinical ScienceUniversity of Bergen, Bergen, NorwayHormone LaboratoryDepartment of SurgeryHaukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, NorwayDepartment of Surgical ScienceUniversity of Bergen, Bergen, NorwayKG Jebsen Center for Diabetes ResearchBergen, NorwayDepartment of Heart DiseaseHaukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway Department of Clinical ScienceUniversity of Bergen, Bergen, NorwayHormone LaboratoryDepartment of SurgeryHaukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, NorwayDepartment of Surgical ScienceUniversity of Bergen, Bergen, NorwayKG Jebsen Center for Diabetes ResearchBergen, NorwayDepartment of Heart DiseaseHaukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Y Nordbø
- Department of Clinical ScienceUniversity of Bergen, Bergen, NorwayHormone LaboratoryDepartment of SurgeryHaukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, NorwayDepartment of Surgical ScienceUniversity of Bergen, Bergen, NorwayKG Jebsen Center for Diabetes ResearchBergen, NorwayDepartment of Heart DiseaseHaukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - J E Varhaug
- Department of Clinical ScienceUniversity of Bergen, Bergen, NorwayHormone LaboratoryDepartment of SurgeryHaukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, NorwayDepartment of Surgical ScienceUniversity of Bergen, Bergen, NorwayKG Jebsen Center for Diabetes ResearchBergen, NorwayDepartment of Heart DiseaseHaukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway Department of Clinical ScienceUniversity of Bergen, Bergen, NorwayHormone LaboratoryDepartment of SurgeryHaukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, NorwayDepartment of Surgical ScienceUniversity of Bergen, Bergen, NorwayKG Jebsen Center for Diabetes ResearchBergen, NorwayDepartment of Heart DiseaseHaukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - K O Nygård
- Department of Clinical ScienceUniversity of Bergen, Bergen, NorwayHormone LaboratoryDepartment of SurgeryHaukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, NorwayDepartment of Surgical ScienceUniversity of Bergen, Bergen, NorwayKG Jebsen Center for Diabetes ResearchBergen, NorwayDepartment of Heart DiseaseHaukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway Department of Clinical ScienceUniversity of Bergen, Bergen, NorwayHormone LaboratoryDepartment of SurgeryHaukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, NorwayDepartment of Surgical ScienceUniversity of Bergen, Bergen, NorwayKG Jebsen Center for Diabetes ResearchBergen, NorwayDepartment of Heart DiseaseHaukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway Department of Clinical ScienceUniversity of Bergen, Bergen, NorwayHormone LaboratoryDepartment of SurgeryHaukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, NorwayDepartment of Surgical ScienceUniversity of Bergen, Bergen, NorwayKG Jebsen Center for Diabetes ResearchBergen, NorwayDepartment of Heart DiseaseHaukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - E A Lien
- Department of Clinical ScienceUniversity of Bergen, Bergen, NorwayHormone LaboratoryDepartment of SurgeryHaukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, NorwayDepartment of Surgical ScienceUniversity of Bergen, Bergen, NorwayKG Jebsen Center for Diabetes ResearchBergen, NorwayDepartment of Heart DiseaseHaukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway Department of Clinical ScienceUniversity of Bergen, Bergen, NorwayHormone LaboratoryDepartment of SurgeryHaukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, NorwayDepartment of Surgical ScienceUniversity of Bergen, Bergen, NorwayKG Jebsen Center for Diabetes ResearchBergen, NorwayDepartment of Heart DiseaseHaukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - G Mellgren
- Department of Clinical ScienceUniversity of Bergen, Bergen, NorwayHormone LaboratoryDepartment of SurgeryHaukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, NorwayDepartment of Surgical ScienceUniversity of Bergen, Bergen, NorwayKG Jebsen Center for Diabetes ResearchBergen, NorwayDepartment of Heart DiseaseHaukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway Department of Clinical ScienceUniversity of Bergen, Bergen, NorwayHormone LaboratoryDepartment of SurgeryHaukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, NorwayDepartment of Surgical ScienceUniversity of Bergen, Bergen, NorwayKG Jebsen Center for Diabetes ResearchBergen, NorwayDepartment of Heart DiseaseHaukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway Department of Clinical ScienceUniversity of Bergen, Bergen, NorwayHormone LaboratoryDepartment of SurgeryHaukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, NorwayDepartment of Surgical ScienceUniversity of Bergen, Bergen, NorwayKG Jebsen Center for Diabetes ResearchBergen, NorwayDepartment of Heart DiseaseHaukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
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Solmi M, Veronese N, Favaro A, Santonastaso P, Manzato E, Sergi G, Correll CU. Inflammatory cytokines and anorexia nervosa: A meta-analysis of cross-sectional and longitudinal studies. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2015; 51:237-52. [PMID: 25462897 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2014.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Revised: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Although inflammation is increasingly implicated in psychiatric disorders, less is known about its role in anorexia nervosa (AN), an illness with low body mass index (BMI). METHODS We performed a systematic PubMed literature search until 12/31/2013 and meta-analyzed cross-sectional and longitudinal studies comparing circulating pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines between patients with anorexia nervosa (AN) and healthy controls (HCs) (1) before and (2) after weight gain, and (3) within AN patients before and after weight gain. Standardized mean differences (SMDs)± 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for results from ≥ 2 studies were calculated. RESULTS Of 999 initial hits, 22 studies with 924 participants (AN=512, HCs=412) were eligible. Compared to HCs, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha (SMD=0.35, 95%CI=0.09-0.61, p=0.008), interleukin (IL)1-beta (SMD=0.51, 95%CI=0.18-0.84, p=0.003), IL-6 (SMD=0.43, 95%CI=0.11-0.76, p=0.009), and TNF-receptor-II (SMD=0.42, 95%CI:0.07-0.78, p=0.02) were significantly elevated in AN, while C-reactive protein (SMD=-0.53, 95%CI=-.77, -0.28, p<0.0001) and IL-6 receptor (SMD=-0.85, 95%CI=-1.33, -0.36, p=0.0006) were significantly decreased. No differences were found for TNF-receptor I and TGF-β. Across a subset of eight longitudinal studies (AN=152, HCs=129), significant weight gain (baseline BMI=15.4 ± 1.5, endpoint BMI=18.2 ± 1.6, p<0.0001) was not associated with significant changes in TNF-α, IL-6 and IL1-β. However, after weight gain, IL-6 was not different anymore compared to HCs (SMD=0.06, 95%CI=-0.32, 0.45, p=0.75). In meta-regression, shorter illness duration (p=0.0008), but not younger age (p=0.71) significantly moderated greater IL-6 levels. CONCLUSION Despite abnormally low BMI, AN seems to be associated with increased inflammatory cytokines. Whether specific elevated cytokines represent trait or state markers of AN, and whether they could be treatment targets requires further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Solmi
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Nicola Veronese
- Department of Medicine-DIMED, Geriatrics Section, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Angela Favaro
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | | | - Enzo Manzato
- Department of Medicine-DIMED, Geriatrics Section, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Sergi
- Department of Medicine-DIMED, Geriatrics Section, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Christoph U Correll
- The Zucker Hillside Hospital, Psychiatry Research, NorthShore-Long Island Jewish Health System, Glen Oaks, NY, USA; Hofstra North Shore LIJ School of Medicine, Hempstead, NY, USA; The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, USA; Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.
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Chandler-Laney PC, Higgins PB, Granger W, Alvarez J, Casazza K, Fernandez JR, Man CD, Cobelli C, Gower BA. Use of a simple liquid meal test to evaluate insulin sensitivity and beta-cell function in children. Pediatr Obes 2014; 9:102-10. [PMID: 23447466 PMCID: PMC4120705 DOI: 10.1111/j.2047-6310.2013.00147.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2012] [Revised: 11/27/2012] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Insulin sensitivity and β-cell function are useful indices of metabolic disease risk but are difficult to assess in young children because of the invasive nature of commonly used methodology. A meal-based method for assessing insulin sensitivity and β-cell function may at least partially alleviate concerns. The objectives of this study were to: (i) determine the association of insulin sensitivity assessed by liquid meal test with that determined by an insulin-modified frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance test (FSIGT); (ii) examine the association of insulin sensitivity derived from each test with measures of body composition, fat distribution and metabolic health (lipids, fasting insulin and glucose, and surrogate indices of insulin sensitivity); and (iii) examine the associations of indices of β-cell function derived from each test with total and regional adiposity. Forty-seven children (7-12 years) underwent both a liquid meal test and an FSIGT. The insulin sensitivity index derived from the meal test (SI-meal) was positively associated with that from the FSIGT (SI-FSIGT; r = 0.63; P < 0.001), and inversely with all measures of insulin secretion derived from the meal test. Both SI-meal and SI-FSIGT were associated with measures of total and regional adiposity. SI-meal, but not SI-FSIGT, was associated with triglycerides and fasting insulin, after adjusting for ethnicity, gender, pubertal stage and fat mass. Basal insulin secretion measured during the meal test was positively associated with all measures of adiposity, independent of insulin sensitivity. In conclusion, a liquid meal offers a valid and sensitive means of assessing insulin sensitivity and β-cell responsivity in young children.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paul B. Higgins
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Wesley Granger
- Department of Clinical & Diagnostic Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Jessica Alvarez
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Krista Casazza
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Jose R. Fernandez
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Chiara Dalla Man
- Department of Information Engineering, Padova University, Padova, Italy
| | - Claudio Cobelli
- Department of Information Engineering, Padova University, Padova, Italy
| | - Barbara A. Gower
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
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Huang F, Del-Río-Navarro BE, Pérez-Ontiveros JA, Ruiz-Bedolla E, Saucedo-Ramírez OJ, Villafaña S, Bravo G, Mailloux-Salinas P, Hong E. Effect of six-month lifestyle intervention on adiponectin, resistin and soluble tumor necrosis factor-α receptors in obese adolescents. Endocr J 2014; 61:921-31. [PMID: 25029953 DOI: 10.1507/endocrj.ej14-0157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of a six-month lifestyle intervention on adiponectin, resistin, and two soluble forms of tumor necrosis factor-α receptor (sTNFR) in obese adolescents. A total of 54 obese adolescents aged 10 to 16 years completed the program. Twenty-four adolescents with normal weight at baseline were used as a control group. Our results demonstrated that obese adolescents had abnormal lipid profile, homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) index, adiponectin level (5.6 ± 2.7 vs. 7.6 ± 2.9 μg/mL, p = 0.005) as well as resistin level (31.0 ± 9.0 vs. 24.3 ± 8.5 ng/mL, p = 0.003), whereas levels of both sTNFRs were similar to those in normal weight subjects. After the six-month lifestyle intervention, obese adolescents had a slight but significant drop in standard deviation score-body mass index (SDS-BMI), a significant decrease in waist circumference, total cholesterol, triglycerides, HOMA index, as well as resistin, and a significant increase in adiponectin and high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol. In adolescents without decreased SDS-BMI, no change was observed in adipokines. Changes in adiponectin correlated negatively with changes in waist circumference (r = -0.275, p = 0.044). Changes in resistin correlated positively with changes in triglycerides (r = 0.302, p = 0.027). The study demonstrated the increase of resistin and the decrease of adiponectin in obese adolescents. Lifestyle intervention improved adipokine abnormalities in obese subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengyang Huang
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Hospital Infántil de México Federico Gómez (HIMFG), Mexico City 06720, Mexico
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15
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Xiao S, Zhao L. Gut microbiota-based translational biomarkers to prevent metabolic syndrome via nutritional modulation. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2013; 87:303-14. [PMID: 24219358 PMCID: PMC4262049 DOI: 10.1111/1574-6941.12250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2013] [Revised: 09/20/2013] [Accepted: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In the face of the global epidemic of metabolic syndrome (MetS) and its strong association with the increasing rate of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, it is critical to detect MetS at an early stage in the clinical setting to implement preventive intervention long before the complications arise. Lipopolysaccharide, the cell wall component of Gram-negative bacteria produced from diet-disrupted gut microbiota, has been shown to induce metabolic endotoxemia, chronic low-grade inflammation, and ultimately insulin resistance. Therefore, ameliorating the inflammation and insulin resistance underlying MetS by gut microbiota-targeted, dietary intervention has gained increasing attention. In this review, we propose using dynamic monitoring of a set of translational biomarkers related with the etiological role of gut microbiota, including lipopolysaccharide binding protein (LBP), C-reactive protein (CRP), fasting insulin, and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), for early detection and prevention of MetS via nutritional modulation. LBP initiates the recognition and monomerization of lipopolysaccharide and amplifies host immune responses, linking the gut-derived antigen load and inflammation indicated by the plasma levels of CRP. Fasting plasma insulin and HOMA-IR are measured to evaluate insulin sensitivity that is damaged by pro-inflammatory cytokines. The dynamic monitoring of these biomarkers in high-risk populations may provide translational methods for the quantitative and dynamic evaluation of dysbiosis-induced insulin resistance and the effectiveness of dietary treatment for MetS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuiming Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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16
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Xiao S, Fei N, Pang X, Shen J, Wang L, Zhang B, Zhang M, Zhang X, Zhang C, Li M, Sun L, Xue Z, Wang J, Feng J, Yan F, Zhao N, Liu J, Long W, Zhao L. A gut microbiota-targeted dietary intervention for amelioration of chronic inflammation underlying metabolic syndrome. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2013; 87:357-67. [PMID: 24117923 PMCID: PMC4255291 DOI: 10.1111/1574-6941.12228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 268] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2013] [Revised: 09/14/2013] [Accepted: 09/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammation induced by endotoxin from a dysbiotic gut microbiota contributes to the development of obesity-related metabolic disorders. Modification of gut microbiota by a diet to balance its composition becomes a promising strategy to help manage obesity. A dietary scheme based on whole grains, traditional Chinese medicinal foods, and prebiotics (WTP diet) was designed to meet human nutritional needs as well as balance the gut microbiota. Ninety-three of 123 central obese volunteers (BMI ≥ 28 kg m(-2) ) completed a self-controlled clinical trial consisting of 9-week intervention on WTP diet followed by a 14-week maintenance period. The average weight loss reached 5.79 ± 4.64 kg (6.62 ± 4.94%), in addition to improvement in insulin sensitivity, lipid profiles, and blood pressure. Pyrosequencing of fecal samples showed that phylotypes related to endotoxin-producing opportunistic pathogens of Enterobacteriaceae and Desulfovibrionaceae were reduced significantly, while those related to gut barrier-protecting bacteria of Bifidobacteriaceae increased. Gut permeability, measured as lactulose/mannitol ratio, was decreased compared with the baseline. Plasma endotoxin load as lipopolysaccharide-binding protein was also significantly reduced, with concomitant decrease in tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6, and an increase in adiponectin. These results suggest that modulation of the gut microbiota via dietary intervention may enhance the intestinal barrier integrity, reduce circulating antigen load, and ultimately ameliorate the inflammation and metabolic phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuiming Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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17
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Langkamp-Henken B, Nieves C, Culpepper T, Radford A, Girard SA, Hughes C, Christman MC, Mai V, Dahl WJ, Boileau T, Jonnalagadda SS, Thielecke F. Fecal lactic acid bacteria increased in adolescents randomized to whole-grain but not refined-grain foods, whereas inflammatory cytokine production decreased equally with both interventions. J Nutr 2012; 142:2025-32. [PMID: 23014489 DOI: 10.3945/jn.112.164996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The intake of whole-grain (WG) foods by adolescents is reported to be approximately one-third the recommended intake of 48 g/d. This 6-wk randomized interventional study determined the effect of replacing grains within the diet with refined-grain (RG; n = 42) or WG (n = 41) foods/d on gastrointestinal and immune health in adolescents (aged 12.7 ± 0.1 y). A variety of grain-based foods were delivered weekly to participants and their families. Participants were encouraged to eat 3 different kinds of study foods (e.g., bread, cereals, snacks)/d with goals of 0 g/d (RG) and 80 g/d (WG). Stool samples were obtained during the prebaseline and final weeks to measure bifidobacteria and lactic acid bacteria (LAB) using qPCR. Stool frequency was recorded daily. Blood was drawn at baseline and at final visits for immune markers. Across groups, total-grain intake increased by one serving. The intake of WG was similar at baseline (18 ± 3 g) between groups but increased to 60 ± 5 g in the WG group and decreased to 4 ± 1 g in the RG group. Fecal bifidobacteria increased from baseline with both interventions, but LAB increased (P < 0.05) from baseline [2.4 ± 0.2 log(10) genome equivalents (eq)] to wk 6 (3.0 ± 0.2 log(10) genome eq) in the WG group but not in the RG group (baseline: 2.9 ± 0.2 log(10) genome eq; wk 6: 3.0 ± 0.1 log(10) genome eq). There was no difference in stool frequency, serum antioxidant potential, or in vitro LPS-stimulated mononuclear cell production of inflammatory cytokines between groups. However, across both groups the number of daily stools tended to increase (P = 0.08) by 0.0034 stools/g WG or by 0.2 stools with 60 g WG, mean antioxidant potential increased by 58%, and mean production of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 decreased by 24, 22, and 42%, respectively, between baseline and wk 6. Overall, incorporating either WG or RG foods increased serum antioxidant concentrations and decreased inflammatory cytokine production; however, WG study foods had more of an effect on aspects of gastrointestinal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bobbi Langkamp-Henken
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
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Xylo-oligosaccharide (XOS) in combination with inulin modulates both the intestinal environment and immune status in healthy subjects, while XOS alone only shows prebiotic properties. Br J Nutr 2012; 108:1847-58. [DOI: 10.1017/s0007114511007252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to establish the prebiotic effect of a new xylo-oligosaccharide (XOS) and of an inulin-and-XOS mixture (INU–XOS) and to determine their effect on endotoxaemia (lipopolysaccharides (LPS)) and immune parameters. In this randomised, parallel, placebo-controlled, double-blind study, sixty healthy volunteers were randomly assigned to three groups, receiving either 5 g XOS, INU–XOS (3 g inulin +1 g XOS) or an equivalent weight of wheat maltodextrin (placebo) during 4 weeks. Faecal samples were collected to assess the effects of these products on microbiota, as well as SCFA composition, enzymatic activities and secretory IgA production. Circulating LPS was measured in plasma samples, and whole blood was incubated with LPS to measure cytokine expression. Consumption of XOS alone increased the faecal concentrations of Bifidobacterium and butyrate and activities of α-glucosidase and β-glucuronidase, while decreasing the concentrations of acetate and p-cresol. Consumption of XOS in combination with inulin did not decrease the concentrations of acetate and p-cresol, but increased in addition the faecal concentrations of total SCFA and propionate. Furthermore, consumption of XOS in combination with inulin decreased LPS concentrations in blood and attenuated LPS-induced increases in gene expression in IL-1β and LPS-induced decreases in gene expression in IL-13 in blood. In conclusion, consumption of XOS alone or in combination with inulin results in beneficial albeit different changes in the intestinal microbiome on a high-fat diet. In addition, consumption of XOS in combination with inulin attenuates the proinflammatory effects of a high-fat diet in the blood of healthy subjects.
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Sahade V, França S, Badaró R, Fernando Adán L. Obesity and postprandial lipemia in adolescents: risk factors for cardiovascular disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 59:131-9. [PMID: 22137533 DOI: 10.1016/j.endonu.2011.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2011] [Revised: 07/21/2011] [Accepted: 08/12/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
In the last 50 years, obesity has become a global epidemic and is one of the main public health problems in many parts of the world. Adolescence is a critical period regarding weight control. The factors determining obesity include a complex group of interrelated biological, behavioral and environmental factors which reinforce each other. In children and adolescents, obesity is associated with premature cardiovascular diseases, diabetes mellitus type 2, acanthosis nigricans, respiratory and skeletal muscle problems, as well as psychological problems. The clinical manifestations of cardiovascular disease begin in middle age. Nevertheless, studies indicate that the atherosclerotic process begins to develop during childhood. Postprandial hyperlipemia is a physiological process that occurs several times a day after the complete absorption of a diet including lipids and has been suggested as a risk factor for coronary heart disease (CHD). New study areas include the effects of different fatty acids, lipid sources (endogenous and exogenous), and the effect ingesting alcoholic beverages during meals. Given the evidence that postprandial lipidemia is an independent risk factor for CHD, it is vital to establish normative values for children and adolescents such that more effective and efficient preventive and therapeutic measures can be adopted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviane Sahade
- Department of Pediatrics, Federal University of Bahia, School of Medicine, Brazil.
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20
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Vos RC, Wit JM, Pijl H, Houdijk ECAM. Long-term effect of lifestyle intervention on adiposity, metabolic parameters, inflammation and physical fitness in obese children: a randomized controlled trial. Nutr Diabetes 2011; 1:e9. [PMID: 23455021 PMCID: PMC3302141 DOI: 10.1038/nutd.2011.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Behavioral lifestyle intervention, combined with parental involvement, is preferred over standard care or self-help in childhood obesity. The short-term results of such interventions are promising, but long-term follow-up results are equivocal. Objective: The objective of the present study was the short (3 months) and long-term (1 and 2 years follow-up) effect evaluation of a family-based multidisciplinary cognitive behavioral lifestyle intervention on markers of adiposity, metabolism, inflammation and physical fitness compared with standard care in children with obesity. Also the association between these outcome variables was determined. Methods: In this prospective longitudinal clinical trial, obese children were randomly assigned to a 3-month family-based cognitive behavioral multidisciplinary lifestyle treatment (n=40; body mass index-standard deviation score (BMI-SDS) 4.2±0.7; age; 13.3±2.0 years) or to a control group receiving an initial advice on physical activity and nutrition (n=39; BMI-SDS 4.3±0.6; age 13.1±1.9 years). Anthropometric data, physical fitness, metabolic parameters and inflammatory state were evaluated at baseline, after intervention (at 3 months) and at 1-year follow-up. At 2-year follow-up, anthropometric data and physical fitness were measured in the intervention group. Results: An intervention effect after 1 year was found for adiposity (P=0.02 for BMI-SDS, P=0.03 for waist circumference (WC)-SDS), physical fitness (absolute measured peak value of oxygen uptake (ml min−1), standardized for age and gender (VO2peak-SDS), P<0.01) and insulin resistance (HOMA-SDS, P=0.04). No significant intervention effect was found for serum lipid profile, high-sensitive C-reactive protein or for adiponectin. At 2-year follow-up, BMI-SDS in the intervention group (n=31) was 3.8±1.2 SDS, significantly less than at baseline (P=0.02). Conclusion: A positive 1-year follow-up treatment effect was found for adiposity, physical fitness and glucose homeostasis, but not for inflammatory markers. There was a significant long-term treatment effect on adiposity, although almost all children remained obese.
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Affiliation(s)
- R C Vos
- Department of Pediatrics, Juliana Children's Hospital/Haga Hospital, The Hague, The Netherlands
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21
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Vos RC, Wit JM, Pijl H, Kruyff CC, Houdijk ECAM. The effect of family-based multidisciplinary cognitive behavioral treatment in children with obesity: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials 2011; 12:110. [PMID: 21548919 PMCID: PMC3113984 DOI: 10.1186/1745-6215-12-110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2010] [Accepted: 05/06/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prevalence of childhood obesity has increased rapidly during the last three decades in the Netherlands. It is assumed that mainly environmental factors have contributed to this trend. Parental overweight and low social economic status are risk factors for childhood obesity. Childhood obesity affects self-esteem and has negative consequences on cognitive and social development. Obese children tend to become obese adults, which increases the risk for developing cardiovascular complications, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and psychosocial problems. Additionally, the secretion of several gastrointestinal hormones, responsible for appetite and food intake, is impaired in obese subjects. Weight reduction through lifestyle changes in order to change health risks is, until now, suggested as the preferred treatment for childhood obesity.The objective of this study is the effect evaluation of a family-based cognitive behavioral multidisciplinary lifestyle treatment. The intervention aims to establish long-term weight reduction and stabilization, reduction of obesity-related health consequences and improvement of self-image by change of lifestyle and learning cognitive behavioral techniques. STUDY DESIGN/METHODS In this randomized clinical trial newly presented children with obesity (8-17 years old) are divided, by randomization, in an intervention and control group, both consisting of 40 obese children. The intervention is carried out in groups of 8-11 children, and consists of respectively 7 and 5 separate group meetings for the children and their parents and 1 joint group meeting of 2 ½ hours. Main topics are education on nutrition, self-control techniques, social skills, physical activity and improvement of self-esteem. The control group is given advice on physical activity and nutrition. For normal data comparison, data were collected of 40 normal-weight children, 8-17 years old. DISCUSSION Because of the increasing prevalence of childhood obesity and the impact on the individual as well as on society, prevention and treatment of obesity in children is of great importance. For evaluation of short- and long-term effects of the treatment, measurements are taken before and after 3 months of treatment, and after 12 and 24 months follow-up. During these visits clinical and biochemical data are determined, cardiovascular fitness tests are performed and quality of life questionnaires are completed. TRIAL REGISTRATION International Standard Randomised Controlled Trial Number Register ISRCTN36146436
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Affiliation(s)
- Rimke C Vos
- Department of Pediatrics, Juliana Children's Hospital/ HagaHospital, the Hague, The Netherlands
| | - Jan M Wit
- Department of Pediatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Hanno Pijl
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Carolien C Kruyff
- Department of Pediatrics, Juliana Children's Hospital/ HagaHospital, the Hague, The Netherlands
- Psycho-medical Health Centre de Jutters, the Hague, The Netherlands
| | - Euphemia CAM Houdijk
- Department of Pediatrics, Juliana Children's Hospital/ HagaHospital, the Hague, The Netherlands
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Masson CJ, Mensink RP. Exchanging saturated fatty acids for (n-6) polyunsaturated fatty acids in a mixed meal may decrease postprandial lipemia and markers of inflammation and endothelial activity in overweight men. J Nutr 2011; 141:816-21. [PMID: 21430255 DOI: 10.3945/jn.110.136432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Postprandial lipemia, low-grade systemic inflammation, and endothelial activity are related to metabolic disorders. It is well known that dietary fatty acid composition modulates postprandial lipemia, but information on the other metabolic risk markers is limited. We therefore studied the acute effects of a meal rich in SFA compared with those of a meal rich in (n-6) PUFA on postprandial responses in overweight men who are at an increased risk to develop the metabolic syndrome and its comorbidities. In a crossover design, the effects of 50 g butter (rich in SFA) on lipemia and markers for inflammation and endothelial activity were compared with those of 50 g sunflower oil [rich in (n-6) PUFA] during an 8-h postprandial mixed meal tolerance test in 13 overweight men. Postprandial changes in serum TG were comparable between the meals (P = 0.38), except for a reduction in the incremental area under the curve (P = 0.046) in the late postprandial phase after (n-6) PUFA (125 ± 96 mmol⋅min⋅L(-1)) compared with SFA (148 ± 98 mmol⋅min⋅L(-1)). Compared with the SFA meal, the (n-6) PUFA meal decreased plasma IL-6 (P = 0.003), TNFα (P = 0.005), soluble TNF receptors I and II (sTNFr; P = 0.024 and P < 0.001, respectively), and soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (sVCAM-1; P = 0.030) concentrations. These results indicate that exchanging SFA from butterfat for (n-6) PUFA in a mixed meal may decrease postprandial lipemia and concentrations of IL-6, TNFα, sTNFr-I and -II, and sVCAM-1 in overweight men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiaan J Masson
- NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Department of Human Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht 6200 MD, The Netherlands.
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Hanks LJ, Casazza K, Alvarez JA, Fernandez JR. Does fat fuel the fire: independent and interactive effects of genetic, physiological, and environmental factors on variations in fat deposition and distribution across populations. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2010; 23:1233-44. [PMID: 21714457 PMCID: PMC3208239 DOI: 10.1515/jpem.2010.197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Markers of inflammation (MOI) have been reported to influence bone health in adults, with reports of inverse associations. Adipose has also been linked to bone. In children, the interrelationships are unclear. The objective of this study was to evaluate the relationship between MOI (i.e. CRP, TNFR2, IL-6) and bone mineral content (BMC) and determine the contribution of fat deposition/distribution in children. Forty-nine children (59% male) 7-12 y participated. Body composition was evaluated by DXA, and MOI and insulin sensitivity (S(I)) were obtained during an IVGTT. Multiple linear regression was used for analyses. TNFR2 was inversely associated with BMC. In boys, TNFR2 was inversely associated with BMC, and in girls IL-6 was inversely associated with BMC, and total and percent fat influenced the relationships. Our results suggest a potential inhibitory role of inflammation on bone as well as a negative impact of adiposity. Future investigations are warranted to further investigate these relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynae J Hanks
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, University ofAlabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
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Chronic inflammation in obesity and the metabolic syndrome. Mediators Inflamm 2010; 2010. [PMID: 20706689 PMCID: PMC2913796 DOI: 10.1155/2010/289645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 721] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2009] [Accepted: 06/17/2010] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasing incidence of obesity and the metabolic syndrome is disturbing. The activation of inflammatory pathways, used normally as host defence, reminds the seriousness of this condition. There is probably more than one cause for activation of inflammation. Apparently, metabolic overload evokes stress reactions, such as oxidative, inflammatory, organelle and cell hypertrophy, generating vicious cycles. Adipocyte hypertrophy, through physical reasons, facilitates cell rupture, what will evoke an inflammatory reaction. Inability of adipose tissue development to engulf incoming fat leads to deposition in other organs, mainly in the liver, with consequences on insulin resistance. The oxidative stress which accompanies feeding, particularly when there is excessive ingestion of fat and/or other macronutrients without concomitant ingestion of antioxidant-rich foods/beverages, may contribute to inflammation attributed to obesity. Moreover, data on the interaction of microbiota with food and obesity brought new hypothesis for the obesity/fat diet relationship with inflammation. Beyond these, other phenomena, for instance psychological and/or circadian rhythm disturbances, may likewise contribute to oxidative/inflammatory status. The difficulty in the management of obesity/metabolic syndrome is linked to their multifactorial nature where environmental, genetic and psychosocial factors interact through complex networks.
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Thompson D, Dixon N. Measurement of postprandial interleukin-6 by using a catheter: what does it tell us? Am J Clin Nutr 2009; 90:1446; author reply 1446-7. [PMID: 19740976 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.2009.28460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Alvarez JA, Higgins PB, Fernandez JR, Gower BA, Oster RA, Darnell BE. Reply to D Thompson and N Dixon. Am J Clin Nutr 2009. [DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.2009.28555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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