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Yap SH, Lee CS, Zulkifli ND, Suresh D, Hamase K, Das KT, Rajasuriar R, Leong KH. D-Amino acids differentially trigger an inflammatory environment in vitro. Amino Acids 2024; 56:6. [PMID: 38310167 PMCID: PMC10838247 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-023-03360-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
Studies in vivo have demonstrated that the accumulation of D-amino acids (D-AAs) is associated with age-related diseases and increased immune activation. However, the underlying mechanism(s) of these observations are not well defined. The metabolism of D-AAs by D-amino oxidase (DAO) produces hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), a reactive oxygen species involved in several physiological processes including immune response, cell differentiation, and proliferation. Excessive levels of H2O2 contribute to oxidative stress and eventual cell death, a characteristic of age-related pathology. Here, we explored the molecular mechanisms of D-serine (D-Ser) and D-alanine (D-Ala) in human liver cancer cells, HepG2, with a focus on the production of H2O2 the downstream secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokine and chemokine, and subsequent cell death. In HepG2 cells, we demonstrated that D-Ser decreased H2O2 production and induced concentration-dependent depolarization of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP). This was associated with the upregulation of activated NF-кB, pro-inflammatory cytokine, TNF-α, and chemokine, IL-8 secretion, and subsequent apoptosis. Conversely, D-Ala-treated cells induced H2O2 production, and were also accompanied by the upregulation of activated NF-кB, TNF-α, and IL-8, but did not cause significant apoptosis. The present study confirms the role of both D-Ser and D-Ala in inducing inflammatory responses, but each via unique activation pathways. This response was associated with apoptotic cell death only with D-Ser. Further research is required to gain a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying D-AA-induced inflammation and its downstream consequences, especially in the context of aging given the wide detection of these entities in systemic circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siew Hwei Yap
- Centre of Excellence for Research in AIDS (CERiA), Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Cheng Siang Lee
- Centre of Excellence for Research in AIDS (CERiA), Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Nur Diyana Zulkifli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kepala Batas, Malaysia
| | - Darshinie Suresh
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kepala Batas, Malaysia
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Malaysia
| | - Kenji Hamase
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kumitaa Theva Das
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kepala Batas, Malaysia
| | - Reena Rajasuriar
- Centre of Excellence for Research in AIDS (CERiA), Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Kok Hoong Leong
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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2
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Dougé A, Vituret C, Carraro V, Parry L, Coudy-Gandilhon C, Lemal R, Combaret L, Maurin AC, Averous J, Jousse C, Bay JO, Verrelle P, Fafournoux P, Bruhat A, Rouzaire P. Temporal regulation of transgene expression controlled by amino acid availability in human T cells. HLA 2024; 103:e15252. [PMID: 37848366 DOI: 10.1111/tan.15252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
T cell therapy strategies, from allogeneic stem cell transplantation toward genetically-modified T cells infusion, develop powerful anti-tumor effects but are often accompanied by side effects and their efficacy remains sometimes to be improved. It therefore appears important to provide a flexible and easily reversible gene expression regulation system to control T cells activity. We developed a gene expression regulation technology that exploits the physiological GCN2-ATF4 pathway's ability to induce gene expression in T cells in response to one essential amino acid deficiency. We first demonstrated the functionality of NUTRIREG in human T cells by transient expression of reporter genes. We then validated that NUTRIREG can be used in human T cells to transiently express a therapeutic gene such as IL-10. Overall, our results represent a solid basis for the promising use of NUTRIREG to regulate transgene expression in human T cells in a reversible way, and more generally for numerous preventive or curative therapeutic possibilities in cellular immunotherapy strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurore Dougé
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, UNH, UMR1019, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- Medical Oncology Department, CHU Gabriel Montpied, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- EA Chelter 7453, Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Cyrielle Vituret
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, UNH, UMR1019, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Valérie Carraro
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, UNH, UMR1019, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Laurent Parry
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, UNH, UMR1019, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | | | - Richard Lemal
- EA Chelter 7453, Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- Histocompatibility and Immunogenetics Department, CHU Gabriel Montpied, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Lydie Combaret
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, UNH, UMR1019, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | | | - Julien Averous
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, UNH, UMR1019, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Céline Jousse
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, UNH, UMR1019, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Jacques-Olivier Bay
- Medical Oncology Department, CHU Gabriel Montpied, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- EA Chelter 7453, Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Pierre Verrelle
- EA Chelter 7453, Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- Radiation Oncology Department, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Paris, France
- Institut-Curie Recherche, U1196/UMR9187, Orsay, France
| | - Pierre Fafournoux
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, UNH, UMR1019, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Alain Bruhat
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, UNH, UMR1019, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Paul Rouzaire
- EA Chelter 7453, Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- Histocompatibility and Immunogenetics Department, CHU Gabriel Montpied, Clermont-Ferrand, France
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3
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Ohtsuka H, Otsubo Y, Shimasaki T, Yamashita A, Aiba H. ecl family genes: Factors linking starvation and lifespan extension in Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Mol Microbiol 2023; 120:645-657. [PMID: 37525511 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.15134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
In the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe, the duration of survival in the stationary phase, termed the chronological lifespan (CLS), is affected by various environmental factors and the corresponding gene activities. The ecl family genes were identified in the genomic region encoding non-coding RNA as positive regulators of CLS in S. pombe, and subsequently shown to encode relatively short proteins. Several studies revealed that ecl family genes respond to various nutritional starvation conditions via different mechanisms, and they are additionally involved in stress resistance, autophagy, sexual differentiation, and cell cycle control. Recent studies reported that Ecl family proteins strongly suppress target of rapamycin complex 1, which is a conserved eukaryotic nutrient-sensing kinase complex that also regulates longevity in a variety of organisms. In this review, we introduce the regulatory mechanisms of Ecl family proteins and discuss their emerging findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hokuto Ohtsuka
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Department of Basic Medicinal Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yoko Otsubo
- Interdisciplinary Research Unit, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Takafumi Shimasaki
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Department of Basic Medicinal Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Akira Yamashita
- Interdisciplinary Research Unit, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Aiba
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Department of Basic Medicinal Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
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4
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Weber SL, Hustedt K, Schnepel N, Visscher C, Muscher-Banse AS. Modulation of GCN2/eIF2α/ATF4 Pathway in the Liver and Induction of FGF21 in Young Goats Fed a Protein- and/or Phosphorus-Reduced Diet. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087153. [PMID: 37108315 PMCID: PMC10138370 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 04/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Mammals respond to amino acid (AA) deficiency by initiating an AA response pathway (AAR) that involves the activation of general control nonderepressible 2 (GCN2), phosphorylation of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2α (eIF2α), and activation of transcription factor 4 (ATF4). In this study, the effects of protein (N) and/or phosphorus (P) restriction on the GCN2/eIF2α/ATF4 pathway in the liver and the induction of fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) in young goats were investigated. An N-reduced diet resulted in a decrease in circulating essential AA (EAA) and an increase in non-essential AA (NEAA), as well as an increase in hepatic mRNA expression of GCN2 and ATF4 and protein expression of GCN2. Dietary N restriction robustly increased both hepatic FGF21 mRNA expression and circulating FGF21 levels. Accordingly, numerous significant correlations demonstrated the effects of the AA profile on the AAR pathway and confirmed an association. Furthermore, activation of the AAR pathway depended on the sufficient availability of P. When dietary P was restricted, the GCN2/eIF2α/ATF4 pathway was not initiated, and no increase in FGF21 was observed. These results illustrate how the AAR pathway responds to N- and/or P-reduced diets in ruminants, thus demonstrating the complexity of dietary component changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L Weber
- Institute for Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30173 Hannover, Germany
| | - Karin Hustedt
- Institute for Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30173 Hannover, Germany
| | - Nadine Schnepel
- Institute for Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30173 Hannover, Germany
| | - Christian Visscher
- Institute for Animal Nutrition, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30173 Hannover, Germany
| | - Alexandra S Muscher-Banse
- Institute for Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30173 Hannover, Germany
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5
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Zhou R, Liang T, Li T, Huang J, Chen C. Possible mechanism of metabolic and drug resistance with L-asparaginase therapy in childhood leukaemia. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1070069. [PMID: 36816964 PMCID: PMC9929349 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1070069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
L-asparaginase, which hydrolyzes asparagine into aspartic acid and ammonia, is frequently used to treat acute lymphoblastic leukaemia in children. When combined with other chemotherapy drugs, the event-free survival rate is 90%. Due to immunogenicity and drug resistance, however, not all patients benefit from it, restricting the use of L-asparaginase therapy in other haematological cancers. To solve the problem of immunogenicity, several L-ASNase variants have emerged, such as Erwinia-ASNase and PEG-ASNase. However, even when Erwinia-ASNase is used as a substitute for E. coli-ASNase or PEG-ASNase, allergic reactions occur in 3%-33% of patients. All of these factors contributed to the development of novel L-ASNases. Additionally, L-ASNase resistance mechanisms, such as the methylation status of ASNS promoters and activation of autophagy, have further emphasized the importance of personalized treatment for paediatric haematological neoplasms. In this review, we discussed the metabolic effects of L-ASNase, mechanisms of drug resistance, applications in non-ALL leukaemia, and the development of novel L-ASNase.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Chun Chen
- *Correspondence: Junbin Huang, ; Chun Chen,
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6
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Lokdarshi A, von Arnim AG, Akuoko TK. Modulation of GCN2 activity under excess light stress by osmoprotectants and amino acids. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2022; 17:2115747. [PMID: 36093942 PMCID: PMC9481134 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2022.2115747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The protein kinase GCN2 (General Control Nonderepressible2) and its phosphorylation target, the eukaryotic translation initiation factor (eIF)2α represent the core module of the plant's integrated stress response, a signaling pathway widely conserved in eukaryotes that can rapidly regulate translation in response to stressful conditions. Recent findings indicate that the Arabidopsis thaliana GCN2 protein operates under the command of reactive oxygen species (ROS) emanating from the chloroplast under a variety of abiotic stresses such as excess light. To get deeper insights into the mechanism of GCN2 activation under excess light, we assessed the role of amino acids in view of the classic function of GCN2 as a sensor of amino acid status. Additionally, given that osmoprotectants can counteract ROS-related stresses, we tested their ability to mitigate GCN2 activity. Our results demonstrate that certain amino acids and osmoprotectants attenuate eIF2α-phosphorylation under excess light stress to some degree. Future investigations into the biochemical mechanisms of these natural compounds on GCN2 signaling activity will provide better insights into the GCN2-eIF2α regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ansul Lokdarshi
- Department of Biology, Valdosta State University, Valdosta, GA, USA
| | - Albrecht G von Arnim
- Department of Biochemistry & Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
- UT-ORNL Graduate School of Genome Science and Technology, the University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Teressa K Akuoko
- Department of Biology, Valdosta State University, Valdosta, GA, USA
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7
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Amino Acids in Cancer and Cachexia: An Integrated View. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14225691. [PMID: 36428783 PMCID: PMC9688864 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14225691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapid tumor growth requires elevated biosynthetic activity, supported by metabolic rewiring occurring both intrinsically in cancer cells and extrinsically in the cancer host. The Warburg effect is one such example, burning glucose to produce a continuous flux of biomass substrates in cancer cells at the cost of energy wasting metabolic cycles in the host to maintain stable glycemia. Amino acid (AA) metabolism is profoundly altered in cancer cells, which use AAs for energy production and for supporting cell proliferation. The peculiarities in cancer AA metabolism allow the identification of specific vulnerabilities as targets of anti-cancer treatments. In the current review, specific approaches targeting AAs in terms of either deprivation or supplementation are discussed. Although based on opposed strategies, both show, in vitro and in vivo, positive effects. Any AA-targeted intervention will inevitably impact the cancer host, who frequently already has cachexia. Cancer cachexia is a wasting syndrome, also due to malnutrition, that compromises the effectiveness of anti-cancer drugs and eventually causes the patient's death. AA deprivation may exacerbate malnutrition and cachexia, while AA supplementation may improve the nutritional status, counteract cachexia, and predispose the patient to a more effective anti-cancer treatment. Here is provided an attempt to describe the AA-based therapeutic approaches that integrate currently distant points of view on cancer-centered and host-centered research, providing a glimpse of several potential investigations that approach cachexia as a unique cancer disease.
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8
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Safrhansova L, Hlozkova K, Starkova J. Targeting amino acid metabolism in cancer. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 373:37-79. [PMID: 36283767 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2022.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic rewiring is a characteristic hallmark of cancer cells. This phenomenon sustains uncontrolled proliferation and resistance to apoptosis by increasing nutrients and energy supply. However, reprogramming comes together with vulnerabilities that can be used against tumor and can be applied in targeted therapy. In the last years, the genetic background of tumors has been identified thoroughly and new therapies targeting those mutations tested. Nevertheless, we propose that targeting the phenotype of cancer cells could be another way of treatment aiming to avoid drug resistance and non-responsiveness of cancer patients. Amino acid metabolism is part of the altered processes in cancer cells. Amino acids are building blocks and also sensors of signaling pathways regulating main biological processes. In this comprehensive review, we described four amino acids (asparagine, arginine, methionine, and cysteine) which have been actively investigated as potential targets for anti-tumor therapy. Asparagine depletion is successfully used for decades in the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia and there is a strong implication to apply it to other types of tumors. Arginine auxotrophic tumors are great candidates for arginine-starvation therapy. Higher requirement for essential amino acids such as methionine and cysteine point out promising targetable weaknesses of cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Safrhansova
- CLIP - Childhood Leukaemia Investigation Prague, Prague, Czech Republic; Dept. of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Katerina Hlozkova
- CLIP - Childhood Leukaemia Investigation Prague, Prague, Czech Republic; Dept. of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Julia Starkova
- CLIP - Childhood Leukaemia Investigation Prague, Prague, Czech Republic; Dept. of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic; University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Republic.
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9
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Staklinski SJ, Chang MC, Yu F, Collins Ruff K, Franz DN, Qian Z, Bloom LB, Merritt ME, McKenna R, Kilberg MS. Cellular and molecular characterization of two novel asparagine synthetase gene mutations linked to asparagine synthetase deficiency. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102385. [PMID: 35985424 PMCID: PMC9478401 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Asparagine synthetase (ASNS) catalyzes synthesis of asparagine (Asn) and Glu from Asp and Gln in an ATP-dependent reaction. Asparagine synthetase deficiency (ASNSD) results from biallelic mutations in the ASNS gene. Affected children exhibit congenital microcephaly, continued brain atrophy, seizures, and often premature mortality. However, the underlying mechanisms are unclear. This report describes a compound heterozygotic ASNSD child with two novel mutations in the ASNS gene, c.1118G>T (paternal) and c.1556G>A (maternal), that lead to G373V or R519H ASNS variants. Structural mapping suggested that neither variant participates directly in catalysis. Growth of cultured fibroblasts from either parent was unaffected in Asn-free medium, whereas growth of the child's cells was suppressed by about 50%. Analysis of Asn levels unexpectedly revealed that extracellular rather than intracellular Asn correlated with the reduced proliferation during incubation of the child's cells in Asn-free medium. Our attempts to ectopically express the G373V variant in either HEK293T or JRS cells resulted in minimal protein production, suggesting instability. Protein expression and purification from HEK293T cells revealed reduced activity for the R519H variant relative to WT ASNS. Expression of WT ASNS in ASNS-null JRS cells resulted in nearly complete rescue of growth in Asn-free medium, whereas we observed no proliferation for the cells expressing either the G373V or R519H variant. These results support the conclusion that the coexpression of the G373V and R519H ASNS variants leads to significantly reduced Asn synthesis, which negatively impacts cellular growth. These observations are consistent with the ASNSD phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Staklinski
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Mario C Chang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Fang Yu
- Department of Medicine, UF Health Cancer Center, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Kathleen Collins Ruff
- Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - David N Franz
- Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Zhijian Qian
- Department of Medicine, UF Health Cancer Center, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Linda B Bloom
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Matthew E Merritt
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Robert McKenna
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Michael S Kilberg
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, USA.
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10
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Srivastava A, Lu J, Gadalla DS, Hendrich O, Grönke S, Partridge L. The Role of GCN2 Kinase in Mediating the Effects of Amino Acids on Longevity and Feeding Behaviour in Drosophila. FRONTIERS IN AGING 2022; 3:944466. [PMID: 35821827 PMCID: PMC9261369 DOI: 10.3389/fragi.2022.944466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Restriction of amino acids in the diet can extend lifespan in diverse species ranging from flies to mammals. However, the role of individual amino acids and the underlying molecular mechanisms are only partially understood. The evolutionarily conserved serine/threonine kinase General Control Nonderepressible 2 (GCN2) is a key sensor of amino acid deficiency and has been implicated in the response of lifespan to dietary restriction (DR). Here, we generated a novel Drosophila GCN2 null mutant and analyzed its response to individual amino acid deficiency. We show that GCN2 function is essential for fly development, longevity and feeding behaviour under long-term, but not short-term, deprivation of all individual essential amino acids (EAAs) except for methionine. GCN2 mutants were longer-lived than control flies and showed normal feeding behaviour under methionine restriction. Thus, in flies at least two systems regulate these responses to amino acid deprivation. Methionine deprivation acts via a GCN2-independent mechanism, while all other EAA are sensed by GCN2. Combined deficiency of methionine and a second EAA blocked the response of GCN2 mutants to methionine, suggesting that these two pathways are interconnected. Wild type flies showed a short-term rejection of food lacking individual EAA, followed by a long-term compensatory increase in food uptake. GCN2 mutants also showed a short-term rejection of food deprived of individual EAA, but were unable to mount the compensatory long-term increase in food uptake. Over-expression of the downstream transcription factor ATF4 partially rescued the response of feeding behaviour in GCN2 mutants to amino acid deficiency. Phenotypes of GCN2 mutants induced by leucine and tryptophan, but not isoleucine, deficiency were partially rescued by ATF4 over-expression. The exact function of GCN2 as an amino acid sensor in vivo and the downstream action of its transcription factor effector ATF4 are thus context-specific with respect to the EAA involved.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jiongming Lu
- Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Oliver Hendrich
- Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Linda Partridge
- Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Cologne, Germany.,Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, Institute of Healthy Ageing, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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11
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Zou JM, Zhu QS, Liang H, Lu HL, Liang XF, He S. Lysine Deprivation Regulates Npy Expression via GCN2 Signaling Pathway in Mandarin Fish ( Siniperca chuatsi). Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23126727. [PMID: 35743178 PMCID: PMC9223478 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23126727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2022] [Revised: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulation of food intake is associated with nutrient-sensing systems and the expression of appetite neuropeptides. Nutrient-sensing systems generate the capacity to sense nutrient availability to maintain energy and metabolism homeostasis. Appetite neuropeptides are prominent factors that are essential for regulating the appetite to adapt energy status. However, the link between the expression of appetite neuropeptides and nutrient-sensing systems remains debatable in carnivorous fish. Here, with intracerebroventricular (ICV) administration of six essential amino acids (lysine, methionine, tryptophan, arginine, phenylalanine, or threonine) performed in mandarin fish (Siniperca chuatsi), we found that lysine and methionine are the feeding-stimulating amino acids other than the reported valine, and found a key appetite neuropeptide, neuropeptide Y (NPY), mainly contributes to the regulatory role of the essential amino acids on food intake. With the brain cells of mandarin fish cultured in essential amino acid deleted medium (lysine, methionine, histidine, valine, or leucine), we showed that only lysine deprivation activated the general control nonderepressible 2 (GCN2) signaling pathway, elevated α subunit of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 (eIF2α) phosphorylation, increased activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4) protein expression, and finally induced transcription of npy. Furthermore, pharmacological inhibition of GCN2 and eIF2α phosphorylation signaling by GCN2iB or ISRIB, effectively blocked the transcriptional induction of npy in lysine deprivation. Overall, these findings could provide a better understanding of the GCN2 signaling pathway involved in food intake control by amino acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Ming Zou
- College of Fisheries, Chinese Perch Research Center, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (J.-M.Z.); (Q.-S.Z.); (H.L.); (H.-L.L.)
- Engineering Research Center of Green development for Conventional Aquatic Biological Industry in the Yangtze River Economic Belt, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Qiang-Sheng Zhu
- College of Fisheries, Chinese Perch Research Center, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (J.-M.Z.); (Q.-S.Z.); (H.L.); (H.-L.L.)
- Engineering Research Center of Green development for Conventional Aquatic Biological Industry in the Yangtze River Economic Belt, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Hui Liang
- College of Fisheries, Chinese Perch Research Center, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (J.-M.Z.); (Q.-S.Z.); (H.L.); (H.-L.L.)
- Engineering Research Center of Green development for Conventional Aquatic Biological Industry in the Yangtze River Economic Belt, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Hai-Lin Lu
- College of Fisheries, Chinese Perch Research Center, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (J.-M.Z.); (Q.-S.Z.); (H.L.); (H.-L.L.)
- Engineering Research Center of Green development for Conventional Aquatic Biological Industry in the Yangtze River Economic Belt, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xu-Fang Liang
- College of Fisheries, Chinese Perch Research Center, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (J.-M.Z.); (Q.-S.Z.); (H.L.); (H.-L.L.)
- Engineering Research Center of Green development for Conventional Aquatic Biological Industry in the Yangtze River Economic Belt, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Correspondence: (X.-F.L.); (S.H.); Tel.: +86-15007113487 (X.-F.L.); +86-18672986332 (S.H.); Fax: +86-027-8728-2114 (X.-F.L.); +86-027-8728-2113 (S.H.)
| | - Shan He
- College of Fisheries, Chinese Perch Research Center, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (J.-M.Z.); (Q.-S.Z.); (H.L.); (H.-L.L.)
- Engineering Research Center of Green development for Conventional Aquatic Biological Industry in the Yangtze River Economic Belt, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Correspondence: (X.-F.L.); (S.H.); Tel.: +86-15007113487 (X.-F.L.); +86-18672986332 (S.H.); Fax: +86-027-8728-2114 (X.-F.L.); +86-027-8728-2113 (S.H.)
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12
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Ohtsuka H, Shimasaki T, Aiba H. Response to leucine in Schizosaccharomyces pombe (fission yeast). FEMS Yeast Res 2022; 22:6553821. [PMID: 35325114 PMCID: PMC9041340 DOI: 10.1093/femsyr/foac020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Leucine (Leu) is a branched-chain, essential amino acid in animals, including humans. Fungi, including the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe, can biosynthesize Leu, but deletion of any of the genes in this biosynthesis leads to Leu auxotrophy. In this yeast, although a mutation in the Leu biosynthetic pathway, leu1-32, is clearly inconvenient for this species, it has increased its usefulness as a model organism in laboratories worldwide. Leu auxotrophy produces intracellular responses and phenotypes different from those of the prototrophic strains, depending on the growing environment, which necessitates a certain degree of caution in the analysis and interpretation of the experimental results. Under amino acid starvation, the amino acid-auxotrophic yeast induces cellular responses, which are conserved in higher organisms without the ability of synthesizing amino acids. This mini-review focuses on the roles of Leu in S. pombe and discusses biosynthetic pathways, contribution to experimental convenience using a plasmid specific for Leu auxotrophic yeast, signaling pathways, and phenotypes caused by Leu starvation. An accurate understanding of the intracellular responses brought about by Leu auxotrophy can contribute to research in various fields using this model organism and to the understanding of intracellular responses in higher organisms that cannot synthesize Leu.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hokuto Ohtsuka
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Department of Basic Medicinal Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Takafumi Shimasaki
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Department of Basic Medicinal Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Aiba
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Department of Basic Medicinal Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
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13
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An amino acid-defined diet impairs tumour growth in mice by promoting endoplasmic reticulum stress and mTOR inhibition. Mol Metab 2022; 60:101478. [PMID: 35367410 PMCID: PMC9014392 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2022.101478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
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14
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Van Trimpont M, Peeters E, De Visser Y, Schalk AM, Mondelaers V, De Moerloose B, Lavie A, Lammens T, Goossens S, Van Vlierberghe P. Novel Insights on the Use of L-Asparaginase as an Efficient and Safe Anti-Cancer Therapy. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14040902. [PMID: 35205650 PMCID: PMC8870365 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14040902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 02/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary L-asparaginase (L-ASNase) therapy is key for achieving the very high cure rate of pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), yet its use is mostly confined to this indication. One main reason preventing the expansion of today’s FDA-approved L-ASNases to solid cancers is their high toxicity and side effects, which become especially challenging in adult patients. The design of optimized L-ASNase molecules provides opportunities to overcome these unwanted toxicities. An additional challenge to broader application of L-ASNases is how cells can counter the pharmacological effect of this drug and the identification of L-ASNases resistance mechanisms. In this review, we discuss recent insights into L-ASNase adverse effects, resistance mechanisms, and how novel L-ASNase variants and drug combinations can expand its clinical applicability, with a focus on both hematological and solid tumors. Abstract L-Asparaginase (L-ASNase) is an enzyme that hydrolyses the amino acid asparagine into aspartic acid and ammonia. Systemic administration of bacterial L-ASNase is successfully used to lower the bioavailability of this non-essential amino acid and to eradicate rapidly proliferating cancer cells with a high demand for exogenous asparagine. Currently, it is a cornerstone drug in the treatment of the most common pediatric cancer, acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Since these lymphoblasts lack the expression of asparagine synthetase (ASNS), these cells depend on the uptake of extracellular asparagine for survival. Interestingly, recent reports have illustrated that L-ASNase may also have clinical potential for the treatment of other aggressive subtypes of hematological or solid cancers. However, immunogenic and other severe adverse side effects limit optimal clinical use and often lead to treatment discontinuation. The design of optimized and novel L-ASNase formulations provides opportunities to overcome these limitations. In addition, identification of multiple L-ASNase resistance mechanisms, including ASNS promoter reactivation and desensitization, has fueled research into promising novel drug combinations to overcome chemoresistance. In this review, we discuss recent insights into L-ASNase adverse effects, resistance both in hematological and solid tumors, and how novel L-ASNase variants and drug combinations can expand its clinical applicability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maaike Van Trimpont
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (M.V.T.); (E.P.); (Y.D.V.); (B.D.M.); (T.L.); (S.G.)
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Evelien Peeters
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (M.V.T.); (E.P.); (Y.D.V.); (B.D.M.); (T.L.); (S.G.)
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Yanti De Visser
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (M.V.T.); (E.P.); (Y.D.V.); (B.D.M.); (T.L.); (S.G.)
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Imaging and Pathology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Amanda M. Schalk
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL 60607, USA; (A.M.S.); (A.L.)
| | - Veerle Mondelaers
- Department of Pediatric Hemato-Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Ghent University Hospital, 9000 Ghent, Belgium;
| | - Barbara De Moerloose
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (M.V.T.); (E.P.); (Y.D.V.); (B.D.M.); (T.L.); (S.G.)
- Department of Pediatric Hemato-Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Ghent University Hospital, 9000 Ghent, Belgium;
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Arnon Lavie
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL 60607, USA; (A.M.S.); (A.L.)
- The Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
| | - Tim Lammens
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (M.V.T.); (E.P.); (Y.D.V.); (B.D.M.); (T.L.); (S.G.)
- Department of Pediatric Hemato-Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Ghent University Hospital, 9000 Ghent, Belgium;
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Steven Goossens
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (M.V.T.); (E.P.); (Y.D.V.); (B.D.M.); (T.L.); (S.G.)
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Pieter Van Vlierberghe
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (M.V.T.); (E.P.); (Y.D.V.); (B.D.M.); (T.L.); (S.G.)
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Correspondence:
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15
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Zheng Z, Aihemaiti Y, Liu J, Afridi MI, Yang S, Zhang X, Xu Y, Chen C, Tu H. The bZIP Transcription Factor ZIP-11 Is Required for the Innate Immune Regulation in Caenorhabditis elegans. Front Immunol 2021; 12:744454. [PMID: 34804026 PMCID: PMC8602821 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.744454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate immunity is the first line of host defense against pathogen infection in metazoans. However, the molecular mechanisms of the complex immune regulatory network are not fully understood. Based on a transcriptome profiling of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, we found that a bZIP transcription factor ZIP-11 was up-regulated upon Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA14 infection. The tissue specific RNAi knock-down and rescue data revealed that ZIP-11 acts in intestine to promote host resistance against P. aeruginosa PA14 infection. We further showed that intestinal ZIP-11 regulates innate immune response through constituting a feedback loop with the conserved PMK-1/p38 mitogen-activated protein signaling pathway. Intriguingly, ZIP-11 interacts with a CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein, CEBP-2, to mediate the transcriptional response to P. aeruginosa PA14 infection independently of PMK-1/p38 pathway. In addition, human homolog ATF4 can functionally substitute for ZIP-11 in innate immune regulation of C. elegans. Our findings indicate that the ZIP-11/ATF4 genetic program activates local innate immune response through conserved PMK-1/p38 and CEBP-2/C/EBPγ immune signals in C. elegans, raising the possibility that a similar process may occur in other organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongfan Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, China
- Shenzhen Research Institute, Hunan University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yilixiati Aihemaiti
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, China
- Shenzhen Research Institute, Hunan University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Junqiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, China
- Shenzhen Research Institute, Hunan University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Muhammad Irfan Afridi
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, China
- Shenzhen Research Institute, Hunan University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shengmei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, China
- Shenzhen Research Institute, Hunan University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiumei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, China
- Shenzhen Research Institute, Hunan University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yongfu Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, China
- Shenzhen Research Institute, Hunan University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Chunhong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, China
- Shenzhen Research Institute, Hunan University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Haijun Tu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, China
- Shenzhen Research Institute, Hunan University, Shenzhen, China
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16
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Mierziak J, Kostyn K, Boba A, Czemplik M, Kulma A, Wojtasik W. Influence of the Bioactive Diet Components on the Gene Expression Regulation. Nutrients 2021; 13:3673. [PMID: 34835928 PMCID: PMC8619229 DOI: 10.3390/nu13113673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Diet bioactive components, in the concept of nutrigenetics and nutrigenomics, consist of food constituents, which can transfer information from the external environment and influence gene expression in the cell and thus the function of the whole organism. It is crucial to regard food not only as the source of energy and basic nutriments, crucial for living and organism development, but also as the factor influencing health/disease, biochemical mechanisms, and activation of biochemical pathways. Bioactive components of the diet regulate gene expression through changes in the chromatin structure (including DNA methylation and histone modification), non-coding RNA, activation of transcription factors by signalling cascades, or direct ligand binding to the nuclear receptors. Analysis of interactions between diet components and human genome structure and gene activity is a modern approach that will help to better understand these relations and will allow designing dietary guidances, which can help maintain good health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Mierziak
- Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, Przybyszewskiego 63/77, 51-148 Wroclaw, Poland; (A.B.); (M.C.); (A.K.)
| | - Kamil Kostyn
- Department of Genetics, Plant Breeding & Seed Production, Faculty of Life Sciences and Technology, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, pl. Grunwaldzki 24A, 50-363 Wroclaw, Poland;
| | - Aleksandra Boba
- Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, Przybyszewskiego 63/77, 51-148 Wroclaw, Poland; (A.B.); (M.C.); (A.K.)
| | - Magdalena Czemplik
- Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, Przybyszewskiego 63/77, 51-148 Wroclaw, Poland; (A.B.); (M.C.); (A.K.)
| | - Anna Kulma
- Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, Przybyszewskiego 63/77, 51-148 Wroclaw, Poland; (A.B.); (M.C.); (A.K.)
| | - Wioleta Wojtasik
- Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, Przybyszewskiego 63/77, 51-148 Wroclaw, Poland; (A.B.); (M.C.); (A.K.)
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17
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Mendonsa S, von Kuegelgen N, Bujanic L, Chekulaeva M. Charcot-Marie-Tooth mutation in glycyl-tRNA synthetase stalls ribosomes in a pre-accommodation state and activates integrated stress response. Nucleic Acids Res 2021; 49:10007-10017. [PMID: 34403468 PMCID: PMC8464049 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkab730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxic gain-of-function mutations in aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases cause a degeneration of peripheral motor and sensory axons, known as Charcot–Marie–Tooth (CMT) disease. While these mutations do not disrupt overall aminoacylation activity, they interfere with translation via an unknown mechanism. Here, we dissect the mechanism of function of CMT mutant glycyl-tRNA synthetase (CMT-GARS), using high-resolution ribosome profiling and reporter assays. We find that CMT-GARS mutants deplete the pool of glycyl-tRNAGly available for translation and inhibit the first stage of elongation, the accommodation of glycyl-tRNA into the ribosomal A-site, which causes ribosomes to pause at glycine codons. Moreover, ribosome pausing activates a secondary repression mechanism at the level of translation initiation, by inducing the phosphorylation of the alpha subunit of eIF2 and the integrated stress response. Thus, CMT-GARS mutant triggers translational repression via two interconnected mechanisms, affecting both elongation and initiation of translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Mendonsa
- Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany.,Free University, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nicolai von Kuegelgen
- Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany.,Free University, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lucija Bujanic
- Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marina Chekulaeva
- Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
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18
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Suliman M, Schmidtke MW, Greenberg ML. The Role of the UPR Pathway in the Pathophysiology and Treatment of Bipolar Disorder. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:735622. [PMID: 34531727 PMCID: PMC8439382 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.735622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bipolar disorder (BD) is a mood disorder that affects millions worldwide and is associated with severe mood swings between mania and depression. The mood stabilizers valproate (VPA) and lithium (Li) are among the main drugs that are used to treat BD patients. However, these drugs are not effective for all patients and cause serious side effects. Therefore, better drugs are needed to treat BD patients. The main barrier to developing new drugs is the lack of knowledge about the therapeutic mechanism of currently available drugs. Several hypotheses have been proposed for the mechanism of action of mood stabilizers. However, it is still not known how they act to alleviate both mania and depression. The pathology of BD is characterized by mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and abnormalities in calcium signaling. A deficiency in the unfolded protein response (UPR) pathway may be a shared mechanism that leads to these cellular dysfunctions. This is supported by reported abnormalities in the UPR pathway in lymphoblasts from BD patients. Additionally, studies have demonstrated that mood stabilizers alter the expression of several UPR target genes in mouse and human neuronal cells. In this review, we outline a new perspective wherein mood stabilizers exert their therapeutic mechanism by activating the UPR. Furthermore, we discuss UPR abnormalities in BD patients and suggest future research directions to resolve discrepancies in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Suliman
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Michael W Schmidtke
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Miriam L Greenberg
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
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19
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Shiozaki Y, Miyazaki-Anzai S, Keenan AL, Miyazaki M. MEF2D-NR4A1-FAM134B2-mediated reticulophagy contributes to amino acid homeostasis. Autophagy 2021; 18:1049-1061. [PMID: 34517786 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2021.1968228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We recently identified FAM134B2, which is an N-terminal truncated reticulophagy receptor highly induced by starvation such as fasting of mice and treatment of mammalian cells with a starvation medium that does not contain amino acids, glucose and growth factors. However, which starvation signal mediates the induction of FAM134B2 is still obscure. In this study, we found that amino acid deficiency (AAD) could mimic the starvation condition to induce FAM134B2 expression. Unexpectedly, EIF2AK4/GCN2-mediated integrated signal response (ISR) and MTOR (mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase) signals, which constitute two major signaling pathways that respond to AAD, did not contribute to AAD-induced FAM134B2 induction. mRNA-seq and siRNA screenings identified two ISR-independent transcription factors, MEF2D (myocyte enhancer factor 2D) and NR4A1 (nuclear receptor subfamily 4 group A member 1), involved in AAD-induced FAM134B2 expression. AAD induces MEF2D, resulting in the induction of NR4A1, which in turn induces FAM134B2-mediated reticulophagy to maintain intracellular amino acid levels. In conclusion, the MEF2D-NR4A1-FAM134B2 cascade is a critical signal in amino acid homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Shiozaki
- Department of Medicine, Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Shinobu Miyazaki-Anzai
- Department of Medicine, Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Audrey L Keenan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Makoto Miyazaki
- Department of Medicine, Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
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20
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Gauthier-Coles G, Vennitti J, Zhang Z, Comb WC, Xing S, Javed K, Bröer A, Bröer S. Quantitative modelling of amino acid transport and homeostasis in mammalian cells. Nat Commun 2021; 12:5282. [PMID: 34489418 PMCID: PMC8421413 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25563-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Homeostasis is one of the fundamental concepts in physiology. Despite remarkable progress in our molecular understanding of amino acid transport, metabolism and signaling, it remains unclear by what mechanisms cytosolic amino acid concentrations are maintained. We propose that amino acid transporters are the primary determinants of intracellular amino acid levels. We show that a cell’s endowment with amino acid transporters can be deconvoluted experimentally and used this data to computationally simulate amino acid translocation across the plasma membrane. Transport simulation generates cytosolic amino acid concentrations that are close to those observed in vitro. Perturbations of the system are replicated in silico and can be applied to systems where only transcriptomic data are available. This work explains amino acid homeostasis at the systems-level, through a combination of secondary active transporters, functionally acting as loaders, harmonizers and controller transporters to generate a stable equilibrium of all amino acid concentrations. Cytosolic amino acid concentrations are carefully maintained, but how homeostasis occurs is unclear. Here, the authors show that amino acid transporters primarily determine intracellular amino acid levels and develop a model that predicts a perturbation response similar to experimental data.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jade Vennitti
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Zhiduo Zhang
- Division of Genome Science and Cancer, ACRF INCITe Centre - ANU Node, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | | | | | - Kiran Javed
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Angelika Bröer
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Stefan Bröer
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia.
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21
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Alfred N, Qian B, Qin X, Yin X, Prajapati M, Dou Y, Li Y, Zhang Z. Inhibition of eIF2α Phosphorylation by Peste des Petits Ruminant Virus Phosphoprotein Facilitates Viral Replication. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:645571. [PMID: 34295932 PMCID: PMC8290123 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.645571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Peste des petits ruminant virus (PPRV) causes a highly contagious disease in small ruminants. The molecular mechanism of PPRV replication and its interactions with hosts are poorly studied. In other paramyxoviruses, the viral phosphoprotein (P) has been associated with multiple functions for key biological processes such as the regulation of transcription, translation, and the control of cell cycle. Phosphorylation of the α subunit of eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF2α) is an important process for gene regulation in host cells under stress, including viral infection. In the present study, molecular mechanisms associated with PPRV replication and viral interaction with host cells were investigated. We describe the ability of PPRV to dephosphorylate eIF2α and the potential of PPRV P protein to induce the host cellular growth arrest DNA damage protein (GADD34), which is known to be associated with eIF2α dephosphorylation. Furthermore, we observed that PPRV P protein alone could block PERK/eIF2α phosphorylation. We speculate that PPRV exploits eIF2α dephosphorylation to facilitate viral replication and that PPRV P protein is involved in this molecular mechanism. This work provides new insights into further understanding PPRV pathobiology and its viral/host interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niyokwishimira Alfred
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China.,College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Bang Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiaodong Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiangping Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Meera Prajapati
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China.,College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yongxi Dou
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yanmin Li
- College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhidong Zhang
- College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, China
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22
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Ohtsuka H, Kobayashi M, Shimasaki T, Sato T, Akanuma G, Kitaura Y, Otsubo Y, Yamashita A, Aiba H. Magnesium depletion extends fission yeast lifespan via general amino acid control activation. Microbiologyopen 2021; 10:e1176. [PMID: 33970532 PMCID: PMC8088111 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.1176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Nutrients including glucose, nitrogen, sulfur, zinc, and iron are involved in the regulation of chronological lifespan (CLS) of yeast, which serves as a model of the lifespan of differentiated cells of higher organisms. Herein, we show that magnesium (Mg2+) depletion extends CLS of the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe through a mechanism involving the Ecl1 gene family. We discovered that ecl1+ expression, which extends CLS, responds to Mg2+ depletion. Therefore, we investigated the underlying intracellular responses. In amino acid auxotrophic strains, Mg2+ depletion robustly induces ecl1+ expression through the activation of the general amino acid control (GAAC) pathway—the equivalent of the amino acid response of mammals. Polysome analysis indicated that the expression of Ecl1 family genes was required for regulating ribosome amount when cells were starved, suggesting that Ecl1 family gene products control the abundance of ribosomes, which contributes to longevity through the activation of the evolutionarily conserved GAAC pathway. The present study extends our understanding of the cellular response to Mg2+ depletion and its influence on the mechanism controlling longevity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hokuto Ohtsuka
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Mikuto Kobayashi
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takafumi Shimasaki
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Teppei Sato
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Genki Akanuma
- Department of Life Science, College of Sciences, Rikkyo University, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Life Science, Graduate School of Science, Gakushuin University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Kitaura
- Laboratory of Nutritional Biochemistry, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yoko Otsubo
- Laboratory of Cell Responses, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Japan.,National Institute for Fusion Science, Toki, Japan.,Center for Novel Science Initiatives, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Akira Yamashita
- Laboratory of Cell Responses, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Japan.,Center for Novel Science Initiatives, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Japan.,Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Aiba
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
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23
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Bruhat A, Papet I, Fafournoux P. Complex Mechanisms Link Dietary Sulfur Amino Acid Restriction to Health Improvement. J Nutr 2021; 151:749-750. [PMID: 33693727 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxaa457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Alain Bruhat
- PROTEOSTASIS Team, Unit of Human Nutrition, Clermont Auvergne University, National Institute of Agronomic Research (INRAe), Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Isabelle Papet
- PROTEOSTASIS Team, Unit of Human Nutrition, Clermont Auvergne University, National Institute of Agronomic Research (INRAe), Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Pierre Fafournoux
- PROTEOSTASIS Team, Unit of Human Nutrition, Clermont Auvergne University, National Institute of Agronomic Research (INRAe), Clermont-Ferrand, France
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24
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Huang H, Zhou P, Wei J, Long L, Shi H, Dhungana Y, Chapman NM, Fu G, Saravia J, Raynor JL, Liu S, Palacios G, Wang YD, Qian C, Yu J, Chi H. In vivo CRISPR screening reveals nutrient signaling processes underpinning CD8 + T cell fate decisions. Cell 2021; 184:1245-1261.e21. [PMID: 33636132 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
How early events in effector T cell (TEFF) subsets tune memory T cell (TMEM) responses remains incompletely understood. Here, we systematically investigated metabolic factors in fate determination of TEFF and TMEM cells using in vivo pooled CRISPR screening, focusing on negative regulators of TMEM responses. We found that amino acid transporters Slc7a1 and Slc38a2 dampened the magnitude of TMEM differentiation, in part through modulating mTORC1 signaling. By integrating genetic and systems approaches, we identified cellular and metabolic heterogeneity among TEFF cells, with terminal effector differentiation associated with establishment of metabolic quiescence and exit from the cell cycle. Importantly, Pofut1 (protein-O-fucosyltransferase-1) linked GDP-fucose availability to downstream Notch-Rbpj signaling, and perturbation of this nutrient signaling axis blocked terminal effector differentiation but drove context-dependent TEFF proliferation and TMEM development. Our study establishes that nutrient uptake and signaling are key determinants of T cell fate and shape the quantity and quality of TMEM responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongling Huang
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Peipei Zhou
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Jun Wei
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Lingyun Long
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Hao Shi
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Yogesh Dhungana
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Nicole M Chapman
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Guotong Fu
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Jordy Saravia
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Jana L Raynor
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Shaofeng Liu
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Gustavo Palacios
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Yong-Dong Wang
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Chenxi Qian
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA; Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Jiyang Yu
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Hongbo Chi
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.
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25
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Jonsson WO, Margolies NS, Mirek ET, Zhang Q, Linden MA, Hill CM, Link C, Bithi N, Zalma B, Levy JL, Pettit AP, Miller JW, Hine C, Morrison CD, Gettys TW, Miller BF, Hamilton KL, Wek RC, Anthony TG. Physiologic Responses to Dietary Sulfur Amino Acid Restriction in Mice Are Influenced by Atf4 Status and Biological Sex. J Nutr 2021; 151:785-799. [PMID: 33512502 PMCID: PMC8030708 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxaa396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dietary sulfur amino acid restriction (SAAR) improves body composition and metabolic health across several model organisms in part through induction of the integrated stress response (ISR). OBJECTIVE We investigate the hypothesis that activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4) acts as a converging point in the ISR during SAAR. METHODS Using liver-specific or global gene ablation strategies, in both female and male mice, we address the role of ATF4 during dietary SAAR. RESULTS We show that ATF4 is dispensable in the chronic induction of the hepatokine fibroblast growth factor 21 while being essential for the sustained production of endogenous hydrogen sulfide. We also affirm that biological sex, independent of ATF4 status, is a determinant of the response to dietary SAAR. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that auxiliary components of the ISR, which are independent of ATF4, are critical for SAAR-mediated improvements in metabolic health in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- William O Jonsson
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | | | - Emily T Mirek
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Qian Zhang
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Colorado State University, Ft. Collins, CO, USA
| | - Melissa A Linden
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Colorado State University, Ft. Collins, CO, USA,Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Cristal M Hill
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Christopher Link
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Nazmin Bithi
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Brian Zalma
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Jordan L Levy
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Ashley P Pettit
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Joshua W Miller
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Christopher Hine
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | | | - Thomas W Gettys
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Benjamin F Miller
- Aging & Metabolism Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Karyn L Hamilton
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Colorado State University, Ft. Collins, CO, USA
| | - Ronald C Wek
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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26
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Still Living Better through Chemistry: An Update on Caloric Restriction and Caloric Restriction Mimetics as Tools to Promote Health and Lifespan. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21239220. [PMID: 33287232 PMCID: PMC7729921 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21239220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Caloric restriction (CR), the reduction of caloric intake without inducing malnutrition, is the most reproducible method of extending health and lifespan across numerous organisms, including humans. However, with nearly one-third of the world’s population overweight, it is obvious that caloric restriction approaches are difficult for individuals to achieve. Therefore, identifying compounds that mimic CR is desirable to promote longer, healthier lifespans without the rigors of restricting diet. Many compounds, such as rapamycin (and its derivatives), metformin, or other naturally occurring products in our diets (nutraceuticals), induce CR-like states in laboratory models. An alternative to CR is the removal of specific elements (such as individual amino acids) from the diet. Despite our increasing knowledge of the multitude of CR approaches and CR mimetics, the extent to which these strategies overlap mechanistically remains unclear. Here we provide an update of CR and CR mimetic research, summarizing mechanisms by which these strategies influence genome function required to treat age-related pathologies and identify the molecular fountain of youth.
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27
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Engler MJ, Mimura J, Yamazaki S, Itoh K. JDP2 is directly regulated by ATF4 and modulates TRAIL sensitivity by suppressing the ATF4-DR5 axis. FEBS Open Bio 2020; 10:2771-2779. [PMID: 33108704 PMCID: PMC7714084 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.13017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Jun dimerization protein 2 (JDP2) is a bZip‐type transcription factor, which acts as a repressor or activator of several cellular processes, including cell differentiation and chromatin remodeling. Previously, we found that a stress‐responsive transcription factor, known as activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4), enhances JDP2 gene expression in human astrocytoma U373MG and cervical cancer HeLa cells; however, the role of JDP2 in the ATF4‐mediated stress response remained unclear. Here, we reported that siRNA‐mediated JDP2 knockdown enhances the expression of several ATF4 target genes, including ASNS, and death receptors 4 and 5 (DR4 and DR5) in HeLa cells. In addition, the results of a transient reporter assay indicate that JDP2 overexpression represses ER stress‐mediated DR5 promoter activation suggesting that JDP2 negatively regulates ATF4‐mediated gene expression. Curiously, knockdown of JDP2 increases the sensitivity of cells to TNF‐related apoptosis‐inducing ligand (TRAIL), which induces apoptosis in cancer cells through DR4 and DR5. These results indicate that JDP2 functions as a negative feedback regulator of the ATF4 pathway and contributes to TRAIL resistance in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Máté János Engler
- Department of Stress Response Science, Center for Advanced Medical Research, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Junsei Mimura
- Department of Stress Response Science, Center for Advanced Medical Research, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Shun Yamazaki
- Department of Stress Response Science, Center for Advanced Medical Research, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Ken Itoh
- Department of Stress Response Science, Center for Advanced Medical Research, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
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28
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Mukherjee D, Bercz LS, Torok MA, Mace TA. Regulation of cellular immunity by activating transcription factor 4. Immunol Lett 2020; 228:24-34. [PMID: 33002512 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2020.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4) is a DNA binding transcription factor belonging to the family of basic Leucine zipper proteins. ATF4 can be activated in response to multiple cellular stress signals including endoplasmic reticulum stress in the event of improper protein folding or oxidative stress because of mitochondrial dysfunction as well as hypoxia. There are multiple downstream targets of ATF4 that can coordinate the regulation between survival and apoptosis of a cell based on time and exposure to stress. ATF4, therefore, has a broad range of control that results in the modulation of immune cells of the innate and adaptive responses leading to regulation of the cellular immunity. Studies provide evidence that ATF4 can regulate immune cells such as macrophages, T cells, B cells, NK cells and dendritic cells contributing to progression of disease. Immune cells can be exposed to stressed environment in the event of a pathogen attack, infection, inflammation, or in the tumor microenvironment leading to increased ATF4 activity to regulate these responses. ATF4 can further control differentiation and maturation of different immune cell types becoming a determinant of effective immune regulation. Additionally, ATF4 has been heavily implicated in rendering effector immune cells dysfunctional that are used to target tumorigenesis. Therefore, there is a need to evaluate where the literature stands in understanding the overall role of ATF4 in regulating cellular immunity to identify therapeutic targets and generalized mechanisms for different disease progressions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debasmita Mukherjee
- The James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Lena S Bercz
- The James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Molly A Torok
- The James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Thomas A Mace
- The James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States; Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States.
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29
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The role of asparagine synthetase on nutrient metabolism in pancreatic disease. Pancreatology 2020; 20:1029-1034. [PMID: 32800652 DOI: 10.1016/j.pan.2020.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The pancreas avidly takes up and synthesizes the amino acid asparagine (Asn), in part, to maintain an active translational machinery that requires incorporation of the amino acid. The de novo synthesis of Asn in the pancreas occurs through the enzyme asparagine synthetase (ASNS). The pancreas has the highest expression of ASNS of any organ, and it can further upregulate ASNS expression in the setting of amino acid depletion. ASNS expression is driven by an intricate feedback network within the integrated stress response (ISR), which includes the amino acid response (AAR) and the unfolded protein response (UPR). Asparaginase is a cancer chemotherapeutic drug that depletes plasma Asn. However, asparaginase-associated pancreatitis (AAP) is a major medical problem and could be related to pancreatic Asn depletion. In this review, we will provide an overview of ASNS and then describe its role in pancreatic health and in the exocrine disorders of pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer. We will offer the overarching perspective that a high abundance of ASNS expression is hardwired in the exocrine pancreas to buffer the high demands of Asn for pancreatic digestive enzyme protein synthesis, that perturbations in the ability to express or upregulate ASNS could tip the balance towards pancreatitis, and that pancreatic cancers exploit ASNS to gain a metabolic survival advantage.
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30
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Xu Q, Li Y, Gao X, Kang K, Williams JG, Tong L, Liu J, Ji M, Deterding LJ, Tong X, Locasale JW, Li L, Shats I, Li X. HNF4α regulates sulfur amino acid metabolism and confers sensitivity to methionine restriction in liver cancer. Nat Commun 2020; 11:3978. [PMID: 32770044 PMCID: PMC7414133 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-17818-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Methionine restriction, a dietary regimen that protects against metabolic diseases and aging, represses cancer growth and improves cancer therapy. However, the response of different cancer cells to this nutritional manipulation is highly variable, and the molecular determinants of this heterogeneity remain poorly understood. Here we report that hepatocyte nuclear factor 4α (HNF4α) dictates the sensitivity of liver cancer to methionine restriction. We show that hepatic sulfur amino acid (SAA) metabolism is under transcriptional control of HNF4α. Knocking down HNF4α or SAA enzymes in HNF4α-positive epithelial liver cancer lines impairs SAA metabolism, increases resistance to methionine restriction or sorafenib, promotes epithelial-mesenchymal transition, and induces cell migration. Conversely, genetic or metabolic restoration of the transsulfuration pathway in SAA metabolism significantly alleviates the outcomes induced by HNF4α deficiency in liver cancer cells. Our study identifies HNF4α as a regulator of hepatic SAA metabolism that regulates the sensitivity of liver cancer to methionine restriction. The molecular determinants of differential responses of different cancer cells to methionine restriction are poorly understood. Here the authors show that hepatocyte nuclear factor 4α regulates sulfur amino acid metabolism and dictates the sensitivity of liver cancer to this dietary manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Xu
- Signal Transduction Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- Biostatistics and Computational Biology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Xia Gao
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Kai Kang
- Biostatistics and Computational Biology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Jason G Williams
- Mass Spectrometry Research and Support Group, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Lingfeng Tong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200001, Shanghai, China
| | - Juan Liu
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Ming Ji
- Signal Transduction Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Leesa J Deterding
- Mass Spectrometry Research and Support Group, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Xuemei Tong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200001, Shanghai, China
| | - Jason W Locasale
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Leping Li
- Biostatistics and Computational Biology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Igor Shats
- Signal Transduction Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC, 27709, USA.
| | - Xiaoling Li
- Signal Transduction Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC, 27709, USA.
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31
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Williams RT, Guarecuco R, Gates LA, Barrows D, Passarelli MC, Carey B, Baudrier L, Jeewajee S, La K, Prizer B, Malik S, Garcia-Bermudez J, Zhu XG, Cantor J, Molina H, Carroll T, Roeder RG, Abdel-Wahab O, Allis CD, Birsoy K. ZBTB1 Regulates Asparagine Synthesis and Leukemia Cell Response to L-Asparaginase. Cell Metab 2020; 31:852-861.e6. [PMID: 32268116 PMCID: PMC7219601 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2020.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4) is a master transcriptional regulator of the integrated stress response (ISR) that enables cell survival under nutrient stress. The mechanisms by which ATF4 couples metabolic stresses to specific transcriptional outputs remain unknown. Using functional genomics, we identified transcription factors that regulate the responses to distinct amino acid deprivation conditions. While ATF4 is universally required under amino acid starvation, our screens yielded a transcription factor, Zinc Finger and BTB domain-containing protein 1 (ZBTB1), as uniquely essential under asparagine deprivation. ZBTB1 knockout cells are unable to synthesize asparagine due to reduced expression of asparagine synthetase (ASNS), the enzyme responsible for asparagine synthesis. Mechanistically, ZBTB1 binds to the ASNS promoter and promotes ASNS transcription. Finally, loss of ZBTB1 sensitizes therapy-resistant T cell leukemia cells to L-asparaginase, a chemotherapeutic that depletes serum asparagine. Our work reveals a critical regulator of the nutrient stress response that may be of therapeutic value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert T Williams
- Laboratory of Metabolic Regulation and Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Rohiverth Guarecuco
- Laboratory of Metabolic Regulation and Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Leah A Gates
- Laboratory of Chromatin Biology and Epigenetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Douglas Barrows
- Laboratory of Chromatin Biology and Epigenetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Maria C Passarelli
- Laboratory of Systems Cancer Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Bryce Carey
- Laboratory of Chromatin Biology and Epigenetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Lou Baudrier
- Laboratory of Metabolic Regulation and Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Swarna Jeewajee
- Laboratory of Metabolic Regulation and Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Konnor La
- Laboratory of Metabolic Regulation and Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Benjamin Prizer
- Laboratory of Metabolic Regulation and Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sohail Malik
- The Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Javier Garcia-Bermudez
- Laboratory of Metabolic Regulation and Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Xiphias Ge Zhu
- Laboratory of Metabolic Regulation and Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jason Cantor
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI 53715, USA
| | - Henrik Molina
- Proteomics Resource Center, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Thomas Carroll
- Bioinformatics Resource Center, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Robert G Roeder
- The Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Omar Abdel-Wahab
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program and Leukemia Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - C David Allis
- Laboratory of Chromatin Biology and Epigenetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Kıvanç Birsoy
- Laboratory of Metabolic Regulation and Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA.
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32
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Chiu M, Taurino G, Bianchi MG, Kilberg MS, Bussolati O. Asparagine Synthetase in Cancer: Beyond Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia. Front Oncol 2020; 9:1480. [PMID: 31998641 PMCID: PMC6962308 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.01480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Asparagine Synthetase (ASNS) catalyzes the synthesis of the non-essential amino acid asparagine (Asn) from aspartate (Asp) and glutamine (Gln). ASNS expression is highly regulated at the transcriptional level, being induced by both the Amino Acid Response (AAR) and the Unfolded Protein Response (UPR) pathways. Lack of ASNS protein expression is a hallmark of Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL) blasts, which, therefore, are auxotrophic for Asn. This peculiarity is the rationale for the use of bacterial L-Asparaginase (ASNase) for ALL therapy, the first example of anti-cancer treatment targeting a tumor-specific metabolic feature. Other hematological and solid cancers express low levels of ASNS and, therefore, should also be Asn auxotrophs and ASNase sensitive. Conversely, in the last few years, several reports indicate that in some cancer types ASNS is overexpressed, promoting cell proliferation, chemoresistance, and a metastatic behavior. However, enhanced ASNS activity may constitute a metabolic vulnerability in selected cancer models, suggesting a variable and tumor-specific role of the enzyme in cancer. Recent evidence indicates that, beyond its canonical role in protein synthesis, Asn may have additional regulatory functions. These observations prompt a re-appreciation of ASNS activity in the biology of normal and cancer tissues, with particular attention to the fueling of Asn exchange between cancer cells and the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Chiu
- Laboratory of General Pathology, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Taurino
- Laboratory of General Pathology, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Massimiliano G Bianchi
- Laboratory of General Pathology, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Michael S Kilberg
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Ovidio Bussolati
- Laboratory of General Pathology, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
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Pioche T, Skiba F, Bernadet MD, Seiliez I, Massimino W, Houssier M, Tavernier A, Ricaud K, Davail S, Skiba-Cassy S, Gontier K. Kinetic study of the expression of genes related to hepatic steatosis, glucose and lipid metabolism, and cellular stress during overfeeding in mule ducks. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2020; 318:R453-R467. [PMID: 31913683 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00198.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Induced by overfeeding, hepatic steatosis is a process exploited for the "foie gras" production in mule ducks. To better understand the mechanisms underlying its development, the physiological responses of mule ducks overfed with corn for a duration of 11 days were analyzed. A kinetic analysis of glucose and lipid metabolism and cell protection mechanisms was performed on 96 male mule ducks during overfeeding with three sampling times (after the 4th, the 12th, and the 22nd meal). Gene expression and protein analysis realized on the liver, muscle, and abdominal fat showed an activation of a cholesterol biosynthetic pathway during the complete overfeeding period mainly in livers with significant correlations between its weight and its cholesterolemia (r = 0.88; P < 0.0001) and between the liver weight and the hmgcr and soat1 expression (r = 0.4, P < 0.0001 and r = 0.67; P < 0.0001, respectively). Results also revealed an activation of insulin and amino acid cells signaling a pathway suggesting that ducks boost insulin sensitivity to raise glucose uptake and use via glycolysis and lipogenesis. Cellular stress analysis revealed an upregulation of key autophagy-related gene expression atg8 and sqstm1(P < 0.0001) during the complete overfeeding period, mainly in the liver, in contrast to an induction of cyp2e1(P < 0.0001), suggesting that autophagy could be suppressed during steatosis development. This study has highlighted different mechanisms enabling mule ducks to efficiently handle the starch overload by keeping its liver in a nonpathological state. Moreover, it has revealed potential biomarker candidates of hepatic steatosis as plasma cholesterol for the liver weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy Pioche
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Univ Pau & Pays Adour, Energy and Environment Solutions initiative, Nutrition, Métabolisme, Aquaculture, Saint-Pée-sur-Nivelle, France
| | - Fabien Skiba
- Nutricia, Route de Saint-Sever, Haut-Mauco, France
| | - Marie-Dominique Bernadet
- Unité Expérimentale Palmipèdes à Foie Gras, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique Bordeaux-Aquitaine, Domaine d'Artiguères, Benquet, France
| | - Iban Seiliez
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Univ Pau & Pays Adour, Energy and Environment Solutions initiative, Nutrition, Métabolisme, Aquaculture, Saint-Pée-sur-Nivelle, France
| | - William Massimino
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Univ Pau & Pays Adour, Energy and Environment Solutions initiative, Nutrition, Métabolisme, Aquaculture, Saint-Pée-sur-Nivelle, France
| | - Marianne Houssier
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Univ Pau & Pays Adour, Energy and Environment Solutions initiative, Nutrition, Métabolisme, Aquaculture, Saint-Pée-sur-Nivelle, France
| | - Annabelle Tavernier
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Univ Pau & Pays Adour, Energy and Environment Solutions initiative, Nutrition, Métabolisme, Aquaculture, Saint-Pée-sur-Nivelle, France
| | - Karine Ricaud
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Univ Pau & Pays Adour, Energy and Environment Solutions initiative, Nutrition, Métabolisme, Aquaculture, Saint-Pée-sur-Nivelle, France
| | - Stéphane Davail
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Univ Pau & Pays Adour, Energy and Environment Solutions initiative, Nutrition, Métabolisme, Aquaculture, Saint-Pée-sur-Nivelle, France
| | - Sandrine Skiba-Cassy
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Univ Pau & Pays Adour, Energy and Environment Solutions initiative, Nutrition, Métabolisme, Aquaculture, Saint-Pée-sur-Nivelle, France
| | - Karine Gontier
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Univ Pau & Pays Adour, Energy and Environment Solutions initiative, Nutrition, Métabolisme, Aquaculture, Saint-Pée-sur-Nivelle, France
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Brearley MC, Li C, Daniel ZC, Loughna PT, Parr T, Brameld JM. Changes in expression of serine biosynthesis and integrated stress response genes during myogenic differentiation of C2C12 cells. Biochem Biophys Rep 2019; 20:100694. [PMID: 31681859 PMCID: PMC6818154 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2019.100694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Revised: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle is a highly metabolic and dynamic tissue that is formed through the complex and well-organised process of myogenesis. Although there is a good understanding about the role of the Muscle Regulatory Factors during myogenesis, little is known about the potential interplay of other metabolic proteins. The aim of this study was to determine the endogenous mRNA expression profile for a novel group of genes, recently associated with β2-adrenergic agonist (BA) induced muscle hypertrophy in pigs [1], during myogenic differentiation in C2C12 cells and their response to dibutyryl cyclic-AMP (dbcAMP). These genes included mitochondrial phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PCK2/PEPCK-M), genes involved in serine biosynthesis (Phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase, PHGDH; Phosphoserine aminotransferase-1, PSAT1; Phosphoserine phosphatase, PSPH) and those involved in an integrated stress response (Asparagine synthetase, ASNS; Sestrin-2, SESN2; and Activating transcription factor-5, ATF5). A coordinated peak in endogenous PCK2, PHGDH, PSAT1, PSPH, ASNS, ATF5 and SESN2 mRNA expression was observed at day 2 of differentiation (P < 0.001) in C2C12 cells, which coincided with the peak in myogenin mRNA. Myotube hypertrophy was induced with dbcAMP (1 mM) treatment from day 0, thereby mimicking the in vivo BA response. Although dbcAMP treatment from day 0 induced larger myotubes and increased both myosin heavy chain-IIB (MyHC-IIB) and pyruvate carboxylase (PC) mRNA, the expression of PCK2, PHGDH, PSAT1 and ASNS mRNA were all unaffected. Treatment with dbcAMP from day 4 increased MyHC-IIB mRNA, however this was less dramatic compared to the response observed following treatment from day 0, but there was no effect on PC mRNA. There was also no effect of dbcAMP treatment from day 4 on PCK2, PHGDH, PSAT1 and ASNS mRNA. To conclude, the coordinated day 2 peak in endogenous expression of PCK2, PHGDH, PSAT1, PSPH, ASNS, ATF5 and SESN2 mRNA may relate to a shift in biosynthetic demand required to initiate myogenic differentiation. However, dbcAMP had no effect on the expression of these genes in vitro suggesting that the effects observed in BA-treated pigs might be via other signalling pathways from the activation of the β2-adrenergic receptor, but independent of cAMP, or that there are species differences in the response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madelaine C. Brearley
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Congcong Li
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding, and Reproduction of the Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Zoe C.T.R. Daniel
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Paul T. Loughna
- School of Veterinary Medicine & Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Tim Parr
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - John M. Brameld
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE12 5RD, UK
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Pällmann N, Livgård M, Tesikova M, Zeynep Nenseth H, Akkus E, Sikkeland J, Jin Y, Koc D, Kuzu OF, Pradhan M, Danielsen HE, Kahraman N, Mokhlis HM, Ozpolat B, Banerjee PP, Uren A, Fazli L, Rennie PS, Jin Y, Saatcioglu F. Regulation of the unfolded protein response through ATF4 and FAM129A in prostate cancer. Oncogene 2019; 38:6301-6318. [DOI: 10.1038/s41388-019-0879-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Grannell A, De Vito G, Murphy JC, le Roux CW. The influence of skeletal muscle on appetite regulation. Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab 2019; 14:267-282. [PMID: 31106601 DOI: 10.1080/17446651.2019.1618185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Fat-free mass, of which skeletal muscle is amajor component, correlates positively with energy intake at energy balance. This is due to the effects of metabolically active tissue on energy expenditure which in itself appears to signal to the brain adrive to eat to ensure cellular energy homeostasis. The mechanisms responsible for this drive to eat are unknown but are likely to be related to energy utilization. Here muscle imparts an indirect influence on hunger. The drive to eat is also enhanced after muscle loss secondary to intentional weight loss. The evidence suggests loss of both fat mass and skeletal muscle mass directly influences the trajectory and magnitude of weight regain highlighting their potential role in long-termappetite control. The mechanisms responsible for the potential direct drive to eat stemming from muscle loss are unknown. AREAS COVERED The literature pertaining to muscle and appetite at energy balance and after weight loss was examined. Aliterature search was conducted to identify studies related to appetite, muscle, exercise, and weight loss. EXPERT OPINION Understanding the mechanisms which link energy expenditure and muscle loss to hunger has the potential to positively impact both the prevention and the treatment of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Grannell
- a Diabetes Complications Research Centre, Conway Institute, School of Medicine and Medical Sciences , University College Dublin , Dublin , Ireland
- b MedFit Proactive Healthcare, Blackrock , Dublin , Ireland
| | - Giuseppe De Vito
- c School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sports Science , University College Dublin , Dublin , Ireland
| | - John C Murphy
- b MedFit Proactive Healthcare, Blackrock , Dublin , Ireland
| | - Carel W le Roux
- a Diabetes Complications Research Centre, Conway Institute, School of Medicine and Medical Sciences , University College Dublin , Dublin , Ireland
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Mateus-Seidl R, Stahl S, Dengl S, Birzele F, Herrmuth H, Mayer K, Niederfellner G, Liu XF, Pastan I, Brinkmann U. Interplay between reversible phosphorylation and irreversible ADP-ribosylation of eukaryotic translation elongation factor 2. Biol Chem 2019; 400:501-512. [PMID: 30218597 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2018-0280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The functionality of eukaryotic translation elongation factor 2 (eEF2) is modulated by phosphorylation, eEF2 is simultaneously the molecular target of ADP-ribosylating toxins. We analyzed the interplay between phosphorylation and diphthamide-dependent ADP-ribosylation. Phosphorylation does not require diphthamide, eEF2 without it still becomes phosphorylated. ADP-ribosylation not only modifies the H715 diphthamide but also inhibits phosphorylation of S595 located in proximity to H715, and stimulates phosphorylation of T56. S595 can be phosphorylated by CDK2 and CDK1 which affects EEF2K-mediated T56-phosphorylation. Thus, ADP-ribosylation and S595-phosphorylation by kinases occur within the same vicinity and both trigger T56-phosphorylation. Diphthamide is surface-accessible permitting access to ADP-ribosylating enzymes, the adjacent S595 side chain extends into the interior. This orientation is incompatible with phosphorylation, neither allowing kinase access nor phosphate attachment. S595 phosphorylation must therefore be accompanied by structural alterations affecting the interface to ADP-ribosylating toxins. In agreement with that, replacement of S595 with Ala, Glu or Asp prevents ADP-ribosylation. Phosphorylation (starvation) as well as ADP-ribosylation (toxins) inhibit protein synthesis, both affect the S595/H715 region of eEF2, both trigger T57-phosphorylation eliciting similar transcriptional responses. Phosphorylation is short lived while ADP-ribosylation is stable. Thus, phosphorylation of the S595/H715 'modifier region' triggers transient interruption of translation while ADP-ribosylation arrests irreversibly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Mateus-Seidl
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Discovery Oncology, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Nonnenwald 2, D-82377 Penzberg, FRG, Germany
| | - Sebastian Stahl
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Large Molecule Research, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Nonnenwald 2, D-82377 Penzberg, FRG, Germany
| | - Stefan Dengl
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Large Molecule Research, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Nonnenwald 2, D-82377 Penzberg, FRG, Germany
| | - Fabian Birzele
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences- Bioinformatics, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Grenzacherstr. 124, CH-4070 Basel, Germany
| | - Hedda Herrmuth
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Discovery Oncology, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Nonnenwald 2, D-82377 Penzberg, FRG, Germany
| | - Klaus Mayer
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Large Molecule Research, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Nonnenwald 2, D-82377 Penzberg, FRG, Germany
| | - Gerhard Niederfellner
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Discovery Oncology, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Nonnenwald 2, D-82377 Penzberg, FRG, Germany
| | - Xiu-Fen Liu
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 37 Convent Dr, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Ira Pastan
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 37 Convent Dr, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Ulrich Brinkmann
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Large Molecule Research, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Nonnenwald 2, D-82377 Penzberg, FRG, Germany
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Stretton C, Lipina C, Hyde R, Cwiklinski E, Hoffmann TM, Taylor PM, Hundal HS. CDK7 is a component of the integrated stress response regulating SNAT2 (SLC38A2)/System A adaptation in response to cellular amino acid deprivation. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2019; 1866:978-991. [PMID: 30857869 PMCID: PMC6456927 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2019.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular amino acid (AA) withdrawal/restriction invokes an integrated stress response (ISR) that induces global suppression of protein synthesis whilst allowing transcription and translation of a select group of genes, whose protein products facilitate cellular adaptation to AA insufficiency. Transcriptional induction of the System A/SNAT2 AA transporter represents a classic adaptation response and crucially depends upon activation of the General Control Nonderepressible-2 kinase/Activating transcription factor 4 (GCN2/ATF4) pathway. However, the ISR may also include additional signalling inputs operating in conjunction or independently of GCN2/ATF4 to upregulate SNAT2. Herein, we show that whilst pharmacological inhibition of MEK-ERK, mTORC1 and p38 MAP kinase signalling has no detectable effect on System A upregulation, inhibitors targeting GSK3 (e.g. SB415286) caused significant repression of the SNAT2 adaptation response. Strikingly, the effects of SB415286 persist in cells in which GSK3α/β have been stably silenced indicating an off-target effect. We show that SB415286 can also inhibit cyclin-dependent kinases (CDK) and that roscovitine and flavopiridol (two pan CDK inhibitors) are effective repressors of the SNAT2 adaptive response. In particular, our work reveals that CDK7 activity is upregulated in AA-deprived cells in a GCN-2-dependent manner and that a potent and selective CDK7 inhibitor, THZ-1, not only attenuates the increase in ATF4 expression but blocks System A adaptation. Importantly, the inhibitory effects of THZ-1 on System A adaptation are mitigated in cells expressing a doxycycline-inducible drug-resistant form of CDK7. Our data identify CDK7 as a novel component of the ISR regulating System A adaptation in response to AA insufficiency. Roscovitine and flavopiridol (CDK inhibitors) block the System A adaptive response. Extracellular amino acid (AA) withdrawal induces CDK7 activation. Pharmacological inhibition of GCN2 represses CDK7 activation in AA-deprived cells. Targeted suppression of CDK7 represses ATF4 expression and System A adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare Stretton
- Division of Cell Signalling and Immunology, Sir James Black Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Christopher Lipina
- Division of Cell Signalling and Immunology, Sir James Black Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Russell Hyde
- Division of Cell Signalling and Immunology, Sir James Black Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Emma Cwiklinski
- Division of Cell Signalling and Immunology, Sir James Black Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Thorsten M Hoffmann
- Division of Cell Signalling and Immunology, Sir James Black Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Peter M Taylor
- Division of Cell Signalling and Immunology, Sir James Black Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Harinder S Hundal
- Division of Cell Signalling and Immunology, Sir James Black Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK.
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Bröer A, Gauthier-Coles G, Rahimi F, van Geldermalsen M, Dorsch D, Wegener A, Holst J, Bröer S. Ablation of the ASCT2 ( SLC1A5) gene encoding a neutral amino acid transporter reveals transporter plasticity and redundancy in cancer cells. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:4012-4026. [PMID: 30635397 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.006378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2018] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The neutral amino acid transporter solute carrier family 1 member 5 (SLC1A5 or ASCT2) is overexpressed in many cancers. To identify its roles in tumors, we employed 143B osteosarcoma cells and HCC1806 triple-negative breast cancer cells with or without ASCT2 deletion. ASCT2ko 143B cells grew well in standard culture media, but ASCT2 was required for optimal growth at <0.5 mm glutamine, with tumor spheroid growth and monolayer migration of 143B ASCT2ko cells being strongly impaired at lower glutamine concentrations. However, the ASCT2 deletion did not affect matrix-dependent invasion. ASCT2ko 143B xenografts in nude mice exhibited a slower onset of growth and a higher number of small tumors than ASCT2wt 143B xenografts, but did not differ in average tumor size 25 days after xenotransplantation. ASCT2 deficiency was compensated by increased levels of sodium neutral amino acid transporter 1 (SNAT1 or SLC38A1) and SNAT2 (SLC38A2) in ASCT2ko 143B cells, mediated by a GCN2 EIF2α kinase (GCN2)-dependent pathway, but this compensation was not observed in ASCT2ko HCC1806 cells. Combined SNAT1 silencing and GCN2 inhibition significantly inhibited growth of ASCT2ko HCC1806 cells, but not of ASCT2ko 143B cells. Similarly, pharmacological inhibition of l-type amino acid transporter 1 (LAT1) and GCN2 significantly inhibited growth of ASCT2ko HCC1806 cells, but not of ASCT2ko 143B cells. We conclude that cancer cells with reduced transporter plasticity are more vulnerable to disruption of amino acid homeostasis than cells with a full capacity to up-regulate redundant transporters by an integrated stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelika Bröer
- From the Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Gregory Gauthier-Coles
- From the Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Farid Rahimi
- From the Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Michelle van Geldermalsen
- Origins of Cancer Program, Centenary Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2050, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | | | | | - Jeff Holst
- School of Medical Sciences and Prince of Wales Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Stefan Bröer
- From the Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia,
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40
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Xu X, Krumm C, So JS, Bare CJ, Holman C, Gromada J, Cohen DE, Lee AH. Preemptive Activation of the Integrated Stress Response Protects Mice From Diet-Induced Obesity and Insulin Resistance by Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 Induction. Hepatology 2018; 68:2167-2181. [PMID: 29698569 PMCID: PMC6203669 DOI: 10.1002/hep.30060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Integrated stress response (ISR) is a signaling system in which phosphorylation of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2α (eIF2α) by stress-specific kinases and subsequent activation of activation transcription factor (ATF) 4 help restore cellular homeostasis following exposure to environmental stresses. ISR activation has been observed in metabolic diseases, including hepatic steatosis (HS), steatohepatitis (SH), and insulin resistance (IR), but it remains unclear whether ISR contributes to disease pathogenesis or represents an innate defense mechanism against metabolic stresses. Constitutive repressor of eIF2α phosphorylation (CReP) is a critical regulatory subunit of the eIF2α phosphatase complex. Here, we show that CReP ablation causes constitutive eIF2α phosphorylation in the liver, which leads to activation of the ATF4 transcriptional program including increased fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) production. Liver-specific CReP knockout (CRePLKO ) mice exhibited marked browning of white adipose tissue (WAT) and increased energy expenditure and insulin sensitivity in an FGF21-dependent manner. Furthermore, CRePLKO mice were protected from high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity, HS, and IR. Acute CReP ablation in liver of HFD-induced obese mice also reduced adiposity and improved glucose homeostasis. Conclusion: These data suggest that CReP abundance is a critical determinant for eIF2α phosphorylation and ensuing ISR activation in the liver. Constitutive ISR activation in the liver induces FGF21 and confers protection from HFD-induced adiposity, IR, and HS in mice. Augmenting hepatic ISR may represent a therapeutic approach to treat metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Xu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065,Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Joan & Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Christopher Krumm
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065,Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Joan & Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Jae-Seon So
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065,Department of Medical Biotechnology, Dongguk University Gyeongju, Gyeongju-si, Korea
| | - Curtis J. Bare
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Joan & Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Corey Holman
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Joan & Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Jesper Gromada
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Tarrytown, New York 10591, USA
| | - David E. Cohen
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Joan & Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Ann-Hwee Lee
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065,Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Tarrytown, New York 10591, USA,Correspondence to: Ann-Hwee Lee, PhD, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY 10591, Phone: 914-847-1997,
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41
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Geoghegan D, Arnall C, Hatton D, Noble-Longster J, Sellick C, Senussi T, James DC. Control of amino acid transport into Chinese hamster ovary cells. Biotechnol Bioeng 2018; 115:2908-2929. [PMID: 29987891 DOI: 10.1002/bit.26794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Revised: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Amino acid transporters (AATs) represent a key interface between the cell and its environment, critical for all cellular processes: Energy generation, redox control, and synthesis of cell and product biomass. However, very little is known about the activity of different functional classes of AATs in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, how they support cell growth and productivity, and the potential for engineering their activity and/or the composition of amino acids in growth media to improve CHO cell performance in vitro. In this study, we have comparatively characterized AAT expression in untransfected and monoclonal antibody (MAb)-producing CHO cells using transcriptome analysis by RNA-seq, and mechanistically dissected AAT function using a variety of transporter-specific chemical inhibitors, comparing their effect on cell proliferation, recombinant protein production, and amino acid transport. Of a possible 56 mammalian plasma membrane AATs, 16 AAT messenger RNAs (mRNAs) were relatively abundant across all CHO cell populations. Of these, a subset of nine AAT mRNAs were more abundant in CHO cells engineered to produce a recombinant MAb. Together, upregulated AATs provide additional supply of specific amino acids overrepresented in MAb biomass compared to CHO host cell biomass, enable transport of synthetic substrates for glutathione synthesis, facilitate transport of essential amino acids to maintain active protein synthesis, and provide amino acid substrates for coordinated antiport systems to maintain supplies of proteinogenic and essential amino acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darren Geoghegan
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Claire Arnall
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | | | - Joanne Noble-Longster
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | | | | | - David C James
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
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42
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Adam I, Dewi DL, Mooiweer J, Sadik A, Mohapatra SR, Berdel B, Keil M, Sonner JK, Thedieck K, Rose AJ, Platten M, Heiland I, Trump S, Opitz CA. Upregulation of tryptophanyl-tRNA synthethase adapts human cancer cells to nutritional stress caused by tryptophan degradation. Oncoimmunology 2018; 7:e1486353. [PMID: 30524887 PMCID: PMC6279332 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2018.1486353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Revised: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Tryptophan (Trp) metabolism is an important target in immuno-oncology as it represents a powerful immunosuppressive mechanism hijacked by tumors for protection against immune destruction. However, it remains unclear how tumor cells can proliferate while degrading the essential amino acid Trp. Trp is incorporated into proteins after it is attached to its tRNA by tryptophanyl-tRNA synthestases. As the tryptophanyl-tRNA synthestases compete for Trp with the Trp-catabolizing enzymes, the balance between these enzymes will determine whether Trp is used for protein synthesis or is degraded. In human cancers expression of the Trp-degrading enzymes indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase-1 (IDO1) and tryptophan-2,3-dioxygenase (TDO2) was positively associated with the expression of the tryptophanyl-tRNA synthestase WARS. One mechanism underlying the association between IDO1 and WARS identified in this study is their joint induction by IFNγ released from tumor-infiltrating T cells. Moreover, we show here that IDO1- and TDO2-mediated Trp deprivation upregulates WARS expression by activating the general control non-derepressible-2 (GCN2) kinase, leading to phosphorylation of the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2α (eIF2α) and induction of activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4). Trp deprivation induced cytoplasmic WARS expression but did not increase nuclear or extracellular WARS levels. GCN2 protected the cells against the effects of Trp starvation and enabled them to quickly make use of Trp for proliferation once it was replenished. Computational modeling of Trp metabolism revealed that Trp deficiency shifted Trp flux towards WARS and protein synthesis. Our data therefore suggest that the upregulation of WARS via IFNγ and/or GCN2-peIF2α-ATF4 signaling protects Trp-degrading cancer cells from excessive intracellular Trp depletion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabell Adam
- Brain Cancer Metabolism Group, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dyah L Dewi
- Brain Cancer Metabolism Group, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Joram Mooiweer
- Brain Cancer Metabolism Group, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ahmed Sadik
- Brain Cancer Metabolism Group, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Soumya R Mohapatra
- Brain Cancer Metabolism Group, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Bianca Berdel
- Brain Cancer Metabolism Group, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Melanie Keil
- DKTK Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuroimmunology and Brain Tumor Immunology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jana K Sonner
- DKTK Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuroimmunology and Brain Tumor Immunology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kathrin Thedieck
- Laboratory of Pediatrics, Section Systems Medicine of Metabolism and Signalling, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Department for Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Adam J Rose
- Nutrient Metabolism and Signalling Lab, Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Michael Platten
- DKTK Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuroimmunology and Brain Tumor Immunology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Neurology, University Hospital and Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Ines Heiland
- Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, UiT Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Saskia Trump
- Department of Environmental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christiane A Opitz
- Brain Cancer Metabolism Group, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Neurology Clinic and National Center for Tumor Diseases, University Hospital of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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43
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Azzouz-Olden F, Hunt A, DeGrandi-Hoffman G. Transcriptional response of honey bee (Apis mellifera) to differential nutritional status and Nosema infection. BMC Genomics 2018; 19:628. [PMID: 30134827 PMCID: PMC6106827 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-018-5007-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bees are confronting several environmental challenges, including the intermingled effects of malnutrition and disease. Intuitively, pollen is the healthiest nutritional choice, however, commercial substitutes, such as Bee-Pro and MegaBee, are widely used. Herein we examined how feeding natural and artificial diets shapes transcription in the abdomen of the honey bee, and how transcription shifts in combination with Nosema parasitism. Results Gene ontology enrichment revealed that, compared with poor diet (carbohydrates [C]), bees fed pollen (P > C), Bee-Pro (B > C), and MegaBee (M > C) showed a broad upregulation of metabolic processes, especially lipids; however, pollen feeding promoted more functions, and superior proteolysis. The superiority of the pollen diet was also evident through the remarkable overexpression of vitellogenin in bees fed pollen instead of MegaBee or Bee-Pro. Upregulation of bioprocesses under carbohydrates feeding compared to pollen (C > P) provided a clear poor nutritional status, uncovering stark expression changes that were slight or absent relatively to Bee-Pro (C > B) or MegaBee (C > M). Poor diet feeding (C > P) induced starvation response genes and hippo signaling pathway, while it repressed growth through different mechanisms. Carbohydrate feeding (C > P) also elicited ‘adult behavior’, and developmental processes suggesting transition to foraging. Finally, it altered the ‘circadian rhythm’, reflecting the role of this mechanism in the adaptation to nutritional stress in mammals. Nosema-infected bees fed pollen compared to carbohydrates (PN > CN) upheld certain bioprocesses of uninfected bees (P > C). Poor nutritional status was more apparent against pollen (CN > PN) than Bee-Pro (CN > BN) or MegaBee (CN > MN). Nosema accentuated the effects of malnutrition since more starvation-response genes and stress response mechanisms were upregulated in CN > PN compared to C > P. The bioprocess ‘Macromolecular complex assembly’ was also enriched in CN > PN, and involved genes associated with human HIV and/or influenza, thus providing potential candidates for bee-Nosema interactions. Finally, the enzyme Duox emerged as essential for guts defense in bees, similarly to Drosophila. Conclusions These results provide evidence of the superior nutritional status of bees fed pollen instead of artificial substitutes in terms of overall health, even in the presence of a pathogen. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-018-5007-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Arthur Hunt
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40546, USA
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44
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Tuorto F, Legrand C, Cirzi C, Federico G, Liebers R, Müller M, Ehrenhofer-Murray AE, Dittmar G, Gröne HJ, Lyko F. Queuosine-modified tRNAs confer nutritional control of protein translation. EMBO J 2018; 37:embj.201899777. [PMID: 30093495 PMCID: PMC6138434 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201899777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Revised: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Global protein translation as well as translation at the codon level can be regulated by tRNA modifications. In eukaryotes, levels of tRNA queuosinylation reflect the bioavailability of the precursor queuine, which is salvaged from the diet and gut microbiota. We show here that nutritionally determined Q‐tRNA levels promote Dnmt2‐mediated methylation of tRNA Asp and control translational speed of Q‐decoded codons as well as at near‐cognate codons. Deregulation of translation upon queuine depletion results in unfolded proteins that trigger endoplasmic reticulum stress and activation of the unfolded protein response, both in cultured human cell lines and in germ‐free mice fed with a queuosine‐deficient diet. Taken together, our findings comprehensively resolve the role of this anticodon tRNA modification in the context of native protein translation and describe a novel mechanism that links nutritionally determined modification levels to effective polypeptide synthesis and cellular homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Tuorto
- Division of Epigenetics, DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Carine Legrand
- Division of Epigenetics, DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Cansu Cirzi
- Division of Epigenetics, DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany.,Faculty of Biosciences, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Giuseppina Federico
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Reinhard Liebers
- Division of Epigenetics, DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany.,Faculty of Biosciences, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Martin Müller
- Institut für Biologie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Gunnar Dittmar
- Proteome and Genome Research Unit, Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Hermann-Josef Gröne
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Frank Lyko
- Division of Epigenetics, DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
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45
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Inhibition of GCN2 sensitizes ASNS-low cancer cells to asparaginase by disrupting the amino acid response. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E7776-E7785. [PMID: 30061420 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1805523115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
General control nonderepressible 2 (GCN2) plays a major role in the cellular response to amino acid limitation. Although maintenance of amino acid homeostasis is critical for tumor growth, the contribution of GCN2 to cancer cell survival and proliferation is poorly understood. In this study, we generated GCN2 inhibitors and demonstrated that inhibition of GCN2 sensitizes cancer cells with low basal-level expression of asparagine synthetase (ASNS) to the antileukemic agent l-asparaginase (ASNase) in vitro and in vivo. We first tested acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) cells and showed that treatment with GCN2 inhibitors rendered ALL cells sensitive to ASNase by preventing the induction of ASNS, resulting in reduced levels of de novo protein synthesis. Comprehensive gene-expression profiling revealed that combined treatment with ASNase and GCN2 inhibitors induced the stress-activated MAPK pathway, thereby triggering apoptosis. By using cell-panel analyses, we also showed that acute myelogenous leukemia and pancreatic cancer cells were highly sensitive to the combined treatment. Notably, basal ASNS expression at protein levels was significantly correlated with sensitivity to combined treatment. These results provide mechanistic insights into the role of GCN2 in the amino acid response and a rationale for further investigation of GCN2 inhibitors for the treatment of cancer.
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46
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De Vito A, Lazzaro M, Palmisano I, Cittaro D, Riba M, Lazarevic D, Bannai M, Gabellini D, Schiaffino MV. Amino acid deprivation triggers a novel GCN2-independent response leading to the transcriptional reactivation of non-native DNA sequences. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0200783. [PMID: 30020994 PMCID: PMC6051655 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0200783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In a variety of species, reduced food intake, and in particular protein or amino acid (AA) restriction, extends lifespan and healthspan. However, the underlying epigenetic and/or transcriptional mechanisms are largely unknown, and dissection of specific pathways in cultured cells may contribute to filling this gap. We have previously shown that, in mammalian cells, deprivation of essential AAs (methionine/cysteine or tyrosine) leads to the transcriptional reactivation of integrated silenced transgenes, including plasmid and retroviral vectors and latent HIV-1 provirus, by a process involving epigenetic chromatic remodeling and histone acetylation. Here we show that the deprivation of methionine/cysteine also leads to the transcriptional upregulation of endogenous retroviruses, suggesting that essential AA starvation affects the expression not only of exogenous non-native DNA sequences, but also of endogenous anciently-integrated and silenced parasitic elements of the genome. Moreover, we show that the transgene reactivation response is highly conserved in different mammalian cell types, and it is reproducible with deprivation of most essential AAs. The General Control Non-derepressible 2 (GCN2) kinase and the downstream integrated stress response represent the best candidates mediating this process; however, by pharmacological approaches, RNA interference and genomic editing, we demonstrate that they are not implicated. Instead, the response requires MEK/ERK and/or JNK activity and is reproduced by ribosomal inhibitors, suggesting that it is triggered by a novel nutrient-sensing and signaling pathway, initiated by translational block at the ribosome, and independent of mTOR and GCN2. Overall, these findings point to a general transcriptional response to essential AA deprivation, which affects the expression of non-native genomic sequences, with relevant implications for the epigenetic/transcriptional effects of AA restriction in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annarosaria De Vito
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Massimo Lazzaro
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Ilaria Palmisano
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Davide Cittaro
- Center for Translational Genomics and Bioinformatics, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Michela Riba
- Center for Translational Genomics and Bioinformatics, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Dejan Lazarevic
- Center for Translational Genomics and Bioinformatics, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Makoto Bannai
- Frontier Research Labs, Institute for Innovation, Ajinomoto Co., Kawasaki, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Davide Gabellini
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Vittoria Schiaffino
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- * E-mail:
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47
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Lebeau J, Rainbolt TK, Wiseman RL. Coordinating Mitochondrial Biology Through the Stress-Responsive Regulation of Mitochondrial Proteases. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 340:79-128. [PMID: 30072094 PMCID: PMC6402875 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2018.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Proteases are localized throughout mitochondria and function as critical regulators of all aspects of mitochondrial biology. As such, the activities of these proteases are sensitively regulated through transcriptional and post-translational mechanisms to adapt mitochondrial function to specific cellular demands. Here, we discuss the stress-responsive mechanisms responsible for regulating mitochondrial protease activity and the implications of this regulation on mitochondrial function. Furthermore, we describe how imbalances in the activity or regulation of mitochondrial proteases induced by genetic, environmental, or aging-related factors influence mitochondria in the context of disease. Understanding the molecular mechanisms by which cells regulate mitochondrial function through alterations in protease activity provide insights into the contributions of these proteases in pathologic mitochondrial dysfunction and reveals new therapeutic opportunities to ameliorate this dysfunction in the context of diverse classes of human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justine Lebeau
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - T Kelly Rainbolt
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - R Luke Wiseman
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
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48
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Schmitz ML, Shaban MS, Albert BV, Gökçen A, Kracht M. The Crosstalk of Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) Stress Pathways with NF-κB: Complex Mechanisms Relevant for Cancer, Inflammation and Infection. Biomedicines 2018; 6:biomedicines6020058. [PMID: 29772680 PMCID: PMC6027367 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines6020058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Stressful conditions occuring during cancer, inflammation or infection activate adaptive responses that are controlled by the unfolded protein response (UPR) and the nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells (NF-κB) signaling pathway. These systems can be triggered by chemical compounds but also by cytokines, toll-like receptor ligands, nucleic acids, lipids, bacteria and viruses. Despite representing unique signaling cascades, new data indicate that the UPR and NF-κB pathways converge within the nucleus through ten major transcription factors (TFs), namely activating transcription factor (ATF)4, ATF3, CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein (CEBP) homologous protein (CHOP), X-box-binding protein (XBP)1, ATF6α and the five NF-κB subunits. The combinatorial occupancy of numerous genomic regions (enhancers and promoters) coordinates the transcriptional activation or repression of hundreds of genes that collectively determine the balance between metabolic and inflammatory phenotypes and the extent of apoptosis and autophagy or repair of cell damage and survival. Here, we also discuss results from genetic experiments and chemical activators of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress that suggest a link to the cytosolic inhibitor of NF-κB (IκB)α degradation pathway. These data show that the UPR affects this major control point of NF-κB activation through several mechanisms. Taken together, available evidence indicates that the UPR and NF-κB interact at multiple levels. This crosstalk provides ample opportunities to fine-tune cellular stress responses and could also be exploited therapeutically in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Lienhard Schmitz
- Institute of Biochemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, D-35392 Giessen, Germany.
| | - M Samer Shaban
- Rudolf-Buchheim-Institute of Pharmacology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, D-35392 Giessen, Germany.
| | - B Vincent Albert
- Rudolf-Buchheim-Institute of Pharmacology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, D-35392 Giessen, Germany.
| | - Anke Gökçen
- Rudolf-Buchheim-Institute of Pharmacology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, D-35392 Giessen, Germany.
| | - Michael Kracht
- Rudolf-Buchheim-Institute of Pharmacology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, D-35392 Giessen, Germany.
- Rudolf-Buchheim-Institute of Pharmacology, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Schubertstrasse 81, D-35392 Giessen, Germany.
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49
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Sacharow SJ, Dudenhausen EE, Lomelino CL, Rodan L, El Achkar CM, Olson HE, Genetti CA, Agrawal PB, McKenna R, Kilberg MS. Characterization of a novel variant in siblings with Asparagine Synthetase Deficiency. Mol Genet Metab 2018; 123:317-325. [PMID: 29279279 PMCID: PMC5832599 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2017.12.433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Revised: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Asparagine Synthetase Deficiency (ASD) is a recently described inborn error of metabolism caused by bi-allelic pathogenic variants in the asparagine synthetase (ASNS) gene. ASD typically presents congenitally with microcephaly and severe, often medically refractory, epilepsy. Development is generally severely affected at birth. Tone is abnormal with axial hypotonia and progressive appendicular spasticity. Hyperekplexia has been reported. Neuroimaging typically demonstrates gyral simplification, abnormal myelination, and progressive cerebral atrophy. The present report describes two siblings from consanguineous parents with a homozygous Arg49Gln variant associated with a milder form of ASD that is characterized by later onset of symptoms. Both siblings had a period of normal development before onset of seizures, and development regression. Primary fibroblast studies of the siblings and their parents document that homozygosity for Arg49Gln blocks cell growth in the absence of extracellular asparagine. Functional studies with these cells suggest no impact of the Arg49Gln variant on basal ASNS mRNA or protein levels, nor on regulation of the gene itself. Molecular modelling of the ASNS protein structure indicates that the Arg49Gln variant lies near the substrate binding site for glutamine. Collectively, the results suggest that the Arg49Gln variant affects the enzymatic function of ASNS. The clinical, cellular, and molecular observations from these siblings expand the known phenotypic spectrum of ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie J Sacharow
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Elizabeth E Dudenhausen
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Genetics Institute, University of Florida College of Medicine, 1200 Newell Drive, FL 32608, USA
| | - Carrie L Lomelino
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Genetics Institute, University of Florida College of Medicine, 1200 Newell Drive, FL 32608, USA
| | - Lance Rodan
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, United States; Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Christelle Moufawad El Achkar
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, United States; Epilepsy Genetics Program, Division of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology, Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Heather E Olson
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, United States; Epilepsy Genetics Program, Division of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology, Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Casie A Genetti
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, United States; Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Pankaj B Agrawal
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, United States; Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, United States; Division of Newborn Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Robert McKenna
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Genetics Institute, University of Florida College of Medicine, 1200 Newell Drive, FL 32608, USA
| | - Michael S Kilberg
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Genetics Institute, University of Florida College of Medicine, 1200 Newell Drive, FL 32608, USA.
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50
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General amino acid control in fission yeast is regulated by a nonconserved transcription factor, with functions analogous to Gcn4/Atf4. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E1829-E1838. [PMID: 29432178 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1713991115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Eukaryotes respond to amino acid starvation by enhancing the translation of mRNAs encoding b-ZIP family transcription factors (GCN4 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and ATF4 in mammals), which launch transcriptional programs to counter this stress. This pathway involves phosphorylation of the eIF2 translation factor by Gcn2-protein kinases and is regulated by upstream ORFs (uORFs) in the GCN4/ATF4 5' leaders. Here, we present evidence that the transcription factors that mediate this response are not evolutionarily conserved. Although cells of the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe respond transcriptionally to amino acid starvation, they lack clear Gcn4 and Atf4 orthologs. We used ribosome profiling to identify mediators of this response in S. pombe, looking for transcription factors that behave like GCN4 We discovered a transcription factor (Fil1) translationally induced by amino acid starvation in a 5' leader and Gcn2-dependent manner. Like Gcn4, Fil1 is required for the transcriptional response to amino acid starvation, and Gcn4 and Fil1 regulate similar genes. Despite their similarities in regulation, function, and targets, Fil1 and Gcn4 belong to different transcription factor families (GATA and b-ZIP, respectively). Thus, the same functions are performed by nonorthologous proteins under similar regulation. These results highlight the plasticity of transcriptional networks, which maintain conserved principles with nonconserved regulators.
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