1
|
Jiang Q. Different Roles of Tocopherols and Tocotrienols in Chemoprevention and Treatment of Prostate Cancer. Adv Nutr 2024; 15:100240. [PMID: 38734077 PMCID: PMC11215218 DOI: 10.1016/j.advnut.2024.100240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
The vitamin E family contains α-tocopherol (αT), βT, γT, and δT and α-tocotrienol (TE), βTE, γTE, and δTE. Research has revealed distinct roles of these vitamin E forms in prostate cancer (PCa). The ATBC trial showed that αT at a modest dose significantly decreased PCa mortality among heavy smokers. However, other randomized controlled trials including the Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial (SELECT) indicate that supplementation of high-dose αT (≥400 IU) does not prevent PCa among nonsmokers. Preclinical cell and animal studies also do not support chemopreventive roles of high-dose αT and offer explanations for increased incidence of early-stage PCa reported in the SELECT. In contrast, accumulating animal studies have demonstrated that γT, δT, γTE, and δTE appear to be effective for preventing early-stage PCa from progression to adenocarcinoma in various PCa models. Existing evidence also support therapeutic roles of γTE and its related combinations against advanced PCa. Mechanistic and cell-based studies show that different forms of vitamin E display varied efficacy, that is, δTE ≥ γTE > δT ≥ γT >> αT, in inhibiting cancer hallmarks and enabling characteristics, including uncontrolled cell proliferation, angiogenesis, and inflammation possibly via blocking 5-lipoxygenase, nuclear factor κB, hypoxia-inducible factor-1α, modulating sphingolipids, and targeting PCa stem cells. Overall, existing evidence suggests that modest αT supplement may be beneficial to smokers and γT, δT, γTE, and δTE are promising agents for PCa prevention for modest-risk to relatively high-risk population. Despite encouraging preclinical evidence, clinical research testing γT, δT, γTE, and δTE for PCa prevention is sparse and should be considered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qing Jiang
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Talib WH, Ahmed Jum’AH DA, Attallah ZS, Jallad MS, Al Kury LT, Hadi RW, Mahmod AI. Role of vitamins A, C, D, E in cancer prevention and therapy: therapeutic potentials and mechanisms of action. Front Nutr 2024; 10:1281879. [PMID: 38274206 PMCID: PMC10808607 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1281879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Cancer, a leading global cause of mortality, arises from intricate interactions between genetic and environmental factors, fueling uncontrolled cell growth. Amidst existing treatment limitations, vitamins have emerged as promising candidates for cancer prevention and treatment. This review focuses on Vitamins A, C, E, and D because of their protective activity against various types of cancer. They are essential as human metabolic coenzymes. Through a critical exploration of preclinical and clinical studies via PubMed and Google Scholar, the impact of these vitamins on cancer therapy was analyzed, unraveling their complicated mechanisms of action. Interestingly, vitamins impact immune function, antioxidant defense, inflammation, and epigenetic regulation, potentially enhancing outcomes by influencing cell behavior and countering stress and DNA damage. Encouraging clinical trial results have been observed; however, further well-controlled studies are imperative to validate their effectiveness, determine optimal dosages, and formulate comprehensive cancer prevention and treatment strategies. Personalized supplementation strategies, informed by medical expertise, are pivotal for optimal outcomes in both clinical and preclinical contexts. Nevertheless, conclusive evidence regarding the efficacy of vitamins in cancer prevention and treatment is still pending, urging further research and exploration in this compelling area of study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wamidh H. Talib
- Faculty of Allied Medical Sciences, Applied Science Private University, Amman, Jordan
| | | | - Zeena Shamil Attallah
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics, Applied Science Private University, Amman, Jordan
| | - Mohanned Sami Jallad
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics, Applied Science Private University, Amman, Jordan
| | - Lina T. Al Kury
- Department of Health Sciences, College of Natural and Health Sciences, Zayed University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Rawan Wamidh Hadi
- Faculty of Allied Medical Sciences, Applied Science Private University, Amman, Jordan
| | - Asma Ismail Mahmod
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics, Applied Science Private University, Amman, Jordan
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Sadikan MZ, Abdul Nasir NA, Bakar NS, Iezhitsa I, Agarwal R. Tocotrienol-rich fraction reduces retinal inflammation and angiogenesis in rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes. BMC Complement Med Ther 2023; 23:179. [PMID: 37268913 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-023-04005-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is the second commonest microvascular complication of diabetes mellitus. It is characterized by chronic inflammation and angiogenesis. Palm oil-derived tocotrienol-rich fraction (TRF), a substance with anti-inflammatory and anti-angiogenic properties, may provide protection against DR development. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the effect of TRF on retinal vascular and morphological changes in diabetic rats. The effects of TRF on the retinal expression of inflammatory and angiogenic markers were also studied in the streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. METHODS Male Sprague Dawley rats weighing 200-250 g were grouped into normal rats (N) and diabetic rats. Diabetes was induced by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (55 mg/kg body weight) whereas N similarly received citrate buffer. STZ-injected rats with blood glucose of more than 20 mmol/L were considered diabetic and were divided into vehicle-treated (DV) and TRF-treated (DT) groups. N and DV received vehicle, whereas DT received TRF (100 mg/kg body weight) via oral gavage once daily for 12 weeks. Fundus images were captured at week 0 (baseline), week 6 and week 12 post-STZ induction to estimate vascular diameters. At the end of experimental period, rats were euthanized, and retinal tissues were collected for morphometric analysis and measurement of NFκB, phospho-NFκB (Ser536), HIF-1α using immunohistochemistry (IHC) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Retinal inflammatory and angiogenic cytokines expression were measured by ELISA and real-time quantitative PCR. RESULTS TRF preserved the retinal layer thickness (GCL, IPL, INL and OR; p < 0.05) and retinal venous diameter (p < 0.001). TRF also lowered the retinal NFκB activation (p < 0.05) as well as expressions of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, IFN-γ, iNOS and MCP-1 (p < 0.05) compared to vehicle-treated diabetic rats. Moreover, TRF also reduced retinal expression of VEGF (p < 0.001), IGF-1 (p < 0.001) and HIF-1α (p < 0.05) compared to vehicle-treated rats with diabetes. CONCLUSION Oral TRF provided protection against retinal inflammation and angiogenesis in rats with STZ-induced diabetes by suppressing the expression of the markers of retinal inflammation and angiogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Zulfiqah Sadikan
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Manipal University College Malaysia (MUCM), Bukit Baru, 75150, Melaka, Malaysia
- Centre for Neuroscience Research (NeuRon), Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh Campus, 47000, Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nurul Alimah Abdul Nasir
- Centre for Neuroscience Research (NeuRon), Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh Campus, 47000, Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Nor Salmah Bakar
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh Campus, 47000, Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Igor Iezhitsa
- School of Medicine, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Department of Pharmacology and Bioinformatics, Volgograd State Medical University, Pavshikh Bortsov sq. 1, Volgograd, 400131, Russia
| | - Renu Agarwal
- School of Medicine, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Nakatomi T, Itaya-Takahashi M, Horikoshi Y, Shimizu N, Parida IS, Jutanom M, Eitsuka T, Tanaka Y, Zingg JM, Matsura T, Nakagawa K. The difference in the cellular uptake of tocopherol and tocotrienol is influenced by their affinities to albumin. Sci Rep 2023; 13:7392. [PMID: 37149706 PMCID: PMC10164177 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-34584-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Vitamin E is classified into tocopherol (Toc) and tocotrienol (T3) based on its side chains. T3 generally has higher cellular uptake than Toc, though the responsible mechanism remains unclear. To elucidate this mechanism, we hypothesized and investigated whether serum albumin is a factor that induces such a difference in the cellular uptake of Toc and T3. Adding bovine serum albumin (BSA) to serum-depleted media increased the cellular uptake of T3 and decreased that of Toc, with varying degrees among α-, β-, γ-, and δ-analogs. Such enhanced uptake of α-T3 was not observed when cells were incubated under low temperature (the uptake of α-Toc was also reduced), suggesting that Toc and T3 bind to albumin to form a complex that results in differential cellular uptake of vitamin E. Fluorescence quenching study confirmed that vitamin E certainly bound to BSA, and that T3 showed a higher affinity than Toc. Molecular docking further indicated that the differential binding energy of Toc or T3 to BSA is due to the Van der Waals interactions via their side chain. Overall, these results suggested that the affinity of Toc and T3 to albumin differs due to their side chains, causing the difference in their albumin-mediated cellular uptake. Our results give a better mechanistic insight into the physiological action of vitamin E.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Nakatomi
- Laboratory of Food Function Analysis, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 468-1 Aramaki Aza Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8572, Japan
| | - Mayuko Itaya-Takahashi
- Laboratory of Food Function Analysis, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 468-1 Aramaki Aza Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8572, Japan
| | - Yosuke Horikoshi
- Division of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Pathophysiological and Therapeutic Sciences, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, 86 Nishi-cho, Yonago, 683-8503, Japan
| | - Naoki Shimizu
- Laboratory of Food Function Analysis, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 468-1 Aramaki Aza Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8572, Japan
| | - Isabella Supardi Parida
- Laboratory of Food Function Analysis, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 468-1 Aramaki Aza Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8572, Japan
| | - Mirinthorn Jutanom
- Laboratory of Food Function Analysis, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 468-1 Aramaki Aza Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8572, Japan
| | - Takahiro Eitsuka
- Laboratory of Food Function Analysis, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 468-1 Aramaki Aza Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8572, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Tanaka
- Applied Biological Molecular Science, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8577, Japan
| | - Jean-Marc Zingg
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami, 1011 NW 15th St, Miami, FL, 33136-1019, USA
| | - Tatsuya Matsura
- Division of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Pathophysiological and Therapeutic Sciences, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, 86 Nishi-cho, Yonago, 683-8503, Japan
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Human Ecology, Yasuda Women's University, 6-13-1 Yasuhigashi, Asaminami-ku, Hiroshima, 731-0153, Japan
| | - Kiyotaka Nakagawa
- Laboratory of Food Function Analysis, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 468-1 Aramaki Aza Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8572, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Iguchi N, Dönmez Mİ, Malykhina AP, Wilcox DT. Anti-fibrotic effect of tocotrienols for bladder dysfunction due to partial bladder outlet obstruction. Investig Clin Urol 2023; 64:189-196. [PMID: 36882179 PMCID: PMC9995959 DOI: 10.4111/icu.20220328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate potential beneficial effects of tocotrienols which have been suggested to inhibit hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) pathway, on partial bladder outlet obstruction (PBOO)-induced bladder pathology. MATERIALS AND METHODS PBOO was surgically created in juvenile male mice. Sham-operated mice were used as controls. Animals received daily oral administration of either tocotrienols (T3) or soybean oil (SBO, vehicle) from day 0 to 13 post-surgery. Bladder function was examined in vivo by void spot assay. At 2 weeks post-surgery, the bladders were subjected to physiological evaluation of detrusor contractility in vitro using bladder strips, histology by H&E staining and collagen imaging, and gene expression analyses by quantitative PCR. RESULTS A significant increase in the number of small voids was observed after 1 week of PBOO compared to the control groups. At 2 weeks post-surgery, PBOO+SBO mice showed a further increase in the number of small voids, which was not observed in PBOO+T3 group. PBOO-induced decrease in detrusor contractility was similar between two treatments. PBOO induced bladder hypertrophy to the same degree in both SBO and T3 treatment groups, however, fibrosis in the bladder was significantly less prominent in the T3 group than the SBO group following PBOO (1.8- vs. 3.0-fold increase in collagen content compared to the control). Enhanced levels of HIF target genes in the bladders were observed in PBOO+SBO group, but not in PBOO+T3 group compared to the control. CONCLUSIONS Oral tocotrienol treatment reduced the progression of urinary frequency and bladder fibrosis by suppressing HIF pathways triggered by PBOO.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nao Iguchi
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - M İrfan Dönmez
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA.,Division of Pediatric Urology, Department of Urology, Istanbul University Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Anna P Malykhina
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Duncan T Wilcox
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA.,Department of Pediatric Urology, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zappelli E, Daniele S, Vergassola M, Ceccarelli L, Chelucci E, Mangano G, Durando L, Ragni L, Martini C. A specific combination of nutraceutical Ingredients exerts cytoprotective effects in human cholinergic neurons. PHARMANUTRITION 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phanu.2022.100317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
7
|
Clinically Relevant Genes and Proteins Modulated by Tocotrienols in Human Colon Cancer Cell Lines: Systematic Scoping Review. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13114056. [PMID: 34836311 PMCID: PMC8625890 DOI: 10.3390/nu13114056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The last decade has witnessed tremendous growth in tocotrienols (T3s) research, especially in the field of oncology, owing to potent anticancer property. Among the many types of cancers, colorectal cancer (CRC) is growing to become a serious global health threat to humans. Chemoprevention strategies in recent days are open to exploring alternative interventions to inhibit or delay carcinogenesis, especially with the use of bioactive natural compounds, such as tocotrienols. This scoping review aims to distil the large bodies of literature from various databases to identify the genes and their encoded modulations by tocotrienols and to explicate important mechanisms via which T3s combat CRC. For this scoping review, research papers published from 2010 to early 2021 related to T3s and human CRC cells were reviewed in compliance with the PRISMA guidelines. The study included research articles published in English, searchable on four literature databases (Ovid MEDLINE, PubMed, Scopus, and Embase) that reported differential expression of genes and proteins in human CRC cell lines following exposure to T3s. A total of 12 articles that fulfilled the inclusion and exclusion criteria of the study were short-listed for data extraction and analysis. The results from the analysis of these 12 articles showed that T3s, especially its γ and δ analogues, modulated the expression of 16 genes and their encoded proteins that are associated with several important CRC pathways (apoptosis, transcriptional dysregulation in cancer, and cancer progression). Further studies and validation work are required to scrutinize the specific role of T3s on these genes and proteins and to propose the use of T3s to develop adjuvant or multi-targeted therapy for CRC.
Collapse
|
8
|
Zhang Y, Yang F, Peng X, Li X, Luo N, Zhu W, Fu M, Li Q, Hu G. Hypoxia Constructing the Prognostic Model of Colorectal Adenocarcinoma and Related to the Immune Microenvironment. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:665364. [PMID: 33959617 PMCID: PMC8093637 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.665364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Hypoxia is a common phenomenon in solid tumors, which plays an important role in tumor proliferation, apoptosis, angiogenesis, invasion and metastasis, energy metabolism and chemoradiotherapy resistance. However, comprehensive analysis of hypoxia markers in colorectal adenocarcinoma (COAD) is still lacking. And there is a need for mechanism exploration and clinical application. Methods: The gene expression, mutation and clinical data of COAD were downloaded from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) databases, respectively. Tumor samples from TCGA were randomly divided into the training and internal validation groups, while tumor samples from GEO were used as the external validation group. Univariate COX—LASSO—multivariate COX method was applied to construct the prognostic model. We clustered all TCGA tumor samples into high, medium and low hypoxia groups, evaluated the correlation between hypoxia degree and immunoactivity, and explored the combined effect of mutation for common target genes and model riskscore on survival in COAD patients. Finally, we developed a dynamic nomograph App online for direct clinical application and carried out multiple validations of the prognostic model. Results: Our hypoxia-related prognostic model for COAD patients is accurate and has been successfully validated internally and externally. Single Sample Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (ssGSEA) and Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) results suggest that for COAD patients with higher hypoxia, the stronger the associated immunosuppressive activity, providing a possible mechanism for the lower survival rate. Finally, the dynamic nomograph App online enhances the clinical translational significance of the study. Conclusion: In this study, an accurate prognostic model for COAD patients was established and validated. In addition, our innovative findings include correlations between hypoxia levels and immune activity, as well as an in-depth exploration of common target gene mutations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Feng Yang
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaohong Peng
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoyu Li
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Na Luo
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Wenjun Zhu
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Min Fu
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qianxia Li
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Guangyuan Hu
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Farnesyl dimethyl chromanol targets colon cancer stem cells and prevents colorectal cancer metastasis. Sci Rep 2021; 11:2185. [PMID: 33500430 PMCID: PMC7838198 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-80911-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The activation and growth of tumour-initiating cells with stem-like properties in distant organs characterize colorectal cancer (CRC) growth and metastasis. Thus, inhibition of colon cancer stem cell (CCSC) growth holds promise for CRC growth and metastasis prevention. We and others have shown that farnesyl dimethyl chromanol (FDMC) inhibits cancer cell growth and induces apoptosis in vitro and in vivo. We provide the first demonstration that FDMC inhibits CCSC viability, survival, self-renewal (spheroid formation), pluripotent transcription factors (Nanog, Oct4, and Sox2) expression, organoids formation, and Wnt/β-catenin signalling, as evidenced by comparisons with vehicle-treated controls. In addition, FDMC inhibits CCSC migration, invasion, inflammation (NF-kB), angiogenesis (vascular endothelial growth factor, VEGF), and metastasis (MMP9), which are critical tumour metastasis processes. Moreover, FDMC induced apoptosis (TUNEL, Annexin V, cleaved caspase 3, and cleaved PARP) in CCSCs and CCSC-derived spheroids and organoids. Finally, in an orthotopic (cecum-injected CCSCs) xenograft metastasis model, we show that FDMC significantly retards CCSC-derived tumour growth (Ki-67); inhibits inflammation (NF-kB), angiogenesis (VEGF and CD31), and β-catenin signalling; and induces apoptosis (cleaved PARP) in tumour tissues and inhibits liver metastasis. In summary, our results demonstrate that FDMC inhibits the CCSC metastatic phenotype and thereby supports investigating its ability to prevent CRC metastases.
Collapse
|
10
|
Idriss M, Hodroj MH, Fakhoury R, Rizk S. Beta-Tocotrienol Exhibits More Cytotoxic Effects than Gamma-Tocotrienol on Breast Cancer Cells by Promoting Apoptosis via a P53-Independent PI3-Kinase Dependent Pathway. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10040577. [PMID: 32283796 PMCID: PMC7226046 DOI: 10.3390/biom10040577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies on tocotrienols have progressively revealed the benefits of these vitamin E isoforms on human health. Beta-tocotrienol (beta-T3) is known to be less available in nature compared to other vitamin E members, which may explain the restricted number of studies on beta-T3. In the present study, we aim to investigate the anti-proliferative effects and the pro-apoptotic mechanisms of beta-T3 on two human breast adenocarcinoma cell lines MDA-MB-231 and MCF7. To assess cell viability, both cell lines were incubated for 24 and 48 h, with different concentrations of beta-T3 and gamma-T3, the latter being a widely studied vitamin E isoform with potent anti-cancerous properties. Cell cycle progression and apoptosis induction upon treatment with various concentrations of the beta-T3 isoform were assessed. The effect of beta-T3 on the expression level of several apoptosis-related proteins p53, cytochrome C, cleaved-PARP-1, Bax, Bcl-2, and caspase-3, in addition to key cell survival proteins p-PI3K and p-GSK-3 α/β was determined using western blot analysis. Beta-tocotrienol exhibited a significantly more potent anti-proliferative effect than gamma-tocotrienol on both cell lines regardless of their hormonal receptor status. Beta-T3 induced a mild G1 arrest on both cell lines, and triggered a mitochondrial stress-mediated apoptotic response in MDA-MB-231 cells. Mechanistically, beta-T3′s anti-neoplastic activity involved the downregulation of phosphorylated PI3K and GSK-3 cell survival proteins. These findings suggest that vitamin E beta-T3 should be considered as a promising anti-cancer agent, more effective than gamma-T3 for treating human breast cancer and deserves to be further studied to investigate its effects in vitro and on other cancer types.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maya Idriss
- Department of Natural Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese American University, Byblos 36, Lebanon; (M.I.); (M.H.H.)
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Beirut Arab University, Beirut 11-5020, Lebanon;
| | - Mohammad Hassan Hodroj
- Department of Natural Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese American University, Byblos 36, Lebanon; (M.I.); (M.H.H.)
| | - Rajaa Fakhoury
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Beirut Arab University, Beirut 11-5020, Lebanon;
| | - Sandra Rizk
- Department of Natural Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese American University, Byblos 36, Lebanon; (M.I.); (M.H.H.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +961-1786456
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Fontana F, Raimondi M, Marzagalli M, Moretti RM, Marelli MM, Limonta P. Tocotrienols and Cancer: From the State of the Art to Promising Novel Patents. Recent Pat Anticancer Drug Discov 2019; 14:5-18. [PMID: 30652648 DOI: 10.2174/1574892814666190116111827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tocotrienols (TTs) are vitamin E derivatives naturally occurring in several plants and vegetable oils. Like Tocopherols (TPs), they comprise four isoforms, α, β, γ and δ, but unlike TPs, they present an unsaturated isoprenoid chain. Recent studies indicate that TTs provide important health benefits, including neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, cholesterol lowering and immunomodulatory effects. Moreover, they have been found to possess unique anti-cancer properties. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this review is to present an overview of the state of the art of TTs role in cancer prevention and treatment, as well as to describe recent patents proposing new methods for TTs isolation, chemical modification and use in cancer prevention and/or therapy. METHODS Recent literature and patents focusing on TTs anti-cancer applications have been identified and reviewed, with special regard to their scientific impact and novelty. RESULTS TTs have demonstrated significant anti-cancer activity in multiple tumor types, both in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, they have shown synergistic effects when given in combination with standard anti-cancer agents or other anti-tumor natural compounds. Finally, new purification processes and transgenic sources have been designed in order to improve TTs production, and novel TTs formulations and synthetic derivatives have been developed to enhance their solubility and bioavailability. CONCLUSION The promising anti-cancer effects shown by TTs in several preclinical studies may open new opportunities for therapeutic interventions in different tumors. Thus, clinical trials aimed at confirming TTs chemopreventive and tumor-suppressing activity, particularly in combination with standard therapies, are urgently needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Fontana
- Department of Excellence, Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Michela Raimondi
- Department of Excellence, Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Monica Marzagalli
- Department of Excellence, Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Roberta M Moretti
- Department of Excellence, Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Marina Montagnani Marelli
- Department of Excellence, Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Patrizia Limonta
- Department of Excellence, Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Aggarwal V, Kashyap D, Sak K, Tuli HS, Jain A, Chaudhary A, Garg VK, Sethi G, Yerer MB. Molecular Mechanisms of Action of Tocotrienols in Cancer: Recent Trends and Advancements. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E656. [PMID: 30717416 PMCID: PMC6386883 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20030656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Tocotrienols, found in several natural sources such as rice bran, annatto seeds, and palm oil have been reported to exert various beneficial health promoting properties especially against chronic diseases, including cancer. The incidence of cancer is rapidly increasing around the world not only because of continual aging and growth in global population, but also due to the adaptation of Western lifestyle behaviours, including intake of high fat diets and low physical activity. Tocotrienols can suppress the growth of different malignancies, including those of breast, lung, ovary, prostate, liver, brain, colon, myeloma, and pancreas. These findings, together with the reported safety profile of tocotrienols in healthy human volunteers, encourage further studies on the potential application of these compounds in cancer prevention and treatment. In the current article, detailed information about the potential molecular mechanisms of actions of tocotrienols in different cancer models has been presented and the possible effects of these vitamin E analogues on various important cancer hallmarks, i.e., cellular proliferation, apoptosis, angiogenesis, metastasis, and inflammation have been briefly analyzed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vaishali Aggarwal
- Department of Advanced Pediatric Center (APC), Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, Punjab 160012, India.
| | - Dharambir Kashyap
- Department of Histopathology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, Punjab 160012, India.
| | | | - Hardeep Singh Tuli
- Department of Biotechnology, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana-Ambala 133207, Haryana, India.
| | - Aklank Jain
- Department of Animal Sciences, Central University of Punjab, City Campus, Mansa Road, Bathinda 151001, India.
| | - Ashun Chaudhary
- Department of Biotechnology, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana-Ambala 133207, Haryana, India.
| | - Vivek Kumar Garg
- Department of Biochemistry, Government Medical College and Hospital (GMCH), Chandigarh, Punjab 160031, India.
| | - Gautam Sethi
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117600, Singapore.
| | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Abstract
Vitamin E is a lipid soluble vitamin comprising of eight natural isoforms, namely, α, β, δ, γ isoforms of tocopherol and α, β, δ, γ isoforms of tocotrienol. Many studies have been performed to elucidate its role in cancer. Until last decade, major focus was on alpha tocopherol and its anticancer effects. However, major clinical trials using alpha-tocopherol like SELECT trial and ATBC trial did not yield meaningful results. Hence there was a shift of focus to gamma-tocopherol, delta-tocopherol and tocotrienol. Unlike alpha-tocopherol, gamma-tocopherol and delta-tocopherol can scavenge reactive nitrogen species in addition to reactive oxygen species. Antiangiogenic effect, inhibition of HMG CoA reductase enzyme and inhibition of NF-κB pathway make the anti-cancer effects of tocotrienols unique compared to other vitamin E isoforms. Preclinical research on non-alpha tocopherol isoforms of vitamin E showed promising data on their anticancer effects. In this review, we deal with the current understanding on the potential mechanisms involved in the anticancer effects of vitamin E and the controversies in this field over last three decades. We also highlight the need to conduct further research on the anticancer effects of non-alpha-tocopherol isoforms in larger population and clinical setting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annette Abraham
- Division of Cardiology, Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System and the University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences , Little Rock , Arkansas , USA
| | - Ajoe John Kattoor
- Division of Cardiology, Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System and the University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences , Little Rock , Arkansas , USA
| | - Tom Saldeen
- Division of Cardiology, Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System and the University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences , Little Rock , Arkansas , USA
| | - Jawahar L Mehta
- Division of Cardiology, Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System and the University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences , Little Rock , Arkansas , USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Zein-polysaccharide nanoparticles as matrices for antioxidant compounds: A strategy for prevention of chronic degenerative diseases. Food Res Int 2018; 111:451-471. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2018.05.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Revised: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
15
|
Jiao Y, Shang J, Ohta Y, Yan H, Liu X, Li X, Morihara R, Nakano Y, Fukui Y, Shi X, Huang Y, Feng T, Takemoto M, Sato K, Hishikawa N, Yamashita T, Abe K. Neuroprotective Effects of Tocovid Pretreatment in a Mouse Stroke Model. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2018; 27:2166-2174. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2018.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2017] [Revised: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
|
16
|
Montagnani Marelli M, Marzagalli M, Fontana F, Raimondi M, Moretti RM, Limonta P. Anticancer properties of tocotrienols: A review of cellular mechanisms and molecular targets. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:1147-1164. [PMID: 30066964 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin E is composed of two groups of compounds: α-, β-, γ-, and δ-tocopherols (TPs), and the corresponding unsaturated tocotrienols (TTs). TTs are found in natural sources such as red palm oil, annatto seeds, and rice bran. In the last decades, TTs (specifically, γ-TT and δ-TT) have gained interest due to their health benefits in chronic diseases, based on their antioxidant, neuroprotective, cholesterol-lowering, anti-inflammatory activities. Several in vitro and in vivo studies pointed out that TTs also exert a significant antitumor activity in a wide range of cancer cells. Specifically, TTs were shown to exert antiproliferative/proapoptotic effects and to reduce the metastatic or angiogenic properties of different cancer cells; moreover, these compounds were reported to specifically target the subpopulation of cancer stem cells, known to be deeply involved in the development of resistance to standard therapies. Interestingly, recent studies pointed out that TTs exert a synergistic antitumor effect on cancer cells when given in combination with either standard antitumor agents (i.e., chemotherapeutics, statins, "targeted" therapies) or natural compounds with anticancer activity (i.e., sesamin, epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), resveratrol, ferulic acid). Based on these observations, different TT synthetic derivatives and formulations were recently developed and demonstrated to improve TT water solubility and to reduce TT metabolism in cancer cells, thus increasing their biological activity. These promising results, together with the safety of TT administration in healthy subjects, suggest that these compounds might represent a new chemopreventive or anticancer treatment (i.e., in combination with standard therapies) strategy. Clinical trials aimed at confirming this antitumor activity of TTs are needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marina Montagnani Marelli
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Monica Marzagalli
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Fontana
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Michela Raimondi
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Roberta Manuela Moretti
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Patrizia Limonta
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Mukai K, Ishikawa E, Ouchi A, Nagaoka SI, Abe K, Suzuki T, Izumisawa K. Measurements of Singlet Oxygen-Quenching Activity of Vitamin E Homologs and Palm Oil and Soybean Extracts in a Micellar Solution. Lipids 2018; 53:601-613. [PMID: 30152870 DOI: 10.1002/lipd.12053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Revised: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Recently, a new assay method that can quantify the singlet oxygen-absorption capacity (SOAC) of antioxidants (AO) and food extracts in homogeneous organic solvents has been proposed. In the present study, second-order rate constants (kQ ) for the reaction of singlet oxygen (1 O2 ) with vitamin E homologs (α-, β-, γ-, and δ-tocopherols [Toc] and α-, β-, γ-, and δ-tocotrienols [Toc-3]) were measured in an aqueous Triton X-100 (5.0 wt%) micellar solution (pH 7.4). Toc-3 showed kQ values larger than those of Toc in a micellar solution, although Toc and Toc-3 showed the same kQ values in a homogeneous solution. Similar measurements were performed for 5 palm oil extracts 1-5 and one soybean extract 6, which contained different concentrations of Toc, Toc-3, and carotenoids. It has been clarified that the 1 O2 -quenching rates (kQ ) (that is, the relative SOAC value) obtained for extracts 3-6 may be explained as the sum of the product Σ k Q AO - i AO - i / 100 of the rate constant ( k Q AO - i ) and the concentration ([AO-i]/100) of AO-i contained. The UV-vis absorption spectra of Toc and Toc-3 were measured in a micellar solution and chloroform. The results obtained demonstrated that the kQ values of AO in homogeneous and heterogeneous solutions vary notably depending on (1) polarity (dielectric constant [ε]) of the reaction field between 1 O2 and AO, (2) the local concentration of AO, and (3) the mobility of AO in solution. The results suggest that the SOAC method is applicable to the measurement of 1 O2 -quenching activity of general food extracts in a heterogeneous micellar solution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuo Mukai
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ehime University, Matsuyama, 790-8577, Japan
| | - Eri Ishikawa
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ehime University, Matsuyama, 790-8577, Japan
| | - Aya Ouchi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ehime University, Matsuyama, 790-8577, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Nagaoka
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ehime University, Matsuyama, 790-8577, Japan
| | - Koichi Abe
- SSCI Laboratories, Faculty of Pharmacy, Musashino University, Shinmachi 1-1-20, Nishitokyo-Shi, Tokyo, 202-0023, Japan
| | - Tomomi Suzuki
- Product Development Department, Consumer hhc Business Division, Eisai Company, Ltd., Koishikawa 5-5-5, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 112-8088, Japan
| | - Katsuhiro Izumisawa
- Product Development Department, Consumer hhc Business Division, Eisai Company, Ltd., Koishikawa 5-5-5, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 112-8088, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Tocotrienols: The promising analogues of vitamin E for cancer therapeutics. Pharmacol Res 2018; 130:259-272. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2018.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Revised: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
|
19
|
Chung E, Mo H, Wang S, Zu Y, Elfakhani M, Rios SR, Chyu MC, Yang RS, Shen CL. Potential roles of vitamin E in age-related changes in skeletal muscle health. Nutr Res 2018; 49:23-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2017.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2017] [Revised: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
|
20
|
Bivona JJ, Patel S, Vajdy M. Induction of cellular and molecular Immunomodulatory pathways by vitamin E and vitamin C. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2017; 17:1539-1551. [PMID: 28905653 DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2017.1375096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Vitamins E and C are well known small molecules that have been used to maintain health for decades. Recent studies of the cellular and molecular pathways leading to immunomodulation by these molecules have been of interest, as have their anti-oxidant properties and signal transduction pathways for curing or improving infectious diseases and cancer. Areas covered: Herein, the authors provide a definition and the structural classification of vitamins E and C and how these molecules influence cellular function. The studies include in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo studies in animal models as well as clinical trials. The authors give particular focus to the scientifically factual and putative roles of these molecules in innate and adaptive immunomodulation and prevention or cure of diseases. Expert opinion: The antioxidant properties of vitamins E and C are well studied. However, whether there is a link between their antioxidant and immunomodulation properties is unclear. In addition, there is a strong, albeit putative, prevailing notion that vitamin C can prevent or cure infectious diseases or cancer. Presently, while there is proven evidence that vitamin E possesses immunomodulatory properties that may play a positive role in disease outcomes, this evidence is less available for vitamin C.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph J Bivona
- a EpitoGenesis, Inc , Vernon , CT , USA.,b Department of Medicine , University of Vermont , Burlington , VT , USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Kanchi MM, Shanmugam MK, Rane G, Sethi G, Kumar AP. Tocotrienols: the unsaturated sidekick shifting new paradigms in vitamin E therapeutics. Drug Discov Today 2017; 22:1765-1781. [PMID: 28789906 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2017.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Revised: 07/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin E family members: tocotrienols and tocopherols are widely known for their health benefits. Decades of research on tocotrienols have shown they have diverse biological activities such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, neuroprotective and skin protection benefits, as well as improved cognition, bone health, longevity and reduction of cholesterol levels in plasma. Tocotrienols also modulate several intracellular molecular targets and, most importantly, have been shown to improve lipid profiles, reduce total cholesterol and reduce the volume of white matter lesions in human clinical trials. This review provides a comprehensive update on the little-known therapeutic potentials of tocotrienols, which tocopherols lack in a variety of inflammation-driven diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Madhu M Kanchi
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, 117599, Singapore
| | - Muthu K Shanmugam
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117600, Singapore
| | - Grishma Rane
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, 117599, Singapore; Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117600, Singapore
| | - Gautam Sethi
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117600, Singapore; School of Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6102, Australia.
| | - Alan P Kumar
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, 117599, Singapore; Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117600, Singapore; National University Cancer Institute, National University Health System, 119074, Singapore; Curtin Medical School, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6102, Australia; Medical Science Cluster, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
δ-Tocotrienol suppresses tumorigenesis by inducing apoptosis and blocking the COX-2/PGE2 pathway that stimulates tumor–stromal interactions in colon cancer. J Funct Foods 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2017.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
|
23
|
Karim R, Somani S, Al Robaian M, Mullin M, Amor R, McConnell G, Dufès C. Tumor regression after intravenous administration of targeted vesicles entrapping the vitamin E α-tocotrienol. J Control Release 2016; 246:79-87. [PMID: 27993600 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2016.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Revised: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The therapeutic potential of tocotrienol, a member of the vitamin E family of compounds with potent in vitro anti-cancer properties, is limited by its inability to specifically reach tumors following intravenous administration. The purpose of this study is to determine whether a novel tumor-targeted vesicular formulation of tocotrienol would suppress the growth of A431 epidermoid carcinoma and B16-F10 melanoma in vitro and in vivo. In this work, we demonstrated that novel transferrin-bearing multilamellar vesicles entrapping α-T3 resulted in a dramatically improved (by at least 52-fold) therapeutic efficacy in vitro on A431 cell line, compared to the free drug. In addition, the intravenous administration of tocotrienol entrapped in transferrin-bearing vesicles resulted in tumor suppression for 30% of A431 and 60% of B16-F10 tumors, without visible toxicity. Mouse survival was enhanced by >13days compared to controls administered with the drug solution only. This tumor-targeted, tocotrienol-based nanomedicine therefore significantly improved the therapeutic response in cancer treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Reatul Karim
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0RE, United Kingdom
| | - Sukrut Somani
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0RE, United Kingdom
| | - Majed Al Robaian
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0RE, United Kingdom
| | - Margaret Mullin
- College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Rumelo Amor
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0RE, United Kingdom
| | - Gail McConnell
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0RE, United Kingdom
| | - Christine Dufès
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0RE, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
De Silva L, Chuah LH, Meganathan P, Fu JY. Tocotrienol and cancer metastasis. Biofactors 2016; 42:149-62. [PMID: 26948691 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Revised: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Tumor metastasis involves some of the most complex and dynamic processes in cancer, often leading to poor quality of life and inevitable death. The search for therapeutic compounds and treatment strategies to prevent and/or manage metastasis is the ultimate challenge to fight cancer. In the past two decades, research focus on vitamin E has had a shift from saturated tocopherols to unsaturated tocotrienols (T3). Despite sharing structural similarities with tocopherols, T3 strive to gain scientific prominence due to their anti-cancer effects. Recent studies have shed some light on the anti-metastatic properties of T3. In this review, the roles of T3 in each step of the metastatic process are discussed. During the invasion process, signaling pathways that regulate the extracellular matrix and tumor cell motility have been reported to be modulated by T3. Although studies on T3 and tumor cell migration are fairly limited, they were shown to play a vital role in the suppression of angiogenesis. Furthermore, the anti-inflammatory effect of T3 could be highly promising in the regulation of tumor microenvironment, which is crucial in supporting tumor growth in distant organs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leanne De Silva
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Lay Hong Chuah
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
| | | | - Ju-Yen Fu
- Nutrition Unit, Malaysian Palm Oil Board, Bandar Baru Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Chin KY, Pang KL, Soelaiman IN. Tocotrienol and Its Role in Chronic Diseases. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 928:97-130. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-41334-1_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
|
26
|
Mukai K, Ishikawa E, Abe T, Ouchi A, Nagaoka SI, Murata K, Miyazawa T, Nakagawa K. Kinetic study of the quenching reaction of singlet oxygen by seven rice bran extracts in ethanol solution. Development of a singlet oxygen absorption capacity (SOAC) assay method. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2015.1069701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Measurements of singlet oxygen (1O2) quenching rates (kQ (S)) and the relative singlet oxygen absorption capacity (SOAC) values were performed for seven rice bran extracts 1–7, which contained different concentrations of antioxidants (AOs) (such as α-, β-, γ-, and δ-tocopherols and -tocotrienols, three carotenoids (lutein, β-carotene, and zeaxanthin), and γ-oryzanol), in ethanol at 35 °C using UV–vis spectrophotometry. The concentrations of four tocopherols and four tocotrienols, three carotenoids, and γ-oryzanol contained in the extracts were determined using HPLC-MS/MS, UV-HPLC, and UV–vis absorption spectroscopy, respectively. Furthermore, comparisons of kQ (S) (Obsd.) values observed for the above extracts 1–7 with the sum of the product { [AO-i]} of the values obtained for each AO-i and the concentration ([AO-i]) of AO-i contained in extracts 1–7 were performed. From the results, it has been ascertained that the SOAC method is applicable to general food extracts to evaluate their 1O2-quenching activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuo Mukai
- Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Japan
| | - Eri Ishikawa
- Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Japan
| | - Takumi Abe
- Food and Biodynamic Chemistry Laboratory, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Aya Ouchi
- Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Japan
| | - Shin-ichi Nagaoka
- Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Japan
| | - Kazumasa Murata
- Agricultural Research Institute, Toyama Prefectural Agricultural, Forestry and Fisheries Research Center, Toyama, Japan
| | - Teruo Miyazawa
- Food and Biodynamic Chemistry Laboratory, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Kiyotaka Nakagawa
- Food and Biodynamic Chemistry Laboratory, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Shibata A, Nakagawa K, Tsuduki T, Miyazawa T. δ-Tocotrienol treatment is more effective against hypoxic tumor cells than normoxic cells: potential implications for cancer therapy. J Nutr Biochem 2015; 26:832-40. [PMID: 25979648 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2015.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Revised: 02/22/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Tocotrienols, unsaturated forms of vitamin E, inhibit the proliferation of a variety of cancer cells and suppress angiogenesis. However, the mechanisms underlying those effects on cancer cell growth remain unclear especially under hypoxic conditions. In this study, we demonstrated that δ-tocotrienol (δ-T3) could be used as a novel anticancer agent against human colorectal adenocarcinoma (DLD-1) cells under both normoxic and hypoxic conditions. δ-T3 inhibited the growth of DLD-1 cells in a dose-dependent fashion by inducing cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. This effect was more potent under hypoxic than normoxic conditions. The anticancer effect of δ-T3 was achieved by its up-regulation of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors (p21 and p27), the activation of caspases and the suppression of phosphorylation of protein kinase B (Akt) at Thr(308) and Ser(473). In in vivo studies, oral administration of rice bran tocotrienol (RBT3, mainly γ-T3) (10 mg/mouse/day) significantly inhibited tumor growth in nude mice. In tumor analyses, RBT3 activated p21, p27, caspase-3 and caspase-9 and decreased Akt phosphorylation. Furthermore, immunostaining revealed that RBT3 decreased the number of cells positive for CD31/platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 in microvessels in the tumor. Taken together, these data suggest that tocotrienols are potent antitumor agents capable of inducing apoptosis and inhibiting angiogenesis under both hypoxic and normoxic conditions. Tocotrienols could have significant therapeutic potential in the clinical treatment of tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akira Shibata
- Food and Biodynamic Chemistry Laboratory, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, 981-8555, Japan
| | - Kiyotaka Nakagawa
- Food and Biodynamic Chemistry Laboratory, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, 981-8555, Japan.
| | - Tsuyoshi Tsuduki
- Laboratory of Food and Biomolecular Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, 981-8555, Japan
| | - Teruo Miyazawa
- Food and Biodynamic Chemistry Laboratory, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, 981-8555, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
α-Tocopherol suppresses antiangiogenic effect of δ-tocotrienol in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. J Nutr Biochem 2015; 26:345-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2014.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Revised: 11/08/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
|
29
|
Siveen KS, Ahn KS, Ong TH, Shanmugam MK, Li F, Yap WN, Kumar AP, Fong CW, Tergaonkar V, Hui KM, Sethi G. Y-tocotrienol inhibits angiogenesis-dependent growth of human hepatocellular carcinoma through abrogation of AKT/mTOR pathway in an orthotopic mouse model. Oncotarget 2015; 5:1897-911. [PMID: 24722367 PMCID: PMC4039111 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.1876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis is one of the key hallmarks of cancer. In this study, we investigated whether γ-tocotrienol can abrogate angiogenesis-mediated tumor growth in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and if so, through what molecular mechanisms. We observed that γ-tocotrienol inhibited vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-induced migration, invasion, tube formation and viability of HUVECs in vitro. Moreover, γ-tocotrienol reduced the number of capillary sprouts from matrigel embedded rat thoracic aortic ring in a dose-dependent manner. Also, in chick chorioallantoic membrane assay, γ-tocotrienol significantly reduced the blood vessels formation. We further noticed that γ-tocotrienol blocked angiogenesis in an in vivo matrigel plug assay. Furthermore, γ-tocotrienol inhibited VEGF-induced autophosphorylation of VEGFR2 in HUVECs and also suppressed the constitutive activation of AKT/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signal transduction cascades in HUVECs as well as in HCC cells. Interestingly, γ-tocotrienol was also found to significantly reduce the tumor growth in an orthotopic HCC mouse model and inhibit tumor-induced angiogenesis in HCC patient xenografts through the suppression of various biomarkers of proliferation and angiogenesis. Taken together, our findings strongly suggest that γ-tocotrienol might be a promising anti-angiogenic drug with significant antitumor activity in HCC.
Collapse
|
30
|
Mukai K, Ouchi A, Abe T, Murata K, Nakagawa K, Miyazawa T. Kinetic study of the scavenging reaction of the aroxyl radical by seven kinds of rice bran extracts in ethanol solution. Development of an aroxyl radical absorption capacity (ARAC) assay method. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2014; 62:11901-11909. [PMID: 25393029 DOI: 10.1021/jf503996z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Recently, a new assay method that can quantify the aroxyl radical (ArO•) absorption capacity (ARAC) of antioxidants (AOHs) was proposed. In the present work, the second-order rate constants (ks(Extract)) and ARAC values for the reaction of ArO• with seven kinds of rice bran extracts 1-7, which contain different concentrations of α-, β-, γ-, and δ-tocopherols and -tocotrienols (α-, β-, γ-, and δ-Tocs and -Toc-3s) and γ-oryzanol, were measured in ethanol at 25 °C using stopped-flow spectrophotometry. The ks(Extract) value (1.26 × 10(-2) M(-1) s(-1)) of Nipponbare (extract 1) with the highest activity was 1.5 times larger than that (8.29 × 10(-3)) of Milyang-23 (extract 7) with the lowest activity. The concentrations (in mg/100 g) of α-, β-, γ-, and δ-Tocs and -Toc-3s and γ-oryzanol found in the seven extracts 1-7 were determined using HPLC-MS/MS and UV-vis absorption spectroscopy, respectively. From the results, it has been clarified that the ArO•-scavenging rates (ks(Extract)) (that is, the relative ARAC value) obtained for the seven extracts 1-7 may be approximately explained as the sum of the product {Σ ks(AOH-i) [AOH-i]/10(5)} of the rate constant (ks(AOH-i)) and the concentration ([AOH-i]/10(5)) of AOH-i (Tocs, Toc-3s, and γ-oryzanol) included in rice bran extracts. The contribution of γ-oryzanol to the ks(Extract) value was estimated to be between 3.0-4.7% for each extract. Taken together, these results suggest that the ARAC assay method is applicable to general food extracts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuo Mukai
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ehime University , Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Ahsan H, Ahad A, Iqbal J, Siddiqui WA. Pharmacological potential of tocotrienols: a review. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2014; 11:52. [PMID: 25435896 PMCID: PMC4247006 DOI: 10.1186/1743-7075-11-52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Tocotrienols, members of the vitamin E family, are natural compounds found in a number of vegetable oils, wheat germ, barley, and certain types of nuts and grains. Like tocopherols, tocotrienols are also of four types viz. alpha, beta, gamma and delta. Unlike tocopherols, tocotrienols are unsaturated and possess an isoprenoid side chain. Tocopherols are lipophilic in nature and are found in association with lipoproteins, fat deposits and cellular membranes and protect the polyunsaturated fatty acids from peroxidation reactions. The unsaturated chain of tocotrienol allows an efficient penetration into tissues that have saturated fatty layers such as the brain and liver. Recent mechanistic studies indicate that other forms of vitamin E, such as γ-tocopherol, δ-tocopherol, and γ-tocotrienol, have unique antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties that are superior to those of α-tocopherol against chronic diseases. These forms scavenge reactive nitrogen species, inhibit cyclooxygenase- and 5-lipoxygenase-catalyzed eicosanoids and suppress proinflammatory signalling, such as NF-κB and STAT. The animal and human studies show tocotrienols may be useful against inflammation-associated diseases. Many of the functions of tocotrienols are related to its antioxidant properties and its varied effects are due to it behaving as a signalling molecule. Tocotrienols exhibit biological activities that are also exhibited by tocopherols, such as neuroprotective, anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory and cholesterol lowering properties. Hence, effort has been made to compile the different functions and properties of tocotrienols in experimental model systems and humans. This article constitutes an in-depth review of the pharmacology, metabolism, toxicology and biosafety aspects of tocotrienols. Tocotrienols are detectable at appreciable levels in the plasma after supplementations. However, there is inadequate data on the plasma concentrations of tocotrienols that are sufficient to demonstrate significant physiological effect and biodistribution studies show their accumulation in vital organs of the body. Considering the wide range of benefits that tocotrienols possesses against some common human ailments and having a promising potential, the experimental analysis accounts for about a small fraction of all vitamin E research. The current state of knowledge deserves further investigation into this lesser known form of vitamin E.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haseeb Ahsan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, 110025 India
| | - Amjid Ahad
- Department of Biochemistry, Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University), New Delhi, 110062 India
| | - Jahangir Iqbal
- Department of Cell Biology and Pediatrics, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY 11203 USA
| | - Waseem A Siddiqui
- Department of Biochemistry, Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University), New Delhi, 110062 India
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Ouchi A, Nagaoka SI, Suzuki T, Izumisawa K, Koike T, Mukai K. Finding of synergistic and cancel effects on the aroxyl radical-scavenging rate and suppression of prooxidant effect for coexistence of α-tocopherol with β-, γ-, and δ-tocopherols (or -tocotrienols). JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2014; 62:8101-8113. [PMID: 25052002 DOI: 10.1021/jf502049k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Measurements of aroxyl radical (ArO•)-scavenging rate constants (k(s)(AOH)) of antioxidants (AOHs) [α-, β-, γ-, and δ-tocopherols (TocHs) and -tocotrienols (Toc-3Hs)] were performed in ethanol solution via stopped-flow spectrophotometry. k(s)(AOH) values of α-, β-, γ-, and δ-Toc-3Hs showed good agreement with those of the corresponding α-, β-, γ-, and δ- TocHs. k(s)(AOH) values were measured not only for each antioxidant but also for mixtures of two antioxidants: (i) α-TocH with β-, γ-, or δ-TocH and (ii) α-TocH with α-, β-, γ-, or δ-Toc-3H. A synergistic effect in which the k(s)(AOH) value increases by 12% for γ-TocH (or by 12% for γ-Toc-3H) was observed for solutions including α-TocH and γ-TocH (or γ-Toc-3H). On the other hand, a cancel effect in which the k(s)(AOH) value decreases (a) by 7% for β-TocH (or 11% for β-Toc-3H) and (b) by 24% for δ-TocH (or 25% for δ-Toc-3H) was observed for solutions including two kinds of antioxidants. However, only a synergistic effect may function in edible oils, because contents of β- and δ-TocHs (and β- and δ-Toc-3Hs) are much less than those of α- and γ-TocHs (and α- and γ-Toc-3Hs) in many edible oils. UV-vis absorption of α-Toc•, which was produced by reaction of α-TocH with ArO•, decreased remarkably for coexistence of α-TocH with β-, γ-, or δ-TocH (or β-, γ-, or δ-Toc-3H), indicating that the prooxidant effect of α-Toc• is suppressed by the coexistence of other TocHs and Toc-3Hs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aya Ouchi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ehime University , Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Mukai K, Ishikawa E, Ouchi A, Nagaoka SI, Suzuki T, Izumisawa K, Koike T. Kinetic study of the quenching reaction of singlet oxygen by α-, β-, γ-, δ-tocotrienols, and palm oil and soybean extracts in solution. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 78:2089-101. [PMID: 25093256 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2014.943653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Measurements of the singlet oxygen ((1)O2) quenching rates (kQ (S)) and the relative singlet oxygen absorption capacity (SOAC) values were performed for 11 antioxidants (AOs) (eight vitamin E homologues (α-, β-, γ-, and δ-tocopherols and -tocotrienols (-Tocs and -Toc-3s)), two vitamin E metabolites (α- and γ-carboxyethyl-6-hydroxychroman), and trolox) in ethanol/chloroform/D2O (50:50:1, v/v/v) and ethanol solutions at 35 °C. Similar measurements were performed for five palm oil extracts 1-5 and one soybean extract 6, which included different concentrations of Tocs, Toc-3s, and carotenoids. Furthermore, the concentrations (wt%) of Tocs, Toc-3s, and carotenoids included in extracts 1-6 were determined. From the results, it has been clarified that the (1)O2-quenching rates (kQ (S)) (that is, the relative SOAC value) obtained for extracts 1-6 may be explained as the sum of the product {Σ kQ(AO-i) (S) [AO-i]/100} of the rate constant (kQ(AO-i) (S)) and the concentration ([AO-i]/100) of AO-i (Tocs, Toc-3s, and carotenoid) included.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuo Mukai
- a Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry , Ehime University , Matsuyama , Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Ahsan H, Ahad A, Iqbal J, Siddiqui WA. Pharmacological potential of tocotrienols: a review. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2014. [PMID: 25435896 DOI: 10.1186/743-7075-11-52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Tocotrienols, members of the vitamin E family, are natural compounds found in a number of vegetable oils, wheat germ, barley, and certain types of nuts and grains. Like tocopherols, tocotrienols are also of four types viz. alpha, beta, gamma and delta. Unlike tocopherols, tocotrienols are unsaturated and possess an isoprenoid side chain. Tocopherols are lipophilic in nature and are found in association with lipoproteins, fat deposits and cellular membranes and protect the polyunsaturated fatty acids from peroxidation reactions. The unsaturated chain of tocotrienol allows an efficient penetration into tissues that have saturated fatty layers such as the brain and liver. Recent mechanistic studies indicate that other forms of vitamin E, such as γ-tocopherol, δ-tocopherol, and γ-tocotrienol, have unique antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties that are superior to those of α-tocopherol against chronic diseases. These forms scavenge reactive nitrogen species, inhibit cyclooxygenase- and 5-lipoxygenase-catalyzed eicosanoids and suppress proinflammatory signalling, such as NF-κB and STAT. The animal and human studies show tocotrienols may be useful against inflammation-associated diseases. Many of the functions of tocotrienols are related to its antioxidant properties and its varied effects are due to it behaving as a signalling molecule. Tocotrienols exhibit biological activities that are also exhibited by tocopherols, such as neuroprotective, anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory and cholesterol lowering properties. Hence, effort has been made to compile the different functions and properties of tocotrienols in experimental model systems and humans. This article constitutes an in-depth review of the pharmacology, metabolism, toxicology and biosafety aspects of tocotrienols. Tocotrienols are detectable at appreciable levels in the plasma after supplementations. However, there is inadequate data on the plasma concentrations of tocotrienols that are sufficient to demonstrate significant physiological effect and biodistribution studies show their accumulation in vital organs of the body. Considering the wide range of benefits that tocotrienols possesses against some common human ailments and having a promising potential, the experimental analysis accounts for about a small fraction of all vitamin E research. The current state of knowledge deserves further investigation into this lesser known form of vitamin E.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haseeb Ahsan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, 110025 India
| | - Amjid Ahad
- Department of Biochemistry, Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University), New Delhi, 110062 India
| | - Jahangir Iqbal
- Department of Cell Biology and Pediatrics, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY 11203 USA
| | - Waseem A Siddiqui
- Department of Biochemistry, Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University), New Delhi, 110062 India
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Husain K, Centeno BA, Chen DT, Hingorani SR, Sebti SM, Malafa MP. Vitamin E δ-tocotrienol prolongs survival in the LSL-KrasG12D/+;LSL-Trp53R172H/+;Pdx-1-Cre (KPC) transgenic mouse model of pancreatic cancer. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2013; 6:1074-83. [PMID: 23963802 PMCID: PMC4165552 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-13-0157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Previous work has shown that vitamin E δ-tocotrienol (VEDT) prolongs survival and delays progression of pancreatic cancer in the LSL-Kras(G12D)(/+);Pdx-1-Cre mouse model of pancreatic cancer. However, the effect of VEDT alone or in combination with gemcitabine in the more aggressive LSL-Kras(G12D)(/+);LSL-Trp53(R172H)(/+);Pdx-1-Cre (KPC) mouse model is unknown. Here, we studied the effects of VEDT and the combination of VEDT and gemcitabine in the KPC mice. KPC mice were randomized into four groups: (i) vehicle [olive oil, 1.0 mL/kg per os twice a day and PBS 1.0 mL/kg intrapertoneally (i.p.) twice a week], (ii) gemcitabine (100 mg/kg i.p. twice a week), (iii) VEDT (200 mg/kg per os twice a day), and (iv) gemcitabine + VEDT. Mice received treatment until they displayed symptoms of impending death from pancreatic cancer, at which point animals were euthanized. At 16 weeks, survival was 10% in the vehicle group, 30% in the gemcitabine group, 70% in the VEDT group (P < 0.01), and 90% in the VEDT combined with gemcitabine group (P < 0.05). VEDT alone and combined with gemcitabine resulted in reversal of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in tumors. Biomarkers of apoptosis (plasma CK18), PARP1 cleavage, and Bax expression were more greatly induced in tumors subjected to combined treatment versus individual treatment. Combined treatment induced cell-cycle inhibitors (p27(Kip1) and p21(Cip1)) and inhibited VEGF, vascularity (CD31), and oncogenic signaling (pAKT, pMEK, and pERK) greater than individual drugs. No significant differences in body weight gain between drug treatment and control mice were observed. These results strongly support further investigation of VEDT alone and in combination with gemcitabine for pancreatic cancer prevention and treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kazim Husain
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL 33612.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Investigation of tocotrienol biosynthesis in rice (Oryza sativa L.). Food Chem 2013; 140:91-8. [PMID: 23578619 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.02.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2012] [Revised: 02/04/2013] [Accepted: 02/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Rice tocotrienol (T3) has gained attention due to its physiological activities (e.g., antiangiogenesis). However, the biosynthetic pathway for T3 production in rice grain has not been well studied. We hypothesized that T3 biosynthesis enzymes and/or precursors play an important role in T3 production in whole grain. This proposal was evaluated in rice (Oryza sativa L.) by PCR and HPLC techniques. Grain tocopherol as well as flag leaf vitamin E levels were also investigated for comparison. For rice samples 14 days after flowering, grain was abundant in T3, but not in flag leaf. Expression of a gene encoding homogentisate geranylgeranyltransferase (HGGT, which has long been believed to be important for T3 production) differed significantly between grain and flag leaf. We then investigated rice samples during the grain maturation period, and found that grain T3 and HGGT levels increased in the early stage and then reached a plateau. T3 precursors such as homogentisate and geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate decreased during maturation. No increase in grain T3 from the middle to late stages of maturation and a decrease in T3 precursors during maturation suggest that HGGT would be an essential, but not limiting factor for T3 biosynthesis, and T3 precursors could regulate the T3 level in grain. The results of this study would be useful for nutraceutical purposes (e.g., development of T3-overproducing rice for the prevention of angiogenic disorders).
Collapse
|
37
|
Tsuduki T, Kuriyama K, Nakagawa K, Miyazawa T. Tocotrienol (Unsaturated Vitamin E) Suppresses Degranulation of Mast Cells and Reduces Allergic Dermatitis in Mice. J Oleo Sci 2013; 62:825-34. [DOI: 10.5650/jos.62.825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
|
38
|
Criswell KA, Cook JC, Morse D, Lawton M, Somps C, Obert L, Roy M, Sokolowski S, Koza-Taylor P, Colangelo J, Navetta K, Brady J, Pegg D, Wojcinski Z, Rahbari R, Duddy S, Anderson T. Pregabalin Induces Hepatic Hypoxia and Increases EndothelialCell Proliferation in Mice, a Process Inhibited by DietaryVitamin E Supplementation. Toxicol Sci 2012; 128:42-56. [DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfs148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
|
39
|
TKTL-1 expression in lung cancer. Pathol Res Pract 2012; 208:203-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2012.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2011] [Revised: 11/30/2011] [Accepted: 01/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
40
|
Manu KA, Shanmugam MK, Ramachandran L, Li F, Fong CW, Kumar AP, Tan P, Sethi G. First evidence that γ-tocotrienol inhibits the growth of human gastric cancer and chemosensitizes it to capecitabine in a xenograft mouse model through the modulation of NF-κB pathway. Clin Cancer Res 2012; 18:2220-9. [PMID: 22351692 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-11-2470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Because of poor prognosis and development of resistance against chemotherapeutic drugs, the existing treatment modalities for gastric cancer are ineffective. Hence, novel agents that are safe and effective are urgently needed. Whether γ-tocotrienol can sensitize gastric cancer to capecitabine in vitro and in a xenograft mouse model was investigated. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN The effect of γ-tocotrienol on proliferation of gastric cancer cell lines was examined by mitochondrial dye uptake assay, apoptosis by esterase staining, NF-κB activation by DNA-binding assay, and gene expression by Western blotting. The effect of γ-tocotrienol on the growth and chemosensitization was also examined in subcutaneously implanted tumors in nude mice. RESULTS γ-Tocotrienol inhibited the proliferation of various gastric cancer cell lines, potentiated the apoptotic effects of capecitabine, inhibited the constitutive activation of NF-κB, and suppressed the NF-κB-regulated expression of COX-2, cyclin D1, Bcl-2, CXCR4, VEGF, and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9). In a xenograft model of human gastric cancer in nude mice, we found that administration of γ-tocotrienol alone (1 mg/kg body weight, intraperitoneally 3 times/wk) significantly suppressed the growth of the tumor and this effect was further enhanced by capecitabine. Both the markers of proliferation index Ki-67 and for microvessel density CD31 were downregulated in tumor tissue by the combination of capecitabine and γ-tocotrienol. As compared with vehicle control, γ-tocotrienol also suppressed the NF-κB activation and the expression of cyclin D1, COX-2, intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), MMP-9, survivin, Bcl-xL, and XIAP. CONCLUSIONS Overall our results show that γ-tocotrienol can potentiate the effects of capecitabine through suppression of NF-κB-regulated markers of proliferation, invasion, angiogenesis, and metastasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kanjoormana A Manu
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Abstract
Inflammation is an organism's response to environmental assaults. It can be classified as acute inflammation that leads to therapeutic recovery or chronic inflammation, which may lead to the development of cancer and other ailments. Genetic changes that occur within cancer cells themselves are responsible for many aspects of cancer development but are dependent on ancillary processes for tumor promotion and progression. Inflammation has long been associated with the development of cancer. The distinct characteristics of cancer cells to proliferate, metastasize, evade apoptotic signals, and develop chemoresistance have been linked to the inflammatory response. Due to the involvement of multiple genes and various pathways, current drugs that target single genes have not been effective in providing a therapeutic cure. On the other hand, natural products target multiple genes and therefore have better success compared to drugs. Tocotrienols, the potent isoforms of vitamin E, are such a natural product. This review will discuss the relationship between cancer and inflammation with particular focus on the roles played by NF-κB, STAT3, and COX-2.
Collapse
|
42
|
Ji X, Wang Z, Geamanu A, Sarkar FH, Gupta SV. Inhibition of cell growth and induction of apoptosis in non-small cell lung cancer cells by delta-tocotrienol is associated with notch-1 down-regulation. J Cell Biochem 2011; 112:2773-83. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.23184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
|
43
|
Michihara A, Ogawa S, Kamizaki Y, Akasaki K. Effect of δ-tocotrienol on melanin content and enzymes for melanin synthesis in mouse melanoma cells. Biol Pharm Bull 2011; 33:1471-6. [PMID: 20823559 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.33.1471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we investigated the dose-dependent effect of delta-tocotrienol long term (48, 72 h) on the melanin content of cells treated with delta-tocotrienol, and whether cells treated with delta-tocotrienol for long a time show cytotoxicity. We also examined whether other enzymes responsible for melanin biosynthesis, tyrosinase-related protein-1 (TRP-1) and -2 (TRP-2), are involved in the decrease in melanin levels. Protein levels in cells treated with 25 or 50 microM delta-tocotrienol for 48 h or 72 h were similar to those in control cells. Melanin content decreased by 44 (25 microM delta-tocotrienol) to 50% (50 microM) at 48 h, and by 14 to 21% at 72 h, compared to control levels. Tyrosinase activity, amounts of tyrosinase and TRP-1 decreased dependent on dose : by 50 (25 microM delta-tocotrienol) to 75% (50 microM), 20 to 45% and 42 to 82% at 48 h, and by 25 to 50%, 75 to 80% and 78 to 77% at 72 h, respectively. Although the amount of TRP-2 increased by 20% on treatment with 25 microM delta-tocotrienol for 48 h, it decreased by 52% on treatment with 50 microM delta-tocotrienol for 48 h. The amount of TRP-2 dose-dependently decreased by 55% and 75% on 72 h by treatment with 25 and 50 microM delta-tocotrienol, respectively. From these findings, delta-tocotrienol at up to 50 microM dose-dependently caused a reduction in melanin content by the decrease of TRP-1 and TRP-2 as well as tyrosinase, and no cytotoxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Michihara
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuyama University, Hiroshima, Japan.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Kannappan R, Gupta SC, Kim JH, Aggarwal BB. Tocotrienols fight cancer by targeting multiple cell signaling pathways. GENES AND NUTRITION 2011; 7:43-52. [PMID: 21484157 DOI: 10.1007/s12263-011-0220-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2011] [Accepted: 03/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cancer cells are distinguished by several distinct characteristics, such as self-sufficiency in growth signal, resistance to growth inhibition, limitless replicative potential, evasion of apoptosis, sustained angiogenesis, and tissue invasion and metastasis. Tumor cells acquire these properties due to the dysregulation of multiple genes and associated cell signaling pathways, most of which are linked to inflammation. For that reason, rationally designed drugs that target a single gene product are unlikely to be of use in preventing or treating cancer. Moreover, targeted drugs can cause serious and even life-threatening side effects. Therefore, there is an urgent need for safe and effective promiscuous (multitargeted) drugs. "Mother Nature" produces numerous such compounds that regulate multiple cell signaling pathways, are cost effective, exhibit low toxicity, and are readily available. One among these is tocotrienol, a member of the vitamin E family, which has exhibited anticancer properties. This review summarizes data from in vitro and in vivo studies of the effects of tocotrienol on nuclear factor-κB, signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) 3, death receptors, apoptosis, nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2), hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) 1, growth factor receptor kinases, and angiogenic pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ramaswamy Kannappan
- Cytokine Research Laboratory, Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Kunnumakkara AB, Sung B, Ravindran J, Diagaradjane P, Deorukhkar A, Dey S, Koca C, Yadav VR, Tong Z, Gelovani JG, Guha S, Krishnan S, Aggarwal BB. {Gamma}-tocotrienol inhibits pancreatic tumors and sensitizes them to gemcitabine treatment by modulating the inflammatory microenvironment. Cancer Res 2010; 70:8695-705. [PMID: 20864511 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-10-2318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancers generally respond poorly to chemotherapy, prompting a need to identify agents that could sensitize tumors to treatment. In this study, we investigated the response of human pancreatic cells to γ-tocotrienol (γ-T3), a novel, unsaturated form of vitamin E found in palm oil and rice bran oil, to determine whether it could potentiate the effects of gemcitabine, a standard of care in clinical treatment of pancreatic cancer. γ-T3 inhibited the in vitro proliferation of pancreatic cancer cell lines with variable p53 status and potentiated gemcitabine-induced apoptosis. These effects correlated with an inhibition of NF-κB activation by γ-T3 and a suppression of key cellular regulators including cyclin D1, c-Myc, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), Bcl-2, cellular inhibitor of apoptosis protein, survivin, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), ICAM-1, and CXCR4. In an orthotopic nude mouse model of human pancreatic cancer, p.o. administration of γ-T3 inhibited tumor growth and enhanced the antitumor properties of gemcitabine. Immunohistochemical analysis indicated a correlation between tumor growth inhibition and reduced expression of Ki-67, COX-2, matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), NF-κB p65, and VEGF in the tissue. Combination treatment also downregulated NF-κB activity along with the NF-κB-regulated gene products, such as cyclin D1, c-Myc, VEGF, MMP-9, and CXCR4. Consistent with an enhancement of tumor apoptosis, caspase activation was observed in tumor tissues. Overall, our findings suggest that γ-T3 can inhibit the growth of human pancreatic tumors and sensitize them to gemcitabine by suppressing NF-κB-mediated inflammatory pathways linked to tumorigenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ajaikumar B Kunnumakkara
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Aggarwal BB, Sundaram C, Prasad S, Kannappan R. Tocotrienols, the vitamin E of the 21st century: its potential against cancer and other chronic diseases. Biochem Pharmacol 2010; 80:1613-31. [PMID: 20696139 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2010.07.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 341] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2010] [Revised: 07/12/2010] [Accepted: 07/27/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Initially discovered in 1938 as a "fertility factor," vitamin E now refers to eight different isoforms that belong to two categories, four saturated analogues (α, β, γ, and δ) called tocopherols and four unsaturated analogues referred to as tocotrienols. While the tocopherols have been investigated extensively, little is known about the tocotrienols. Very limited studies suggest that both the molecular and therapeutic targets of the tocotrienols are distinct from those of the tocopherols. For instance, suppression of inflammatory transcription factor NF-κB, which is closely linked to tumorigenesis and inhibition of HMG-CoA reductase, mammalian DNA polymerases and certain protein tyrosine kinases, is unique to the tocotrienols. This review examines in detail the molecular targets of the tocotrienols and their roles in cancer, bone resorption, diabetes, and cardiovascular and neurological diseases at both preclinical and clinical levels. As disappointment with the therapeutic value of the tocopherols grows, the potential of these novel vitamin E analogues awaits further investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bharat B Aggarwal
- Cytokine Research Laboratory, Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Box 143, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Shibata A, Nakagawa K, Kawakami Y, Tsuzuki T, Miyazawa T. Suppression of gamma-tocotrienol on UVB induced inflammation in HaCaT keratinocytes and HR-1 hairless mice via inflammatory mediators multiple signaling. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2010; 58:7013-7020. [PMID: 20465215 DOI: 10.1021/jf100691g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Tocopherol (Toc) such as alpha-Toc has been expected to act as photochemopreventive agent of skin, but the effect of the other vitamin E forms [tocotrienols (T3)] has not been fully understood. We evaluated the anti-inflammatory effect of T3 on UVB-induced inflammatory reaction using immortalized human keratinocytes and hairless mice. gamma-T3 suppressed UVB-induced PGE(2) production while similar alpha-Toc doses had no effect. The anti-inflammatory actions of gamma-T3 were explained by its ability to reduce UVB-induced inflammatory gene and protein expression [cyclooxgenase-2 (COX-2), interleukin (IL)-1beta, IL-6, and monocyte chemotactic protein-1]. Western blot analysis revealed gamma-T3 inhibited p38, extracellular signal-regulated kinase, and c-Jun N-terminal kinase/stress-activated protein kinase activation. In HR-1 hairless mice, oral T3 suppressed UVB-induced changes in skin thickness, COX-2 protein expression, and hyperplasia, but alpha-Toc did not. These results suggest T3 has potential use to protect against UVB-induced skin inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akira Shibata
- Food and Biodynamic Chemistry Laboratory, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 981-8555, Japan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
alpha-Tocopherol attenuates the cytotoxic effect of delta-tocotrienol in human colorectal adenocarcinoma cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2010; 397:214-9. [PMID: 20493172 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2010.05.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2010] [Accepted: 05/16/2010] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have demonstrated that tocotrienol (T3) is superior to tocopherol (Toc) for cancer chemoprevention. However, there is little information on whether Toc influences the anticancer property of T3. In this study, we investigated the influence of Toc on the cytotoxic effects of delta-T3 in DLD-1 human colorectal adenocarcinoma cells. Toc, especially alpha-Toc, attenuated delta-T3-induced cytotoxicity and apoptosis in DLD-1 cells, whereas Toc alone did not exhibit any cytotoxic effect. delta-T3-induced cell cycle arrest and proapoptotic gene/protein expression (e.g., p21, p27, and caspases) were abrogated by alpha-Toc. Furthermore, coadministration of alpha-Toc decreased delta-T3 uptake into DLD-1 cells in a dose-dependent manner. These results indicate that alpha-Toc is not only less cytotoxic to cancer cells, but it also reduces the cytotoxicity of delta-T3 by inhibiting its cellular uptake.
Collapse
|
49
|
Bi S, Liu JR, Li Y, Wang Q, Liu HK, Yan YG, Chen BQ, Sun WG. gamma-Tocotrienol modulates the paracrine secretion of VEGF induced by cobalt(II) chloride via ERK signaling pathway in gastric adenocarcinoma SGC-7901 cell line. Toxicology 2010; 274:27-33. [PMID: 20452389 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2010.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2010] [Revised: 05/02/2010] [Accepted: 05/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxia is a common characteristic feature of solid tumors, and carcinoma cells are known to secrete many growth factors. These growth factors, such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), play a major role in the regulation of tumor angiogenesis and metastasis. In this study, the effect of gamma-tocotrienol, a natural product commonly found in palm oil and rice bran, on the accumulation of HIF-1alpha protein and the paracrine secretion of VEGF in human gastric adenocarcinoma SGC-7901 cell line induced by cobalt(II) chloride (as a hypoxia mimic) was investigated. These results showed that cobalt(II) chloride induced the high expression of VEGF in SGC-7901 cells at dose of 150 micromol/L for 24h. Both basal level and cobalt(II) chloride-induced HIF-1alpha protein accumulation and VEGF paracrine secretion were inhibited in SGC-7901 cells treated with gamma-tocotrienol at 60 micromol/L treatment for 24 h. U0126, a MEK1/2 inhibitor, decreased the expression of HIF-1alpha protein and the paracrine secretion of VEGF under normoxic and hypoxic conditions. In this study, gamma-tocotrienol also significantly inhibited the hypoxia-stimulated expression of phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (p-ERK1/2). The mechanism seems to involve in inhibiting hypoxia-mediated activation of p-ERK1/2, it leads to a marked decrease in hypoxia-induced HIF-1alpha protein accumulation and VEGF secretion. These data suggest that HIF-1alpha/VEGF could be a promising target for gamma-tocotrienol in an effective method of chemoprevention and chemotherapy in human gastric cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Bi
- Central Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 23 YouZheng Street, NanGang District, Harbin 150001, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Ju J, Picinich SC, Yang Z, Zhao Y, Suh N, Kong AN, Yang CS. Cancer-preventive activities of tocopherols and tocotrienols. Carcinogenesis 2010; 31:533-42. [PMID: 19748925 PMCID: PMC2860705 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgp205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2009] [Revised: 07/31/2009] [Accepted: 08/10/2009] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The cancer-preventive activity of vitamin E has been studied. Whereas some epidemiological studies have suggested a protective effect of vitamin E against cancer formation, many large-scale intervention studies with alpha-tocopherol (usually large doses) have not demonstrated a cancer-preventive effect. Studies on alpha-tocopherol in animal models also have not demonstrated robust cancer prevention effects. One possible explanation for the lack of demonstrable cancer-preventive effects is that high doses of alpha-tocopherol decrease the blood and tissue levels of delta-tocopherols. It has been suggested that gamma-tocopherol, due to its strong anti-inflammatory and other activities, may be the more effective form of vitamin E in cancer prevention. Our recent results have demonstrated that a gamma-tocopherol-rich mixture of tocopherols inhibits colon, prostate, mammary and lung tumorigenesis in animal models, suggesting that this mixture may have a high potential for applications in the prevention of human cancer. In this review, we discuss biochemical properties of tocopherols, results of possible cancer-preventive effects in humans and animal models and possible mechanisms involved in the inhibition of carcinogenesis. Based on this information, we propose that a gamma-tocopherol-rich mixture of tocopherols is a very promising cancer-preventive agent and warrants extensive future research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jihyeung Ju
- Department of Chemical Biology
- Department of Pharmaceutics
- Center for Cancer Prevention Research, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
- Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
- Present address: Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Human Ecology, Chungbuk National University, 410 Sungbong-Ro, Heungduk-Gu, Cheongju 361-763, Korea
| | - Sonia C. Picinich
- Department of Chemical Biology
- Department of Pharmaceutics
- Center for Cancer Prevention Research, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
- Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Zhihong Yang
- Department of Chemical Biology
- Department of Pharmaceutics
- Center for Cancer Prevention Research, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
- Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Yang Zhao
- Department of Chemical Biology
- Department of Pharmaceutics
- Center for Cancer Prevention Research, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
- Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Nanjoo Suh
- Department of Chemical Biology
- Department of Pharmaceutics
- Center for Cancer Prevention Research, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
- Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Ah-Ng Kong
- Department of Chemical Biology
- Department of Pharmaceutics
- Center for Cancer Prevention Research, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
- Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Chung S. Yang
- Department of Chemical Biology
- Department of Pharmaceutics
- Center for Cancer Prevention Research, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
- Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| |
Collapse
|