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Faienza MF, Giardinelli S, Annicchiarico A, Chiarito M, Barile B, Corbo F, Brunetti G. Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods: A Comprehensive Review of Their Role in Bone Health. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5873. [PMID: 38892062 PMCID: PMC11172758 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25115873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Bone health is the result of a tightly regulated balance between bone modeling and bone remodeling, and alterations of these processes have been observed in several diseases both in adult and pediatric populations. The imbalance in bone remodeling can ultimately lead to osteoporosis, which is most often associated with aging, but contributing factors can already act during the developmental age, when over a third of bone mass is accumulated. The maintenance of an adequate bone mass is influenced by genetic and environmental factors, such as physical activity and diet, and particularly by an adequate intake of calcium and vitamin D. In addition, it has been claimed that the integration of specific nutraceuticals such as resveratrol, anthocyanins, isoflavones, lycopene, curcumin, lutein, and β-carotene and the intake of bioactive compounds from the diet such as honey, tea, dried plums, blueberry, and olive oil can be efficient strategies for bone loss prevention. Nutraceuticals and functional foods are largely used to provide medical or health benefits, but there is an urge to determine which products have adequate clinical evidence and a strong safety profile. The aim of this review is to explore the scientific and clinical evidence of the positive role of nutraceuticals and functional food in bone health, focusing both on molecular mechanisms and on real-world studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Felicia Faienza
- Pediatric Unit, Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area, University of Bari “A. Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy; (M.F.F.)
| | - Silvia Giardinelli
- Department of Medical Sciences, Pediatrics, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Alessia Annicchiarico
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Environment, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70125 Bari, Italy; (A.A.); (B.B.)
| | - Mariangela Chiarito
- Pediatric Unit, Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area, University of Bari “A. Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy; (M.F.F.)
| | - Barbara Barile
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Environment, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70125 Bari, Italy; (A.A.); (B.B.)
| | - Filomena Corbo
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, University of Bari “A. Moro”, 70125 Bari, Italy;
| | - Giacomina Brunetti
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Environment, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70125 Bari, Italy; (A.A.); (B.B.)
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Huang HT, Cheng TL, Lin SY, Ho CJ, Chyu JY, Yang RS, Chen CH, Shen CL. Osteoprotective Roles of Green Tea Catechins. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:E1136. [PMID: 33207822 PMCID: PMC7696448 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9111136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Revised: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoporosis is the second most common disease only secondary to cardiovascular disease, with the risk of fracture increasing with age. Osteoporosis is caused by an imbalance between osteoblastogenesis and osteoclastogenesis processes. Osteoclastogenesis may be enhanced, osteoblastogenesis may be reduced, or both may be evident. Inflammation and high reactive oxygen enhance osteoclastogenesis while reducing osteoblastogenesis by inducing osteoblast apoptosis and suppressing osteoblastic proliferation and differentiation. Catechins, the main polyphenols found in green tea with potent anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, can counteract the deleterious effects of the imbalance of osteoblastogenesis and osteoclastogenesis caused by osteoporosis. Green tea catechins can attenuate osteoclastogenesis by enhancing apoptosis of osteoclasts, hampering osteoclastogenesis, and prohibiting bone resorption in vitro. Catechin effects can be directly exerted on pre-osteoclasts/osteoclasts or indirectly exerted via the modulation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs)/stromal cell regulation of pre-osteoclasts through activation of the nuclear factor kB (RANK)/RANK ligand (RANKL)/osteoprotegerin (OPG) system. Catechins also can enhance osteoblastogenesis by enhancing osteogenic differentiation of MSCs and increasing osteoblastic survival, proliferation, differentiation, and mineralization. The in vitro effects of catechins on osteogenesis have been confirmed in several animal models, as well as in epidemiological observational studies on human subjects. Even though randomized control trials have not shown that catechins provide anti-fracture efficacy, safety data in the trials are promising. A large-scale, placebo-controlled, long-term randomized trial with a tea regimen intervention of optimal duration is required to determine anti-fracture efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsuan-Ti Huang
- Orthopaedic Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80701, Taiwan; (H.-T.H.); (T.-L.C.); (S.-Y.L.); (C.-J.H.)
- Department of Orthopedics, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80701, Taiwan
- Departments of Orthopedics, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80701, Taiwan
- Department of Orthopedics, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung 80145, Taiwan
- Regeneration Medicine and Cell Therapy Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80701, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Lin Cheng
- Orthopaedic Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80701, Taiwan; (H.-T.H.); (T.-L.C.); (S.-Y.L.); (C.-J.H.)
- Regeneration Medicine and Cell Therapy Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80701, Taiwan
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80701, Taiwan
| | - Sung-Yen Lin
- Orthopaedic Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80701, Taiwan; (H.-T.H.); (T.-L.C.); (S.-Y.L.); (C.-J.H.)
- Department of Orthopedics, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80701, Taiwan
- Departments of Orthopedics, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80701, Taiwan
- Department of Orthopedics, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung 80145, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Jung Ho
- Orthopaedic Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80701, Taiwan; (H.-T.H.); (T.-L.C.); (S.-Y.L.); (C.-J.H.)
- Department of Orthopedics, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80701, Taiwan
- Departments of Orthopedics, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80701, Taiwan
| | - Joanna Y. Chyu
- School of Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA;
| | - Rong-Sen Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 100229, Taiwan;
| | - Chung-Hwan Chen
- Orthopaedic Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80701, Taiwan; (H.-T.H.); (T.-L.C.); (S.-Y.L.); (C.-J.H.)
- Department of Orthopedics, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80701, Taiwan
- Departments of Orthopedics, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80701, Taiwan
- Department of Orthopedics, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung 80145, Taiwan
- Regeneration Medicine and Cell Therapy Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80701, Taiwan
- Institute of Medical Science and Technology, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan
- Department of Healthcare Administration and Medical Informatics, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80701, Taiwan
| | - Chwan-Li Shen
- Department of Pathology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA
- Center of Excellence for Integrative Health, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA
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Chisari E, Shivappa N, Vyas S. Polyphenol-Rich Foods and Osteoporosis. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 25:2459-2466. [PMID: 31333106 DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666190722093959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Osteoporosis is a metabolic disease affecting the bone mineral density and thus compromise the strength of the bones. Disease prevention through diet is the objective of the study and discussion. Among the several nutrients investigated, the intake of phenols seems to influence bone mineral density by acting as free radical scavengers, preventing oxidation-induced damage to bone cells. In addition, the growing understanding of the bone remodelling process supports the theory that inflammation significantly contributes to the etiopathogenesis of osteoporosis. METHODS To provide an overview of current evidence on polyphenol-rich foods and osteoporosis prevention we made a comprehensive review of the literature focusing on the state of art of the topic. RESULTS Some polyphenol-rich foods, including olive oil, fruit and vegetable, tea and soy, seem to be beneficial for preventing osteoporosis disease and its progression. The mechanism is still partly unknown and may involve different pathways which include inflammation and other disease reactions. CONCLUSIONS However, further research is needed to better understand the mechanisms regulating the molecular interaction between osteoporosis incidence and progression and polyphenol-rich foods. The current evidence suggests that dietary intervention with polyphenol rich foods may be useful to prevent incidence and progression of this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuele Chisari
- University of Catania, Piazza Universita, 2, 95124, Catania CT, Italy
| | - Nitin Shivappa
- Cancer Prevention and Control Program, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, United States.,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, United States
| | - Shraddha Vyas
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Fl, 33612, United States
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Shen CL, Smith BJ, Li J, Cao JJ, Song X, Newhardt MF, Corry KA, Tomison MD, Tang L, Wang JS, Chyu MC. Effect of Long-Term Green Tea Polyphenol Supplementation on Bone Architecture, Turnover, and Mechanical Properties in Middle-Aged Ovariectomized Rats. Calcif Tissue Int 2019; 104:285-300. [PMID: 30413854 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-018-0489-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the effects of 6-month green tea polyphenols (GTP) supplementation on bone architecture, turnover, and mechanical properties in middle-aged ovariectomized (OVX) rats. Female rats were sham-operated (n = 39, 13/group) or OVX (n = 143, 13/group). Sham-control and OVX-control rats (n = 39) receiving no GTP were assigned for sample collection at baseline, 3, or 6 months. The remaining OVX rats (n = 104) were randomized to 0.15%, 0.5%, 1%, and 1.5% (g/dL) GTP for 3 or 6 months. Blood and bone samples were collected. Relative to the OVX-control group, GTP (1% and 1.5%) lowered serum procollagen type 1 N-terminal propeptide at 3 and 6 months, C-terminal telopeptides of type I collagen at 3 months, and insulin-like growth factor-I at 6 months. GTP did not affect bone mineral content and density. At 6 months, no dose of GTP positively affected trabecular bone volume based on microCT, but a higher cortical thickness and improved biomechanical properties of the femur mid-diaphysis was observed in the 1.5% GTP-treated group. At 3 and 6 months, GTP (0.5%, 1%, and 1.5%) had lower rates of trabecular bone formation and resorption than the OVX-control group, but the inhibitory effects of GTP on periosteal and endocortical bone mineralization and formation at the tibial midshaft were only evident at 3 months. GTP at higher doses suppressed bone turnover in the trabecular and cortical bone of OVX rats and resulted in improved cortical bone structural and biomechanical properties, although it was not effective in preventing the ovariectomy-induced dramatic cancellous bone loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chwan-Li Shen
- Department of Pathology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, 79430, USA.
| | - Brenda J Smith
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
| | - Jiliang Li
- Department of Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Jay J Cao
- USDA ARS Grand Forks Human Nutrition Research Center, Grand Forks, ND, USA
| | - Xiao Song
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Maria F Newhardt
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
| | - Kylie A Corry
- Department of Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Michael D Tomison
- Department of Pathology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, 79430, USA
| | - Lili Tang
- Department of Environmental Health Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Jia-Sheng Wang
- Department of Environmental Health Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Ming-Chien Chyu
- Department of Pathology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, 79430, USA
- Graduate Healthcare Engineering Option, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, 79409, USA
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Minematsu A, Nishii Y, Imagita H, Sakata S. Long-Term Intake of Green Tea Extract Causes Mal-Conformation of Trabecular Bone Microarchitecture in Growing Rats. Calcif Tissue Int 2018; 102:358-367. [PMID: 29103160 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-017-0358-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of green tea extract (GTE) intake on bone structural and physiological properties, such as bone mass, trabecular bone microarchitecture, cortical bone geometry, and bone mechanical strength, in growing rats. Four-week-old male Wistar rats were divided into the following four groups: standard diet feeding for 85 days (S-CON) or 170 days (L-CON), and GTE diet feeding for 85 days (S-GTE) or 170 days (L-GTE). At the end of the experiment, in addition to measurement of circulating bone formation/resorption markers, bone mass, trabecular bone microarchitecture, and cortical bone geometry were analyzed in the left femur, and bone mechanical strength of the right femur was measured. There was no difference in all bone parameters between the S-CON and S-GTE groups. On the other hand, the L-GTE group showed the decrease in some trabecular bone mass/microarchitecture parameters and no change in cortical bone mass/geometry parameters compared with the L-CON group, and consequently the reduction in bone weight corrected by body weight. There was no difference in bone formation/resorption markers and bone mechanical strength between the S-CON and S-GTE groups and also between the L-CON and L-GTE groups. However, serum leptin levels were significantly lower in the L-GTE group than in the L-CON group. Thus, the long-term GTE intake had negative effects on bone, especially trabecular bone loss and microarchitecture mal-conformation, in growing rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Minematsu
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Health Science, Kio University, 4-2-2 Umaminaka, Koryo-cho, Kitakatsuragi-gun, Nara, 635-0832, Japan.
| | - Yasue Nishii
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Health Science, Kio University, 4-2-2 Umaminaka, Koryo-cho, Kitakatsuragi-gun, Nara, 635-0832, Japan
| | - Hidetaka Imagita
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Health Science, Kio University, 4-2-2 Umaminaka, Koryo-cho, Kitakatsuragi-gun, Nara, 635-0832, Japan
| | - Susumu Sakata
- Department of Physiology, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijou-cho, Kashihara, Nara, 634-8521, Japan
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Shen CL, Chyu MC. Tea flavonoids for bone health: from animals to humans. J Investig Med 2016; 64:1151-7. [PMID: 27356546 DOI: 10.1136/jim-2016-000190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Osteoporosis is a skeletal disease characterized by a deterioration of bone mass and bone quality that predisposes an individual to a higher risk of fragility fractures. Emerging evidence has shown that the risk for low bone mass and osteoporosis-related fractures can be reduced by nutritional approaches aiming to improve bone microstructure, bone mineral density, and strength. Tea and its flavonoids, especially those of black tea and green tea, have been suggested to protect against bone loss and to reduce risk of fracture, due to tea's antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Based on the results of animal studies, moderate intake of tea has shown to benefit bone health as shown by mitigation of bone loss and microstructural deterioration as well as improvement of bone strength and quality. Epidemiological studies have reported positive, insignificant, and negative impacts on bone mineral density at multiple skeletal sites and risk of fracture in humans with habitual tea consumption. There are limited human clinical trials that objectively and quantitatively assessed tea consumption and bone efficacy using validated outcome measures in a population at high risk for osteoporosis, along with safety monitoring approach. This review summarizes the current state of knowledge of laboratory animal research, epidemiological observational studies, and clinical trials assessing the skeletal effects of tea and its active flavonoids, along with discussion of relevant future directions in translational research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chwan-Li Shen
- Department of Pathology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Texas, USA Laura W. Bush Institute for Women's Health, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | - Ming-Chien Chyu
- Department of Pathology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Texas, USA Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA Graduate Healthcare Engineering Option, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
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Abeysekera I, Thomas J, Georgiadis TM, Berman AG, Hammond MA, Dria KJ, Wallace JM, Roper RJ. Differential effects of Epigallocatechin-3-gallate containing supplements on correcting skeletal defects in a Down syndrome mouse model. Mol Nutr Food Res 2016; 60:717-726. [PMID: 26748562 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201500781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Revised: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Down syndrome (DS), caused by trisomy of human chromosome 21 (Hsa21), is characterized by a spectrum of phenotypes including skeletal abnormalities. The Ts65Dn DS mouse model exhibits similar skeletal phenotypes as humans with DS. DYRK1A, a kinase encoded on Hsa21, has been linked to deficiencies in bone homeostasis in DS mice and individuals with DS. Treatment with Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), a known inhibitor of Dyrk1a, improves some skeletal abnormalities associated with DS in mice. EGCG supplements are widely available but the effectiveness of different EGCG-containing supplements has not been well studied. METHODS AND RESULTS Six commercially available supplements containing EGCG were analyzed, and two of these supplements were compared with pure EGCG for their impact on skeletal deficits in a DS mouse model. The results demonstrate differential effects of commercial supplements on correcting skeletal abnormalities in Ts65Dn mice. Different EGCG-containing supplements display differences in degradation, polyphenol content, and effects on trisomic bone. CONCLUSION This work suggests that the dose of EGCG and composition of EGCG-containing supplements may be important in correcting skeletal deficits associated with DS. Careful analyses of these parameters may lead to a better understanding of how to improve skeletal and other deficits that impair individuals with DS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irushi Abeysekera
- Department of Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Jared Thomas
- Department of Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Taxiarchis M Georgiadis
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Alycia G Berman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Max A Hammond
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Karl J Dria
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Joseph M Wallace
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Randall J Roper
- Department of Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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Iwaniec UT, Turner RT, Smith BJ, Stoecker BJ, Rust A, Zhang B, Vasu VT, Gohil K, Cross CE, Traber MG. Evaluation of long-term vitamin E insufficiency or excess on bone mass, density, and microarchitecture in rodents. Free Radic Biol Med 2013; 65:1209-1214. [PMID: 24051180 PMCID: PMC3859709 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2013.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2013] [Revised: 09/04/2013] [Accepted: 09/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
High dietary α-tocopherol levels reportedly result in osteopenia in growing rats, whereas α-tocopherol deficiency in α-tocopherol transfer protein-knockout (α-TTP-KO) mice results in increased cancellous bone mass. Because osteoporosis is a disease associated primarily with aging, we hypothesized that age-related bone loss would be attenuated in α-TTP-KO mice. Cancellous and cortical bone mass and microarchitecture were assessed using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and micro-computed tomography in 2-year-old α-TTP-KO and wild-type (WT) male and female mice fed dl-α-tocopherol acetate. In contrast to our expectations, differences in cancellous bone were not detected between WT and α-TTP-KO mice of either gender, and α-TTP-KO males had lower (p<0.05) cortical bone mass than WT males. We therefore evaluated bone mass, density, and microarchitecture in proximal femur of skeletally mature (8.5-month-old) male Sprague-Dawley rats fed diets containing low (15 IU/kg diet), adequate (75 IU/kg diet), or high (500 IU/kg diet) dl-α-tocopherol acetate for 13 weeks. Low dietary α-tocopherol did not increase bone mass. Furthermore, no reductions in cancellous or cortical bone mass were detected with high dietary α-tocopherol. Failure to detect increased bone mass in aged α-TTP-KO mice or bone changes in skeletally mature rats fed either low or high levels of α-tocopherol does not support the hypothesis that α-tocopherol has a negative impact on bone mass, density, or microarchitecture in rodents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urszula T Iwaniec
- Skeletal Biology Laboratory, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA; Center for Healthy Aging Research, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Russell T Turner
- Skeletal Biology Laboratory, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA; Center for Healthy Aging Research, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Brenda J Smith
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, College of Human Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Barbara J Stoecker
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, College of Human Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Allison Rust
- Skeletal Biology Laboratory, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Bo Zhang
- Biostatistics Core, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Vihas T Vasu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Genome and Biomedical Sciences Facility, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Kishorchandra Gohil
- Department of Internal Medicine, Genome and Biomedical Sciences Facility, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Carroll E Cross
- Department of Internal Medicine, Genome and Biomedical Sciences Facility, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Maret G Traber
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
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Shen CL, Chyu MC, Wang JS. Tea and bone health: steps forward in translational nutrition. Am J Clin Nutr 2013; 98:1694S-1699S. [PMID: 24172296 PMCID: PMC3831545 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.113.058255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoporosis is a major health problem in the aging population worldwide. Cross-sectional and retrospective evidence indicates that tea consumption may be a promising approach in mitigating bone loss and in reducing risk of osteoporotic fractures among older adults. Tea polyphenols enhance osteoblastogenesis and suppress osteoclastogenesis in vitro. Animal studies reveal that intake of tea polyphenols have pronounced positive effects on bone as shown by higher bone mass and trabecular bone volume, number, and thickness and lower trabecular separation via increasing bone formation and inhibition of bone resorption, resulting in greater bone strength. These osteoprotective effects appear to be mediated through antioxidant or antiinflammatory pathways along with their downstream signaling mechanisms. A short-term clinical trial of green tea polyphenols has translated the findings from ovariectomized animals to postmenopausal osteopenic women through evaluation of bioavailability, safety, bone turnover markers, muscle strength, and quality of life. For future studies, preclinical animal studies to optimize the dose of tea polyphenols for maximum osteoprotective efficacy and a follow-up short-term dose-response trial in postmenopausal osteopenic women are necessary to inform the design of randomized controlled studies in at-risk populations. Advanced imaging technology should also contribute to determining the effective dose of tea polyphenols in achieving better bone mass, microarchitecture integrity, and bone strength, which are critical steps for translating the putative benefit of tea consumption in osteoporosis management into clinical practice and dietary guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chwan-Li Shen
- Department of Pathology (C-LS and M-CC) and the Laura W Bush Institute for Women's Health (C-LS), Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX; the Department of Mechanical Engineering and the Graduate Healthcare Engineering Option, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX (M-CC); and the Department of Environmental Health Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA (J-SW)
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Wang D, Meng J, Gao H, Xu K, Xiao R, Zhong Y, Luo X, Yao P, Yan H, Liu L. Evaluation of reproductive and developmental toxicities of Pu-erh black tea (Camellia sinensis var. assamica) extract in Sprague Dawley rats. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2013; 148:190-198. [PMID: 23602733 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2013.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2012] [Revised: 03/18/2013] [Accepted: 04/08/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Pu-erh black tea, which is obtained by first parching crude green tea leaves and followed by secondary fermentation with microorganisms, has been believed to be beneficial beverages for health in PR China. But its potential toxicity when administered at a high dose as concentrated extract has not been completely investigated. AIM OF THE STUDY The present study was aimed at evaluating potential reproductive and developmental toxicities of Pu-erh black tea extract (BTE) in Sprague Dawley rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS Growing rats were given BTE by gavage at levels of 0, 200, 700 and 2500mg/kg/day as the F0 generation in reproductive toxicity study. Additionally, BTE was administered to mate female rats from gestation day 0.5 through 19.5 at the doses of 0, 200, 700 and 2500mg/kg/day to evaluate the developmental toxicity. RESULTS In the reproductive toxicity study, only 2500mg/kg/day BTE reduced the body weight gain and altered the relative organ weights including testes, prostata and ovary both for F0 parents and F1 offspring compared to the controls. High dose of BTE (2500mg/kg/day) administration caused developmental disturbances in embryo-to-foetus period including resorbed embryos, decreased embryo size and skeletal anomalies. CONCLUSION In conclusion, the no-observed-adverse-effect level of BTE is 700mg/kg/day both for reproductive toxicity and developmental toxicities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Wang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan 430030, PR China
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11
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Shen CL, Chyu MC, Cao JJ, Yeh JK. Green tea polyphenols improve bone microarchitecture in high-fat-diet-induced obese female rats through suppressing bone formation and erosion. J Med Food 2013; 16:421-7. [PMID: 23631490 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2012.0199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
This study evaluates the effects of green tea polyphenols (GTPs) on bone microarchitecture in high-fat-diet (HFD)-induced obese female rats. Thirty-six 3-month-old female rats were fed either a control diet or a HFD for 4 months. Animals in the control group continued on the control diet for another 4 months. Animals in the HFD group were divided into two groups, with 0.5 g/100 mL GTP (the HFD+GTP group) or without GTP (the HFD group) in drinking water, in addition to the HFD for another 4 months. Compared to the control group, the HFD group increased bone formation and erosion rates at the tibia, decreased trabecular volume and thickness, but had no impact on bone mineral density (BMD), trabecular number (Tb.N), and separation. Compared to the control group, the HFD+GTP group demonstrates a greater Tb.N at the proximal tibia, and a greater trabecular thickness at the femur and the lumbar vertebrae, but a smaller trabecular separation (Tb.Sp) and mineralizing surface at the proximal tibia, and a reduced endocortical mineral apposition rate (MAR) at the tibia shaft. Relative to the HFD group, the HFD+GTP group demonstrates (1) a higher BMD at the femur, a greater trabecular volume, thickness, and number at the proximal tibia, a larger cortical area and thickness at the tibial shaft, and a greater trabecular volume and thickness at the femur and the lumbar vertebrae, (2) a smaller Tb.Sp, MAR, bone formation rate, and eroded surface at the tibia. We concluded that GTP supplementation in drinking water improves bone microarchitecture in the HFD-induced obese female rats, possibly through suppressing bone turnover, resulting in a larger net bone volume.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chwan-Li Shen
- Department of Pathology, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA.
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12
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Turner RT, Kalra SP, Wong CP, Philbrick KA, Lindenmaier LB, Boghossian S, Iwaniec UT. Peripheral leptin regulates bone formation. J Bone Miner Res 2013; 28:22-34. [PMID: 22887758 PMCID: PMC3527690 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.1734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2012] [Revised: 06/30/2012] [Accepted: 07/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Substantial evidence does not support the prevailing view that leptin, acting through a hypothalamic relay, decreases bone accrual by inhibiting bone formation. To clarify the mechanisms underlying regulation of bone architecture by leptin, we evaluated bone growth and turnover in wild-type (WT) mice, leptin receptor-deficient db/db mice, leptin-deficient ob/ob mice, and ob/ob mice treated with leptin. We also performed hypothalamic leptin gene therapy to determine the effect of elevated hypothalamic leptin levels on osteoblasts. Finally, to determine the effects of loss of peripheral leptin signaling on bone formation and energy metabolism, we used bone marrow (BM) from WT or db/db donor mice to reconstitute the hematopoietic and mesenchymal stem cell compartments in lethally irradiated WT recipient mice. Decreases in bone growth, osteoblast-lined bone perimeter and bone formation rate were observed in ob/ob mice and greatly increased in ob/ob mice following subcutaneous administration of leptin. Similarly, hypothalamic leptin gene therapy increased osteoblast-lined bone perimeter in ob/ob mice. In spite of normal osteoclast-lined bone perimeter, db/db mice exhibited a mild but generalized osteopetrotic-like (calcified cartilage encased by bone) skeletal phenotype and greatly reduced serum markers of bone turnover. Tracking studies and histology revealed quantitative replacement of BM cells following BM transplantation. WT mice engrafted with db/db BM did not differ in energy homeostasis from untreated WT mice or WT mice engrafted with WT BM. Bone formation in WT mice engrafted with WT BM did not differ from WT mice, whereas bone formation in WT mice engrafted with db/db cells did not differ from the low rates observed in untreated db/db mice. In summary, our results indicate that leptin, acting primarily through peripheral pathways, increases osteoblast number and activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell T. Turner
- Skeletal Biology Laboratory, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Satya P. Kalra
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida McKnight Brain Institute, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Carmen P. Wong
- Molecular and Cellular Nutrition Laboratory, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Kenneth A. Philbrick
- Skeletal Biology Laboratory, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Laurence B. Lindenmaier
- Skeletal Biology Laboratory, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Stephane Boghossian
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida McKnight Brain Institute, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Urszula T. Iwaniec
- Skeletal Biology Laboratory, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
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13
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Effects of dietary fibre and tea catechin, ingredients of the Japanese diet, on equol production and bone mineral density in isoflavone-treated ovariectomised mice. J Nutr Sci 2012; 1:e13. [PMID: 25191542 PMCID: PMC4153101 DOI: 10.1017/jns.2012.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2011] [Revised: 08/04/2012] [Accepted: 08/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Equol is a metabolite of the isoflavone daidzein (Dz) and is produced by the bacterial
microflora in the distal intestine and colon. Some epidemiological studies have reported
an association between increased equol production and intakes of green tea or dietary
fibre, which are ingredients of the standard Japanese diet. We examined the effects of a
diet supplemented with Dz and tea catechin or dietary fibre on equol production and bone
mineral density in ovariectomised (OVX) mice. Female mice of the ddY strain were either
sham operated or OVX. OVX mice were fed a control diet, a 0·1 % Dz-supplemented diet or a
0·1 % Dz diet supplemented with one of the food components commonly consumed in the
Japanese diet. The mice were given 1 % tea catechin (w/w) as part of the diet in Expt 1 or
5 % polydextrose (PD) and 5 % raffinose (Raf) (w/w) as part of the diet in Expt 2.
Catechin reduced serum equol levels and attenuated the beneficial effect of Dz on femoral
bone loss. The soluble dietary fibres PD and Raf stimulated equol production, and enhanced
the bone-protective effects of Dz on femoral bone. These results suggest that dietary
fibre, in particular, PD, may alter the bioavailability of isoflavones and prevent
osteopenia in OVX mice.
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Wang D, Meng J, Xu K, Xiao R, Xu M, Liu Y, Zhao Y, Yao P, Yan H, Liu L. Evaluation of oral subchronic toxicity of Pu-erh green tea (camellia sinensis var. assamica) extract in Sprague Dawley rats. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2012; 142:836-844. [PMID: 22710291 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2012.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2012] [Revised: 05/31/2012] [Accepted: 06/06/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Pu-erh green tea, originally produced in the Yunnan province of P.R. China for about 1700 years, is believed to be beneficial to health in Asian countries. The potential toxicity of Pu-erh green tea when administered at high doses via concentrated extract, however, has not been completely investigated. THE AIM OF THE STUDY The present study was aimed to evaluate the potential toxicity of Pu-erh green tea extract (PGTE) of sub-chronic administration to Sprague Dawley (SD) rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS Growing SD rats were administrated orally by gavage with PGTE at doses of 0, 1250, 2500, and 5000 mg/kg/day for 91 consecutive days. Clinical observations, including survival, hematology, serum biochemistry, urinalysis and histopathological examination were measured to monitor treatment-related adverse effects in rats. RESULTS The results showed that oral administration of high dose of PGTE led to body weight gain suppression, liver and calcium deposition dysfunctions. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, the no-observed-adverse-effect level for Pu-erh green tea extract derived from the results of the present study was 2500 mg/kg/day for both genders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Wang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan 430030, PR China
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15
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Ho JN, Jang JY, Yoon HG, Kim Y, Kim S, Jun W, Lee J. Anti-obesity effect of a standardised ethanol extract from Curcuma longa L. fermented with Aspergillus oryzae in ob/ob mice and primary mouse adipocytes. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2012; 92:1833-1840. [PMID: 22278718 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.5592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2010] [Revised: 11/29/2011] [Accepted: 12/13/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We examined the anti-obesity effect of fermented Curcuma longa L. (turmeric) standardised ethanol extract (FTE) in the C57BL/6J ob/ob mouse model. Mice were fed a chow diet containing FTE (0, 200, or 500 mg kg⁻¹ body weight) for 9 weeks. RESULTS Supplementation with FTE significantly reduced body weight gain and retroperitoneal and epididymal adipose tissue weights compared to the ob/ob control group. Additionally, total cholesterol and triglyceride levels in serum and liver were significantly decreased in FTE-200 and FTE-500 groups when compared to those of the ob/ob control group, whereas the high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol level was significantly increased. The levels of serum adiponectin as well as mRNA expression of lipases, such as hormone sensitive lipase and adipose triglyceride lipase, were clearly increased. In primary adipocytes of C57BL/6J mice, FTE treatment caused a significant increase glycerol release and hormone sensitive lipase levels and decreased perilipin A levels. CONCLUSION These results suggest that supplementation of FTE has potent anti-obesity effects by controlling body weight, fat mass, serum lipids, and hepatic lipids. Moreover, FTE could be considered a potential resource for the treatment of obesity through its promotion of lipolysis via the protein kinase A pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Nyoung Ho
- Department of Medical Nutrition, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 446-701, Korea
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Iwaniec UT, Boghossian S, Trevisiol CH, Wronski TJ, Turner RT, Kalra SP. Hypothalamic leptin gene therapy prevents weight gain without long-term detrimental effects on bone in growing and skeletally mature female rats. J Bone Miner Res 2011; 26:1506-16. [PMID: 21328617 PMCID: PMC3129999 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Hypothalamic leptin gene therapy normalizes the mosaic skeletal phenotype of leptin-deficient ob/ob mice. However, it is not clear whether increased hypothalamic leptin alters bone metabolism in animals already producing the hormone. The objective of this study was to evaluate the long duration effects of recombinant adeno-associated virus-rat leptin (rAAV-Lep) hypothalamic gene therapy on weight gain and bone metabolism in growing and skeletally mature leptin-replete female Sprague-Dawley rats. Rats were either unoperated or implanted with cannulas in the third ventricle of the hypothalamus and injected with either rAAV-Lep or rAAV-GFP (control vector encoding green fluorescent protein) and maintained on standard rat chow fed ad libitum for either 5 or 10 weeks (starting at 3 months of age) or 18 weeks (starting at 9 months of age). Tibias, femurs, or lumbar vertebrae were analyzed by micro-computed tomography and/or histomorphometry. In comparison with age-matched rAAV-GFP rats, rAAV-Lep rats maintained a lower body weight for the duration of studies. At 5 weeks after vector administration, rAAV-Lep rats had lower cancellous bone volume and bone marrow adiposity but higher osteoblast perimeter compared with nonoperated controls. However, these values did not differ between the two groups at 10 weeks after vector administration. Differences in cancellous bone volume and architecture were not detected between the rAAV-Lep and rAAV-GFP groups at either time point. Also, rAAV-Lep had no negative effects on bone in the 9-month-old skeletally mature rats at 18 weeks after vector administration. We hypothesize that the transient reductions in bone mass and bone marrow adiposity at 5 weeks after vector administration were due to hypothalamic surgery. We conclude that increased hypothalamic leptin, sufficient to prevent weight gain, has minimal specific effects (rAAV-Lep versus rAAV-GFP) on bone metabolism in normal female rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urszula T Iwaniec
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
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17
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Green tea and bone health: Evidence from laboratory studies. Pharmacol Res 2011; 64:155-61. [PMID: 21473914 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2011.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2011] [Revised: 03/23/2011] [Accepted: 03/25/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Osteoporosis is a major health problem in the elderly. Epidemiological evidence has shown an association between tea consumption and the prevention of bone loss in the elderly population. Ingestion of green tea and green tea bioactive compounds may be beneficial in mitigating bone loss of this population and decreasing their risk of osteoporotic fractures. This review describes the effect of green tea with its bioactive components on bone health with an emphasis on the following: (i) the etiology of osteoporosis, (ii) evidence of osteo-protective impacts of green tea on bone mass and microarchitecture in various bone loss models in which induced by aging, sex hormone deficiency, and chronic inflammation, (iii) discussion of impacts of green tea on bone mass in two obesity models, (iv) observation of short-term green tea supplementation given to postmenopausal women with low bone mass, (v) possible mechanisms for the osteo-protective effects of green tea bioactive compounds, and (vi) a summary and future research direction of green tea and bone health.
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