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Feng X, Zheng Y, Mao N, Shen M, Chu L, Fang Y, Pang M, Wang Z, Lin Z. Menaquinone-4 alleviates hypoxic-ischemic brain damage in neonatal rats by reducing mitochondrial dysfunction via Sirt1-PGC-1α-TFAM signaling pathway. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 134:112257. [PMID: 38759366 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.112257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Revised: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) is a major contributor to neonatal mortality and neurodevelopmental disorders, but currently there is no effective therapy drug for HIE. Mitochondrial dysfunction plays a pivotal role in hypoxic-ischemic brain damage(HIBD). Menaquinone-4 (MK-4), a subtype of vitamin K2 prevalent in the brain, has been shown to enhance mitochondrial function and exhibit protective effects against ischemia-reperfusion injury. However, the impact and underlying molecular mechanism of MK-4 in HIE have not been fully elucidated. METHODS In this study, we established the neonatal rats HIBD model in vivo and oxygen-glucose deprivation and reperfusion (OGD/R) of primary neurons in vitro to explore the neuroprotective effects of MK-4 on HI damage, and illuminate the potential mechanism. RESULTS Our findings revealed that MK-4 ameliorated mitochondrial dysfunction, reduced oxidative stress, and prevented HI-induced neuronal apoptosis by activating the Sirt1-PGC-1α-TFAM signaling pathway through Sirt1 mediation. Importantly, these protective effects were partially reversed by EX-527, a Sirt1 inhibitor. CONCLUSION Our study elucidated the potential therapeutic mechanism of MK-4 in neonatal HIE, suggesting its viability as an agent for enhancing recovery from HI-induced cerebral damage in newborns. Further exploration into MK-4 could lead to novel interventions for HIE therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Feng
- Department of Neonatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China; Key Laboratory of Perinatal Medicine of Wenzhou, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Yihui Zheng
- Department of Neonatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China; Key Laboratory of Perinatal Medicine of Wenzhou, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Niping Mao
- Department of Neonatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China; Key Laboratory of Perinatal Medicine of Wenzhou, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Ming Shen
- Department of Neonatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China; Key Laboratory of Perinatal Medicine of Wenzhou, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Liuxi Chu
- National Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Drug Development and Manufacturing, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China; Affiliated Cixi Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Cixi, Zhejiang 315300, China
| | - Yu Fang
- Department of Neonatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China; Key Laboratory of Perinatal Medicine of Wenzhou, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Mengdan Pang
- Department of Neonatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China; Key Laboratory of Perinatal Medicine of Wenzhou, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Zhouguang Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Drug Development and Manufacturing, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China.
| | - Zhenlang Lin
- Department of Neonatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China; Key Laboratory of Perinatal Medicine of Wenzhou, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China; Key Laboratory of Structural Malformations in Children of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China.
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Diachenko AI, Rodin IA, Krasnova TN, Klychnikov OI, Nefedova LN. The Role of Vitamin K in the Development of Neurodegenerative Diseases. BIOCHEMISTRY. BIOKHIMIIA 2024; 89:S57-S70. [PMID: 38621744 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297924140049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases are a growing global health problem with enormous consequences for individuals and society. The most common neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases, can be caused by both genetic factors (mutations) and epigenetic changes caused by the environment, in particular, oxidative stress. One of the factors contributing to the development of oxidative stress that has an important effect on the nervous system is vitamin K, which is involved in redox processes. However, its role in cells is ambiguous: accumulation of high concentrations of vitamin K increases the content of reactive oxygen species increases, while small amounts of vitamin K have a protective effect and activate the antioxidant defense systems. The main function of vitamin K is its involvement in the gamma carboxylation of the so-called Gla proteins. Some Gla proteins are expressed in the nervous system and participate in its development. Vitamin K deficiency can lead to a decrease or loss of function of Gla proteins in the nervous system. It is assumed that the level of vitamin K in the body is associated with specific changes involved in the development of dementia and cognitive abilities. Vitamin K also influences the sphingolipid profile in the brain, which also affects cognitive function. The role of vitamin K in the regulation of biochemical processes at the cellular and whole-organism levels has been studied insufficiently. Further research can lead to the discovery of new targets for vitamin K and development of personalized diets and therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna I Diachenko
- Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Igor A Rodin
- Faculty of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Tatiana N Krasnova
- Faculty of Fundamental Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Oleg I Klychnikov
- Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Lidia N Nefedova
- Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
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Staiano C, García-Corzo L, Mantle D, Turton N, Millichap LE, Brea-Calvo G, Hargreaves I. Biosynthesis, Deficiency, and Supplementation of Coenzyme Q. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1469. [PMID: 37508007 PMCID: PMC10375973 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12071469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Originally identified as a key component of the mitochondrial respiratory chain, Coenzyme Q (CoQ or CoQ10 for human tissues) has recently been revealed to be essential for many different redox processes, not only in the mitochondria, but elsewhere within other cellular membrane types. Cells rely on endogenous CoQ biosynthesis, and defects in this still-not-completely understood pathway result in primary CoQ deficiencies, a group of conditions biochemically characterised by decreased tissue CoQ levels, which in turn are linked to functional defects. Secondary CoQ deficiencies may result from a wide variety of cellular dysfunctions not directly linked to primary synthesis. In this article, we review the current knowledge on CoQ biosynthesis, the defects leading to diminished CoQ10 levels in human tissues and their associated clinical manifestations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmine Staiano
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo, Universidad Pablo de Olavide-CSIC-JA, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Fisiología, Anatomía y Biología Celular, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Laura García-Corzo
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo, Universidad Pablo de Olavide-CSIC-JA, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Fisiología, Anatomía y Biología Celular, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
| | | | - Nadia Turton
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Merseyside L3 5UX, UK
| | - Lauren E Millichap
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Merseyside L3 5UX, UK
| | - Gloria Brea-Calvo
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo, Universidad Pablo de Olavide-CSIC-JA, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Fisiología, Anatomía y Biología Celular, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Iain Hargreaves
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Merseyside L3 5UX, UK
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Yan Q, Zhang T, O'Connor C, Barlow JW, Walsh J, Scalabrino G, Xu F, Sheridan H. The biological responses of vitamin K2: A comprehensive review. Food Sci Nutr 2023; 11:1634-1656. [PMID: 37051359 PMCID: PMC10084986 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.3213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Vitamin K1 (VitK1) and Vitamin K2 (VitK2), two important naturally occurring micronutrients in the VitK family, found, respectively, in green leafy plants and algae (VitK1) and animal and fermented foods (VitK2). The present review explores the multiple biological functions of VitK2 from recently published in vitro and in vivo studies, including promotion of osteogenesis, prevention of calcification, relief of menopausal symptoms, enhancement of mitochondrial energy release, hepato- and neuro-protective effects, and possible use in treatment of coronavirus disease. The mechanisms of action associated with these biological effects are also explored. Overall, the findings presented here suggest that VitK, especially VitK2, is an important nutrient family for the normal functioning of human health. It acts on almost all major body systems and directly or indirectly participates in and regulates hundreds of physiological or pathological processes. However, as biological and clinical data are still inconsistent and conflicting, more in-depth investigations are warranted to elucidate its potential as a therapeutic strategy to prevent and treat a range of disease conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quanxiang Yan
- Institute of Science and Technology Shenyang Open University Shenyang China
| | - Tao Zhang
- School of Food Science & Environmental Health Technological University Dublin Dublin 7 Ireland
- NatPro Centre, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Trinity College Dublin Dublin 2 Ireland
| | - Christine O'Connor
- School of Food Science & Environmental Health Technological University Dublin Dublin 7 Ireland
| | - James W. Barlow
- Department of Chemistry RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences Dublin 2 Ireland
| | - John Walsh
- NatPro Centre, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Trinity College Dublin Dublin 2 Ireland
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Trinity College Dublin Dublin 2 Ireland
| | - Gaia Scalabrino
- NatPro Centre, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Trinity College Dublin Dublin 2 Ireland
| | - Feng Xu
- The Centre of Vitamin K2 Research Shenyang Pharmaceutical University Shenyang China
| | - Helen Sheridan
- NatPro Centre, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Trinity College Dublin Dublin 2 Ireland
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Trinity College Dublin Dublin 2 Ireland
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Emekli-Alturfan E, Alturfan AA. The emerging relationship between vitamin K and neurodegenerative diseases: a review of current evidence. Mol Biol Rep 2023; 50:815-828. [PMID: 36329336 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-022-07925-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disease refers to a group of disorders that predominantly damage the neurons in the brain. Despite significant progress in the knowledge of neurodegenerative diseases, there is currently no disease-modifying drug available. Vitamin K was first established for its involvement in blood clotting, but there is now compelling evidence indicating its role in the neurological system. In particular, the results of recent studies on the effects of vitamin K2 on preventing apoptosis, oxidative stress, and microglial activation in neuron cells through its role in electron transport are very promising against Alzheimer's disease. In addition to its protective effect on cognitive functions, its inhibitory effects on inflammation and α-synuclein fibrillization in Parkinson's disease, which has been revealed in recent years, are remarkable. Although there are many studies on the mechanism and possible treatment methods of neurodegenerative diseases, especially Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease, studies on the relationship between vitamin K and neurodegenerative diseases are very limited, yet have promising findings. Vitamin K has also been proposed for therapeutic use in multiple sclerosis patients to lower the intensity or to slow down the progression of the disease. Accordingly, the aim of this study is to review the current evidence for the use of vitamin K supplementation in neurodegenerative diseases, in particular Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebru Emekli-Alturfan
- Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - A Ata Alturfan
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Istanbul, Turkey
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Lee B, Choi GM, Hong JP, Cho DE, Kim Y, Yeom M, Han JJ, Kim SR, Hahm DH. Menaquinone-7 ameliorates cerebrovascular calcification-associated memory decline in aged mice. Life Sci 2022; 307:120912. [PMID: 36037872 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.120912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Menaquinone (MK)-7 is a vitamin K2 analog that functions as a cofactor of γ-glutamyl carboxylase involved in the activation of vitamin K (VK)-dependent proteins. The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of MK-7 on memory and cognitive function in aged C57BL/6 mice. Eighteen-month-old mice were raised for a further 4 months, fed on a standard or calcium-rich diet (3 % [w/w]), and were orally given MK-7 (40 and 400 μg/day/mouse) five times per week during the same period. The Morris water maze (MWM) test was performed at 19 and 22 months. The aged mice showed noticeable memory declines in the MWM test at all time points compared with 6-week-old mice, and this memory loss was significantly restored by the daily administration of high-dose MK-7 for 4 months. MK-7 administration also improved micro-computed tomography-based cerebrovascular calcification and aging-associated declines in growth arrest-specific 6, total and carboxylated matrix Gla proteins, and ganglioside levels in the brain of aged mice. It serologically reduced phosphorous levels in the blood, but not the urea, cholesterol, and calcium. Taken together, the long-term administration of MK-7 significantly improved age-related memory and cognitive impairments, possibly through inhibition of cerebrovascular calcification in aged mice, indicating that it can be used to develop new drugs for improving memory and cognitive function in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bombi Lee
- Acupuncture and Meridian Science Research Center, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Gwang-Muk Choi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Joon-Pyo Hong
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Da-Eun Cho
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoongeun Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Mijung Yeom
- Acupuncture and Meridian Science Research Center, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Jun Han
- GF Fermentech, Geumhoseonmal-gil, Bugang-myeon, Sejong-si 30077, Republic of Korea
| | - Song-Rae Kim
- Chuncheon Center, Korea Basic Science Institute (KBSI), Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Hyun Hahm
- Acupuncture and Meridian Science Research Center, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea; Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea; BioNanocomposite Research Center, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea.
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Plants, Plants, and More Plants: Plant-Derived Nutrients and Their Protective Roles in Cognitive Function, Alzheimer’s Disease, and Other Dementias. Medicina (B Aires) 2022; 58:medicina58081025. [PMID: 36013492 PMCID: PMC9414574 DOI: 10.3390/medicina58081025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia, with the risk of developing it attributed to non-modifiable and modifiable factors. Currently, there is no cure for AD. A plant-based diet may protect against cognitive decline, due to the effects of plant-based nutrients such as vitamins, antioxidants, and fiber. The aim of the review is to summarize current literature on plant-based nutrients and their impact on cognition. Materials and Methods: A search was conducted on PubMed for clinical and murine studies, using combinations of the following words: “Alzheimer’s disease”, “dementia”, “cognition”, “plant-based diet”, “mild cognitive impairment”, “vitamin B”, “vitamin C”, “vitamin E, “beta carotene”, “antioxidants”, “fiber”, “vitamin K”, “Mediterranean diet”, “vitamin D”, and “mushrooms”. Results and Conclusions: A diet rich in vitamin B and antioxidants can benefit the cognitive functions of individuals as shown in randomized clinical trials. Vitamin K is associated with improved cognition, although large randomized controlled trials need to be done. Fiber has been shown to prevent cognitive decline in animal studies. Vitamin D may contribute to cognitive health via anti-inflammatory processes. Several medical organizations have recommended a plant-based diet for optimizing cognitive health and potentially helping to prevent dementia.
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Tanprasertsuk J, Scott TM, Barbey AK, Barger K, Wang XD, Johnson MA, Poon LW, Vishwanathan R, Matthan NR, Lichtenstein AH, Ferland G, Johnson EJ. Carotenoid-Rich Brain Nutrient Pattern Is Positively Correlated With Higher Cognition and Lower Depression in the Oldest Old With No Dementia. Front Nutr 2021; 8:704691. [PMID: 34268331 PMCID: PMC8275828 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.704691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Healthy dietary patterns are related to better cognitive health in aging populations. While levels of individual nutrients in neural tissues are individually associated with cognitive function, the investigation of nutrient patterns in human brain tissue has not been conducted. Methods: Brain tissues were acquired from frontal and temporal cortices of 47 centenarians from the Georgia Centenarian Study. Fat-soluble nutrients (carotenoids, vitamins A, E, K, and fatty acids [FA]) were measured and averaged from the two brain regions. Nutrient patterns were constructed using principal component analysis. Cognitive composite scores were constructed from cognitive assessment from the time point closest to death. Dementia status was rated by Global Deterioration Scale (GDS). Pearson's correlation coefficients between NP scores and cognitive composite scores were calculated controlling for sex, education, hypertension, diabetes, and APOE ε4 allele. Result: Among non-demented subjects (GDS = 1-3, n = 23), a nutrient pattern higher in carotenoids was consistently associated with better performance on global cognition (r = 0.38, p = 0.070), memory (r = 0.38, p = 0.073), language (r = 0.42, p = 0.046), and lower depression (r = -0.40, p = 0.090). The findings were confirmed with univariate analysis. Conclusion: Both multivariate and univariate analyses demonstrate that brain nutrient pattern explained mainly by carotenoid concentrations is correlated with cognitive function among subjects who had no dementia. Investigation of their synergistic roles on the prevention of age-related cognitive impairment remains to be performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jirayu Tanprasertsuk
- Gerald J. and Dorothy R. Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Tammy M. Scott
- Gerald J. and Dorothy R. Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Aron K. Barbey
- Department of Psychology, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Kathryn Barger
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Xiang-Dong Wang
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Mary Ann Johnson
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
| | - Leonard W. Poon
- Institute of Gerontology, College of Public Health, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Rohini Vishwanathan
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Nirupa R. Matthan
- Gerald J. and Dorothy R. Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, United States
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Alice H. Lichtenstein
- Gerald J. and Dorothy R. Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, United States
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Guylaine Ferland
- Département de Nutrition, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Elizabeth J. Johnson
- Gerald J. and Dorothy R. Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, United States
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Vitamin K2 Holds Promise for Alzheimer's Prevention and Treatment. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13072206. [PMID: 34199021 PMCID: PMC8308377 DOI: 10.3390/nu13072206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have highlighted the importance of vitamin K2 (VK2) in human health. However, there have been no clinical studies investigating the role of VK2 in the prevention or treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD), a debilitating disease for which currently there is no cure. In reviewing basic science research and clinical studies that have connected VK2 to factors involved in AD pathogenesis, we have found a growing body of evidence demonstrating that VK2 has the potential to slow the progression of AD and contribute to its prevention. In our review, we consider the antiapoptotic and antioxidant effects of VK2 and its impact on neuroinflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, cognition, cardiovascular health, and comorbidities in AD. We also examine the link between dysbiosis and VK2 in the context of the microbiome's role in AD pathogenesis. Our review is the first to consider the physiological roles of VK2 in the context of AD, and, given the recent shift in AD research toward nonpharmacological interventions, our findings emphasize the timeliness and need for clinical studies involving VK2.
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Vitamin K2 Modulates Organelle Damage and Tauopathy Induced by Streptozotocin and Menadione in SH-SY5Y Cells. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10060983. [PMID: 34202933 PMCID: PMC8234639 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10060983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin K2, known for its antioxidative and anti-inflammatory properties, can act as a potent neuroprotective molecule. Despite its action against mitochondrial dysfunction, the mechanism underlying the links between the protective effects of vitamin K2 and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress along with basal levels of total tau protein and amyloid-beta 42 (Aβ42) has not been elucidated yet. To understand the neuroprotective effect of vitamin K2 during metabolic complications, SH-SY5Y cells were treated with streptozotocin for 24 h and menadione for 2 h in a dose-dependent manner, followed by post-treatment of vitamin K2 for 5 h. The modulating effects of vitamin K2 on cell viability, lactate dehydrogenase release, reactive oxygen species (ROS), mitochondrial membrane potential, ER stress marker (CHOP), an indicator of unfolded protein response (UPR), inositol requiring enzyme 1 (p-IRE1α), glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3α/β), total tau and Aβ42 were studied. Results showed that vitamin K2 significantly reduces neuronal cell death by inhibiting cytotoxicity and ROS levels and helps in the retainment of mitochondrial membrane potential. Moreover, vitamin K2 significantly decreased the expression of CHOP protein along with the levels and the nuclear localization of p-IRE1α, thus showing its significant role in inhibiting chronic ER stress-mediated UPR and eventually cell death. In addition, vitamin K2 significantly down-regulated the expression of GSK3α/β together with the levels of total tau protein, with a petite effect on secreted Aβ42 levels. These results suggested that vitamin K2 alleviated mitochondrial damage, ER stress and tauopathy-mediated neuronal cell death, which highlights its role as new antioxidative therapeutics targeting related cellular processes.
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Sakurai K, Shen C, Ezaki Y, Inamura N, Fukushima Y, Masuoka N, Hisatsune T. Effects of Matcha Green Tea Powder on Cognitive Functions of Community-Dwelling Elderly Individuals. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12123639. [PMID: 33256220 PMCID: PMC7760932 DOI: 10.3390/nu12123639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Matcha Green Tea Powder contains a variety of active ingredients beneficial to health, such as tea catechins, lutein and vitamin K. It is also known that these ingredients confer benefits upon cognitive functions of elderly people. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the relationship between a daily supplementation of Matcha and the change in cognitive functions of community-dwelling elderly people. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled 12-week trial was performed. Sixty-one participants were recruited and randomly assigned to receive test drink containing 3 g powder from fresh Matcha or placebo powder per day. Changes in cognitive function were assessed utilizing a psychometric test battery. Daily food intake was assessed by a Brief-type Self-administered Diet History Questionnaire (BDHQ). In the gender-specific analysis, a significant cognitive enhancement was observed in the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) score in the active group of women. In dietary analysis, we found a significant inverse correlation between consumption of vitamin K in daily diet, excluding test drinks, and change in MoCA. The present study suggests that daily supplementation of Matcha Green Tea Powder has protective effects against cognitive decline in community-dwelling elderly women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Sakurai
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa 277-8562, Japan; (K.S.); (C.S.); (Y.E.); (N.M.)
| | - Chutong Shen
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa 277-8562, Japan; (K.S.); (C.S.); (Y.E.); (N.M.)
| | - Yuri Ezaki
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa 277-8562, Japan; (K.S.); (C.S.); (Y.E.); (N.M.)
| | - Noriko Inamura
- Community Health Promotion Laboratory, Mitsui Fudosan, Co., Ltd., Kashiwa 277-8519, Japan;
- Urban Design Center Kashiwanoha (UDCK), Kashiwa 277-0871, Japan
| | - Yoichi Fukushima
- Marketing & Communications Division, Nestle Japan Ltd., Tokyo 140-0002, Japan;
| | - Nobutaka Masuoka
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa 277-8562, Japan; (K.S.); (C.S.); (Y.E.); (N.M.)
| | - Tatsuhiro Hisatsune
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa 277-8562, Japan; (K.S.); (C.S.); (Y.E.); (N.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-4-7136-3632
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12
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Shea MK, Booth SL, Harshman SG, Smith D, Carlson CS, Harper L, Armstrong AR, Fang M, Cancela ML, Márcio Simão, Loeser RF. The effect of vitamin K insufficiency on histological and structural properties of knee joints in aging mice. OSTEOARTHRITIS AND CARTILAGE OPEN 2020; 2:100078. [PMID: 36474686 PMCID: PMC9718348 DOI: 10.1016/j.ocarto.2020.100078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective While a role for vitamin K in maintaining joint tissue homeostasis has been proposed based on the presence of vitamin K dependent proteins in cartilage and bone, it is not clear if low vitamin K intake is causally linked to joint tissue degeneration. To address this gap, we manipulated vitamin K status in aging mice to test its effect on age-related changes in articular cartilage and sub-chondral bone. Methods Eleven-month old male C57BL6 mice were randomly assigned to a low vitamin K diet containing 120 mcg phylloquinone/kg diet (n = 32) or a control diet containing 1.5 mg phylloquinone/kg diet (n = 30) for 6 months. Knees were evaluated histologically using Safranin O and H&E staining, as well as using micro-CT. Results Eleven mice in the low vitamin K diet group and three mice in the control group died within the first 100 days of the experiment (p = 0.024). Mice fed the low vitamin K diet had higher Safranin-O scores, indicative of more proteoglycan loss, compared to mice fed the control diet (p ≤ 0.026). The articular cartilage structure scores did not differ between the two groups (p ≥ 0.190). The sub-chondral bone parameters measured using micro CT also did not differ between the two groups (all p ≥ 0.174). Conclusion Our findings suggest low vitamin K status can promote joint tissue proteoglycan loss in older male mice. Future studies are needed to confirm our findings and obtain a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the role of vitamin K in joint tissue homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Kyla Shea
- USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston MA, USA
| | - Sarah L. Booth
- USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston MA, USA
| | | | - Donald Smith
- USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston MA, USA
| | - Cathy S. Carlson
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul MN, USA
| | - Lindsey Harper
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul MN, USA
| | | | - Min Fang
- Small Animal Imaging Preclinical Testing Facility, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston MA, USA
| | - M. Leonor Cancela
- Center of Marine Sciences University of Algarve, Faro Portugal
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Medicine, University of Algarve, Faro Portugal
- Algarve Biomedical Centre and Centre for Biomedical Research, Universidade do Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | - Márcio Simão
- Center of Marine Sciences University of Algarve, Faro Portugal
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Medicine, University of Algarve, Faro Portugal
| | - Richard F. Loeser
- Thurston Arthritis Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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13
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Manolis TA, Manolis AA, Apostolopoulos EJ, Melita H, Manolis AS. Atrial Fibrillation and Cognitive Impairment: An Associated Burden or Burden by Association? Angiology 2020; 71:498-519. [DOI: 10.1177/0003319720910669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Growing evidence suggests that atrial fibrillation (AF), in addition to its thromboembolic risk, is a risk factor for cognitive impairment (CI) via several pathways and mechanisms, further contributing to morbidity/mortality. Prior stroke is a contributor to CI, but AF is also associated with CI independently from prior stroke. Silent brain infarctions, microemboli and microbleeds, brain atrophy, cerebral hypoperfusion from widely fluctuating ventricular rates, altered hemostatic function, vascular oxidative stress, and inflammation may all exacerbate CI, particularly in patients with persistent/permanent rather than paroxysmal AF and with increased duration/burden of the arrhythmia. Brain magnetic resonance imaging is an important screening tool in eliciting and monitoring vascular and nonvascular lesions contributing to CI. Evidence is also emerging about the role of genetics in CI development. Anticoagulation and rhythm/rate control strategies may protect against CI preventing or slowing its progression or conversion to dementia, particularly at the early stages when CI may still be a treatable condition. Importantly, AF and CI share many common risk factors. Thus, screening for these 2 conditions and searching for and managing modifiable risk factors and potentially reversible causes for both AF and CI remains an important step toward prevention or amelioration of the impact incurred by these 2 conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Antonis S. Manolis
- First and Third Department of Cardiology, Athens University School of Medicine, Athens, Greece
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14
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Vitamin K Concentration and Cognitive Status in Elderly Patients on Anticoagulant Therapy: A Pilot Study. J Aging Res 2020; 2020:9695324. [PMID: 32148962 PMCID: PMC7049843 DOI: 10.1155/2020/9695324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives Recent studies have suggested that vitamin K may exert significant effects on the central nervous system. The present study investigates the relationship between vitamin K plasmatic levels and cognitive functions in elderly patients on oral anticoagulant therapy (OAT). Design At the Thrombosis Centre of Haematology, “Sapienza” University of Rome, 85 patients on OAT, aged between 75 and 92, were randomly enrolled in the study. Patients were on OAT with vitamin K antagonists (VKAs). Vitamin K1 concentrations were determined using standardized High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). Cognitive functions were assessed using the Milan Overall Dementia Assessment (MODA). Results MODA scores are positively correlated to vitamin K1 concentration. Patients with vitamin K1 below 0.100 μg/L and between 0.100 and 0.400 μg/L and between 0.100 and 0.400 μg/L and between 0.100 and 0.400 p < 0.001). Even long-term OAT (>10 years) does not affect MODA scores. Education seems to exert a greater role on the cognitive status in comparison with aging. Conclusions The study shows a positive association between vitamin K1 concentration and cognitive status in elderly patients (≥75 years) on OAT. The relationship between vitamin K1 concentration and MODA scores is described by a linear model. Cognitive status is not influenced by the duration of OAT but by the years of education.
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15
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Tanprasertsuk J, Ferland G, Johnson MA, Poon LW, Scott TM, Barbey AK, Barger K, Wang XD, Johnson EJ. Concentrations of Circulating Phylloquinone, but Not Cerebral Menaquinone-4, Are Positively Correlated with a Wide Range of Cognitive Measures: Exploratory Findings in Centenarians. J Nutr 2020; 150:82-90. [PMID: 31504672 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxz200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2019] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vitamin K (VK) exists in the form of phylloquinone (PK) and menaquinones (MKs). Roles of VK on cognitive health in the elderly are emerging, but there is limited evidence on VK uptake and metabolism in human brain. OBJECTIVES The primary objective of this study was to characterize VK distribution in brains of an elderly population with varied cognitive function. In addition, associations among circulating (a biomarker of VK intake) and cerebral VK concentrations and cognition were investigated. METHODS Serum or plasma (n = 27) and brain samples from the frontal cortex (FC; n = 46) and the temporal cortex (TC; n = 33) were acquired from 48 decedents (aged 98-107 y; 25 demented and 23 nondemented) enrolled in the Georgia Centenarian Study. Both circulating and brain VK concentrations were measured using HPLC with fluorescence detection. Cognitive assessment was performed within 1 y prior to mortality. Partial correlations between serum/plasma or cerebral VK concentrations and cognitive function were performed, adjusting for covariates and separating by dementia and antithrombotic use. RESULTS MK-4 was the predominant vitamer in both FC (mean ± SD = 4.92 ± 2.31 pmol/g, ≥89.15% ± 5.09% of total VK) and TC (4.60 ± 2.11 pmol/g, ≥89.71% ± 4.43% of total VK) regardless of cognitive status. Antithrombotic users had 34.0% and 53.9% lower MK-4 concentrations in FC (P < 0.05) and TC (P < 0.001), respectively. Circulating PK was not correlated with cerebral MK-4 or total VK concentrations. Circulating PK concentrations were significantly associated with a wide range of cognitive measures in nondemented centenarians (P < 0.05). In contrast, cerebral MK-4 concentrations were not associated with cognitive performance, either before or after exclusion of antithrombotic users. CONCLUSIONS Circulating VK concentrations are not related to cerebral MK-4 concentrations in centenarians. Cerebral MK-4 concentrations are tightly regulated over a range of VK intakes and cognitive function. Circulating PK may reflect intake of VK-rich foods containing other dietary components beneficial to cognitive health. Further investigation of VK uptake and metabolism in the brain is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jirayu Tanprasertsuk
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA.,Gerald J and Dorothy R Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Guylaine Ferland
- Department of Nutrition, University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Mary Ann Johnson
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Leonard W Poon
- Institute of Gerontology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Tammy M Scott
- Gerald J and Dorothy R Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Aron K Barbey
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Kathryn Barger
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Xiang-Dong Wang
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Elizabeth J Johnson
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
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16
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Tsatsakis A, Tyshko NV, Docea AO, Shestakova SI, Sidorova YS, Petrov NA, Zlatian O, Mach M, Hartung T, Tutelyan VA. The effect of chronic vitamin deficiency and long term very low dose exposure to 6 pesticides mixture on neurological outcomes – A real-life risk simulation approach. Toxicol Lett 2019; 315:96-106. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2019.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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17
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Bolzetta F, Veronese N, Stubbs B, Noale M, Vaona A, Demurtas J, Celotto S, Cacco C, Cester A, Caruso MG, Reddavide R, Notarnicola M, Maggi S, Koyanagi A, Fornaro M, Firth J, Smith L, Solmi M. The Relationship between Dietary Vitamin K and Depressive Symptoms in Late Adulthood: A Cross-Sectional Analysis from a Large Cohort Study. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11040787. [PMID: 30959758 PMCID: PMC6520944 DOI: 10.3390/nu11040787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Few studies assessed the associations between dietary vitamin K and depressive symptoms. We aimed to investigate the association between dietary vitamin K and depressive symptoms in a large cohort of North American People. In this cross-sectional analysis, 4,375 participants that were aged 45⁻79 years from the Osteoarthritis Initiative were included. Dietary vitamin K intake was collected through a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire and categorized in quartiles. Depressive symptoms were diagnosed using the 20-item Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression (CES-D) ≥ 16. To investigate the associations between vitamin K intake and depressive symptoms, logistic regression analysis were run, which adjusted for potential confounders. Overall, 437 (=10%) subjects had depressive symptoms. After adjusting for 11 confounders, people with the highest dietary vitamin K intake had lower odds of having depressive symptoms (OR = 0.58; 95%CI: 0.43⁻0.80). This effect was only present in people not taking vitamin D supplementation. In conclusion, higher dietary vitamin K intake was significantly associated with a lower presence of depressive symptoms, also after accounting for potential confounders. Future longitudinal research is required to explore the directionality of the association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Bolzetta
- Medical Department, Geriatric Unit, Azienda ULSS (Unità Locale Socio Sanitaria) 3 "Serenissima", 30031 Dolo-Mirano District, Italy.
| | - Nicola Veronese
- Aging Branch, Neuroscience Institute, National Research Council, 35128 Padua, Italy.
- National Institute of Gastroenterlogy, Research Hospital, IRCCS De Bellis, Castellana Grotte, 70013 Bari, Italy.
| | - Brendon Stubbs
- South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, Denmark Hill, London SE5 8AZ, UK.
- Faculty of Health, Social care and Education, Anglia Ruskin University, Bishop Hall Lane, Chelmsford CM1 1SQ, UK.
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience (IoPPN) King's College London, De Crespigny Park, London SE5 8AF, UK.
| | - Marianna Noale
- Aging Branch, Neuroscience Institute, National Research Council, 35128 Padua, Italy.
| | - Alberto Vaona
- Primary Care Department, Azienda ULSS20 Verona, 37122 Verona, Italy.
| | - Jacopo Demurtas
- Primary Care Department, Azienda USL Toscana Sud Est, 58100 Grosseto, Italy.
| | - Stefano Celotto
- Primary Care Department, Aziendale AAS3 Alto Friuli ⁻ Collinare ⁻ Medio Friuli, 33013 Udine, Italy.
| | | | - Alberto Cester
- Medical Department, Geriatric Unit, Azienda ULSS (Unità Locale Socio Sanitaria) 3 "Serenissima", 30031 Dolo-Mirano District, Italy.
| | - Maria Gabriella Caruso
- National Institute of Gastroenterlogy, Research Hospital, IRCCS De Bellis, Castellana Grotte, 70013 Bari, Italy.
| | - Rosa Reddavide
- National Institute of Gastroenterlogy, Research Hospital, IRCCS De Bellis, Castellana Grotte, 70013 Bari, Italy.
| | - Maria Notarnicola
- National Institute of Gastroenterlogy, Research Hospital, IRCCS De Bellis, Castellana Grotte, 70013 Bari, Italy.
| | - Stefania Maggi
- Aging Branch, Neuroscience Institute, National Research Council, 35128 Padua, Italy.
| | - Ai Koyanagi
- Research and Development Unit, Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, Fundació Sant Joan de Déu, CIBERSAM, 28029 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Michele Fornaro
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA.
| | - Joseph Firth
- NICM Health Research Institute, University of Western Sydney, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia.
- Division of Psychology and Mental Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK.
| | - Lee Smith
- The Cambridge Centre for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Department of Life Sciences, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge CB1 1PT, UK.
| | - Marco Solmi
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Padova, 35122 Padova, Italy.
- Padova Neuroscience Center, University of Padova, 35122 Padova, Italy.
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18
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Alisi L, Cao R, De Angelis C, Cafolla A, Caramia F, Cartocci G, Librando A, Fiorelli M. The Relationships Between Vitamin K and Cognition: A Review of Current Evidence. Front Neurol 2019; 10:239. [PMID: 30949117 PMCID: PMC6436180 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2019.00239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin K is a fat-soluble nutrient discovered in 1935 and its role in blood coagulation has been thoroughly explored. In recent years, studies conducted in vitro and on animals highlighted vitamin K involvement in brain cells development and survival. In particular, vitamin K seems to have an antiapoptotic and anti-inflammatory effect mediated by the activation of Growth Arrest Specific Gene 6 and Protein S. Moreover, this vitamin is involved in sphingolipids metabolism, a class of lipids that participate in the proliferation, differentiation, and survival of brain cells. An altered expression in sphingolipids profile has been related to neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. This review stems from a growing interest in the role of vitamin K in brain functions, especially in cognition, also in view of an expected increase of prevalence of Alzheimer's disease and other forms of dementia. It collects recent researches that show interesting, even though not definitive, evidence of a direct correlation between vitamin K levels and cognitive performance. Moreover, vitamin K antagonists, used worldwide as oral anticoagulants, according to recent studies may have a negative influence on cognitive domains such as visual memory, verbal fluency and brain volume. The aim of this review is to analyze the evidence of clinical studies carried out up to date on the relationship between vitamin K intake and cognitive performances. The involvement of vitamin K antagonists (VKAs) in declining cognitive performances is also addressed separately.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludovico Alisi
- Department of Sense Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Roberta Cao
- Department of Radiology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Cristina De Angelis
- Department of Radiological, Oncological and Anatomo-Pathological Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Arturo Cafolla
- Department of Cell Biotechnology and Hematology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Caramia
- Department of Human Neuroscience, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Gaia Cartocci
- Department of Human Neuroscience, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Aloisa Librando
- Department of Sense Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Fiorelli
- Department of Human Neuroscience, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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19
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Kiely A, Ferland G, Ouliass B, O'Toole PW, Purtill H, O'Connor EM. Vitamin K status and inflammation are associated with cognition in older Irish adults. Nutr Neurosci 2018; 23:591-599. [PMID: 30451602 DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2018.1536411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Studies have shown associations between reduced vitamin K status and poor cognitive function. However, despite this apparent link, direct studies measuring cognitive function, vitamin K status and inflammation are lacking. In the current study, The ELDERMET cohort was investigated to identify associations between cognition, vitamin K status and inflammation. The primary aim of the ELDERMET study was to investigate the relationship between gut bacteria, diet, lifestyle and health in 500 older Irish adults. Significant differences in serum phylloquinone, dietary phylloquinone and inflammatory markers were found across varying levels of cognitive function, after controlling for sex, age, body mass index (BMI), triglycerides and blood pressure. In addition, significantly higher levels of dietary phylloquinone were found in those with better cognition compared to those with the poorest function. Higher levels of inflammatory were also associated with poor cognition. Furthermore, both dietary and serum phylloquinone were significant independent predictors of good cognitive function, after controlling for confounders. This study highlights the importance of dietary vitamin K as a potentially protective cognitive factor; it also provides evidence for the correlation between cognition and inflammation. Strategies should be devised by which elderly populations can access rich dietary sources of phylloquinone to maintain cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kiely
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - G Ferland
- Department of Nutrition, University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada
| | - B Ouliass
- Department of Nutrition, University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada
| | - P W O'Toole
- School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - H Purtill
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland.,Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - E M O'Connor
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland.,Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
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20
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Tamadon-Nejad S, Ouliass B, Rochford J, Ferland G. Vitamin K Deficiency Induced by Warfarin Is Associated With Cognitive and Behavioral Perturbations, and Alterations in Brain Sphingolipids in Rats. Front Aging Neurosci 2018; 10:213. [PMID: 30061825 PMCID: PMC6054920 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2018.00213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Initially discovered for its role in blood coagulation, there is now convincing evidence that vitamin K (VK) has important actions in the nervous system. In brain, VK is present in the form of menaquinone-4 (MK-4), a byproduct of the main dietary source, phylloquinone. It contributes to the biological activation of various proteins (i.e., Gas6), and participates in the synthesis of sphingolipids, a class of lipids widely present in brain cell membranes with important cell signaling functions. In a previous study, we reported that lifetime consumption of a low VK diet resulted in mild cognitive impairment in aged rats, a finding associated with an alteration of the sphingolipid profile. To confirm the role of VK as it relates to sphingolipids, cognition, and behavior outside the context of aging, we conducted a study of acute VK deficiency using a pharmacological model of VK deficiency in brain. In this procedure, rats (8 weeks) are maintained on a ratio of warfarin (a VK antagonist) to VK whereby coagulation is maintained while inducing VK deficiency in extrahepatic tissues. After 10 weeks of treatment, rats who were subjected to the warfarin plus phylloquinone protocol (WVK) exhibited longer latencies in the Morris water maze test as well as lower locomotor activity and exploratory behavior in the open field test, when compared to control rats. The WVK treatment resulted in a dramatic decrease in MK-4 level in all brain regions despite the presence of high local concentrations of phylloquinone, which suggests an inhibition of the biosynthetic MK-4 pathway in the presence of warfarin. Additionally, WVK treatment affected sphingolipid concentrations in key brain regions, notably those of the ganglioside family. Finally, brain MK-4 was correlated with performances in the open field test. This study confirms the modulatory role of VK in cognition and behavior and the implication of sphingolipids, notably those of the ganglioside family.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bouchra Ouliass
- Montreal Heart Institute Research Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Joseph Rochford
- Douglas Institute Research Center, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Guylaine Ferland
- Montreal Heart Institute Research Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Département de Nutrition, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
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21
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Ravi SK, Narasingappa RB, Vincent B. Neuro-nutrients as anti-alzheimer's disease agents: A critical review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2018; 59:2999-3018. [PMID: 29846084 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2018.1481012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by a massive neuronal death causing memory loss, cognitive impairment and behavioral alteration that ultimately lead to dementia and death. AD is a multi-factorial pathology controlled by molecular events such as oxidative stress, protein aggregation, mitochondrial dysfunction and neuro inflammation. Nowadays, there is no efficient disease-modifying treatment for AD and epidemiological studies have suggested that diet and nutrition have a significant impact on the development of this disorder. Indeed, some nutrients can protect all kind of cells, including neurons. As prevention is better than cure, life style improvement, with a special emphasis on diet, should seriously be considered as an anti-AD track and intake of nutrients promoting neuronal health is the need of the hour. Diets rich in unsaturated fatty acids, polyphenols and vitamins have been shown to protect against AD, whereas saturated fatty acids-containing diets deprived of polyphenols promote the development of the disease. Thus, Mediterranean diets, mainly composed of fruits, vegetables and omega-3 fatty acids, stand as valuable, mild and preventive anti-AD agents. This review focuses on our current knowledge in the field and how one can fight this devastating neurodegenerative disorder through the simple proper modification of our life style.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil K Ravi
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Agriculture, University of Agriculture Sciences , Bangalore , Hassan , Karnataka , India
| | - Ramesh B Narasingappa
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Agriculture, University of Agriculture Sciences , Bangalore , Hassan , Karnataka , India
| | - Bruno Vincent
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University , Nakhon Pathom , Thailand.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique , Paris , France
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22
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The Impact of Vitamin E and Other Fat-Soluble Vitamins on Alzheimer´s Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17111785. [PMID: 27792188 PMCID: PMC5133786 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17111785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Revised: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia in the elderly population, currently affecting 46 million people worldwide. Histopathologically, the disease is characterized by the occurrence of extracellular amyloid plaques composed of aggregated amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles containing the microtubule-associated protein tau. Aβ peptides are derived from the sequential processing of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) by enzymes called secretases, which are strongly influenced by the lipid environment. Several vitamins have been reported to be reduced in the plasma/serum of AD-affected individuals indicating they have an impact on AD pathogenesis. In this review we focus on vitamin E and the other lipophilic vitamins A, D, and K, and summarize the current knowledge about their status in AD patients, their impact on cognitive functions and AD risk, as well as their influence on the molecular mechanisms of AD. The vitamins might affect the generation and clearance of Aβ both by direct effects and indirectly by altering the cellular lipid homeostasis. Additionally, vitamins A, D, E, and K are reported to influence further mechanisms discussed to be involved in AD pathogenesis, e.g., Aβ-aggregation, Aβ-induced neurotoxicity, oxidative stress, and inflammatory processes, as summarized in this article.
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23
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van den Heuvel EGHM, van Schoor NM, Vermeer C, Zwijsen RML, den Heijer M, Comijs HC. Vitamin K Status Is not Associated with Cognitive Decline in Middle Aged Adults. J Nutr Health Aging 2015; 19:908-12. [PMID: 26482692 DOI: 10.1007/s12603-015-0579-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to examine the association between dephospho-uncarboxylated matrix Gla protein (dp-ucMGP), an indicator of vitamin K status, and cognitive decline, and the modifying role of 25(OH)D. DESIGN Longitudinal study with six years follow-up. SETTING Community based. PARTICIPANTS 599 participants of the Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam (aged 55-65 years). MEASUREMENTS Information processing speed and a composite Z-score by combining three domains of cognition reflecting general cognitive functioning. RESULTS Generalized estimating equations (GEE) showed no significant associations between dp-ucMGP and decline in general cognitive functioning. Vitamin D modified the association between dp-ucMGP and speed of information processing (p<0.05). In the group with a 25(OH)D concentration > 50 nmol/l, the highest tertile of dp-ucMGP (>406 pmol/l), which corresponds to lower vitamin K levels, was associated with 1.5 higher score on information processing speed (p=0.023) as compared to the lowest tertile of dp-ucMGP. CONCLUSION In contrast to our hypothesis, a suboptimal vitamin K was not associated with cognitive decline in middle-aged adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- E G H M van den Heuvel
- H.C. Comijs, GGZ in Geest/ Department of Psychiatry, A.J. Ernststraat 1187, 1081 HL Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Tel.: +31-20-7885699;fax: +31-20-4446775. E-mail address:
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Sanchez-Hernandez D, Poon AN, Kubant R, Kim H, Huot PS, Cho CE, Pannia E, Pausova Z, Anderson GH. A gestational diet high in fat-soluble vitamins alters expression of genes in brain pathways and reduces sucrose preference, but not food intake, in Wistar male rat offspring. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2015; 40:424-31. [DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2014-0480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
High intakes of multivitamins (HV) during pregnancy by Wistar rats increase food intake, body weight, and characteristics of the metabolic syndrome in male offspring. In this study, high-fat soluble vitamins were fed in combination during gestation to test the hypothesis that they partially account for the effects of the HV diet. Pregnant Wistar rats (14–16/group) were fed a recommended multivitamin diet (1-fold all vitamins) or high-fat soluble vitamin diet (HFS; 10-fold vitamins A, D, E, and K) during pregnancy. Offspring body weight, food intake, and preference as well as expression of selected genes in the hypothalamus and hippocampus were evaluated at birth, weaning, and 14 weeks postweaning. Body weight and food intake were not affected but sucrose preference decreased by 4% in those born to dams fed the HFS gestational diet. Gene expressions of the hypothalamic anorexogenic pro-opiomelanocortin (Pomc) and orexogenic neuropeptide Y (Npy) (∼30% p = 0.008, ∼40% p = 0.007) were increased in weaning and adult rats, respectively. Hippocampal dopaminergic genes (35%–50% p < 0.05) were upregulated at birth and 14 weeks postweaning. DNA hypermethylation (2% p = 0.006) was observed in the dopamine receptor 1 (Drd1) promoter region. We conclude that a gestational diet high in vitamins A, D, E, and K does not show the effects of the HV diet on body weight or food intake but may affect the development of higher hedonic regulatory pathways associated with food preference.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Abraham N. Poon
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E2, Canada
| | - Ruslan Kubant
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E2, Canada
| | - Hwanki Kim
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E2, Canada
| | - Pedro S.P. Huot
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E2, Canada
| | - Clara E. Cho
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E2, Canada
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Savage Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Emanuela Pannia
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E2, Canada
| | - Zdenka Pausova
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E2, Canada
- Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E2, Canada
| | - G. Harvey Anderson
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E2, Canada
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E2, Canada
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Lovern D, Marbois B. Does menaquinone participate in brain astrocyte electron transport? Med Hypotheses 2013; 81:587-91. [PMID: 23910074 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2013.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Revised: 06/25/2013] [Accepted: 07/03/2013] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Quinone compounds act as membrane resident carriers of electrons between components of the electron transport chain in the periplasmic space of prokaryotes and in the mitochondria of eukaryotes. Vitamin K is a quinone compound in the human body in a storage form as menaquinone (MK); distribution includes regulated amounts in mitochondrial membranes. The human brain, which has low amounts of typical vitamin K dependent function (e.g., gamma carboxylase) has relatively high levels of MK, and different regions of brain have different amounts. Coenzyme Q (Q), is a quinone synthesized de novo, and the levels of synthesis decline with age. The levels of MK are dependent on dietary intake and generally increase with age. MK has a characterized role in the transfer of electrons to fumarate in prokaryotes. A newly recognized fumarate cycle has been identified in brain astrocytes. The MK precursor menadione has been shown to donate electrons directly to mitochondrial complex III. HYPOTHESIS Vitamin K compounds function in the electron transport chain of human brain astrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas Lovern
- BioMérieux, 100 Rodolphe Dr., Durham, NC 27712, United States
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Presse N, Belleville S, Gaudreau P, Greenwood CE, Kergoat MJ, Morais JA, Payette H, Shatenstein B, Ferland G. Vitamin K status and cognitive function in healthy older adults. Neurobiol Aging 2013; 34:2777-83. [PMID: 23850343 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2013.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2012] [Revised: 04/22/2013] [Accepted: 05/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Evidence is accumulating that vitamin K could have a role in cognition, especially in aging. Using data from the Québec Longitudinal Study on Nutrition and Successful Aging (NuAge), a cross-sectional analysis was conducted to examine the associations between vitamin K status, measured as serum phylloquinone concentrations, and performance in verbal and non-verbal episodic memory, executive functions, and speed of processing. The sample included 320 men and women aged 70 to 85 years who were free of cognitive impairment. After adjustment for covariates, higher serum phylloquinone concentration (log-transformed) was associated with better verbal episodic memory performances (F = 2.43, p = 0.048); specifically with the scores (Z-transformed) on the second (β = 0.47; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.13-0.82), third (β = 0.41; 95% CI = 0.06-0.75), and 20-minute delayed (β = 0.47; 95% CI = 0.12-0.82) free recall trials of the RL/RI-16 Free and Cued Recall Task. No associations were found with non-verbal episodic memory, executive functions, and speed of processing. Our study adds evidence to the possible role of vitamin K in cognition during aging, specifically in the consolidation of the memory trace.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Presse
- Centre de recherche, Institut Universitaire de Gériatrie de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada; Département de Nutrition, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
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Hanzawa F, Nomura S, Sakuma E, Uchida T, Ikeda S. Dietary sesame seed and its lignan, sesamin, increase tocopherol and phylloquinone concentrations in male rats. J Nutr 2013; 143:1067-73. [PMID: 23700348 DOI: 10.3945/jn.113.176636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We have shown that intake of sesame seed and its lignan increases vitamin E concentrations and decreases urinary excretion levels of vitamin E metabolites in male Wistar rats, suggesting inhibition of vitamin E catabolism by sesame lignan. The aim of this study was to examine whether dietary sesame seed also increased vitamin K concentrations, because its metabolic pathway is similar to that of vitamin E. To test the effect of sesame lignan on vitamin K concentrations, male Wistar rats were fed a control diet or a diet with 0.2% sesamin (a sesame lignan) for 7 d in experiment 1. Liver phylloquinone (PK), menaquinone-4 (MK-4), and γ-tocopherol were greater in rats fed sesamin than in control rats. To test the effect of sesame seed on vitamin K concentrations, male Wistar rats were fed a control diet or a diet with 1, 5, or 10% sesame seed for 3 d in experiment 2. Liver and kidney PK and γ-tocopherol but not MK-4 were greater in rats fed sesame seed than in control rats, although differences in dietary amounts of sesame seed did not affect the PK concentrations. For further confirmation of the effect of sesame seed, male Wistar rats were fed a control diet or a diet with 20% sesame seed for 40 d in experiment 3. Kidney, heart, lung, testis, and brain PK and brain MK-4 were greater in rats fed sesame seed than in control rats. The present study revealed for the first time, to our knowledge, that dietary sesame seed and sesame lignan increase not only vitamin E but also vitamin K concentrations in rat tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumiaki Hanzawa
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Nagoya University of Arts and Sciences, Nisshin, Japan
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Abstract
The role of vitamin K in the nervous system has been somewhat neglected compared with other physiological systems despite the fact that this nutrient was identified some 40 y ago as essential for the synthesis of sphingolipids. Present in high concentrations in brain cell membranes, sphingolipids are now known to possess important cell signaling functions in addition to their structural role. In the past 20 y, additional support for vitamin K functions in the nervous system has come from the discovery and characterization of vitamin K-dependent proteins that are now known to play key roles in the central and peripheral nervous systems. Notably, protein Gas6 has been shown to be actively involved in cell survival, chemotaxis, mitogenesis, and cell growth of neurons and glial cells. Although limited in number, studies focusing on the relationship between vitamin K nutritional status and behavior and cognition have also become available, pointing to diet and certain drug treatments (i.e., warfarin derivatives) as potential modulators of the action of vitamin K in the nervous system. This review presents an overview of the research that first identified vitamin K as an important nutrient for the nervous system and summarizes recent findings that support this notion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guylaine Ferland
- Department of Nutrition, Université de Montréal, Quebec, Canada.
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Abstract
Historically discovered for its role in blood coagulation, there is now convincing evidence that vitamin K has important actions in the nervous system. As a unique cofactor to the γ-glutamyl carboxylase enzyme, vitamin K contributes to the biological activation of proteins Gas6 and protein S, ligands for the receptor tyrosine kinases of the TAM family (Tyro3, Axl, and Mer). Functionally, Gas6 has been involved in a wide range of cellular processes that include cell growth, survival, and apoptosis. In brain, vitamin K also participates in the synthesis of sphingolipids, an important class of lipids present in high concentrations in brain cell membranes. In addition to their structural role, sphingolipids are now known to partake in important cellular events such as proliferation, differentiation, senescence and cell-cell interactions. In recent years, studies have linked alterations in sphingolipid metabolism to age-related cognitive decline and neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). Emerging data also point to unique actions of the K vitamer menaquinone-4 (MK-4) against oxidative stress and inflammation. Finally, there is now data to suggest that vitamin K has the potential to influence psychomotor behavior and cognition. This review presents an overview of what is known of the role of vitamin K in brain function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guylaine Ferland
- Département de Nutrition, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada.
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