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Ye Q, Li H, Xu B, He Z, Yan X. Butyrate Improves Porcine Endometrial Epithelial Cell Receptivity via Enhancing Acetylation of Histone H3K9. Mol Nutr Food Res 2023; 67:e2200703. [PMID: 37417211 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202200703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
SCOPE Uterine receptivity is a major restriction of embryo implantation and survival, and the endometrial luminal epithelium serves as the transient gateway for uterine receptivity and embryo implantation. Butyrate is reported to promote the success of embryo implantation, but the effects and mechanism of butyrate on uterine receptivity are still unknown. METHODS AND RESULTS Porcine endometrial epithelial cells (PEECs) are used as a model, and the cellular receptivity changes, metabolism, and gene expression profiles influenced by butyrate are analyzed. The study finds that butyrate improves receptive changes in PEECs, including inhibiting proliferation, exhibiting more pinocytosis on the cell surface, and increasing adhesiveness to porcine trophoblast cells. In addition, butyrate increases prostaglandin synthesis and markedly impacts purine metabolism, pyrimidine metabolism, and the FoxO signaling pathway. siRNA to inhibit the expression of FoxO1 and chromatin immunoprecipitation-sequencing (ChIP-seq) of H3K9ac are used to demonstrate that the H3K9ac/FoxO1/PCNA pathway can contribute to the effects of cell proliferation inhibition and uterine receptivity improvement induced by butyrate. CONCLUSION The findings reveal that butyrate improves endometrial epithelial cell receptivity by enhancing the acetylation of histone H3K9, which shows nutritional regulation and therapeutic potential for poor uterine receptivity and difficulty in embryo implantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianhong Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Frontiers Science Center for Animal, Breeding and Sustainable Production, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
- Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Pig Precision Feeding and Feed Safety Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Haoyu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Frontiers Science Center for Animal, Breeding and Sustainable Production, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
- Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Pig Precision Feeding and Feed Safety Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Baoyang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Frontiers Science Center for Animal, Breeding and Sustainable Production, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
- Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Pig Precision Feeding and Feed Safety Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Ziyi He
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Frontiers Science Center for Animal, Breeding and Sustainable Production, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
- Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Pig Precision Feeding and Feed Safety Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Xianghua Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Frontiers Science Center for Animal, Breeding and Sustainable Production, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
- Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Pig Precision Feeding and Feed Safety Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
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Feng T, Xiao L, Bai J, Ding H, Pang L, Song Y, Qin Y, Xu X, Wang J, Liu Y. N-Carbamylglutamate Improves Reproductive Performance and Alters Fecal Microbiota and Serum Metabolites of Primiparous Sows during Gestation after Fixed-Time Artificial Insemination. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11101432. [PMID: 36290336 PMCID: PMC9598523 DOI: 10.3390/biology11101432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
N-carbamylglutamate (NCG) supplementation during gestation improves reproductive performance in sows after conventional artificial insemination. However, whether NCG can improve reproductive performance and change fecal microbiota and serum metabolite levels during pregnancy in sows after fixed-time artificial insemination (FTAI) remains unclear. Two hundred multiparous sows were assigned a diet from mating until farrowing: control (corn−soybean meal) or NCG supplementation (0.05% NCG). At days 30, 70, and 110 of gestation and after farrowing, maternal microbial diversity and serum metabolites were studied. Supplementation of NCG increased the number of piglets born alive and the litter weight (all p < 0.05) and altered the fetal microbial community during gestation. Some genera were particularly abundant at different time points during gestation and after farrowing, but none were commonly abundant across all four time points. Metabolic analysis revealed that NCG supplementation significantly increased the serum concentrations of NCG, ferulic acid, cinnamoylglycine, 3-phenyllactic acid, and gamma-glutamylglutamic acid in the NCG group compared with levels in the control group. Our results reveal that NCG supplementation during gestation improves reproductive performance in sows after FTAI, exerting both direct (increased serum NCG levels) and indirect effects (altered intestinal microbiome and serum metabolites) on sow reproduction and, ultimately, improving placental and fetal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Feng
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine (IAHVM), Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences (BAAFS), Beijing 100097, China
- Joint Laboratory of Animal Science between IAHVM of BAAFS and Division of Agricultural Science and Natural Resource of Oklahoma State University, Beijing 100097, China
- Correspondence: (T.F.); (Y.L.)
| | - Linli Xiao
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine (IAHVM), Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences (BAAFS), Beijing 100097, China
- Joint Laboratory of Animal Science between IAHVM of BAAFS and Division of Agricultural Science and Natural Resource of Oklahoma State University, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Jiahua Bai
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine (IAHVM), Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences (BAAFS), Beijing 100097, China
- Joint Laboratory of Animal Science between IAHVM of BAAFS and Division of Agricultural Science and Natural Resource of Oklahoma State University, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Hongxiang Ding
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine (IAHVM), Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences (BAAFS), Beijing 100097, China
- Joint Laboratory of Animal Science between IAHVM of BAAFS and Division of Agricultural Science and Natural Resource of Oklahoma State University, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Liyan Pang
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine (IAHVM), Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences (BAAFS), Beijing 100097, China
- Joint Laboratory of Animal Science between IAHVM of BAAFS and Division of Agricultural Science and Natural Resource of Oklahoma State University, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Yuqing Song
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine (IAHVM), Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences (BAAFS), Beijing 100097, China
- Joint Laboratory of Animal Science between IAHVM of BAAFS and Division of Agricultural Science and Natural Resource of Oklahoma State University, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Yusheng Qin
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine (IAHVM), Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences (BAAFS), Beijing 100097, China
- Joint Laboratory of Animal Science between IAHVM of BAAFS and Division of Agricultural Science and Natural Resource of Oklahoma State University, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Xiaoling Xu
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine (IAHVM), Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences (BAAFS), Beijing 100097, China
- Joint Laboratory of Animal Science between IAHVM of BAAFS and Division of Agricultural Science and Natural Resource of Oklahoma State University, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine (IAHVM), Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences (BAAFS), Beijing 100097, China
- Joint Laboratory of Animal Science between IAHVM of BAAFS and Division of Agricultural Science and Natural Resource of Oklahoma State University, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine (IAHVM), Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences (BAAFS), Beijing 100097, China
- Joint Laboratory of Animal Science between IAHVM of BAAFS and Division of Agricultural Science and Natural Resource of Oklahoma State University, Beijing 100097, China
- Correspondence: (T.F.); (Y.L.)
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Zhou J, Yue S, Du J, Xue B, Wang L, Peng Q, Zou H, Hu R, Jiang Y, Wang Z, Xue B. Integration of transcriptomic and metabolomic analysis of the mechanism of dietary N-carbamoylglutamate in promoting follicle development in yaks. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:946893. [PMID: 36105003 PMCID: PMC9464987 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.946893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Yak is the main livestock in the highlands of China. The low reproductive rate of yaks is a serious constraint on their production and utility. N-carbamylglutamate (NCG) can increase arginine synthesis in mammals and has been shown to improve reproductive performance. Twelve multiparous and simutaneous anoestrous female yaks were randomly divided into two groups, one of which was fed the basal diet (Control, n = 6), and the other was fed the basal diet supplemented with NCG at 6 g/day/yak (NCG, n = 6). All yaks were slaughtered on the 32nd day (the time predicted for the selection of the last wave of dominant follicles), and their ovarian tissues were collected and follicles were classified. NCG supplementation increased the number of large ovarian follicles (diameter > 10 mm), as well as caused significant changes in the transcriptional and metabolic levels in yak ovaries which due to the differential expression of 889 genes and 94 metabolites. Integrated analysis of the transcriptomics and metabolomics data revealed that the differentially expressed genes and differential metabolites were primarily involved in the process of energy metabolism, amino acid metabolic pathways, carbohydrate metabolic pathways, and lipid metabolic pathways. The highlighted changes were associated with amino acid synthesis and metabolism, ovarian steroid hormone synthesis, the pentose phosphate pathway, and the tricarboxylic acid cycle, suggesting that NCG supplementation may promote estrogen synthesis and help regulate follicular development by altering the pathways associated with glucose catabolism. The results present important clues for understanding the mechanisms by which NCG supplementation promotes follicular development in yaks. The findings of this study provide a basis for the development and application of NCG in optimizing animal reproduction, including yak reproductive performance, which may help optimize livestock management and uplift the pastoral economy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Zhou
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shuangming Yue
- Department of Bioengineering, Sichuan Water Conservancy College, Chengdu, China
| | - Jingjing Du
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Benchu Xue
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lizhi Wang
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Quanhui Peng
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Huawei Zou
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Rui Hu
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yahui Jiang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhisheng Wang
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Bai Xue
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Bai Xue
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Dietary provision of N-carbamoylglutamate to Holstein cows: A strategy to enhance the productive and reproductive efficiency during summer. Livest Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2022.104905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Gu F, Jiang L, Xie L, Wang D, Zhao F, Liu J. Supplementing N-carbamoylglutamate in late gestation increases newborn calf weight by enhanced placental expression of mTOR and angiogenesis factor genes in dairy cows. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 7:981-988. [PMID: 34738028 PMCID: PMC8551415 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2021.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate whether supplementation with N-carbamoylglutamate (NCG) to cows during late gestation alters uteroplacental tissue nutrient transporters, calf metabolism and newborn weight. Thirty multiparous Chinese Holstein cows were used in a randomized complete block design experiment. During the last 28 d of pregnancy, cows were fed a diet without (CON) or with NCG (20 g/d per cow). The body weight of calves was weighed immediately after birth. Placentome samples were collected at parturition and used to assess mRNA expression of genes involved in transport of arginine, glucose, fatty acid and angiogenesis factors, as well as the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway. Blood samples of calves before colostrum consumption were also collected for the detection of plasma parameters, amino acids (AA) and metabolomics analysis. The newborn weight (P = 0.02) and plasma Arg concentration of NCG-calves was significantly higher (P = 0.05) than that of CON-calves, and the plasma concentrations of urea nitrogen tended to be lower (P = 0.10) in the NCG group. The mRNA abundance of genes involved in glucose transport (solute carrier family 2 member 3 [SLC2A3], P < 0.01), angiogenesis (nitric oxide synthase 3 [NOS3], P = 0.02), and mTOR pathway (serine/threonine-protein kinase 1 [AKT1], P = 0.10; eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4B pseudogene 1 [EIF4BP1], P = 0.08; EIF4EBP2, P = 0.04; and E74-like factor 2 [ELF2], P = 0.03) was upregulated in the placentome of NCG-supplemented cows. In addition, 17 metabolites were significantly different in the placentome of NCG-supplemented cows compared to non-supplemented cows, and these metabolites are mainly involved in arginine and proline metabolism, alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism, and citrate cycle. In summary, the increased body weight of newborn calves from the NCG supplemented dairy cows may be attributed to the increased angiogenesis and uteroplacental nutrient transport and to the activated mTOR signal pathway, which may result in the increased nutrient supply to the fetus, and improved AA metabolism and urea cycle of the fetus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengfei Gu
- Institute of Dairy Science, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Luyi Jiang
- Institute of Dairy Science, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Linyu Xie
- Institute of Dairy Science, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Diming Wang
- Institute of Dairy Science, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Fengqi Zhao
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Jianxin Liu
- Institute of Dairy Science, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
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Dietary supplementation with N-carbamoylglutamate initiated from the prepartum stage improves lactation performance of postpartum dairy cows. ANIMAL NUTRITION (ZHONGGUO XU MU SHOU YI XUE HUI) 2021; 7:232-238. [PMID: 33997352 PMCID: PMC8110860 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2020.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 06/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of supplementing N-carbamoylglutamate (NCG), an Arg enhancer, on amino acid (AA) supply and utilization and productive performance of early-lactating dairy cows. Thirty multiparous Chinese Holstein dairy cows were randomly divided into control (CON, n = 15) and NCG (CON diet supplemented with NCG at 20 g/d per cow, n = 15) groups at 4 wk before calving. Diets were offered individually in tie-stalls, and NCG was supplemented by top-dress feeding onto total mixed ration for the NCG group. The experiment lasted until wk 10 after calving. Dry matter intake tended to be higher (P = 0.06), and yields of milk (P < 0.01), milk protein (P < 0.01), and milk fat (P < 0.01) were higher in the NCG-cows than in the CON-cows. Plasma activities of aspartate aminotransferase (P < 0.01), alanine aminotransferase (P = 0.03), and plasma level of β-hydroxybutyrate (P = 0.04) were lower in the NCG-cows than in the CON-cows, whereas plasma glucose (P = 0.05) and nitric oxide (NO, P < 0.01) concentrations were higher. Coccygeal vein concentrations of Cys (P < 0.01), Pro (P < 0.01), Tyr (P = 0.05), most essential AA except Thr and His (P < 0.01), total essential AA (P < 0.01), and total AA (P < 0.01) were higher in the NCG-cows than in the CON-cows. The arterial supply of all AA was greater in the NCG-cows than in the CON-cows. The NCG-cows had higher mammary plasma flow of AA (P = 0.04) and clearance rate of Cys (P < 0.01), Pro (P < 0.01) and Asp (P < 0.01), and higher ratios of uptake to output of Met (P = 0.05), Lys (P < 0.01), Cys (P = 0.01), Pro (P = 0.03), and Asp (P = 0.01). In summary, addition of NCG initiated from the prepartum period improved the lactation performance of postpartum dairy cows, which might attribute to greater Arg and NO concentrations, as well as improved AA supply and utilization, liver function, and feed intake in these cows.
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Xie J, Kalwar Q, Yan P, Guo X. Expression and characterization of the serum proteome from yak induced into estrus by improved nutrition. Anim Biotechnol 2021; 33:930-940. [PMID: 33625304 DOI: 10.1080/10495398.2020.1853137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Regulation of estrus plays a crucial role in the livestock industry. It is reported that providing better nutrition can induce early estrus in animals. However, little is known about the major endocrine and physiological mechanisms that could enhance estrus in anestrus animals. Hence in the current research two different groups of yaks, non-breeding season (February-June, NBS) estrus yaks as the experiment group and breeding season (July-September, BS) estrus animals as the control group were compared using the isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ) technique. Study displayed that cold season supplementation significantly improved growth performance, serum biochemical indicators and reproductive hormone concentrations in yaks. We also identified 25 differentially expressed proteins in yak serum using iTRAQ proteomics. Go and KEGG analysis indicated that calcium signaling pathway and beta-alanine metabolism may be candidate pathways for seasonal estrus induced by nutrition. Differential protein expression was validated using parallel reaction monitoring (PRM). The results of this study initially identified A2M, IGF2, A1BG and APOA1 as candidate proteins for seasonal estrus induced by nutrition. Altogether, In conclusion, our results show that providing additional nutrients in the cold season can improve yak productivity and reproductive efficiency, and provide a new reference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianpeng Xie
- Key Laboratory of Yak Breeding Engineering, Lanzhou Institute of Animal Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Qudratullah Kalwar
- Key Laboratory of Yak Breeding Engineering, Lanzhou Institute of Animal Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Ping Yan
- Key Laboratory of Yak Breeding Engineering, Lanzhou Institute of Animal Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xian Guo
- Key Laboratory of Yak Breeding Engineering, Lanzhou Institute of Animal Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
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Hussain T, Tan B, Murtaza G, Metwally E, Yang H, Kalhoro MS, Kalhoro DH, Chughtai MI, Yin Y. Role of Dietary Amino Acids and Nutrient Sensing System in Pregnancy Associated Disorders. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:586979. [PMID: 33414718 PMCID: PMC7783402 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.586979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Defective implantation is related to pregnancy-associated disorders such as spontaneous miscarriage, intrauterine fetal growth restriction and others. Several factors proclaimed to be involved such as physiological, nutritional, environmental and managemental that leads to cause oxidative stress. Overloading of free radicals promotes oxidative stress, and the internal body system could not combat its ability to encounter the damaging effects and subsequently leading to pregnancy-related disorders. During pregnancy, essential amino acids display important role for optimum fetal growth and other necessary functions for continuing fruitful pregnancy. In this context, dietary amino acids have received much attention regarding the nutritional concerns during pregnancy. Arginine, glutamine, tryptophan and taurine play a crucial role in fetal growth, development and survival while ornithine and proline are important players for the regulation of gene expression, protein synthesis and angiogenesis. Moreover, amino acids also stimulate the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway which plays a central role in the synthesis of proteins in placenta, uterus and fetus. This review article explores the significances of dietary amino acids in pregnancy development, regulation of nutrient-sensing pathways such as mTOR, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs), insulin/insulin-like growth factor signaling pathway (IIS) and 5' adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) which exhibit important role in reproduction and its related problems. In addition, the antioxidant function of dietary amino acids against oxidative stress triggering pregnancy disorders and their possible outcomes will also be enlightened. Dietary supplementation of amino acids during pregnancy could help mitigate reproductive disorders and thereby improving fertility in animals as well as humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarique Hussain
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
- Animal Sciences Division, Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology College, Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (NIAB-C,PIEAS), Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Bie Tan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Ghulam Murtaza
- Department of Animal Reproduction, Faculty of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, Sindh Agriculture University, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Elsayed Metwally
- Department of Cytology & Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Huansheng Yang
- Hunan International Joint laboratory of Animal Intestinal Ecology and Health, Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Human Health, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Muhammad Saleem Kalhoro
- Department of Animal Products Technology, Faculty of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, Sindh Agriculture University, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Dildar Hussain Kalhoro
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, Sindh Agriculture University, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Ismail Chughtai
- Animal Sciences Division, Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology College, Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (NIAB-C,PIEAS), Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Yulong Yin
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
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Prenatal Amino Acid Supplementation to Improve Fetal Growth: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12092535. [PMID: 32825593 PMCID: PMC7551332 DOI: 10.3390/nu12092535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant fetal growth remains a leading cause of perinatal morbidity and mortality and is associated with a risk of developing non-communicable diseases later in life. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis combining human and animal studies to assess whether prenatal amino acid (AA) supplementation could be a promising approach to promote healthy fetal growth. PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane libraries were searched to identify studies orally supplementing the following AA groups during gestation: (1) arginine family, (2) branched chain (BCAA), and (3) methyl donors. The primary outcome was fetal/birth weight. Twenty-two human and 89 animal studies were included in the systematic review. The arginine family and, especially, arginine itself were studied the most. Our meta-analysis showed beneficial effects of arginine and (N-Carbamyl) glutamate (NCG) but not aspartic acid and citrulline on fetal/birth weight. However, no effects were reported when an isonitrogenous control diet was included. BCAA and methyl donor supplementation did not affect fetal/birth weight. Arginine family supplementation, in particular arginine and NCG, improves fetal growth in complicated pregnancies. BCAA and methyl donor supplementation do not seem to be as promising in targeting fetal growth. Well-controlled research in complicated pregnancies is needed before ruling out AA supplements or preferring arginine above other AAs.
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Effects of N-carbamylglutamate on steroidogenesis and relative abundances of mRNA transcripts in pig placental trophoblasts. Anim Reprod Sci 2020; 221:106569. [PMID: 32861119 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2020.106569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Revised: 07/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Supplementation of N-carbamylglutamate (NCG) improves gestation outcomes, with increased piglet within-litter uniformity of birth weight and reduced peripheral steroid concentrations in pregnant sows and ewes. It was hypothesized that the effect of NCG on placental function results from direct effects on the placental trophoblasts. There, therefore, was investigation of the effects of NCG on pig placental trophoblast (pTr) steroidogenesis, mRNA transcript abundance, and cell proliferation in vitro. The pTr were treated with NCG in serum-free medium for 24-48 h. Treatment with NCG inhibited pTr progesterone, androstenedione, testosterone (all P < 0.01), and estradiol (P < 0.05) production, whereas it promoted (P < 0.05) pTr proliferation. Treatment with NCG suppressed (P < 0.05) the relative abundances of CYP11A1, CYP19A1, and CASP3 and increased abundances of CCDN1 (P < 0.01) and CDK4 (P < 0.05) mRNA transcripts in pTr, whereas NCG treatment had no effect (P > 0.10) on relative abundances of StAR, HSD17B4, or HSD3B mRNA transcripts. Treatments with NCG can increase pTr cell numbers of sows through upregulating CCND1 and CDK4 and suppressing CASP3 mRNA transcript abundances, while modulating steroidogenesis through effects on CYP11A1 and CYP19A1 mRNA transcript abundances. It is concluded that NCG may have a direct action on pTr and may regulate placental function by suppressing pTr differentiation as a consequence of lesser steroid synthesis while promoting pTr proliferation and inhibiting apoptosis in sows.
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Application of N-carbamylglutamate in Rex rabbits to reduce body fat deposition and its possible mechanism. Br J Nutr 2020; 124:34-42. [PMID: 32122412 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114520000860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
N-Carbamylglutamate (NCG) has been shown to enhance arginine synthesis and improve growth performance in animals. However, the effect of NCG on body fat deposition remains unknown. This study examined the effects of NCG on body fat deposition and evaluated the potential mechanisms involved. Rex rabbits (3 months old) were assigned to one of four dietary groups and supplemented with NCG at the following different concentrations in a feeding trial that lasted 67 d: 0 (control), 0·04, 0·08, and 0·12 %. NCG supplementation increased serum concentrations of arginine and proline by activating intestinal carbamoylphosphate synthase-І at the posttranscriptional level. Final body weights and growth performance were not affected by dietary NCG levels. However, NCG-treated rabbits had lower perirenal and subcutaneous fat percentages, serum TAG content, and hepatic fatty acid synthase (FAS) activity and increased NO synthase activity and serum levels of NO, growth hormone (GH), and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1). There were significant positive correlations between TAG content and perirenal fat percentage, as well as FAS activity and perirenal fat percentage, but significant negative correlations between TAG and NO levels, and FAS activity and IGF-1 level in rabbits after NCG treatment. NCG supplementation did not affect hepatic health indicators, except for serum ammonia concentrations, which were decreased in NCG-treated rabbits. Our results suggest that NCG can serve as a dietary supplement to reduce unfavourable fat deposition through inhibiting hepatic lipogenesis in animals since it appears to have no negative effects on growth performance or hepatic health.
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Liu X, Wang S, Sun Y, Zhang T, Wang Z. The suppressed autophagy induced by carbon disulfide could be rescued by N-carbamoyl glutamate during the window of embryo implantation in mice. Chem Biol Interact 2019; 312:108751. [PMID: 31369747 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2019.108751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To explore the effects of carbon disulfide (CS2) and N-carbamoyl glutamate (NCG) on autophagy during the window of embryo implantation in mice and whether dietary NCG supplementation can promote embryo implantation in case of CS2 exposure. METHODS Pregnant mice that received single intraperitoneal injection of CS2 on Gestational day (GD)4 were fed basal diet with or without NCG supplementation from GD1 to endpoints. The control mice were injected solvents. There were four endpoints (GD5, GD6, GD7 and GD9 endpoints) in each group. The uterus was collected on endpoints to detect autophagy-related markers by using the methods of transmission electron microscopy (TEM), immunohistochemistry (IHC), quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and ELISA. RESULTS The P62 brown punctate staining increased in CS2 exposure group and reduced after dietary NCG supplementation, which was opposite with LC3B, Beclin1 and ATG5 on GD5 endpoint. Simultaneously, P62 protein expression raised 43.33% on GD5 endpoint (p < 0.01) when exposed to CS2 and descended to the control level after NCG supplementation. The rate of decline of LC3B and Beclin1 proteins were 27.04% (p < 0.01) and 23.27% (p < 0.05) on GD5 endpoint, 20.20% (p < 0.05) and 11.30% on GD7 endpoint in CS2 exposure group, respectively, then NCG supplementation caused the LC3B and Beclin1 protein expression to rise in different degrees. Comparatively, the mRNA expression of all autophagy-related gene changed more apparently on three endpoints than the protein expression. The images of TEM showed that nearly no autophagosome could be seen in CS2 exposure group, while dietary NCG supplementation increased the number of autophagosome obviously on GD5 endpoint. The number of implanted embryos which declined due to CS2 exposure returned to normal in NCG supplementation group. CONCLUSIONS Dietary NCG supplementation could rescue the suppressed autophagy induced by CS2 in the window of implantation and increase the number of implanted embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojing Liu
- School of Public Health, Shandong University, 44 Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, PR China
| | - Shuting Wang
- School of Public Health, Shandong University, 44 Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, PR China
| | - Yuan Sun
- School of Public Health, Shandong University, 44 Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, PR China
| | - Tongchao Zhang
- School of Public Health, Shandong University, 44 Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, PR China
| | - Zhiping Wang
- School of Public Health, Shandong University, 44 Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, PR China.
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Feng T, DeVore AA, Perego MC, Morrell BC, Spicer LJ. Effects of N-carbamylglutamate and arginine on steroidogenesis and proliferation of pig granulosa cells in vitro. Anim Reprod Sci 2019; 209:106138. [PMID: 31514935 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2019.106138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Results of in vivo studies indicate dietary N-carbamylglutamate (NCG) and arginine (ARG) can enhance reproductive performance in gilts. It was hypothesized that both NCG and ARG will alter hormone-induced estradiol (E2) production by granulosa cells (GC), explaining why these compounds could improve reproductive performance in pigs. The objective of these studies, therefore, was to evaluate the direct effects of NCG and ARG on porcine GC proliferation and steroidogenesis, using an in vitro cell culture system. The GC from small (SM; 1-5 mm) and large (LG; >5 mm) pig follicles were cultured for 2 days in 5% fetal bovine serum and 5% porcine serum-containing medium followed by 2 days in serum-free medium containing 500 ng/mL of testosterone (as an E2 precursor), and NCG or ARG at various doses in the presence of either follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH; 30 ng/mL), insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF1; 30 ng/mL), or both. Numbers of GC were determined at the end of the experiment and concentrations of progesterone (P4) and E2 in culture medium were determined. Results indicated that LG-follicle GC were more responsive to NCG and ARG than SM-follicle GC. Specifically, in LG-follicle GC, NCG inhibited (P < 0.05) basal and FSH-induced P4 and E2 production but stimulated cell numbers; whereas ARG inhibited FSH-induced E2 production and cell numbers. In SM-follicle GC, treatment with NCG and ARG decreased IGF1 plus FSH induced P4 production, but E2 production and cell proliferation were not affected. These studies indicate that NCG and ARG may directly affect follicular function in pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Feng
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097, China
| | - A A DeVore
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - M C Perego
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - B C Morrell
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - L J Spicer
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA.
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Chen M, Zhang B, Cai S, Zeng X, Ye Q, Mao X, Zhang S, Zeng X, Ye C, Qiao S. Metabolic disorder of amino acids, fatty acids and purines reflects the decreases in oocyte quality and potential in sows. J Proteomics 2019; 200:134-143. [PMID: 30951908 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2019.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Revised: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Oocyte quality is closely related to female fertility. Nevertheless, core nutritional metabolites influencing oocyte quality are unclear. Herein, comprehensive metabolomics analysis of follicular fluid, serum, and urine from low reproductive performance (LRP) and normal reproductive performance (NRP) sows was conducted. Twenty-seven, fourteen and sixteen metabolites (involved in metabolism of amino acids, fatty acids, purine and pyrimidine) were altered in follicular fluid, serum and urine, respectively, in LRP compared with NRP sows, and could decrease oocyte quality and developmental potential, ultimately leading to low fertility. Deoxyinosine, guanidine acetate, thymidine, 5,6-epoxy-eicosatrienoic acid, carnosine, docosahexaenoic acid and carbamoyl phosphate in follicular fluid, cysteine, carnitine, serotonin, hypoxanthine, valine and arginine in serum, as well as carnitine, phenyl glycine, N-acetyl glutamine, propionyl carnitine and choline in urine could be selected as diagnostic markers to indicate oocyte quality. Consistent with metabolomics data, we confirmed changes in concentrations of fatty acids and amino acids in follicular fluid. Targeting purine metabolism, elevating levels of deoxyinosine in in-vitro maturation medium of porcine oocyte significantly promoted the blastocyst rate. Collectively, this study provided new information of potential targets for predicting oocyte quality and developmental potential, and may help with strategies for early diagnosis or therapeutic/dietary intervention in improving reproductive outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meixia Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China; Beijing Biofeed Additive Key Laboratory, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Bo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China; Beijing Biofeed Additive Key Laboratory, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Shuang Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China; Beijing Biofeed Additive Key Laboratory, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Xiangfang Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China; Beijing Biofeed Additive Key Laboratory, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China.
| | - Qianhong Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China; Beijing Biofeed Additive Key Laboratory, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Xiangbing Mao
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, PR China
| | - Shihai Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
| | - Xiangzhou Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China; Beijing Biofeed Additive Key Laboratory, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Changchuan Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China; Beijing Biofeed Additive Key Laboratory, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Shiyan Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China; Beijing Biofeed Additive Key Laboratory, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
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Huang F, Sun Y, Gao H, Wu H, Wang Z. Carbon disulfide induces embryo loss by perturbing the expression of the mTOR signalling pathway in uterine tissue in mice. Chem Biol Interact 2019; 300:8-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2018.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Revised: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Palencia JYP, Saraiva A, Abreu MLT, Zangeronimo MG, Schinckel AP, Pospissil Garbossa CA. Effectiveness of citrulline and N-carbamoyl glutamate as arginine precursors on reproductive performance in mammals: A systematic review. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0209569. [PMID: 30571792 PMCID: PMC6301651 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0209569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of functional nutrients has been proposed to reduce the occurrence of intrauterine growth retardation in animals at birth in several mammalian species. The objective of this study was to verify the effectiveness of citrulline and N-carbamylglutamate (NCG) dietary supplementation as arginine precursors for mammalian species, and the effects on fetal development through a systematic review. The search for studies was performed during August 2018 in the PubMed, ISI Web of Science, Science Direct, and Scopus databases. The literature search was conducted using "arginine precursor", "citrulline", or "N-carbamylglutamate" as keywords, combined with "gestation", "pregnancy", "fetus", "newborn", or "reproduction". Studies in which arginine precursors were evaluated in gestating mammals and their effects on parameters related to the intrauterine development of the conceptus were selected. Of 1,379 articles, 18 were selected, primarily based on the title and the abstract. Supplementation with NCG (0.5 g to 2 g/kg of feed) increased maternal plasma arginine concentrations in all studies that evaluated this variable. Fetal number increased in 55.56% of the studies that evaluated it, and fetal weight increased in the majority (62.5%) of the studies evaluating this variable. By supplementing citrulline, only fetal weight was improved, with an increase in maternal plasma arginine in 40% of the studies. In conclusion, N-carbamoyl glutamate seems to be an arginine precursor more effective than L-citrulline during gestation; however, both precursors, beside L-Arginine, should be evaluated in similar conditions to confirm the existence of specific particularities such as periods and levels of supplementation, which need to be considered for different species of animals. The supplementation of NCG increases arginine concentrations in maternal plasma, thus improving mammalian reproductive efficiency and fetal development, mainly by promoting higher birth weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Y. P. Palencia
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Alysson Saraiva
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Marcio G. Zangeronimo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Allan P. Schinckel
- Animal Science Department, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Cesar Augusto Pospissil Garbossa
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Production, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil
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Research advances on embryonic diapause in mammals. Anim Reprod Sci 2018; 198:1-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2018.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Revised: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Cai S, Zhu J, Zeng X, Ye Q, Ye C, Mao X, Zhang S, Qiao S, Zeng X. Maternal N-Carbamylglutamate Supply during Early Pregnancy Enhanced Pregnancy Outcomes in Sows through Modulations of Targeted Genes and Metabolism Pathways. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:5845-5852. [PMID: 29804448 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b01637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Reducing pregnancy loss is important for improving reproductive efficiency for both human and mammalian animals. Our previous study demonstrates that maternal N-carbamylglutamate (NCG) supply during early pregnancy enhances embryonic survival in gilts. However, whether maternal NCG supply improves the pregnancy outcomes is still not known. Here we found maternal NCG supply during early pregnancy in sows significantly increased the numbers of total piglets born alive per litter ( P < 0.05) and significantly changed the levels of metabolites in amniotic fluid and serum involved in metabolism of energy, lipid, and glutathione and immunological regulation. The expression of endometrial progesterone receptor membrane component 1 (PGRMC1) was significantly increased by NCG supplementation ( P < 0.05) as well as the expression of PGRMC1, endothelial nitric oxide synthesases (eNOS), and lamin A/C in fetuses and placentae ( P < 0.05). Among the NCG-associated amino acids, arginine and glutamine, markedly increased PGRMC1 and eNOS expression in porcine trophectoderm cells ( P < 0.05), whereas glutamate could stimulate the expression of vimentin and lamin A/C in porcine trophectoderm (pTr) cells ( P < 0.05) and proline stimulated lamin A/C expression ( P < 0.05). Collectively, these data reveal the mechanisms of NCG in reducing early embryo loss. These findings have important implications that NCG has great potential to improve pregnancy outcomes in human and mammalian animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture Feed Industry Centre , China Agricultural University , Beijing 100193 , China
| | - Jinlong Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture Feed Industry Centre , China Agricultural University , Beijing 100193 , China
| | - Xiangzhou Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture Feed Industry Centre , China Agricultural University , Beijing 100193 , China
| | - Qianhong Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture Feed Industry Centre , China Agricultural University , Beijing 100193 , China
| | - Changchuan Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture Feed Industry Centre , China Agricultural University , Beijing 100193 , China
| | - Xiangbing Mao
- Animal Nutrition Institute , Sichuan Agricultural University , No. 211, Gongpinghuimin Road , Wenjiang District, Chengdu 611130 , China
| | - Shihai Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science , South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou 510642 , China
| | - Shiyan Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture Feed Industry Centre , China Agricultural University , Beijing 100193 , China
| | - Xiangfang Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture Feed Industry Centre , China Agricultural University , Beijing 100193 , China
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